DOCSLIB.ORG

June 2009L Language | Technology | Business #104 Volume 20 Issue 4

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
June 2009L Language | Technology | Business #104 Volume 20 Issue 4 2009 Know-how for Global Success Q8-10 June QHotel Maritim proArte, Berlin, Germany QOctober 20-22 QSan Jose, California 2010 Q7-9 June QHotel Maritim proArte, Berlin, Germany QOctober 12-14 QBell Harbor Conference Center, Seattle, Washington NEW OPPORTUNITIES + NEW IDEAS + NEW TRACKS + PROVEN NETWORKING AND VALUE . IT ALL ADDS UP TO THE BEST GATHERINGS OF PEOPLE, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES! www.localizationworld.com [email protected] 02-03 Trans.com & LocWorld.indd 2 5/19/09 3:11:52 PM HAVE YOU EVER BEEN MIFFED ABOUT MIF FILES? If you would like to eliminate countless DTP hours from your current process, turn the page. LIFT HERE 02-03 Trans.com & LocWorld.indd 3 5/19/09 3:13:39 PM FRAMEMAKER LOCALIZATION WORKFLOW LEGACY PROCESS* FRM FRM FRM MIF STF STF STF STF STF ORG MIF FRM FRM FRM Open in Turn off Update Save as Open MIF Use tagging tool Open Translate Save Merge Generate Open MIF in Apply fonts Save as FrameMaker change bars, cross MIF with to create tagged file in using translated translated MIF files FrameMaker FrameMaker hyphenation, and references tagging tool tagged and tagging tool tagging tool tagged file tagged and document conditional text format files format files and correct tagging issues ORG ORG Access stored *Actual process required when using a leading competitive TM tool format file Alchemy Software Development is the world’s ALCHEMY PROCESS leading provider of visual localization tools. More than 80% of the world’s largest software companies rely on Alchemy CATALYST’s cutting edge technology to accelerate entry into international markets. FRM FRM Open Translate Save as Alchemy PUBLISHER was built to provide FrameMaker using FrameMaker document in PUBLISHER document PUBLISHER those same benefits while working with documentation. In fact, Alchemy PUBLISHER supports over 150 file formats, including FrameMaker. dialog To begin thinking outside the box, visit www.alchemysoftware.com. 04-05 Trans Mod.indd 4-5 5/29/09 12:33:55 PM FRAMEMAKER LOCALIZATION WORKFLOW LEGACY PROCESS* FRM FRM FRM MIF STF STF STF STF STF ORG MIF FRM FRM FRM Open in Turn off Update Save as Open MIF Use tagging tool Open Translate Save Merge Generate Open MIF in Apply fonts Save as FrameMaker change bars, cross MIF with to create tagged file in using translated translated MIF files FrameMaker FrameMaker hyphenation, and references tagging tool tagged and tagging tool tagging tool tagged file tagged and document conditional text format files format files and correct tagging issues ORG ORG Access stored *Actual process required when using a leading competitive TM tool format file Alchemy Software Development is the world’s ALCHEMY PROCESS leading provider of visual localization tools. More than 80% of the world’s largest software companies rely on Alchemy CATALYST’s cutting edge technology to accelerate entry into international markets. FRM FRM Open Translate Save as Alchemy PUBLISHER was built to provide FrameMaker using FrameMaker document in PUBLISHER document PUBLISHER those same benefits while working with documentation. In fact, Alchemy PUBLISHER supports over 150 file formats, including FrameMaker. dialog To begin thinking outside the box, visit www.alchemysoftware.com. 04-05 Trans Mod.indd 4-5 5/29/09 12:33:55 PM Stop waiting! Across Stop v5waiting! Enterprise Across isv5 available Enterprise now! Enterprise Language Intelligence for Global Success. Volkswagen and hundreds of other leading global organisations have already migrated to enterprise solutions from Across Systems. Call us today to learn how the all-in-one and end-to-end Across language technologies meet the demands of your enterprise. Across Systems, Inc. Info-Hotline +1 877 922 7677 [email protected] Across Systems GmbH Info-Hotline +49 7248 925 425 [email protected] www.across.net 06-07 Across-Contents #104.indd 6 5/20/09 9:04:11 AM