Long Title 7 X 11.P65

Home , Adjective phrase

Cambridge University Press 0521848377 - A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum Index More information

Index

abbreviation, 287 backshift, 47–8, 50, 57, 296 complex catenative, 220–2, 297 absolute negator, 153–4 bare coordinate, 226–7, 296 complex preposition, 146–7 accusative, 5, 67–8, 105–7, 165–6, bare existential, 249–50 complex word, 281–2 190, 210, 295 bare genitive, 279 complex-intransitive/transitive, 78, acronym, 287 bare infinitival, 31–2, 213, 296 119, 246, 248–9, 297 across the board, 229–30 bare passive, 245–6 composite symbol, 268, 297 active clause/voice, 26, 239–43, 295 bare relative, 184–5 compound, compounding, 100, addressee, 101–3, 171 bare role NP, 74, 88, 140, 296 283–4 adjectival passive, 246 base, 27, 282, 296 compound sentence, 12 adjective, adjective phrase, 16, base plural, 278–9, 296 compound tense, 48 18–20, 96, 100, 112–24, 133–5, be-passive, 245 conditional, 47, 171, 231, 297 195, 280–1, 295 blending, 286–7 conjunction, 21 adjunct, 65–7, 71, 78–80, 179–80, bound element, 282 consonant, 268, 297 195, 295 British English: see American consonant doubling, 269–71 adverb, adverb phrase, 16, 19–20, English vs British English constant polarity tag, 150 122–5, 130–3, 140, 280–1, 295 constituent, 64, 145, 221, 234–6, 252 affix, affixation, 27, 150–1, 282, 284, canonical clause, 24–7, 63, 77–8, 296 content clause, 174–81, 184, 192, 295 cardinal numeral, 86 202, 247, 297 affixal negation, 150–1 case, 67–8, 82, 106–7, 165–6, 190, continuative perfect, 51, 297 agreement, 39, 68, 88–90, 108, 229n, 210, 296 conversion, 284–5 242, 295 category, 14–15, 93n, 228–9 coordinate, coordination, 12, 16, 25, alternation, 266–7 category-changing/preserving affix, 88, 104, 107, 147, 161, 163, 210n, alternative question, 163–4 284 225–37, 297 American English vs British English, catenative, 214–22, 245–6, 260, 296 coordinator, 16, 21, 225–6, 230–3, 2, 40n, 49n, 57n, 89–90, 128, clausal negation, 151–4 298 153n, 177, 200, 202, 267, 269, clausal sentence, 12 core meaning, 217, 222, 238–41 271, 276n clause, 12–14 correlative coordination, 232, 298 anaphora, 101–2, 183–4, 259, 295 clause reduction, 260 count noun, 85–8, 169, 259, 298 answer, 162, 166–7 clause structure, 63–80 current relevance, 49 antecedent, 101–2, 106, 183–4, 189, clause type, 24–5, 159–72, 175, 296 191, 206–7, 211, 259, 295 clipping, 286 dangling modifier, 207–9 appositive, 96 closed interrogative/question, declarative, 8–9, 24, 159–61, 164, approximate negator, 153–4 159–63, 167, 175, 178–80, 296 172, 175–7, 298 ascriptive use of be, 76–7, 295 collective noun, 89–90, 297 default, 13, 26, 50, 53, 83, 85, 102, aspect, 41–2, 51–2, 295 command, 8 120, 130, 149, 159, 161, 174, 197, asymmetric coordination, 230–1 common noun, 17, 84–5, 297 226, 234, 243, 248, 250, 256–7, attributive (adjective, etc.), 18, 112, comparative (grade, etc.), 100, 112, 272–3, 277, 279, 298 296 115, 123, 195–9, 280–1, 297 definite, definiteness, 19, 91–3, attributive genitive, 110 comparative clause, 174–5, 201–2, 250–1, 298 attributive-only adjective, 120 297 definite article, 91–2, 117, 298 auxiliary verb, 18, 37–42, 152, comparison, 195–202 definitions, 5–9 219–20, 260, 296 comparison of equality, 199–200 deictic, deixis, 101–2, 242, 261, 298 complement, 22–3, 65–7, 93–5, delayed right constituent back-formation, 285–6 118–19, 125, 139–42, 175–6, 178, coordination, 236 backgrounded element, 251, 253–4 180, 256, 297 denotation, 187

