Annotated Index of Names

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ANNOTATED INDEX OF NAMES

Page numbers in italic type refer to sender/addressee of dispatch.

Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876–1909). 151, 163, 168, 175, 176

Abdulaziz¨ (1842–1918), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876). 112

Abeken, Christian von (1826–1890), Saxon jurist and statesman. Minister of justice (1871–1890). 318, 319–320, 322–323, 330, 338, 407

Abeken, Heinrich (1809–1872), Prussian theologian and diplomat. Vortragender Rat in the Prussian foreign ministry. 45

Abel, Carl (1837–1906), philologist, translator, and journalist. Berlin correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, Evening Standard,andThe Times (1865–1878). 56, 85, 130, 131n

Abel, Charles (1824–1895), lawyer and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1878). 123

Abel, Karl August von (1788–1859), Bavarian statesman. Minister of the interior (1837– 1847); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Turin (1847–1850). 489

Adam, Juliette (1836–1936), nee´ Lambert; French author and feminist. 190

Adams, Sir Francis Ottiwell (1825–1889), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Tokyo (1868); secretary of embassy at Berlin (1872) and Paris (1874; with rank of minister from 1879); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1881–1888). 23, 69, 82, 83, 84–85, 172

Aguesseau, Henri Franc¸ois d’ (1668–1751), three times chancellor of France, from 1717. 319

Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1839–1919), Ottoman general and statesman. Governor of Crete (1875–1876; 1878); grand vizier (1912). 128

Ahmed Urabi (1841–1911), Egyptian army ofﬁcer and nationalist leader. Undersecretary of war and a leading cabinet member during the Egyptian revolt (1879–1882). 175, 178n

Albert (1828–1902), Crown Prince of Saxony. King of Saxony from 1873. 269, 272, 289, 295, 309, 311–313, 323–324, 350, 356, 376–377, 384, 387, 464, 501

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Alexander (1857–1893), born Prince Alexander von Battenberg. Elected prince (knyaz) of Bulgaria (1879–1886). 21, 251

Alexander (1823–1888), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. German general. 21, 193–195, 229, 230, 239–240

Alexander I (1777–1825), Tsar of Russia from 1801. 349

Alexander II (1818–1881), Tsar of Russia from 1855. 21, 32, 51–53, 58n, 67, 70, 83–84, 102, 106n, 117n, 119, 125, 132, 137, 148, 150, 151n, 153n, 164, 165n, 193, 194–195, 196, 222, 239–240, 241, 244n, 251, 317, 368n

Alexander III (1845–1894), Tsar of Russia from 1881. 150, 164, 171, 349, 517n

Alexandra (1826–1875), Princess of Bavaria. 465

Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), Princess of Denmark. Married Edward, Prince of Wales (1863); Queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1901– 1910). 522

Alfred (1844–1900), Duke of Edinburgh. Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1893). 83n, 522

Alice (1843–1878), Princess of the United Kingdom. Married Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine in 1862; Grand Duchess of Hesse from 1877. 5, 226

Ampthill, see Russell, Odo

Anderson, Henry Percy (1831–1896), Foreign Ofﬁce ofﬁcial. Junior clerk (1854); assistant clerk (1865); senior clerk (1873); assistant under-secretary of state (1894). 124, 152, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 164–165, 168, 174n, 175–176, 357, 360–361, 365–366, 368, 371, 374–375, 378, 381, 420–423, 507, 509

Andrassy,´ Gyula grof´ (1823–1890), Hungarian statesman. Minister president of Hungary (1867–1871); foreign minister of Austria-Hungary (1871–1879). 19, 70–71, 93–94, 108, 111– 113, 123, 132, 136–137, 146

Antoine, Dominique (1845–1916), veterinary surgeon and politician from Alsace- Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1882–1889). 188

Antonelli, Giacomo (1806–1876), Italian cardinal deacon. Cardinal Secretary of State (1848). 38, 443

Arndt (n.a.), Catholic priest from Filehne. 69

Arnim, Henning Graf von (1851–1910), Prussian landowner, son of Harry Graf von Arnim-Suckow. 92

Arnim, Sophie Graﬁn¨ von (1836–1918), nee´ von Arnim-Boitzenburg, Harry Graf von Arnim-Suckow’s second wife from 1857. 92

Arnim-Boitzenburg, Adolf Graf von (1832–1887), Prussian landowner, civil servant, and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1884; its president in 1880) and of the Prussian upper house (from 1868); Oberprasident¨ of the Province of Silesia (1874–1877). 96

Arnim-Suckow, Harry Graf von (1824–1881), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1862), Kassel (1863), Munich (1863), to the Holy See (1864), and Paris (1871; 1872–1874 as imperial ambassador); ﬂed to Switzerland to avoid prison sentence (1875). 14, 39, 67, 86, 91–92, 96–97, 100n, 292–294, 305n, 318, 330, 409, 440, 441–447

Arnulf (1852–1907), Prince of Bavaria; general. 511

Arthur (1850–1942), British prince. Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; Governor General of Canada (1911–1916). 383, 522

Augusta (1811–1890), Princess of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Married Wilhelm I in 1829; Queen of Prussia from 1861; German Empress from 1871. 30–31, 44–46, 58–59, 65, 67–68, 70, 83, 87–88, 106, 122–123, 152, 181, 323

Augusta Caroline (1822–1916), Princess Augusta of Cambridge. Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1860. 45

Bach, Joseph (1833–1901), Catholic theologian. Professor at the University of Munich (1867; 1872–1901). 456

Baillie, Evan Montague (1824–1874), British diplomat. Attache´ at Vienna (1846), Paris (1852; 1858), and Frankfurt (1852); secretary of legation at Rio de Janeiro (1859) and Stuttgart (1861); charge´ d’affaires at Karlsruhe and Darmstadt (1871–1873). 6, 199–202, 204–206, 395

Bakunin, Mikhail (1814–1876), Russian anarchist. 302, 326, 337

Balan, Hermann von (1812–1874), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart (1858), Copenhagen (1859), and Brussels (1864–1874); acting secretary of state at the imperial Foreign Ofﬁce (1872–1873). 39, 52, 68, 80, 99

Bamberger, Ludwig (1823–1899), banker, politician, and writer. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1893). 337, 338n, 351

Bancroft, George (1800–1891), American diplomat and historian. United States secretary of the navy (1845–1847); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to London (1846– 1849)andBerlin(1867–1874). 61

Barbolani, Raffaele di Ulisse (1818–1900), Italian diplomat. Secretary general of the foreign ministry (1867–1869); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Constantinople (1869), St Petersburg (1870), Tokyo (1877), and Munich (1881–1888). 511

Bardi, Enrico Carlo Luigi Giorgio, conte di (1851–1905), Italian prince; youngest son of Carlo III, Duke of Parma. 528

Bassewitz, Henning Graf von (1814–1885), German statesman. Member of the North German Reichstag (1867–1871); minister of state and for foreign affairs of Mecklenburg- Schwerin (1869–1885). 45

Bazaine, Franc¸ois Achille (1811–1888), French general. Marshal of France (1864). 73

Beaconsﬁeld, see Disraeli

Bebel, August (1840–1913), socialist politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1913)and the Saxon second chamber (1881–1890); co-founder of the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei (1869); chairman of the Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands from 1892. 14, 41, 48n, 249, 270–271, 273, 284, 287, 300, 304, 320, 326–328, 367, 368, 371–374

Beckmann, Albert (n.a.), journalist, newspaper correspondent and press agent at the German embassy in Paris. 293

Benedetti, Vincent (1817–1900), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Turin (1860–1861); ambassador to Berlin (1864–1870). 36–37

Bennett, James Gordon (1841–1918), American publisher and editor of the New York Herald. 91

Bennigsen, Rudolf von (1824–1902), Hanoverian and Prussian politician. Member of the Hanoverian Landtag (1855–1866), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1883;its president 1873–1879), and the Reichstag (1867–1883; 1887–1898); Landesdirektor (1868–1888) and Oberprasident¨ of the Prussian Province of Hanover (1888–1897). 81, 133–134, 143, 186, 249, 257, 343

Bentinck und Waldeck-Limpurg, Wilhelm von (1848–1912), British diplomat and German nobleman. Attache´ at the Berlin embassy (1871), The Hague and Paris (1872); third secretaryatParis(1872)andBerlin(1875–1876). Succeeded as Standesherr of Waldeck-Limpurg (1888). 46

Berchem, Maximilian Graf von (1841–1910), German diplomat. Secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1875) and Vienna (1878); consul general at Budapest (1883); director of the trade division (1885) and undersecretary of state at the Berlin Foreign Ofﬁce (1886–1890). 118

Bernard, Simon (1817–1862), French revolutionary and physician. 368

Bernstorff, Albrecht Graf von (1809–1873), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1845), Vienna (1848), Naples (1852), and (with an interruption) London (1854–1873; Prussian ambassador from 1862, imperial ambassador from 1871); Prussian foreign minister 1861–1862. 31, 39–40

Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand Freiherr von (1809–1886), Saxon and Austrian diplomat and statesman. Saxon foreign minister (1849–1866;from1852 also minister of the interior; from 1858 also minister president); Austrian foreign minister (1866); also Austrian minister president (1867); Reichskanzler (imperial chancellor) from 1868; Austrian ambassador

to London (1871–1878) and Paris (1878–1882). 55, 93, 112, 195–196, 256, 289, 314, 435