AZ_multilingual_Across_end.indd 1 18.05.2009 17:00:58 Uhr u ti ingua M l L June 2009l Language | Technology | Business #104 Volume 20 Issue 4 QUp Front QFeature Articles Q 8 www.multilingual.com Q 9 Post Editing QRegion Focus 32 Website globalization for Argentina and QNews Brazil — Martin Spethman & Nitish Singh Q 10 News 36 Current fi nancial crisis and Latin Q 17 Calendar American translation — Teddy Bengtsson QReviews 39 Latin America’s growing localization 18 SDL Passolo 2009 power — Fabiano Cid — Reviewed by Richard Sikes 42 Toward a unifi ed Portuguese spelling Q Columns and Commentary — Marco S. de Pinto Up Front 22 Off the Map — Tom Edwards 46 Linguistic purism in Latin American 24 World Savvy — John Freivalds Spanish — Nataly Kelly 26 The Business Side — Adam Asnes QBusiness 28 Perspectives — Susan Remkus 50 Evolving global product content 30 Perspectives — Jessica Roland practices — Leonor Ciarlone 62 Takeaway — Ken Behan Q53 Basics Q55 Buyer’s Guide 61 Advertiser Index About the cover This ceremonial shield dis- played at The Chicago Art Institute is from the Ti Wa- naku Culture of Bolivia and is dated 100 to 600 CE. The painted glyphs depict stylized warrior deities. The shield is fashioned of leather and cotton canvas over a stitched reed framework. www.multilingual.com June 2009 MultiLingual 7 06-07 Across-Contents #104.indd 7 5/20/09 9:04:26 AM on the web at www.multilingual.com MultiLingual Careers #104 Volume 20 Issue 4 June 2009 Editor-in-Chief, Publisher: Donna Parrish LOOKING FOR A NEW START IN THE INDUSTRY? Look no further Managing Editor: Laurel Wagers than the careers section at www.multilingual.com/careers Assistant Editor: Katie Botkin There you will ¿ nd up-to-the-minute job listings, with descriptions Translation Dept. Editor: Jim Healey and contact details. At press time, there were listings ranging from News: Kendra Gray translator to sales professional for North America. Check soon because Illustrator: Doug Jones the jobs are quickly ¿ lled. Good luck in your search! If you are reading Production: Sandy Compton MultiLingual and browsing www.multilingual.com, you are obviously well- Cover Photo: Doug Jones informed and will ¿ nd something in the near future. Webmaster: Aric Spence Technical Analyst: Curtis Booker On the other side of the equation, do you need to ¿ nd just the right Data Administrator: Cecilia Spence person to ¿ ll the new opening in your company? Get your job listing Assistant: Shannon Abromeit published right away on www.multilingual.com/careers and within two Circulation: Terri Jadick weeks in the newsletter, MultiLingual News. Savvy employers return Special Projects: Bernie Nova again and again to this resource — because it works! Advertising Director: Jennifer Del Carlo Advertising: Kevin Watson, Bonnie Merrell Editorial Board Jeff Allen, Julieta Coirini, Stay in touch Bill Hall, Aki Ito, Nancy A. Locke, Ultan Ó Broin, Angelika Zerfaß Keep up to date with all the news, thoughts and trends with Advertising MultiLingual. Current news is available at www.multilingual.com/news, [email protected] and the free biweekly newsletter, MultiLingual News, delivers this www.multilingual.com/advertising information to your inbox. 208-263-8178 Subscriptions, back issues, Want to hear the latest ruminations from our editorial board and customer service staff? Blogos (www.multilingualblog.com) is the place to look. [email protected] And, newest on the list, you can follow us on Twitter at www.multilingual.com/ www.twitter.com/multilingualmag subscriptionInformation Submissions, letters [email protected] Editorial guidelines are available at www.multilingual.com/editorialWriter Subscribe online at www.multilingual.com/subscribe Reprints: [email protected] MultiLingual Computing, Inc. MultiLingual comes in two great formats: print and digital, and you 319 North First Avenue, Suite 2 can subscribe to either online www.multilingual.com/subscribe Sandpoint, Idaho 83864-1495 USA [email protected] MultiLingual, the print magazine, is mailed nine times a year www.multilingual.com (eight issues