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The Making and Unmaking of an Austrian Space of Historical Scholarship, 1848–1914

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east central europe 44 (2017) 341-366 brill.com/eceu The Making and Unmaking of an Austrian Space of Historical Scholarship, 1848–1914 Bálint Varga Hungarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] Abstract Starting in the late 1840s, the Habsburg monarchy engaged in the making of modern historical scholarship by introducing standardized training and creating an institu- tional framework of research. During the 1850s, the Viennese government laid down the foundations of a pan-Austrian academic space. However, this space started to split already in the early 1860s, and at the turn of the twentieth century it was largely replaced by academic communities organized along national lines. By analyzing the making of different historians’ communities, this paper claims that the split of the united Habsburg space of historical sciences was the direct result of “high” politics, in particular granting autonomy to various crown lands of the empire. Keywords historiography – professionalization – Habsburg monarchy Introduction1 Professionalization and the making of institutionalized and bureaucratic structures were key elements in the emerging modern historical scholarship throughout Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. History turned * Research for this paper was supported by grants by the Scholarship Foundation of the Repub- lic of Austria for Post-docs and the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (grant no. K 108670). 1 This paper largely rests on prosopographic databases. The data for the Cisleithanian universities (except for Vienna) were gathered by Surman (2012). For other universities, see © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2017 | doi 10.1163/18763308-04402004Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 10:37:47PM via free access <UN> 342 Varga from an art pursued by erudite gentlemen into a machinery driven by profes- sionals who completed a standardized education and worked along fairly stan- dardized routines. The early modern republica litteraria was now r eplaced by new scientific communities. Unlike the early modern republic of letters, which covered the entire European continent and beyond, the new spaces were con- fined to smaller geographical entities, in most cases this being the (nation-) state. As Ilaria Prociani and Jo Tollebeek claim: The professional community that formed in the late nineteenth century was also a national historical “space,” populated by all kinds of people who had little or no personal acquaintance with one another. This space arose through its occupants – wherever they were actually employed in the country in question – reading the same historical journal, being rep- resented by the same national association, and travelling to the same na- tional archive or national library for their research. porciani and tollebeek 2012: 12 This paper investigates the ambiguous making of imperial and national spaces of historical scholarship in the late Habsburg monarchy. The Habsburg monar- chy engaged in the making of modern scholarship since 1849. In the following decade, the Viennese government laid down the foundations of a pan-Austrian academic space, but this space started to separate already in the early 1860s. By the end of the century, a Habsburg space of historical scholarship hardly existed; instead, four full-fledged (Hungarian, Croatian, Polish, Czech) and some less elaborate (Ukrainian, Romanian) academic spaces came into being which also led to the emergence of a German-Austrian community of histo- rians. These communities were organized along national lines, and with the exception of the Hungarian one, disregarded political boundaries and over- lapped with other existing states (Gottas 1997). By analyzing the making of different historians’ communities, this paper claims that the split of the united Habsburg space of historical sciences was the direct result of “high” politics, in particular granting autonomy to various crown lands of the Empire. The Making of a Habsburg Space for Historical Research Despite the 1784 establishment of the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences/ Königlich böhmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften/Královská česká Redlich (1914: 159–163) (Vienna); Szentpétery (1935) (Budapest); Gaal (2001) (Kolozsvár/ Cluj); Boranić (1925: 109–123) (Zagreb). east centralDownloaded europe from 44 Brill.com10/02/2021 (2017) 341-366 10:37:47PM via free access <UN> Making and Unmaking of an Austrian Space 343 společnost nauk in Prague and some minor learned societies in Lombardy and Venetia (Pichler 2006: 926–927), the Habsburg monarchy was on the periphery of European academic life well until the mid-nineteenth century. The conser- vative Viennese government did not have a significant interest in fostering the