Bezanson, Paul (1804–1882), merchant and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Mayor of Metz (1872–1877); member of the Reichstag (1878–1882). 123

Biedermann, Friedrich Karl (1812–1901), Saxon philosopher and politician. Professor at Leipzig (1835–1853;againfrom1865); member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848– 1849), the ﬁrst chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1849–1850; 1869–1876), and the Reichstag (1871–1874). 289–290

Bismarck, Herbert von (1849–1904), German diplomat and politician; son of Otto von Bismarck. Worked at the Berlin Foreign Ofﬁce from 1873; Botschaftsrat in London (1882); envoy to The Hague (1884); undersecretary (1885) and secretary of state (1886–1890). Member of the Reichstag (1884–1886; 1893–1904). 130n, 152

Bismarck, Otto von (1815–1898), Prussian statesman. Envoy to the Federal Diet at Frankfurt (1851–1859), ambassador to St Petersburg (1859) and Paris (1862); Prussian minister president and foreign minister (1862–1872; 1873–1890); Reichstag member (1867; 1891–1893); from 1880 also Prussian minister of trade (1880–1890); German Reichskanzler (1871–1890); Graf 1865;Furst¨ 1871. 7, 10–14, 16–17, 20–21, 23, 36–40, 43, 45–48, 50–52, 54–60, 62– 64, 66–68, 70–82, 84, 86–102, 105–116, 118–125, 127, 129–130, 132–139, 141–152, 154–159, 162–173, 175–179, 182n, 183, 184n, 185–190, 194–195, 197, 199, 207–208, 218–225, 228–229, 231–233, 236, 238, 242, 243n, 245, 250, 257–258, 261, 281n, 284–286, 290, 292, 294, 300, 303– 306, 309, 311, 314–316, 318–324, 327–328, 331–334, 336, 341–348, 355–357, 360–362, 364, 369–370, 372, 376, 378–379, 381–382, 384, 387–388, 402, 404, 406–407, 409–410, 412–413, 418–420, 431, 438–442n, 444–447, 451, 460, 467, 468–469, 471–472, 476, 480–481, 496–498, 514, 516n–518, 520–521, 525, 527

Blanc, Louis (1811–1882), French socialist, historian, and politician. 302

Bleichroder,¨ Gerson von (1822–1893), German banker. 354

Blowitz, Henri Opper de (1825–1903), Bohemian journalist. Paris correspondent of The Times from 1873. 107n, 216, 218, 264, 388

Blucher,¨ Gebhard Leberecht von (1742–1819), Prussian ﬁeld marshal. 76

Bluntschli, Johann Caspar (1808–1881), Swiss jurist and politician. Professor at the universities of Zurich (1833), Munich (1848), and Heidelberg (1861). 198

Bondi, Joseph (1818–1897), Saxon jurist and banker. 486

Bonn, Franz (1830–1994), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1881–1886). 506

Borne,¨ Ludwig (1786–1837), writer and representative of the political-literary movement Junges Deutschland. 351

Bourke, Robert (1827–1902), British politician and statesman. MP (1868–1886); parliamentary under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1874–1880; 1885–1886); governor of Madras (1886–1890); created Baron Connemara (1887). 488

Braun, Karl (1822–1893), politician, jurist, and publicist. Member of the Nassau Landtag (1849–1866), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1879), and the Reichstag (1867–1887). 381

Braunschweig, Ernst von (1845–1907), German diplomat. Member of the European commission for Eastern Rumelia (1878–1880); consul general at Soﬁa (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Tehran (1885–1886). 156

Bray-Steinburg, Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von (1807–1899), Bavarian diplomat and statesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1843–1859), Berlin (1859) and Vienna (1860–1870 and 1871–1896, with interruptions); foreign minister (1846–1847; 1848–1849; 1870–1871) and minister president (1870–1871). 39, 430

Brentano, Franz (1838–1917), German philosopher and psychologist. 456

Bruck, Karl Freiherr von (1830–1902), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Darmstadt (1868–1870) and Munich (1870–1886); ambassador to Rome (1886–1895). 511

Buchanan, Sir Andrew (1807–1882), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Berne (1852), Copenhagen (1853), Madrid (1858), and The Hague (1860); ambassador to Berlin (1862), St Petersburg (1864), and Vienna (1871–1877). 70, 123

Bucher, Lothar (1817–1889), Prussian civil servant and publicist. Employed at the Prussian foreign ministry and as personal aide to Bismarck (1864–1886). 81

Buchner,¨ Wilhelm (1816–1892), chemist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1849–1850; 1862–1866; 1872–1881)andtheReichstag (1877–1884). 237

Bulow,¨ Bernhard Ernst von (1815–1879), German diplomat. Secretary of state for foreign affairs (1873–1879); Prussian minister without portfolio (1876–1879). 78, 82–84, 91, 99n, 105, 106n, 108–109, 116, 132, 135n, 141, 148–149, 487

Burgers, Thomas Franc¸ois (1834–1884), South African Reformist minister and politician. President of the South African Republic (1872–1877). 105

Burnley, Joseph Hume (1821–1904), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Berne (1858), Copenhagen (1864), Washington (1864), and The Hague (1867); charge´ d’affaires at Dresden (1867–1873). 3–5, 269–278, 297

Busch, Clemens August (1834–1895), German diplomat. Consul general at Budapest (1878); acting secretary of state at the Berlin Foreign Ofﬁce (1881); undersecretary of state (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Bucharest (1885), Stockholm (1888), and Berne (1892–1895). 171

Camphausen, Otto (1812–1896), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1849–1852), the upper house (from 1860), and the Reichstag (1867–1869); president of the Seehandlung (Prussian state bank) (1854); minister of ﬁnance (1869–1878). 114, 323

Cardwell, Edward (1813–1886), British statesman and politician. MP (1842–1874); secretary of state for the colonies (1864–1866)andforwar(1868–1874); created 1st Viscount Cardwell (1874). 60

Carl (1801–1883), Prussian prince and general. Governor of the federal fortress at Mainz (1864–1866). 7, 179–181

Carlowitz, Oswald von (1825–1903), Saxon army ofﬁcer. Adjutant-general to King Albert. 390

Carnarvon, see Herbert, Henry Howard Molyneux

Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823), French general, politician, and statesman. 385

Carol I (1839–1914), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Ruling Prince of Romania (1866); King from 1881. 239

Carola (1833–1907), Princess of Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp. Queen of Saxony from 1873. 377, 384

Carrington, see Wynn-Carington, Charles Robert

Catherine II (1729–1796), Empress of Russia from 1796. 349

Cave, Stephen (1820–1880), British lawyer and Conservative politician. MP (1859–1880); paymaster general (1866–1868; 1874–1880). 306–307

Cavendish, Spencer Compton (1833–1908), British statesman and politician. MP (1857– 1891); Marquess of Hartington (1858); secretary of state for war (1866; 1882–1885); chief secretary for Ireland (1871–1874); secretary of state for India (1880–1882); 8th Duke of Devonshire (1891); lord president of the council (1895–1903). 182

Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1810–1861), Italian statesman. Minister president of Sardinia (1852–1859; 1860–1861); ﬁrst prime minister of Italy (1861). 314, 343, 362n

Chamberlain, Joseph (1836–1914), British politician and statesman. MP (1876–1914); president of the Board of Trade (1880–1885); secretary of state for the colonies (1895–1903). 365

Chanzy, Antoine (1823–1882), French general and diplomat. Commander of the 16th corps of the Army of the Loire (1870); Governor of Algeria (1873–1879); ambassador to Russia (1879–1882). 457, 518

Childers, Hugh (1827–1896), British statesman. MP (1860–1892); secretary of state for war (1880–1882); chancellor of the exchequer (1882–1885); home secretary (1886). 176, 383, 511

Colley, Sir George Pomeroy (1834–1881), British army ofﬁcer. From 1880 governor and commander-in-chief of Natal, and high commissioner for South-Eastern Africa. 366

Congreve, Richard (1818–1899), English philosopher. Founder of the London Positivist Society (1867) and the Comtist Church of Humanity (1878). 375

Cope, Edmund W. (1838–1886), British diplomat. Third secretary at Stuttgart (1867)and Darmstadt (1871); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1872) and Munich (1875); and secretary of legation at Stockholm (1883–1886). 198–199, 202–204, 395, 496–504, 506–511

Courcel, Alphonse Chodron de (1835–1919), French diplomat. Ambassador to Berlin (1881–1866) and London (1894–1898). 188

Cowper-Temple, William Francis (1811–1888), British politician and statesman. MP (1835–1880); president of the Board of Health (1855–1858); paymaster general (1859–1860); ﬁrst commissioner of works (1860–1866); created Baron Mount Temple (1880). 335

Crailsheim, Friedrich Krafft von (1841–1926), Bavarian statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1880–1903), minister president (1890–1903); member of the ﬁrst chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1895–1918). 505, 509–510, 518

Criegern, Friedrich Robert von (1808–1890), Saxon jurist. President of the court of appeal at Leipzig (1863); member of the ﬁrst chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1873–1884). 330