plus an annual resource directory/index) for © MultiLingual Computing, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction just $58 and includes full access to MultiLingual, the digital without permission is prohibited. For reprints and e-prints, please e-mail [email protected] or call 208-263-8178. magazine — delivered in a new, interactive format with MultiLingual (ISSN 1523-0309), June 2009, is published monthly except Jan-Feb, Apr-May, Jul-Aug, Oct-Nov for special features that allow you to read it ofÀ ine. A digital- US $58, international $85 per year by MultiLingual Computing, Inc., 319 North First Avenue, Suite 2, Sandpoint, ID 83864-1495. Periodicals only subscription is available for $28. postage paid at Sandpoint, ID and additional mailing offi ces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to MultiLingual, 319 North Subscribe today and start keeping up with the fastest-growing industry First Avenue, Suite 2, Sandpoint, ID 83864-1495. on the planet. MultiLingual is printed on 10% post-consumer recycled paper. 8 | MultiLingual June 2009 [email protected] 08 Masthead #104.indd 8 5/19/09 3:20:25 PM Katie Botkin Post Editing Cultural hats Heat, mixed-race norms, low-cost fashion sense, fl uctuating economies, the prevalence of Spanish. What other places are beginning to experience more and more, Latin America already has a fi rm grasp on. Given these and other trends, is Latin America a homogenous culture within itself? Tom Edwards starts off the issue Haddressing this question, and Martin Spethman and Nitish Singh open up the focus with a similar look at the sometimes-differing, sometimes-similar online norms of Brazil and Argentina. The quick answer is certainly no, and the more countries one brings into this, the easier the reaction becomes. So another question: is Latin America an emerging, cutting-edge power? We love good coffee and cacao beans; we love the idea that by recycling paper or by talking about effi cient alternative energy, we may be saving the Amazon.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memorandum of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on The
    Memorandum of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on the Application filed before the International Court of Justice by the Cooperative of Guyana on March 29th, 2018 ANNEX Table of Contents I. Venezuela’s territorial claim and process of decolonization of the British Guyana, 1961-1965 ................................................................... 3 II. London Conference, December 9th-10th, 1965………………………15 III. Geneva Conference, February 16th-17th, 1966………………………20 IV. Intervention of Minister Iribarren Borges on the Geneva Agreement at the National Congress, March 17th, 1966……………………………25 V. The recognition of Guyana by Venezuela, May 1966 ........................ 37 VI. Mixed Commission, 1966-1970 .......................................................... 41 VII. The Protocol of Port of Spain, 1970-1982 .......................................... 49 VIII. Reactivation of the Geneva Agreement: election of means of settlement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, 1982-198371 IX. The choice of Good Offices, 1983-1989 ............................................. 83 X. The process of Good Offices, 1989-2014 ........................................... 87 XI. Work Plan Proposal: Process of good offices in the border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela, 2013 ............................................. 116 XII. Events leading to the communiqué of the UN Secretary-General of January 30th, 2018 (2014-2018) ....................................................... 118 2 I. Venezuela’s territorial claim and Process of decolonization
    [Show full text]
  • Corrigé Corrected