309

310 Index

deontic modality, 54–6, 57n, 157, function, 14–15, 64, 77, 93n, 107, information question, 167 177, 213, 298 228–9 initialism, 287 dependent, 13, 22–3, 225–7, 230, fused determiner-head, 98–9 integrated relative, 187–91, 301 298 fused head, 97–100, 110, 117, internal (complement, etc.), 67, 84, dependent genitive, 105, 107–8, 298 259–60, 299–300 95–7, 248, 301 descriptive grammar, 4–5 fused modifier-head, 99–100, internalised complement, 241–3 determinative, determinative phrase, 114–15 interrogative, 8, 14, 24, 68, 139, 155, determiner, 16, 19, 23, 83, 88, fused relative, 191–2, 254, 299 161–8, 172, 177–80, 190, 192, 90–3, 96, 98–100, 117, 195, futurate, 45, 53, 300 212–13, 301 280–1, 298 future tense, 56 interrogative phrase, 164, 178 dialect, 3–4 intervening NP, 215–16, 220 direct object, 71–3, 299 gapped coordination, gapping, 222n, intonation, 162–4, 187, 255 direction question, 167 235 intransitive, 78, 301 directive, 8, 53, 160, 167, 170–2, 299 gender, 103–5, 190, 300 inversion, 256–8 dislocation, 255 general definition/term, 7–9, 41–2, irrealis, 58, 301 displaced subject, 249 68–70, 83, 128, 137, 160 irregular, 33–4, 268–9, 301 distributive coordination, 234 genitive, 23, 90, 105, 107–10, it-cleft, 251–3, 301 ditransitive, 78, 244, 299 279–80, 300 dummy element, 38, 40, 152, gerund, 32 joint coordination, 234 218–22, 249, 252, 255, 260, 299 gerund-participial/participle, 30, dynamic modality, 54–5 32–3, 96, 116, 135–6, 204, 210, language-particular definition, 7–9, 213–14, 219, 247, 273, 300 69–70 echo question, 167–8 get-passive, 245 layered coordination, 232–3 ellipsis, 258–60 goal, 142, 300 left dislocation, 255 end-attachment coordination, 236–7 gradability, gradable, 19, 118, 133–4, letter, 268 epistemic modality, 54–5, 57, 299 300 lexeme, 15–22, 264–5, 302 exclamative, 73, 168–9, 175, 180–1, grade, 112, 115, 123, 195–202, lexical base, 31, 264–6, 302 299 280–1, 300 lexical morphology, 264–5, exhaustive conditional, 179–80 grammatical, 2 281–8 existential, 218, 238–40, 249–51, grammaticised use of preposition, lexical verb, 18, 37, 302 299 136–7, 142 lexicalisation, 287–8 expanded coordinate, 226, 230, 235, licensing, 65–6, 95, 302 299 head, 13, 22–3, 63, 130, 225–7, 230, location, 142 extended existential, extension, 250 300 long passive, 243 external (complement, etc.), 67, 84, heavy element, 248 lower-level coordination, 233–4 97, 121–2, 299 historic present, 46 extraposed object, 212–13, 249, 299 hollow clause, 211, 250, 300 main clause, 25, 36, 161, 174, 186, extraposed subject, extraposition, 302 26–7, 176, 178, 180, 212–13, 218, idiom, 144–7, 300 main-clause coordination, 233–4 238–9, 247–9, 255, 257, 299 imperative, 8–9, 24–5, 31–2, 36, 152, mandative, 176–7 161, 170–2, 300 masculine, 103–5 familiarity status, 242 imperfective, 42–3, 52, 300 matrix clause, 174, 302 feminine, 103–5 incorrect, 4–5 modal auxiliary, 37, 39–41, 54–8, final e deletion, 271 indefinite article, 92, 97, 117, 300 302 final y replacement, 271–2 independent genitive, 105, 107–8, 300 modal preterite, 46–8, 58, 302 finite, 36–7, 96, 174, 299 indirect complement, 95, 121, modal remoteness, 46–8, 50 first person imperative, 170–1 211–12, 300 modality, 53, 56–7 foregrounded element, 251–4 indirect object, 71–3, 301 modifier, 20, 22–3, 79–80, 99–100, foreign plural, 278–9 infinitival, 31–2, 36, 96, 210, 119, 125, 141–2, 302 formal vs informal style, 3–5, 75, 90, 215–19, 247, 260, 301 monotransitive, 78 106, 110, 138–9, 153, 156, 165–6, inflection, 15–16, 17, 19, 29–35, 82, mood, 41–2, 53–9, 302 171, 176, 190–1, 199, 202, 210, 93, 105, 112, 128, 133–4, 152–3, morphological modification, 266 245, 249n, 253, 255, 278–9, 286 199, 264–81, 301 morphological operation, 266 fossilisation, 143, 231, 299 informal style: see formal vs morphology, 6, 264–88 free element, 282 informal style multiple marking of negation, 3, fronting, 72–3, 138, 143, 165, 168, information packaging, 26–7, 156 187, 299 238–61, 301 mute e 271, 302