Cross, Richard Assheton(1823–1914), British statesman and politician. MP (1857–1862; 1868–1886); home secretary (1874–1880; 1885–1886); secretary of state for India (1886–1892); Lord Privy Seal (1895–1900); created Viscount Cross (1886). 140

Crowe, Sir Joseph Archer (1825–1896), British diplomat, art historian, and journalist. Consul general at Leipzig (1860)andDusseldorf¨ (1872); commercial attacheatBerlin(´ 1880); commercial attacheforEuropeatParis(´ 1882–1896). 48, 133

Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels, Reinhard Freiherr von (1802–1880), Hessian statesman. Foreign minister and minister of the interior of the Grand Duchy of Hesse (1850–1871); from 1852 also minister president. 193, 196–198, 223, 255–256

Decazes, Louis, duc de (1819–1886), French diplomat and statesman. Ambassador to London (1873); minister of foreign affairs (1873–1877). 93, 98–99

Deinlein, Michael von (1800–1875), Catholic priest. Archbishop of Bamberg (1858). 435

Delbruck,¨ Rudolf (1817–1903), Prussian civil servant and statesman. Member of the Reichstag (1878–1881); president of the chancery of the North German Confederation (1867)

and the imperial chancery (1871–1876); Prussian minister without portfolio (1867). 46, 197, 232–333, 419

Denys-Burton, Sir Francis Charles Edward (1849–1922), British diplomat. Third secretary at Brussels (1873), Washington (1875), and Berlin (1877); second secretary at Copenhagen (1878); employed at the Foreign Ofﬁce (1879–1885); secretary of legation at Mexico (1887) and Copenhagen (1890–1894). 139

Derby, see Stanley, Edward Henry

Dering, Sir Henry Neville (1839–1906), British diplomat. Third secretary at Berne (1863), Florence (1866), Berlin (1870); secretary of legation at Madrid (1873), Stockholm (1873), Berlin (1876); second secretary at Buenos Aires (1882), and Coburg (1883); secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1886) and Rome (1888); agent and consul general to Bulgaria (1892); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Mexico (1894)andRiodeJaneiro(1900–1906). 34, 35–36, 139– 140

Dernburg, Friedrich (1833–1911), politician and journalist. Member of the Hessian second chamber (1866–1875)andtheReichstag (1871–1881); editor of the Nationalzeitung (1874– 1890). 237

Deroul´ ede,` Paul (1846–1914), French writer and politician. Co-founder of the nationalist Ligue des Patriotes (1882). 38

Desmoulins, Camille (1760–1794), French lawyer, journalist, and revolutionary. 346

Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1843–1911), English politician. MP (1868–1885; 1892–1911); 2nd Baronet (1869); under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1880–1882); member of the privy council (1882); president of the Local Government Board (1882–1885). 182, 185–186, 188–189, 276, 365, 390, 518, 519, 521, 523–524, 527

Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–1881), British statesman. MP (1837–1876); chancellor of the exchequer (1852; 1858–1859; 1866–1868); prime minister (1868, 1874–1880); created Earl of Beaconsﬁeld (1876). 1, 6, 16, 78, 110, 117n, 131, 324n, 331n, 334, 358n, 360

Dodson, John George (1825–1897), British politician. MP (1857–1884); president of the Local Government Board (1880–1882); chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1882–1884); 1st Baron Monk Bretton (1884). 365

Dollfus, Jean (1800–1887), industrialist and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Mayor of Mulhouse (1863–1869); member of the Reichstag (1877–1887). 123

Dollinger,¨ Ignaz von (1799–1890), theologian and church historian. Professor at the University of Munich from 1826. 12, 432–434, 438, 456, 473n, 486

Donhoff,¨ Carl Graf von (1833–1906), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Dresden (1879–1906). 389

Dubsky,´ Viktor Graf (1834–1915), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Tehran (1872), Athens (1877), Constantinople (head of embassy 1878–1880) and Madrid (1882–1903; ambassador from 1888). 156

Duchesne-Poncelett, Alexandre (b. 1839), Belgian boilersmith. 98n, 305–306

Duff, Alexander (1849–1912), British peer. MP (1874–1879); 6th Earl Fife (Irish peerage, 1879); created 1st Earl of Fife (UK peerage) following his marriage to Princess Louise in 1885. 376–378

Dufferin, see Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick

Durrschmidt,¨ Heinrich (1819–1899), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1869–1881); judge at the Imperial Court of Justice in Leipzig (1879–1889). 488–489

Eberhardt, Matthias (1815–1876), Bishop of Trier 1867. 79

Eden, Charles Calvert (1837–1878), British diplomat. Third secretary at Lisbon (1863), Dresden (1865), and Berne (1867); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1869) and Stuttgart (1872–1874). 416

Edward (1841–1910), Prince of Wales. Crowned Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Emperor of India in 1901. 53, 57, 71, 102, 132, 141–142, 146, 149, 157, 179, 217, 237, 264, 355, 384, 386, 464, 500, 503, 513, 518, 522, 527

Elben, Otto (1823–1899), politician, journalist, and editor of the Schwabische¨ Merkur. Member of the second chamber of the Wurttemberg¨ Landtag (1868–1882)andtheReichstag (1871–1877). 404–405

Elisabeth (1815–1885), Princess of Prussia. Married Prince Karl of Hesse and by Rhine in 1836. 227

Elliot, Sir Henry George (1817–1907), British diplomat. Ambassador at Constantinople (1867–1877) and Vienna (1877–1884). 162

Ernst August (1845–1923), 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale. Last Crown Prince of Hanover. 141–142

Eulenburg, Friedrich Graf zu (1815–1881), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussian chamber of deputies (1866–1877); minister of the interior (1862–1878). 58, 60, 231, 328

Fabrice, Alfred Graf von (1818–1891), Saxon general and statesman. Minister of war (1866–1891); minister president (1876); and from 1882 also foreign minister. 85, 315, 355

Fabrice, Oswald Freiherr von (1820–1898), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Madrid (1852–1853), Brussels (1864–1874;from1869 also at London), and Munich (1874–1897). 478, 480, 497

Falk, Adalbert (1827–1900), Prussian statesman and jurist. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1858–1861; 1873–1882)andtheReichstag (1867; 1873–1882); Prussian minister of cultural affairs (1872–1879); president of the higher regional court in Hamm (1882–1890). 69, 144, 186, 409

Faustle,¨ Johann Nepomuk von (1828–1887), Bavarian jurist and statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1875–1881); minister of justice (1871–1887); plenipotentiary to the Federal Council (1872). 407, 436–437, 461

Ferry, Jules (1832–1893), French politician and statesman. Mayor of Paris (1870–1871); prime minister (1880–1881; 1883–1885). 189

Fischer, Johann Joseph (n.a.), lawyer and Justitzrat from Cologne. 30

Fischer, Paul (1836–1920), jurist and civil servant. Undersecretary of state in the imperial post ofﬁce (1895–1897). 418

Fish, Hamilton (1808–1893), American statesman and politician. Governor of New York (1849–1850) and United States Secretary of State (1869–1877). 62

Fleischer, Richard (1849–1937), publicist and founding editor of the Deutsche Revue (1877– 1922). 374–375

Fleury, Emile´ Felix´ (1815–1884), French general and diplomat; ambassador to St Petersburg (1869–1870). 195, 196n

Forckenbeck, Max von (1821–1892), jurist and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1859–1873; its president 1866–1869), the upper house (1873–1892), and the Reichstag (1867–1892; its president 1874–1879); mayor of Breslau (1872–1878)andBerlin (1878–1892). 81, 142–143, 231, 257, 288

Ford, Sir Francis Clare (1828–1899), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1871) and Vienna (1872); charge´ d’affaires at Karlsruhe and Darmstadt (1873); envoy extraordinary at Buenos Aires (1878), Montevideo (1879), Rio de Janeiro (1879), Athens (1881), and Madrid (1884); ambassador at Madrid (1887), Constantinople (1892), and Rome (1893–1898). 4, 18, 211–212, 214–217, 225, 296

Forster,¨ Heinrich (1799–1881), Catholic priest. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848); Prince-Bishop of Breslau (1853); deposed de facto (but with no ecclesiastical effect) in the Prussian part of his diocese by the Prussian royal court for church affairs in 1875.