    Corrigé Corrected CR 2020/5 International Court Cour internationale of Justice de Justice THE HAGUE LA HAYE YEAR 2020 Public sitting held on Tuesday 30 June 2020, at 2 p.m., at the Peace Palace, President Yusuf presiding, in the case concerning the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela) ____________________ VERBATIM RECORD ____________________ ANNÉE 2020 Audience publique tenue le mardi 30 juin 2020, à 14 heures, au Palais de la Paix, sous la présidence de M. Yusuf, président, en l’affaire de la Sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (Guyana c. Venezuela) ________________ COMPTE RENDU ________________ - 2 - Present: President Yusuf Vice-President Xue Judges Tomka Abraham Bennouna Cançado Trindade Donoghue Gaja Sebutinde Bhandari Robinson Crawford Gevorgian Salam Iwasawa Judge ad hoc Charlesworth Registrar Gautier - 3 - Présents : M. Yusuf, président Mme Xue, vice-présidente MM. Tomka Abraham Bennouna Cançado Trindade Mme Donoghue M. Gaja Mme Sebutinde MM. Bhandari Robinson Crawford Gevorgian Salam Iwasawa, juges Mme Charlesworth, juge ad hoc M. Gautier, greffier - 4 - The Government of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana is represented by: Hon. Carl B. Greenidge, as Agent; Sir Shridath Ramphal, OE, OCC, SC, H.E. Ms Audrey Waddell, Ambassador, CCH, as Co-Agents; Mr. Paul S. Reichler, Attorney at Law, Foley Hoag LLP, member of the Bars of the Supreme Court of the United States and the District of Columbia, Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor Emeritus of the University Paris Nanterre, former Chairman of the International Law Commission, member of the Institut de droit international, Mr. Philippe Sands, QC, Professor of International Law, University College London (UCL) and Barrister, Matrix Chambers, London, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • La Cuestión ESEQUIBO Memoria Y Soberanía LA CUESTIÓN ESEQUIBO MEMORIA Y SOBERANÍA
    Claudio A. Briceño Monzón José Alberto Olivar Luis Alberto Buttó (Coordinadores) La Cuestión ESEQUIBO Memoria y Soberanía LA CUESTIÓN ESEQUIBO MEMORIA Y SOBERANÍA CLAUDIO A. BRICEÑO MONZÓN JOSÉ Alberto OLIVAR LUIS Alberto BUTTÓ (COORDINADORES) Universidad Metropolitana, Caracas, Venezuela, 2016 Hecho el depósito de Ley Depósito Legal: MI2016000052 ISBN: 978-980-247-244-4 Formato: 15,5 x 21,5 cms. Nº de páginas: 312 Diseño y diagramación: Jesús Salazar / [email protected] Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de esta publicación pueden reproducirse, registrarse o transmitirse, por un sistema de recuperación de información, en ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, sea electrónico, mecánico, fotoquímico, magnético o electroóptico, por fotocopia, grabación o cualquier otro, sin permiso por escrito del editor. Autoridades Hernán Anzola Presidente del Consejo Superior Benjamín Scharifker Rector María del Carmen Lombao Vicerrectora Académica María Elena Cedeño Vicerrectora Administrativa Mirian Rodríguez de Mezoa Secretario General Comité Editorial de Publicaciones de apoyo a la educación Prof. Roberto Réquiz Prof. Natalia Castañón Prof. Mario Eugui Prof. Humberto Njaim Prof. Rossana París Prof. Alfredo Rodríguez Iranzo (Editor) Índice Presentación Pág. 9 La bulla aurífera tras el reclamo territorial con la Guayana Británica 1886-1887 José Alberto Olivar Pág. 19 El Gran Estado Bolívar y el Territorio Federal Yuruari. Cambios político – administrativos del Guzmancismo Hancer González Pág. 41 Publicidad limítrofe sobre la controversia Anglo – Venezolana (1895 – 1897) Emad Aboaasi El Nimer Pág. 65 Venezuela y Guyana: el momento de las vías de hecho (1966-1969) Guillermo Guzmán Mirabal Pág. 89 Geohistoria de la usurpación de la Guayana Esequiba: Del Acuerdo de Ginebra a la inercial posición del gobierno chavista Claudio Alberto Briceño Monzón Pág.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold and Economic Activity in the Guayana Region, Venezuela for the Period 1870 -1920