Index 311

nationality adjective, 100 perfect, 33, 43–4, 48–51, 304 proper noun, 17, 84–5, 189, 305 negation, negative, 24, 38–9, perfective, 42–5, 52, 304 prototype, 22 149–57, 200, 253–4, 258, 302 person, 31, 88, 102, 304 present tense, 31, 44–6, 273–4, 305 negative concord, 156 personal (gender), 96, 166, 190, 304 pseudo-cleft, 221, 254, 305 negative orientation, 154–5 personal pronoun, 102–8, 210, 255, punctuation, 187 neo-classical compound, 284 259, 304 neuter, 103–5 phonological modification, 285 question, 159–68 never-attributive adjective, 120 phrasal verb, 146n new information, 242–3, 251, 253, phrase, 13, 16, 22–3 raised subject/object, 216–22 258, 302 plain case, 105, 107, 304 reciprocal pronoun, 108, 305 nominal, 83–4, 95–6, 183, 302 plain form (of verb), 31–2, 35, 304 reduction, 258–61 nominative, 5, 67–8, 75, 105–7, plain grade, 112, 280 reflexive pronoun, 104–6, 108, 306 165–6, 190, 205, 210, 303 plain present tense, 31, 35, 304 regular, 33, 268–9, 306 non-affirmative context/item, 40–1, plural, 15, 17, 82–3, 85–90, 92, relative clause, 25, 83, 96, 143, 154–5, 198, 303 102–3, 112–13, 115, 169–70, 199, 174–5, 183–92, 212, 229–30, 306 non-basic coordination, 234–7 259, 266–7, 272–3, 277–9 relative phrase, 186 non-canonical clause, 24–7 plural-only noun, 85–6, 266 relative pronoun, 183, 306 non-count noun, 85–8, 169, 199 polar question, 163 relativised element, 185–7, 191, non-finite, 36–7, 96, 174, 204–22, polarity, 24, 149, 304 306 303 polarity-sensitive, 154–5 remote conditional, 47, 57, 306 non-gradable, 118 positive, 24 replacement phrase, 166 non-personal (gender), 99, 190, 303 positive orientation, 154 reported speech, 47–8 non-restrictive, 188 possessive, 109 response, 162 non-scalar comparison, 200 postposing, 256–7 restrictive relative, 188 non-standard, 2, 4, 124n, 156, 279 postpositive, 121 reversed polarity tag, 150, 154, 306 non-verbal negation, 151–4 predicand, 76, 119, 134, 304 right dislocation, 255 non-wh relative, 184–5, 189, 212 predicate, 12–14, 63–5, 304 right nonce-constituent coordination, noun, noun phrase, 12–17, 82–110, predicative (adjective, etc.), 18, 112, 235–6 113–15, 277–80, 303 305 rules of grammar, 5 noun clause, 176n predicative adjunct, 119, 134, 305 nucleus, 255 predicative complement, 23, 73–8, scope of negation, 156–7, 170–1, number, 31, 82, 85–90, 93, 249n, 119, 123–4, 135, 140, 190, 305 240, 306 303 predicator, 63–5, 305 secondary term (in comparison), prefix, 27, 284, 305 196 object, 23, 64–8, 70–6, 140, 303 preposing, 26, 73, 230, 256–7, 305 secondary tense, 42, 306 objective predicative complement, 76 preposition, preposition phrase, 16, secondary verb-form, 30, 39, 59, oblique genitive, 110 20, 94, 96, 127–47, 176, 179, 204, 306 old information, 242–3, 251, 253, 222–3, 230, 305 semantics, 6 258, 303 prepositional idiom, 146–7 sentence, 12, 160–1 open category, 122 prepositional passive, 244–5 set comparison, 195–7 open conditional, 47, 303 prepositional verb, 142–4, 244, 305 sexist use of he, 104 open interrogative/question, 159–62, prescriptive grammar, 4–5, 56, 75, shape, shape sharing, 30, 33, 266, 164–9, 175, 178–81, 303 90, 105–7, 138, 156, 191, 197, 274, 306 ordinal numeral, 100 202, 206, 209, 232, 247, 249n short passive, 243 present perfect, 48–9 sibilant, 267, 272 paradigm, 29–30, 303 presentational, 251 simple catenative, 215–20 participle, 32 presupposition, 179, 253 simple fused head, 97–9, 114, particle, 144 preterite, 17, 30–1, 33, 46–50, 57–8, 259–60, 306 partitive fused head, 97–9, 114, 117, 274–7, 305 simple sentence, 12n 259–60, 303 primary tense, 42, 44–8, 205, 305 simple word, 281 parts of speech, 16–22 primary term (in comparison), 196 singular, 15, 17, 23, 31, 74, 82–3, 85, passive, 26, 33, 71, 75, 217–22, primary verb-form, 30, 39, 59, 152, 87–90, 102, 112–15, 117, 169, 238–47, 304 305 199, 277, 279 past tense, 6–8, 30, 43, 304 productivity, 287–8 singular-only noun, 85–6 past-participial, past participle, 20, pro-form, 258–61 situation, 17, 43, 306 33, 96, 116, 135–6, 204, 214, progressive, 41, 51–3, 305 source, 142 274–7, 304 pronoun, 17, 84, 100–8, 259, 305 speaker, 101–3