Forwerk, Ludwig (1816–1875), Catholic bishop and deacon of the cathedral chapter Bautzen. Member of the ﬁrst chamber of the Saxon Landtag from 1854. 282–284, 294–295

Francesco II (1836–1894), King of the Two Sicilies (1859–1861). 516

Franchi, Alessandro (1819–1878), Italian cardinal. Prefect of the Congregation for Propagation of the Faith (1874); Cardinal Secretary of State (1878). 496–497

Franckenstein, Georg Freiherr von und zu (1825–1890), landowner and politician. Member of the ﬁrst chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1847–1890)andtheReichstag (1872– 1890). 143

Frankenberg-Ludwigsdorf, Graf Friedrich (1835–1897), landowner and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1881), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1869), and the upper house (from 1885). 38, 39n

Frankenberg und Ludwigsdorf, Robert von (1807–1873), Prussian general. Commandant of Cologne from 1864. 30

Franz Joseph I (1830–1916), Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1848). 32, 51–53, 58n, 67–68, 70, 102, 112, 136, 146n, 147, 150, 169–171, 435n

Frere, Henry Bartle (1815–1884), British colonial administrator. Commissioner for Sind (1851–1859); governor of Bombay (1862–1867); high commissioner for Southern Africa (1877–1880). 160

Freusberg, Joseph (1842–1917), Prussian civil servant. Landrat of the Olpe (1870)andthe Arnsberg districts (1883); employed in the Prussian ministry for cultural affairs from 1899. 69

Freycinet, Charles de (1828–1923), French statesman. Prime minister (1879–1880; 1882; 1886; 1890–1892), minister of foreign affairs (1879–1880; 1882; 1885–1886; 1890–1892)and minister of war (1888–1893; 1898–1899). 152

Freydorf, Rudolf von (1819–1882), Baden statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1866– 1871) and of justice (1871–1876); member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1867–1881). 10, 210, 228

Freytag, Andreas (1818–1905), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1869–1881)andtheReichstag (1871–1874; 1878–1884). 486–487, 492, 494

Friderich, Carl (1816–1894), Baden politician. Member of the Baden second chamber (1850–1892; its president from 1877)andoftheReichstag (1874–1877); mayor of Durlach (1872–1884). 258

Friedrich I (1826–1907), son of Leopold I of Baden. Deputized for his brother Ludwig II as regent from 1852; Grand Duke of Baden from 1856. 265

Friedrich Franz II (1823–1883), Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1842. 45

Friedrich Wilhelm II (1819–1904), Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1860. 45

Friedrich I (1657–1713), Prince Elector of Brandenburg (1688). Crowned himself ‘King in Prussia’ in 1701. 430

Friedrich II (Frederick the Great) (1712–1786), King in Prussia from 1740.Kingof Prussia from 1772. 16, 52n, 180, 330n, 332, 383, 385

Friedrich III, German Emperor and King of Prussia, see Friedrich Wilhelm III

Friedrich Karl (1828–1885), Prince of Prussia. Prussian general. 264

Friedrich Wilhelm (1833–1888), Prince of Prussia. Reigned for ninety-nine days in 1888 as Friedrich III, German Emperor and King of Prussia. 30, 34n, 44, 46, 48, 64, 81–82, 88, 97, 102, 107, 115, 117n, 138, 140–141, 153, 169, 178, 313, 384, 402, 462n, 495, 497n, 528

Friedrich Wilhelm III (1770–1840), King of Prussia from 1797. 44

Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1795–1861), King of Prussia from 1840. 138

Friedrich III (1463–1525), also known as Frederick the Wise. Elector of Saxony from 1486. 295

Friedrich, Johannes (1836–1917), theologian. Professor at the University of Munich (1865); from 1871 a leading member of the Old Catholic Church. 434

Friesen, Richard Freiherr von (1808–1884), Saxon statesman. Minister of the interior (1849–1852), minister of ﬁnance (1858–1876), foreign minister (1866–1876), and minister president (1871–1876). 276–278, 280, 284–285, 288, 290, 298, 307, 314, 332–333, 350, 372

Fritzen, Adolf (1838–1919), Catholic priest and teacher. Court chaplain and tutor of the princes Friedrich August and Max of Saxony (1874–1887); Bishop of Strasbourg (1891–1919). 295

Fritzsche, Reinhold (1851–1929), piano maker and socialist politician. Active in workers’ educational associations in Berlin in 1877 and 1878; settled in Offenburg in 1879. 141

Frohschammer, Jakob (1821–1893), Catholic theologian and philosopher. 456

Gambetta, Leon´ (1838–1882), French statesman. Minister of the interior in the Government of National Defence (1870–1871); prime minister and minister of foreign affairs (1881–1882). 130, 152, 159, 172n, 173, 179, 326, 346–347, 384–385, 518, 524

Gascoigne, Sir William (c .1350–1419), chief justice of the King’s Bench (1400–1413). 319

Gasser, Rudolf Freiherr von (1829–1904), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart and Darmstadt (1868), Dresden (1873), and St Petersburg (1883–1903). 298

Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne (1814–1906), British statesman. MP (1856–1878); home secretary (1867–1868); secretary of state for war (1874–1878; 1886) and for India (1878– 1880); lord president of the council (1885–1886; 1886–1892); created Viscount Cranbrook of Hemsted (1878); 1st Earl of Cranbrook (1892). 124

Geib, August (1842–1879), bookseller and socialist politician. Reichstag member (1874–1877). 300

Georg V (1819–1878), Crown Prince of Hanover (1837); King of Hanover (1851–1866). 51n, 89, 141n, 281n, 300, 516

Georg (1832–1904), Saxon prince and second son of King Johann. King of Saxony from 1902. 272, 295, 350

George (1819–1904), British prince. Second Duke of Cambridge (1850); British army ofﬁcer. 141, 424

Georgi, Otto Robert (1831–1918), Saxon jurist and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1871–1877) and Saxony’s ﬁrst chamber (1877–1899; 1901–1907); mayor of Leipzig (1876– 1899). 313, 330

Gerber, Karl von (1823–1891), jurist and Saxon statesman. Professor of law at the universities of Erlangen, Tubingen,¨ Jena, and Leipzig (from 1863); Saxon minister of cultural affairs (1871–1891) and minister president (1891). 85, 283

Germain, Charles (1831–1909), jurist and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1890). 123

Giers, Nikolai de (1820–1895), Russian diplomat and statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1882–1885). 156, 421, 513n, 517n, 518

Gilderdale, John Smith (1828–1891), English chaplain at Dresden (1871–1891). 297

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898), British statesman and liberal politician. MP (1832–1845; 1847–1890); chancellor of the exchequer (1852–1855; 1859–1866; 1873–1874; 1880–1882); prime minister (1868–1874; 1880–1885; 1886; 1892–1894). 6, 16, 163n, 324, 358n, 363–364, 367, 375, 379

Gneist, Rudolf (1816–1895), Prussian politician, jurist, and historian of law. Professor at the University of Berlin from 1845; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1859–1893) and the Reichstag (1867–1884). 286, 320, 361

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), German writer. 216, 217n

Goodenough, James Graham (1830–1875), Royal Navy ofﬁcer. Travelling attacheto´ the maritime courts of Europe (1871); commander-in-chief of the Australia station (1873). 46

Gorchakov, Alexander (1798–1883), Russian statesman and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Stuttgart (1841), also to the Federal Diet at Frankfurt (from 1850), and Vienna (1854); foreign minister (1856–1882); vice chancellor (1862–1867); chancellor (1867–1882). 70–71, 106, 108, 111–113, 119, 136, 150, 194–196, 281

Gortz,¨ Carl Graf von Schlitz genannt von (1822–1885), Hessian politician and diplomat. Member of the ﬁrst chamber (1847–1849; 1856–1885; its president 1875–1885); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1850–1861; 1864–1866). 196

Gorz,¨ Joseph (1810–1900), Hessian jurist and politician. Member of the Hessian second chamber (1848–1849; 1874–1880; its president 1874–1879) and the ﬁrst chamber (1883–1899); Reichstag member (1878–1879); president of the Oberlandesgericht in Mainz (1883–1892). 224

Gosling, Sir Audley Charles (1836–1913), British diplomat. Second secretary at Stuttgart (1878–1879); consul general at Budapest (1879); secretary of legation at Copenhagen (1881) and Madrid (1885); secretary of embassy at Madrid (1887)andStPetersburg(1888); minister resident and consul general to the Republics of Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador (1890); minister resident (1897) and minister plenipotentiary at Santiago (1899–1901). 416– 418

Gould, Gerard Francis (c .1835–1883), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Buenos Aires (1866), Athens (1869), Berne (1870), Copenhagen (1873), Stockholm (1873), and Lisbon (1876); minister resident at Belgrade (1878) and Stuttgart (1881–1883). 420, 422–425

Gramont, Antoine Alfred Agenor,´ duc de (1819–1880), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Kassel (1851), Stuttgart (1852), and Turin (1853); ambassador to the Holy See (1857) and Vienna (1861); minister of foreign affairs (1870). 194

Granville, see Leveson-Gower, Granville George

Grevy,Jules´ (1807–1891), French politician and statesman. President of France (1879–1887). 189, 346

Grillenberger, Karl (1848–1897), journalist and socialist politician from Nuremberg. Member of the Reichstag (1881–1897) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1892–1897). 499–500

Gruner, Ludwig (1801–1882), artist. Copper engraver and director of the Konigliche¨ Kupferstich-Kabinett at Dresden. 272

Guenther, William Barstow (1815–1892), Prussian civil servant. President of the Seehandlung (Prussian state bank) (1870); member of the Prussian upper house (from 1872); Oberprasident¨ of the Province of Posen (1873–1886). 69

Gustav II Adolf (1594–1632), King of Sweden from 1611. 295

Hacker (n.a.), physician from Munich. Socialist candidate in the 1878 Reichstag election. 499