    ISSN 0798 1015 HOME Revista ESPACIOS ÍNDICES / Index A LOS AUTORES / To the ! ! AUTORS ! Vol. 40 (Number 28) Year 2019. Page 14 Gold and economic activity in the Guayana Region, Venezuela for the period 1870 -1920 Oro y actividad económica en la región de Guayana, Venezuela para el periodo 1870-1920 ROMERO, Héctor 1; FAJARDO, Eddy J. 2 & PALMA, Nathaly 3 Received: 06/05/2019 • Approved: 04/08/2019 • Published 26/08/2019 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Conclusions Bibliographic references ABSTRACT: RESUMEN: The present investigation, studies the impact that the La presente investigación, estudia el impacto que la gold mining activity had on the economic activity of actividad minera aurífera tuvo sobre la actividad the Guayana Region, Venezuela for the period 1870- económica de la Región de Guayana, Venezuela para 1920. The methodology used is that of a correlational el periodo 1870-1920. La metodología empleada es la study. A first approximation is made to the estimation de un estudio correlacional. Se realiza una primera of the impact that the gold exploitation has on the aproximación a la estimación del impacto que la internal market of the Guayana region, calculations explotación aurífera tiene sobre el mercado interno de that had not been elaborated in any previous study. la región de Guayana, cálculos que no habían sido On the other hand, the behavior model of the gold elaborados en ningún estudio previo. Por otro lado, se mining industry in Venezuela for the period under describe de forma detallada el modelo de study is described in detail. comportamiento de la industria minera aurífera en Keywords: Gold mining industry, Guayana, Venezuela para el periodo en estudio.
    [Show full text]
  • Guayana Esequiba Historia De Un Despojo Guayana Esequiba - Historia De Un Despojo Guayana Esequiba Historia De Un Despojo Guayana Esequiba - Historia De Un Despojo
    GUAYANA ESEQUIBA HISTORIA DE UN DESPOJO GUAYANA ESEQUIBA - HISTORIA DE UN DESPOJO GUAYANA ESEQUIBA ESEQUIBA GUAYANA HISTORIA DEUNDESPOJO HISTORIA GUAYANA ESEQUIBA - HISTORIA DE UN DESPOJO NICOLÁS MADURO MOROS PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA DELCY RODRÍGUEZ GÓMEZ MINISTRA DEL PODER POPULAR PARA RELACIONES EXTERIORES GUAYANA ESEQUIBA HISTORIA DE UN DESPOJO MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA RELACIONES EXTERIORES CARACAS - VENEZUELA -2015 GUAYANA ESEQUIBA - HISTORIA DE UN DESPOJO DE UN HISTORIA - ESEQUIBA GUAYANA ISBN: 978-980-225-135-3 DEPÓSITO LEGAL: LF44620153203105 5 ÍNDICE PRESENTACIÓN 9 LA VERDAD HISTÓRICA 11 LA HISTORIA DEL ESEQUIBO ES LA HISTORIA DE LA DIPLOMACIA DEL SAQUEO IMPERIAL DISCURSO DEL PRESIDENTE NICOLÁS MADURO ANTE LA ASAMBLEA NACIONAL 21 EL ESEQUIBO ES NUESTRO DESDE QUE EL MUNDO ES MUNDO: CRONOLOGÍA 49 CARTA DEL PRESIDENTE NICOLÁS MADURO AL SECRETARIO GENERAL DE LA ONU 77 TRATADO DE ARBITRAJE DE WASHINGTON (1897) Y LAUDO DE PARÍS (1899) 81 EL MEMORáNDUM DE MALLET - PREVOST 95 ACUERDO DE GINEBRA (1966) 105 RECONOCIMIENTO DE VENEZUELA AL NUEVO ESTADO DE GUYANA CON LA RESERVA SOBRE EL ESEQUIBO 111 DECLARACIÓN CONJUNTA VENEZUELA - GUYANA (2011) 113 SELECCIÓN DE DOCUMENTACIóN QUE RESPALDA LA RECLAMACIóN ESEQUIBA 115 EXPOSICIÓN DEL CANCILLER MARCOS FALCÓN BRICEÑO ANTE LA ASAMBLEA GENERAL DE LA ONU (1962) 135 CIPRIANO CASTRO Y LA GUAYANA ESEQUIBA 153 SON LOS MISMOS: LA OLIGARQUÍA VENEZOLANA OFRECE EL ESEQUIBO EN 1861 157 “Este bello y rico país se PRESENTACIÓN extiende por la Mar del Norte desde el río Esequibo,
    [Show full text]
  • US Targets Venezuela Using Border Dispute As Pretext
    US Targets Venezuela Using Border Dispute as Pretext By Eric Draitser Region: Latin America & Caribbean, USA Global Research, July 23, 2015 Theme: Global Economy, US NATO War telesur 21 July 2015 Agenda Draitser argues that Venezuela and Guyana’s despute over the Essequibo region is a new front in the destabilization of Venezuela The ongoing border dispute between the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and its eastern neighbor Guyana is no simple disagreement over an arbitrary line on a map. Actually, it is a conflict of significant political and economic dimensions, one which will have deep and far- reaching geopolitical implications in the near and long term. The area in question is known as Guayana Esequiba (Essequibo), a region with competing territorial claims going back more than a century to a time when British imperial interests dominated the contours of the