312 Index

special fused head, 97–9, 114–15, subjectless non-finite, 206–9 to-infinitival, 31–2, 211–13, 306 306 subjunctive, 31–2, 36, 59n, 172, 177, topic, 69–70 specified preposition, 136–7, 306 traditional grammar, 11–13, 17, 139–40, 142, 143n, 244, 306 subordinate clause, subordination, 19–21, 32, 42, 56, 59n, 68–70, specifying use of be, 76–7, 176, 16, 25, 37, 45, 95, 130, 140, 157, 72n, 127–32, 176n, 188 213–14, 254, 295, 306 161, 174–81, 247, 306 transitive, 78, 306 speech act, 159–60, 172, 306 subordinating conjunction, 129 truth conditions, 217, 306 speech vs writing, 267–9 subordinator, 16, 21, 129–30, 174–6, spelling rules, 269–73 178, 184, 205–6, 306 understood subject, 206–9 split infinitive, 206 suffix, 27, 266, 284, 306 Standard English, 1–4 superlative, 100, 112, 115, 123, variable lexeme, 29 statement, 159, 167 195–8, 280–1, 306 verb, verb phrase, 12–13, 16–17, stimulus, 167–8 supplement, 79–80, 119, 207, 306 29–59, 63–4, 115–17, 135–6, stranding of preposition, 137–9, 187, supplementary relative, 187–9, 301 273–7, 306 201, 244, 306 symbol, 268, 301 verbal idiom, 144–6, 306 subclausal negation, 150–1 symmetric coordination, 230 verbal negation, 151–3, 170, 306 subject, 12–15, 66–70, 136, 176, syntactic determination, 206–9, 213, verbless clause, 222–3 178, 180, 212–13, 247–8, 306 216 voice, 41, 240–1, 306 subject–auxiliary inversion, 38–9, syntax, 6, 265 vowel, 268, 306 68, 162, 168, 178, 180–1, 247, VP reduction, 260 249, 257–8, 306 tag, 150–1, 154, 164, 249, 306 subject–dependent inversion, 258 tense, 41, 44–51, 306 weight, 257 subject-determiner, 108–10, 306 term comparison, 196 wh relative, 184–6, 189–91, 212 subjective predicative complement, 76 that relative, 184–5 word, 15–22, 27, 264–90