Haggard, Sir William Henry Doveton (1846–1926), British diplomat. Second secretary at Vienna (1880) and Stuttgart (1881); secretary of legation at Rio de Janeiro (1885)and Athens (1887); consul general at Tunis (1894); minister resident at Caracas (1897); envoy

extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Aires (1902)andRiodeJaneiro (1906–1814). 421

Hamilton, Mary, Duchess of (1817–1888), nee´ Princess Marie Amelie of Baden. Married William, 11th Duke of Hamilton, in 1852. 221

Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick (1826–1902), British diplomat and statesman; Irish peer. Created Earl of Dufferin in British peerage (1871) and Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1888). Governor General of Canada (1872); ambassador to St Petersburg (1879) and Constantinople (1881); Viceroy of India (1884); ambassador at Rome (1888)and Paris (1891–1896). 176

Hammerstein, Wilhelm Freiherr von (1808–1872), German statesman. Minister of ﬁnance (1851), interior minister (1852–1853), and minister president (1862–1865)ofthe Kingdom of Hanover; minister president and foreign minister of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1868; member of the North German Reichstag (1867–1868). 45

Hanel,¨ Albert (1833–1918), jurist and liberal politician. Professor of law at the universities of Konigsberg¨ (1860)andKiel(1863). Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1888) and the Reichstag (1867–1903). 319

Harcourt, Sir William Vernon (1827–1904), British statesman. MP (1868–1904); home secretary (1880–1885); chancellor of the exchequer (1886; 1892–1895). 368

Hardy, see Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne

Harriss-Gastrell, James Plaister (b. 1830), British diplomat. Second secretary at Lisbon (1865), Berlin (1868), Washington (1871), and Vienna (1874); secretary of legation at Buenos Aires (1866)andRiodeJaneiro(1879); minister resident and consul general at Bogota (1882), from 1884 to the Republics of Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador; acting consul at Chicago (1889–1890). 29

Hartington, see Cavendish, Spencer Compton

Hartmann, Jakob von (1795–1873), Bavarian General der Infanterie (infantry general). 430

Hartmann, Lev (1850–1913), Russian would-be assassin of Alexander II (1879). Emigrated to France, England, and ﬁnally the USA, in 1881. 153

Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837–1889), socialist journalist and politician. Reichstag member (1869–1871; 1874–1888); president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1871–1875). 299, 304

Hasselmann, Wilhelm (1844–1916), journalist and socialist politician. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1881); emigrated to New York 1881. 141, 299, 326, 345

Hatzfeldt, Paul Graf von (1831–1901), German diplomat. Envoy extraordinary at Madrid (1874), ambassador at Constantinople (1878); secretary of state in the Berlin Foreign

Ofﬁce (1881); minister of state without portfolio (1882–1885); ambassador to London (1885– 1901). 156

Haymerle, Heinrich Karl von (1828–1881), Austrian diplomat and statesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Athens (1869–1872) and to The Hague (1872); ambassador to Rome (1877); minister of foreign affairs (1879–1881). 146n, 159, 162

Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1809–1893), Catholic theologian. Bishop of Rottenburg from1869). 410–411, 415

Hegnenberg-Dux, Friedrich Graf von (1810–1872), Bavarian politician and statesman. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848) and the Bavarian second chamber (1845– 1867; its president 1849–1865); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1871–1872). 433, 435, 439–441, 444

Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), German poet. 351, 485n

Heinrich (1838–1900), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine; General der Kavallerie (cavalry general). 227, 264

Heinrich (1726–1802), Prussian prince, brother of Frederick the Great. General, and diplomat. 180

Heinrich (1862–1929), Prussian prince. German admiral. 384

Helldorf, Oskar von (1829–1899), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Vienna (1876–1897). 329

Henri d’Artois, comte de Chambord (1820–1883), legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 1844. 73, 523

Herbert, Henry Howard Molyneux (1831–1890), British statesman, 4th Earl of Carnarvon (1849). Secretary of state for the colonies (1866–1867; 1874–1878); Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1885–1886). 331

Herz, Carl (1831–1897), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1871–1878; 1881–1883) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1870–1886); Landgerichtsprasident¨ in Aschaffenburg (1883–1897). 461, 502

Hill, Sir Clement Lloyd (1845–1913), British diplomat. Junior clerk (1867); acting second secretary at Munich (1875–1876); private secretary to the under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1885–1886); assistant clerk (1886); senior clerk (1894–1905); MP (1906–1913). 114, 485–495

Hirsch, Max (1832–1905), politician and economist. Member of the Reichstag (1869– 1871; 1877–1878; 1881–1884; 1890–1893) and the Prussian house of deputies (1899–1905). 340

Hirschfeld, Louis von (1842–1895), German diplomat. First secretary at Constantinople (1881) and Paris (1882–1883). 176

Hirschhorn, Rudolf (1834–1921), lawyer. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1875–1878). 235–236

Hodel,¨ Max (1857–1878), plumber and would-be assassin of Wilhelm I in 1878. 336n, 337

Hofmann, Karl von (1827–1910), Hessian statesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Berlin (1866–1872), minister president and foreign minister (1872– 1876); president of the Reichskanzleramt (1876); Prussian minister of commerce (1879– 1880); imperial secretary of state in the ministry of the interior (1879–1880)andfor Alsace-Lorraine (1880–1887). 10–11, 196, 197n, 210, 215, 217–218, 221, 223–225, 229–233, 333

Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst,¨ Chlodwig Furst¨ zu (1819–1901), German statesman. Member of the ﬁrst chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1846–1876)andtheReichstag (1868–1881); Bavarian minister president (1866–1870); imperial ambassador to Paris (1874); Statthalter of Alsace-Lorraine (1885); Prussian minister president and German chancellor (1894–1900). 110, 135n, 152–153, 186n

Hohenwart, Karl Graf von (1824–1899), Austrian statesman and civil servant. Landeshauptmann of Krain (1862); Landesprasident¨ of Steiermark (1867); governor of Upper Austria (1868); minister president and minister of the interior (1871); member of the Reichsrat (1879–1891). 34n, 435

Holstein, Friedrich von (1837–1909), German diplomat and civil servant. Second secretary of embassy (1871) and secretary of legation (1872)atParis;employedin the political department of the German Foreign Ofﬁce between 1876 and 1906. 293

Holthof, Karl (1835–1884), jurist, journalist, and politician. Reichstag member (1877–1888). 237

Hompesch-Bollheim, Ferdinand Graf von (1824–1913), Bavarian diplomat. Minister resident at Athens (1859–1863)andBerne(1865); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Florence (1868) and London (1868–1871). 40

Hormann,¨ Winfried Hormann¨ von (1821–1896), Bavarian statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1869–1883)andtheReichstag (1871–1874); minister of the interior (1868–1869); president of the district of Swabia and Neuburg (1870–1877). 463

Hornig, Richard (1841–1911), equerry, private secretary, and companion to Ludwig II of Bavaria. 464, 525

Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh, Mirza (1828–1881), Persian diplomat and statesman. Prime minister (1871–1873). 65

Howard, Sir Henry Francis (1809–1898), British diplomat. Attache´ at Munich (1832); secretary of legation at Berlin (1846–1852); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Lisbon (1855), Hanover (1859), and Munich (1866–1872). 1, 3, 8, 15, 429– 437

Hubel,¨ Gustav Ludwig (1800–1881), Saxon civil servant. President of the Evangelisch- Lutherische Landeskonsistorium (1874–1875). 295

Hubner,¨ Alexander von (1811–1892), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1849), then ambassador to Paris (1856–1859); minister of police (1859); ambassador to the Holy See (1865–1867). 112

Hugel,¨ Karl Eugen Freiherr von (1805–1870), Wurttemberg¨ diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at London (1841–1848), Berlin (1850), The Hague (1851), and Vienna (1852); minister of foreign affairs (1855–1864). 395

Ignatyev, Nikolay Pavlovich (1832–1908), Russian general and diplomat. Ambassador at Constantinople (1864–1877); minister of the interior (1881–1882). 137

Isenburg-Birstein, Furst¨ Karl zu (1838–1899), head of the house of Isenburg-Birstein from 1866. Member of the ﬁrst Hessian chamber (1864–1899) and the Prussian upper house (1872–1899). 203

Isma’il Pasha (1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (1863–1879). 110n, 111, 167n, 307

Itzenplitz, Heinrich Graf von (1799–1883), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussian upper house (1854–1883) and the North German Reichstag (1867–1871); minister of agriculture (1862) and of commerce (1862–1873). 60

Jacobini, Ludovico (1832–1887), Italian cardinal from 1879. Apostolic nuncio to Austria (1874–1880) and Cardinal Secretary of State (1880–1887). 521

Jaunez, Edouard (1834–1916), engineer and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1877–1890). 123

Jerningham, Sir Hubert Edward Henry (1842–1914), British diplomat and statesman. Third secretary at Constantinople (1870)andDarmstadt(1872); second secretary at Darmstadt (1873; repeatedly also acting charge´ d’affaires) and Vienna (1878–1879); MP (1881–1885); colonial secretary of British Honduras (1887) and Mauritius (1889); Lieutenant- Governor (1892) and Governor (1893) of Mauritius; Governor of Trinidad and Tobago (1897–1900). 11, 21, 207–210, 212–214, 217–240