political map of much of the world, including Latin America. Since 1966, when Guyana became a nominally independent country, this territory has been under dispute by the interested parties; Venezuela has claimed the territory as part of its sovereign authority going back to an odious 1899 decision in favor of Britain. However, that has not stopped Guyana from seeking to undermine the stability of the region by claiming de facto sovereignty over the whole of the territory, selling highly valued oil and gas exploration concessions to key North American corporate energy interests. These actions have led to an intensification of the conflict, forcing Venezuela to respond with diplomatic and political pressure. | 1 But of course, as with all things pertaining to Venezuela on the international stage, there is a hidden agenda rooted in the imperial politics of Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • International Court of Justice
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE WHITE PAPER OF THE VENEZUELAN COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS (COVRI) REGARDING THE PENDING CASE ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899 (GUYANA v. VENEZUELA) STATEMENT OF FACTS, JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY sent to the Registry of the Court on 9 December 2020 prepared by Dr. Kenneth Ramírez _________________ COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE LIVRE BLANC DU CONSEIL VÉNÉZUÉLIEN POUR LES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES (COVRI) CONCERNANT L’AFFAIRE PENDANT SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899 (GUYANA c. VENEZUELA) EXPOSÉ DES FAITS, COMPÉTENCE ET RECEVABILITÉ envoyé au Greffe de la Cour le 9 décembre 2020 preparé par Dr. Kenneth Ramírez TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction...............................................................................................4 II. Statement of Facts: the Null and Void 1899 Award................................15 A. Historical Rights and Legal Titles of Venezuela................................15 B. Origins of the Dispute........................................................................27 C. Vices of the 1897 Arbitration Treaty..................................................30 D. Grounds of Nullity of 1899 Award......................................................40 E. Venezuelan always protested the 1899 Award and was not estopped to denounce the nullity of it................................................................73 III. Statement of Facts: the 1966 Geneva Agreement and its implementation until 2018................................................................................................97
    [Show full text]
  • BRITISH and US INTERVENTION in the VENEZUELAN OIL INDUSTRY Negotiated in Order to Guarantee a Greater State Share of Industry Profits
    BRITISH AND US INTERVENTION IN THE VENEZUELAN OIL INDUSTRY A CASE STUDY OF ANGLO-US RELATIONS 1941-1948 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mark Seddon Department of History University of Sheffield July 2014 Abstract This thesis analyses British and US government intervention in the Venezuelan oil industry between the years 1941 and 1948 as a case study of Anglo-US relations. During the Second World War, Britain was entirely reliant on imports for its oil needs and Venezuela became a vital source of supply. Concurrently, US government officials were concerned that their domestic oil reserves would soon be exhausted and they perceived Venezuela as an important future supplier. As such, British and US policy-makers were inclined to intervene when it seemed as though their access to Venezuelan oil was threatened. Such a threat materialised as, during the 1940s, Venezuelan politics became characterised by popular demand for economic reform and dramatic regime change. However, British and US officials came into conflict as they sought to further their independent and often conflicting policies in Venezuela. Indeed, the Anglo-US wartime and Cold War alliance did