sciences; indeed, it rather mistrusted them. Universities were teaching in- stitutions to train loyal bureaucrats only and research did not belong to their profile. Scholars were officially even prohibited to maintain foreign contacts (Ottner 2014: 115–119). This situation started to change in the early nineteenth century. The emer- gence of institutionalized scholarship did not begin in the imperial capital Vienna but was located in the provinces. Provincial elites regarded academic institutions as vehicles for the cultural and economic development of their provinces. Provincial museums were established in Hungary (1802), Styria (1811), Silesia (1814), Moravia (1817), Bohemia (1818), Salzburg (1835), and Croa- tia (1846) (Raffler 2007). In Lemberg/Lwów/L’viv, the research institute, library, and printing house Ossolineum was funded by the Galician magnate Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1817). While Lombardy was under Napoleonic rule, a learned society was founded in Milan (Society to Encourage Sciences, Lit- erature and Arts/Societa d’incoraggiamento di scienze, lettere ed arti, 1804) and two former societies in Bergamo merged into the Athenaeum of Sciences, Literature, and Arts/Ateneo di scienze lettere ed arti di Bergamo in 1810. In 1814, when Lombardy rejoined the Habsburg monarchy, these became Habsburg in- stitutions, too. In the same year, the Habsburg monarchy also occupied Vene- tia, with its rich academic landscape (University of Padua, learned societies in Padua, Rovigo, and Vicenza). The Hungarian Society of Sciences/Magyar Tudós Társaság (later renamed Academy) was established in 1827 in Pest. Provincial associations came into being to promote regional research (Landeskunde) in Bohemia (Matica česká, 1831), in Transylvania (Association to Promote Tran- sylvanian Research/Verein für siebenbürgische Landeskunde, 1840) (Török 2016: 72–74), in Croatia (Matica ilirska, 1842) (Matković and Buczynski 2006: 1277), and in Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria (Association for the History of Inner Austria/Historischer Verein für Innerösterreich, 1843) (Dopsch: 2002). In 1846, the Republic of Cracow ceased to exist and the city was incorporated into the Habsburg province Galicia. With that, the Jagiellonian University and an academic association, the Cracow Academic Society/Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie (founded in 1815), became parts of the Habsburg monarchy, too (Brzozowski 1990). These developments and the dynamic institutionalization of the academia in the German lands influenced also the intellectuals of Vienna. After some failed attempts, an Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna/Kaiserliche Akad- emie der Wissenschaften in Wien was established in 1847 aiming at organizing east central europe 44 (2017) 341-366 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 10:37:47PM via free access <UN> 344 Varga science across the entire Habsburg Empire. Among the 48 founding members of the Imperial Academy, ten engaged in historical research. The Alpine lands were represented by four historians (Anton Albert Muchar, Joseph Chmel, Jodok Stülz, Albert Jäger), the Italian, the Bohemian, and the Hungarian lands by two each (Pompeo Litta and Andrea Cittadella Vigodarzere; František Palacký and Beda Weber; József Teleki and József Kemény). In the following years, ordinary membership was offered to the Venetian Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna (1854) and corresponding membership to the Bohemian Gregor Wolný and the Hungarian Pál Jászay (both 1848). The Carpathian lands, Croatia, and the provinces along the Adriatic coast were not represented in the Imperial Academy at all (Meister 1947: 45). History was a core discipline within the Imperial Academy: a few months after the foundation of the Imperial Academy, a Historical Committee was established. In contrast to museums and associations having a strictly regional focus, the Historical Committee was the first institution devoted to research into the history of the entire Habsburg monarchy. It was also the first one funded by the imperial government (Pischinger 2000). The mastermind of the historical research at the Imperial Academy was Josef Chmel, a self-trained historian and archivist, who published a short-lived historical journal and edited several source collections. Chmel was one of the main initiators of the Academy in general and acted also as chairman of its Section for History and Philosophy (Ottner 2014). The goal of the Imperial Academy’s historical in- quires was quite clear: it aimed at enhancing Austrian patriotism and thus at increasing imperial cohesion. These institutions laid down the foundations of the research infrastructure across the Habsburg lands. Yet, the real change came in the aftermath of the 1848 revolutions. The neo-absolutist government, and minister for culture and education Leo Thun-Hohenstein and state secretary
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