Jervoise, H.S. Clarke (1832–1911), Foreign Office official. Junior clerk (1854); acting second secretary at Florence (1868), Rome (1870), remained there on special service until 1874; acting second secretary at Lisbon (1875;actingcharge´ d’affaires 1876); senior clerk at Foreign Office (1878–1880); senior clerk (1880–1894). 37

Jocelyn, William Nassau (1832–1892), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Stockholm (1868)andBerne(1873); secretary of embassy at Constantinople (1874–1878);

charge´ d’affaires to Hesse and Baden at Darmstadt (1878–1892). 250–259, 262–263, 265– 266

Johann (1468–1532), Elector of Saxony from 1525, known as John the Steadfast. 295

Johann I (1801–1873), King of Saxony from 1854. 269, 287

Johann Salvator (1852–c .1890), Austrian archduke and army ofﬁcer. Renounced his title and privileges in 1889 and went missing the following year. 112

Jolly, Julius (1823–1891), Baden politician and statesman. Minister president (1868–1876); member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1868–1876). 238

Jorg,¨ Josef Edmund (1819–1901), Bavarian politician, archivist, and Catholic publicist. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1865–1881)andtheReichstag (1874–1878). 94, 482, 484, 491n, 493, 502

Jourdan, Mathieu Jouve (1746–1794), French revolutionary. 346

Kameke, Georg von (1817–1893), Prussian general and minister of war (1873–1883). 81, 124, 152, 182

Karl (1809–1877), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. Hessian general. 227

Karl I (1823–1891), King of Wurttemberg¨ from 1864. 9, 395, 401–402, 415

Karolyi´ von Nagykaroly,´ Graf Alajos (1825–1889), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Copenhagen (1858)andBerlin(1859–1866); ambassador to Berlin (1871) and London (1878–1888). 151

Katharina Friederike Charlotte (1821–1898), Princess of Wurttemberg.¨ 422

Katz, Casimir Rudolf (1824–1880), industrialist and politician. Reichstag member (1877– 1880). 238

Kenealy, Edward (1819–1880), Irish barrister and writer. MP (1875–1880). 302–303

Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von (1811–1877), Bishop of Mainz (1872)and Catholic politician. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849), the ﬁrst Hessian chamber (1851–1857), and the Reichstag (1871–1872). 12, 38, 84, 204, 207–209, 214, 224–225, 452

Khan, Mohammad Qassem (c .1805–1872), Persian army ofﬁcer and diplomat. Charge´ d’affaires (1855), minister resident (1856) and envoy extraordinary (1859–1860)atSt Petersburg; Governor General of the province of Gilan (1862–1868) and the province of Fars (1872). 63

Kiefer, Alois (1836–1902), Bavarian printer, journalist, and labour union ofﬁcial. 499

Kimberley, see Wodehouse, John

Koch, Otto (1810–1876), Saxon politician. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849), the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1849–1850) and the ﬁrst chamber (from 1850); mayor of Leipzig (1849–1876). 289

Konneritz,¨ Hans Freiherr von (1820–1911), Saxon diplomat and court ofﬁcial. Charge´ d’affaires at St Petersburg (1853; minister resident from 1860); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1864)andBerlin(1866–1873). 389

Konneritz,¨ Leonc´ ¸e Robert Freiherr von (1835–1890), Saxon landowner and statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1866–1876)andthe Reichstag (1874–1877); Oberhofmarschall (1873–1891); Kreishauptmann of Zwickau (1874)and Leipzig (1876); minister of ﬁnance (1876–1890). 315, 344

Krause, Hugo von (1835–1874), Prussian diplomat. Secretary of legation at St Petersburg (1862), Munich (1864), and Washington (1868); secretary of embassy at London (1870). 61

Krause, Karl Gotthold (1837–1899), Saxon lawyer and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1869–1881)andtheReichstag (1875–1877; 1890–1893). 329

Kreutz, Alexander, Graf von (1850–1911), Russian diplomat; attache´ in Washington and Berlin. 126

Kuhlwetter,¨ Friedrich von (1809–1882), Prussian civil servant and statesman. President of the administrative district of Aachen (1848–1866), of Dusseldorf¨ (1866); minister of the interior (1848); head of the civil administration in Alsace (1870); president of the Province of Westphalia (1871–8). 69

Kullmann, Eduard (1853–1892), journeyman cooper. Tried to assassinate Bismarck in 1874. 94–95, 476

Kunitz, Rudolf (n.a.), Prussian crown prosecutor at Frankfurt. 250

Landau, Isidor (1850–1944), journalist and theatre critic. Editor of the Dresdner Presse (1875–1877). 328

Lanfrey, Pierre (1828–1877), French historian, diplomat, and politician. 383

Lasker, Eduard (1829–1884), German jurist and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1863–1879)andtheReichstag (1867–1884). 81, 231, 249, 306, 351–352, 354, 379, 460, 462, 466

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864), socialist politician and writer. Founding president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1863). 299–302, 304, 325–326

Lauer, Gustav Adolph von (1808–1889), Prussian army ofﬁcer and personal physician to Wilhelm I. 181

Layard,SirAustenHenry(1817–1894), British archaeologist, politician, and diplomat. MP (1852–1870); under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852; 1861–1866); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Madrid (1869); ambassador to Constantinople (1877–1880). 151n, 156

Ledochowski,´ Mieczyslaw Halka (1822–1902), Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznan (1866). Cardinal (1875) and prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (1892). 69, 79, 441, 444, 498, 519

Lefebvre de Behaine,´ Edouard´ Alphonse, comte de (1829–1897), French diplomat. Charge´ d’affaires at Munich (1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at The Hague (1880); ambassador to the Holy See (1882). 469–471, 497, 505

Leitrim, William Sydney Clements (1806–1878), Anglo-Irish landlord. MP (1839– 1847); 3rd Earl of Leitrim (1855); assassinated in Donegal in 1878. 346

Leo XIII (1810–1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci. Pope from 1878. 153–155, 168–169, 171–172, 190, 362, 497n, 501, 519–520

Leonhardt, Adolf (1815–1880), jurist and statesman. Minister of justice of Hanover (1865– 1866) and Prussia (1867–1879). 318, 330, 406, 409

Leopold I (1676–1747), Prince of Anhalt-Dessau. Prussian general. 118

Leopold (1846–1930), Prince of Bavaria. German army ofﬁcer. 528

Leveson-Gower,Granville George (1815–1891), British statesman. MP (1837–1846); 2nd Earl Granville (1846); foreign secretary (1851–1852; 1870–1874; 1880–1885); lord president of the council (1852–1866 with interruptions in 1854–1855 and 1858–1859); colonial secretary (1868–1870). 6, 29–78, 155–190, 193–212, 255–266, 269–280, 357–391, 395–406, 418–425, 429– 475, 505–528

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826–1900), socialist politician. After the failed Baden revolution of 1848–1849 went into exile in Switzerland and then England (1850–1862); returned to Germany 1862;memberoftheReichstag (1867–1871; 1874–1900) and the Saxon second chamber (1879–1886; 1889–1892). 48n, 237, 249, 270–271, 273n, 284, 287, 300, 326–328, 391

Lindau, Rudolf (1829–1910), German journalist and diplomat. Attacheforpressand´ commercial affairs at the Paris embassy (1872); head of the press ofﬁce at the Berlin Foreign Ofﬁce from 1879. 378

Lister, Thomas Villiers (1832–1902), Foreign Ofﬁce ofﬁcial. Assistant under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1873–1893). 183, 389

Littlewood, Henry Bucknall (1838–1912), commission agent from London. 29

Loe¨ in Terporten bei Goch, Felix Freiherr von (1925–1896), jurist and Catholic politician. Member of the provincial Landtag of the Rhineland (1868–1888), the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1876; 1890–1896), and the North German Reichstag (1867–1871). 202

Loftus, Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer (1817–1904), British diplomat. AttacheatBerlin(´ 1837) and Stuttgart (1844); secretary of legation at Stuttgart (1852)and Berlin (1853); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Vienna (1858), Berlin (1860), and Munich (1862); ambassador to Berlin (1866)andStPetersburg(1871); governor of New South Wales (1879–1885). 7, 18, 19, 29–36, 44–45, 119, 317, 416

Louis XIV (1638–1715), King of France from 1643. 316

Louis Philippe (1773–1850), duc d’Orleans.´ Elected King of the French after the revolution of July 1830; deposed in February 1848. 75

Louise Margaret (1860–1917), Prussian princess. Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn upon her marriage to Prince Arthur in 1879. 522

Lowe, Charles (1848–1931), British journalist and author. Berlin correspondent for The Times (1878–1891). 382–383

Lowe,¨ Wilhelm (1814–1886), physician and republican politician. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly and president of the Stuttgart Rump Parliament (1849); exiled in Switzerland, Paris, London, and New York; returned to Germany after Prussian amnesty of 1861; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1863–1886)andtheReichstag (1867–1881). 317

Lucius-Ballhausen, Robert Freiherr (1835–1914), landowner, physician and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1881), the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1879; 1882–1893), and the upper house (from 1895). 81, 143

Ludwig (1845–1921), Bavarian prince. Prince regent (1912–1913), see Ludwig III.