not preclude disputes from arising between the two governments in matters relating to oil and Latin America. In order to defend their interests in Venezuelan oil, Whitehall and Washington developed intimate ties with privately-owned companies operating in the country. This thesis elucidates the role of state-private sector interaction within foreign relations and the effect of this dynamic on British and US policy towards Venezuela. It argues that multinational oil companies had the capacity to significantly influence events and their relationships with national governments played an important role within international politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Repensar Las Fronteras, La Integración Regional Y El Territorio
    Willy Soto Acosta, Editor Los temas que en esta obra se tratan: Estado, terri- torio, espacios transfronterizos, procesos de inte- gración regional, tradicionalmente se han abordado desde teorías de las Ciencias Sociales desarrolladas en Europa y en Estados Unidos. Esto podría representar una bofetada a la realidad, en Willy Soto Acosta Soto Willy este caso latinoamericana, en tanto que algunas de las experiencias de integración regional en América Lati- na, se dieron mucho antes de que Europa comenzara con su proceso integracionista. El usar marcos teóricos europeos y estadouniden- ses, por supuesto, no es ningún “pecado”, siempre y cuando se considere que tales paradigmas nacieron para explicar realidades de esos países y no para dar cuentas de los procesos socio-históricos de regiones como América Latina, África, Asia, Oceanía, ni del sur dentro del norte, es decir, las zonas periféricas en el interior de los países “desarrollados”. Este libro es un intento de romper con la pretensión de “ciencia (social) única y absoluta” con que se ha pre- sentado (y nosotros, muchas veces, hemos aceptado) el pensamiento eurocéntrico. Pero, la misma receta debe aplicarse desde el sur: la humildad o la negación de la pretendida verdad absoluta. Es decir, lo “deco- lonial” pasa por el reconocimiento de que por más atrincherados de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos que estemos, por más “triangulación metodológica” empleada, nuestros estudios serán una aproximación Repensar lasRepensar fronteras, de algo, no un retrato y mucho menos, un video. la
    [Show full text]
  • APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS Filed in the Registry of the Court on 29 March 2018
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS filed in the Registry of the Court on 29 March 2018 ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899 (GUYANA v. VENEZUELA) COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour le 29 mars 2018 SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899 (GUYANA c. VENEZUELA) 4 R-GUY_Vene.indd 1 25/09/18 09:31 2 2018 General List No. 171 APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice. The undersigned, duly authorized by the Government of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, has the honour to submit to the International Court of Jus- tice, in accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 (1) of the Statute of the Court and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, this Application instituting proceedings against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. I. Introduction 1. By this Application, Guyana requests the Court to confirm the legal validity and binding effect of the Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, of 3 October 1899 1 (“1899 Award”). 2. Pursuant to the Treaty of Arbitration between Great Britain and the United States of Venezuela, signed 2 February 1897 at Washington 2 (“Washington Treaty”), the 1899 Award was “a full, perfect, and final settlement” of all questions relating to determining the boundary line between the colony of British Guiana and Venezuela. 3. Between November 1900 and June 1904, an Anglo- Venezuelan Boundary Commission identified, demarcated and permanently fixed the boundary estab- lished by the 1899 Award.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicolás Maduro Moros President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