Ludwig I (1786–1868), King of Bavaria (1825–1848). 485n, 489

Ludwig II (1845–1886), King of Bavaria from 1864. 11, 19, 44, 109–110, 429–430, 431n, 434, 436–438, 453, 457, 462–465, 476, 482, 484–487, 488n, 491–492, 494–496, 500–502, 505–506, 509–511, 514–517, 522–528

Ludwig III (1845–1921), Bavarian prince. Prince regent (1912–1913); reigned as last King of Bavaria (1913–1918). 528

Ludwig III (1806–1877), Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1848. 198–199, 222–224, 229, 232, 236

Ludwig IV (1837–1892), Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1877. 5, 197n, 226–227, 245, 251, 262, 265–266

Luise (1776–1810), Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Queen consort of Prussia from 1797. 180

Luise (1838–1923), Prussian princess. Grand Duchess of Baden from 1856. 106

Luitpold (1821–1912), Prince of Bavaria. Prince regent from 1886. 44, 482, 491, 527–528

Lumley, see Savile (formerly Savile Lumley), John

Luthardt, August (1824–1906), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1881–1886). 506–507

Luther, Martin (1483–1546), reforming theologian. 389–390

Lutz, Johann (1826–1890), Bavarian statesman. Minister of justice (1867–1871)andof cultural affairs (1869–1880); head of the council of ministers (1880–1890); ennobled in 1880 and given the title Freiherr in 1883. 429, 435–437, 456, 486, 494, 506–507, 518

Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell (1817–1887), British diplomat. Baron Lyons (1858), created Viscount Lyons (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Washington (1858–1865), ambassador to France (1867–1887); died before patent was sealed on earldom (1887). 62, 65, 98, 130, 134, 137, 146, 165–166

Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–1859), British historian and politician. MP (1830–1847; 1852–1856); secretary at war (1839–1841); created 1st Baron Macaulay (1857). 391

MacDonell, Sir Hugh Guion (1832–1904), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1875) and Rome (1878); charge´ d’affaires at Munich (1882); envoy extraordinary at Rio de Janeiro (1885), Copenhagen (1888), and Lisbon (1893–1902). 16, 117–118, 126–128, 189, 509, 510, 511– 528

MacMahon, Patrice de (1808–1893), French general and statesman. Governor General of Algeria (1864–1870); President of France (1873–1879). 73, 105n, 346–347, 469–470

Magnus, Anton Freiherr von (1821–1882), Prussian diplomat. Minister resident at Mexico (1865); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Hamburg (1867), Stuttgart (1872), and Copenhagen (1878–1881). 402

Majunke, Paul (1842–1899), Catholic priest, politician, and publicist. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1884) and the Prussian house of deputies (1878–1884). 96, 320, 409n

Malet, Sir Edward Baldwin (1837–1908), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Peking (1871), Athens (1873), and Rome (1875); secretary of embassy at Rome (1876) and Constantinople; consul general in Egypt (1879); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1883); ambassador to Berlin (1884–1895). 165

Malkam Khan, Mirza (1833–1908), Persian diplomat and reformer. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to London (1873–1888) and Rome (1898–1908). 65

Malsen, Ludwig Freiherr von (1828–1895), Bavarian diplomat and court ofﬁcial. Oberhofmarschall from 1868. 522

Mansﬁeld, William Murray (1705–1793), English judge and statesman. Solicitor general (1742) and attorney general for England and Wales (1754); chief justice of the King’s Bench (1756–1788); chancellor of the exchequer (1757); created 1st Earl of Mansﬁeld (1792). 319

Manteuffel, Edwin Freiherr von (1809–1885), Prussian general. Military governor of Schleswig (1864); commander during the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War; governor general of Alsace-Lorraine (1879–1885). 75, 119, 188

March, George Edward (1834–1881), Foreign Ofﬁce ofﬁcial. Superintendent of the treaty department (1873–1881). 406

Maria Alexandrovna (1824–1880), nee´ Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. Married Alexander II and became Empress of Russia upon his accession to the throne in 1855. 21, 193, 195, 222

Maria Alexandrovna (1853–1920), Grand Duchess of Russia. Became Duchess of Edinburgh upon her marriage to Prince Alfred in 1874,and,from1893, Duchess of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. 83, 522

Maria Feodorovna (1847–1928), Princess Dagmar of Denmark. Married Alexander Alexandrovich (later Alexander III) in 1866; Empress of Russia 1881–1894. 150

Maria Therese (1849–1919), Archduchess of Austria-Este. Married Prince Ludwig of Bavaria in 1868; last Queen of Bavaria (1913–1918). 528

Mariani, Jean Baptiste (1834–1890), French diplomat. Charge´ d’affaires at Munich (1882–8); ambassador to Rome (1888–1890). 189–190, 509–511, 527

Marie (1825–1889), Princess of Prussia. Queen of Bavaria from 1848. 510, 526

Marie (1850–1922), Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Grand Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1868. 45

Marie (1857–1882), Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Princess of Wurttemberg¨ upon her marriage to Crown Prince Wilhelm in 1877. 422

Marr, Wilhelm (1819–1904), journalist and anti-Semitic publicist. Member of the Hamburg state parliament (1861–1862). 351n–354

Martin, Konrad (1812–1879), theologian and Catholic priest. Professor at the University of Bonn (1844); Bishop of Paderborn (1856; deposed de facto, but with no ecclesiastical effect, in 1875). 69, 498

Martinucci, Vincenzo (n.a.), Italian architect. Architect of the Apostolic Palace until 1879. 512

Marx, Karl (1818–1883), German philosopher and socialist thinker. 300, 304

Masella, Gaetano Aloisi (1826–1902), Italian cardinal. Apostolic nuncio at Munich (1877)andLisbon(1879–1883); prefect of the Congregation of Rites (1899). 145n, 496–498

Maucler, Karl Rene´ Freiherr von (1841–1907), Wurttemberg¨ diplomat. Charge´ d’affaires (1873) and then envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1879–1881). 416–417

Maximilian II (1811–1864), King of Bavaria from 1848. 484–485n

May,Thomas Erskine (1815–1886), British civil servant and constitutional theorist. Clerk of the House of Commons (1871–1886); created Baron Farnborough (1886). 345–346n

Maybach, Albert von (1822–1904), Prussian railway ofﬁcial and statesman. President of the imperial railway ofﬁce; imperial undersecretary of state (1877); Prussian minister of commerce and public works (1878–1891); member of the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1888; 1890–1893). 254

Mayr, Georg von (1841–1925), Bavarian civil servant. Head of the Bavarian Statistical Bureau (1869); undersecretary of state in the imperial ofﬁce for Alsace-Lorraine (1879– 1887). 509

Mazarin, Jules (1602–1661), Italian cardinal and diplomat. Chief minister of France from 1642. 371

Meglia, Francesco Pier (1810–1883), cardinal priest. Apostolic nuncio to Mexico (1864), Munich (1866), and Paris (1874–1879). 95

Melchers, Paulus (1813–1895), Archbishop of Cologne (1866). Exiled to the Netherlands (1875); cardinal priest in Rome (1885). 79, 153, 154, 519

Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Felix (1809–1847), composer, pianist, and conductor. 351

Menshikov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich (1816–1893), Russian general. 66

Mermillod, Gaspard (1824–1892), Swiss Catholic priest. Vicar apostolic of Geneva (1873); Bishop of Lausanne and Geneva (1883); cardinal (1890). 295

Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Furst¨ von (1773–1859), Austrian statesman. Foreign minister (1809–1848); house, court, and state chancellor (1821–1848). 363

Meyer, Rudolf (1839–1899), social conservative publicist. Fled to Austria in 1877 to avoid prison sentence; emigrated to USA and Canada (1881); returned to Austria in 1889. 322

Meyerbeer, Giacomo (1791–1864), born Jacob Liebmann Beer. Composer and conductor. 351

Michell, Thomas (1835–1899), British consul general for Eastern Rumelia (1879)and Norway (1880–1897). 155, 157

Milan I (1854–1901), ruler of Serbia (1868–1889), ﬁrst as prince and then, from 1882,as king. 511

Minckwitz, Heinrich Eduard (1819–1886), Saxon jurist and liberal politician. Member of the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament (1848), the Reichstag (1867; 1871–1877), and the Saxon second chamber (1869–1880). 281, 285, 286, 372

Mittnacht, Hermann Freiherr von (1825–1909), Wurttemberg¨ jurist and statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Wurttemberg¨ Landtag (1861–1900); minister of justice (1867–1878), foreign minister (1873–1900) and minister president (1876–1900). 397, 399–400, 406–409, 411–412, 416n, 417–419

Mohl, Moritz (1802–1888), Wurttemberg¨ economist and politician. Member of the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament and National Assembly (1848–1849), the Wurttemberg¨ constituent assembly (1849–1850), the chamber of deputies (1851–1887), and the Reichstag (1871–1873). 397

Mohl, Robert von (1799–1875), Baden politician and diplomat. Professor at Tubingen¨ (1825) and Heidelberg (1847); plenipotentiary to the Federal Diet (1861–1866); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1866–1871); president of the Baden audit ofﬁce (1871–1874); Reichstag member (1874–1875). 286