    Our Essequibo Nicolás Maduro Moros President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela “Venezuela must keep reasserting its fair claim over the Essequibo with more strength than ever in accordance with international law and through peaceful means. That is the reason why my first word and my first call is for national union, men and women of this Homeland”. Speech at the special session of the National Assembly, Federal Legislative Palace, Caracas, July 6, 2015 Our Essequibo Nicolás Maduro Moros President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Our Essequibo Speech at the special session of the National Assem- bly, Federal Legislative Palace, Caracas, July 6, 2015 Ministry of the People’s Power for Communication and Information Final Bulevar Panteón, Torre Ministerio del Poder Po- pular para la Comunicación y la Información, Parro- quia Altagracia, Caracas-Venezuela Phones (0212) 8028314 – 8028315 RIF: G - 20003090-9 Nicolás Maduro Moros President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Desire Santos Amaral Minister of the People´s Power for Communication and Information Rolando Corao Vice minister for Communication and Information Dalia Eloisa Lagonell Vice minister for Print Media Francisco Ávila Director General of Publications Proofreading: Drauly López Design: Arturo Cazal Diagrammatic and montage: Rubén Calderón Photography: Prensa Presidencial, MippCI Legal Deposit: lfi87120159003439 ISBN: 978-980-227-269-3 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela October, 2015 The board of the National Assembly and other government and military powers supported President Nicolás Maduro NICOLÁS MADURO MOROS PRESIDENT OF THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, CARACAS, JULY 6, 2015 A CALL FOR THE UNION OF THE PEOPLE ment when our homeland, as I have been denouncing in the past weeks, is being ear fellow citizens, I would like to targeted by new forms of harassment and Dgreet the entire people of Venezu- aggression, surreptitious provocations ela.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pax Americana and Its Implications for The
    THE PAXAMERICANA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SECURITY, STABILITY AND PEACE OF SOUTH AMERICA FÉLIX MARTÍN Florida International University (Resumen) En este artículo, se analiza la hipótesis de la "paz hegemónica" en el contexto histórico suramericano de paz regional, desde finales de la Guerra del Chaco entre Bolivia y Paraguay, en 1935. En la primera parte de este estudio, se formula un planteamiento sobre las implicaciones teóricas de la proposición enunciada y se traza un plan de estudio para constatar su valor explicativo. A continuación, se realiza una especie de reconstrucción de lo que ha sido la posición política de los Estados Unidos de América ante los posibles brotes de violencia y crisis militarizadas entre las naciones del continente suramericano. Una vez que se ha concluido que los Estados Unidos de América han mantenido históricamente una postura clara y directa en favor de la paz regional, se busca comprobar si, en efecto, su poder político-militar ha sido un factor determinante para evitar guerras y mantener la paz interestatal en ese continente. Después de una profunda indagación sobre la evidencia histórica, se llega a concluir que el poder y los intereses estadounidenses no han sido factores más determinantes que el papel jugado por otros Estados vecinos. De hecho, se afirma que la relación causa-efecto entre la hegemonía estadounidense y la paz interestatal en América del Sur desde 1935 es muy tenue para ser considera da como una de las explicaciones concluyentes de tal fenómeno histórico. Edward D. Mansfield examines the relationship among the intemational distribution of power, trade and war, and concludes that "like all interstate wars, non-major-power wars begin more frequently during periods ofhegemony than during non-hegemonic periods ..
    [Show full text]