Moltke, Helmuth Graf von (1800–1891), Prussian general. Chief of staff of the Prussian army (1858–1888); member of the Reichstag (1867–1891) and the Prussian upper house (1872). 55, 75–76, 102–104, 152, 182, 218, 312–313, 315, 374

Mommsen, Theodor (1817–1903), historian, classical scholar, and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1863–1866; 1873–1879)andtheReichstag (1881–1884); Nobel laureate in literature (1902). 381

Montebello, Gustave Lannes de (1838–1907), French diplomat. Charge´ d’affaires at Munich (1880); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1882); ambassador to Constantinople (1886)andStPetersburg(1891–1902). 509

Moreau, Jean Victor Marie (1863–1813), French general. Mortally wounded in the Battle of Dresden. 291

Morier, Sir Robert Burnett David (1826–1893), British diplomat. Attache´ at Vienna (1853)andBerlin(1858); second secretary at Berlin (1862); secretary of legation at Athens (1865), Frankfurt (1866), and Darmstadt (1866); charge´ d’affaires at Stuttgart (1871)andMu- nich (1872); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1876) and Madrid (1881); ambassador to Russia (1884–1893). 3–4, 6, 9, 15, 22, 114, 193–198, 396–401, 438–485, 488

Most, Johann Josef (1846–1906), politician, journalist. Member of the Reichstag (1874– 1876); editor of the anarchist newspaper Freiheit in London (1879–1881); emigrated to the USA after serving a prison sentence (1882). 164n, 287–288, 293, 300, 368– 369

Motteler, Julius (1838–1908), bookkeeper, publisher, and socialist politician. Reichstag member (1874–1878; 1903–1907); went into exile in Zurich (1879) and London (1888–1901). 300

Moufang, Christoph (1817–1890), Catholic theologian, priest, and politician. Administrator of the diocese of Mainz; domestic prelate from 1886;memberoftheReichstag (1871–1890) and the ﬁrst Hessian chamber (from 1863). 237

Moy de Sons, Karl Graf von (1827–1894), Bavarian court ofﬁcial. Master of ceremonies from 1859. 434

Mufﬂing¨ genannt Weiß, Wilhelm von (1839–1912), Prussian jurist and civil servant. Landrat ofthecircleofCzarnikau(1872) and Demmin (1877); police president at Stettin (1887) and Frankfurt am Main (1889–1904). 69

Muhsin Khan, Mirza (1819–1910), Persian diplomat. Minister plenipotentiary at London; ambassador at Constantinople (1872–1890); minister of foreign affairs (1896–1899). 66

Munster,¨ Georg Herbert Graf zu (1820–1902), German diplomat. Hanoverian envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to St Petersburg (1856–1865); imperial ambassador to London (1873) and Paris (1885–1900). Member of the ﬁrst chamber of the Hanoverian Landtag (1846–1866), the Reichstag (1867–1874), and the Prussian upper house (1867–1902). 68, 78, 103, 110, 164

Murray, Sir Charles Augustus (1806–1895), British diplomat and writer. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1853), Tehran (1854), Dresden (1859), Copenhagen (1866), and Lisbon (1867–1874). 274

Murray, Eustace Clare Grenville (1824–1881), British diplomat and journalist. From 1851 posted as attache´ to Vienna, Hanover, Constantinople, and Tehran; consul general at Odessa (1858–1868); Paris correspondent for various newspapers and magazines from 1869. 91

Napier, Robert Cornelis, (1810–1890), British army ofﬁcer. Commander of the Ethiopian campaign (1867–188); commander-in-chief, India (1871); Governor of Gibraltar (1874–1883); created Baron Napier of Magdala (1868). 313

Napoleon I (1769–1821), French general. Emperor of the French (1804–1814; 1815). 76n, 180, 314, 316, 349, 383, 385, 473–474, 489

Napoleon III (1808–1873), Charles Louis, later Louis Napoleon´ Bonaparte. President of the French Second Republic (1848–1851); assumed dictatorial powers in December 1851; Emperor of the French (1852–1870). 95, 194n, 214n, 247n, 271n, 368n, 431

Naro, Costantino Patrizi (1798–1876), Italian cardinal. Cardinal vicar (1841); dean of the college of cardinals (1870). 443

Nasir al-Din (1831–1896), Qajar Shah of Iran from 1848. 63–66

Neidhart, Karl von (1827–1909), Hessian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1876–1908). 246

Neumann, Leopold (1831–1895), politician and lawyer in Freiburg. Member of the Baden second chamber (1875–1879; 1892–1894). 238

Neve, Johann (1846–1896), German anarchist. Lived in Paris, London, and Zurich (1874–1885); extradited to Germany from Belgium in 1887 and sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment. 164

Nicholas I (1796-1855), Tsar of Russia from 1825. 318, 417n

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831), Prussian civil servant, historian, and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Holy See (1816–1827). 349

Niethammer, Friedrich Freiherr von (1831–1911), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1869;from1870 also at The Hague), Switzerland (1872;from1873 also at Baden), and Saxony (1887–1903). 39

Noailles, Emmanuel-Henri-Victurnien, marquis de (1830–1909), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Washington (1872); ambassador to Rome (1873), Constantinople (1882–1886), and Berlin (1896–1902). 176

Nordenﬂycht, Ferdinand Otto Freiherr von (1816–1901), Prussian civil servant. Member of the chamber of deputies (1866–1867); Oberprasident¨ of the Province of Silesia (1873–1874). 95–96

Nostitz-Wallwitz, Hermann von (1826–1906), Saxon statesman. Minister of the interior (1866–1891), the royal house (1869–1871; 1882–1895), and foreign affairs (1876–1882); member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1857–1866)andtheReichstag (1874– 1877). 276, 289, 315–316, 323, 329, 331, 333, 338–339, 345, 347, 349–350, 354–355, 357, 360–365, 367–369, 371, 391

Nostitz-Wallwitz, Oswald von (1830–1885), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1873–1885). 329

Oechsner, Georg (1822–1895), Hessian politician and mayor of Mainz (1885–1894). Member of the Hessian second chamber (1866–1874)andtheReichstag (1877–1878). 237

Oehler,Anton von (1810–1879), Catholic priest. Vicar general of the diocese of Rottenburg from1852. 415

Olga Nikolaievna (1822–1892), Grand Duchess of Russia. Queen of Wurttemberg¨ from 1864. 411, 417n

Ormonde, James Butler, Duke of (1665–1745), army ofﬁcer and politican. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1703–1707; 1710–1713). 118

Orton, Arthur (1834–1898), Australian butcher and ‘Tichborne claimant’. 303

Oscar II (1829–1907), King of Sweden from 1872, and King of Norway (1872–1905). 102

Osten-Sacken, Nikolai von der (1831–1912), Russian diplomat. Minister resident at Darmstadt (1870); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1880); ambassador to Berlin (1895–1912). 518

Otto (1848–1916), King of Bavaria (1886–1913). 465, 494, 526, 528

Otto-Walster, August (1834–1898), journalist and socialist politician. Emigrated to New York between 1876 and 1890. 275

Ow-Felldorf, Karl Freiherr von (1818–1898), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1863–1892; its president 1871–1872 and 1875–1892), ﬁrst chamber (1893–1898), and the Reichstag (1871–1882). 482

Paget, Augustus Berkeley (1823–1896), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Saxony (1858), Denmark (1859), Portugal (1866), and Italy (1867); ambassador to Italy (1876) and Austria-Hungary (1884–1894). 168, 519, 521

Palgrave, William Gifford (1826–1888), British diplomat and consular agent. Consul at Sukhumi (1866), Trebizond (1867), St Thomas and St Croix (1873), Manila (1876); consul general at Soﬁa (1878), Bangkok (1879), and Montevideo, where he also was minister resident (1884). 128–129, 251

Palmerston, Henry John Temple (1784–1865), British statesman; 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1802). MP (1807–1865); secretary at war (1809–1828); foreign secretary (1830– 1841; 1846–1851); home secretary (1851); prime minister (1855–1858; 1859–1865). 363

Pauline (1877–1965), Princess of Wurttemberg.¨ 422

Paumgarten, Ludwig von (1821–1883), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Florence (1868), Dresden (1870), and the Holy See (1873). 513

Pauncefote, Julian (1828–1902), British diplomat. Assistant under-secretary of state for the colonies (1874)andforeignaffairs(1876); permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1882); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1889), ambassador to the United States from (1893); created 1st Baron Pauncefote (1899). 262, 419

Peel, Sir Robert (1788–1850), British statesman. MP (1809–1850); home secretary (1821– 1830); prime minister (1834–1835; 1841–1846). 290, 314, 343, 356n

Perponcher-Sedlnitzky, Wilhelm Graf von (1819–1893), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Darmstadt (1857–1859), Naples (1860–1861), Munich (1862–1863), and The Hague (1863–1875). 98–99

Petre, Sir George Glynn (1822–1905), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1868); charge´ d’affaires at Stuttgart (1872–1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Aires (1881–1883)andLisbon(1884–1893). 6, 13, 18, 36–43, 44, 46–47, 114, 402–416, 416, 418– 419

Petsch, Albert (n.a.), dentist from Berlin. 177

Pfeuffer, Sigmund von (1824–1894), Bavarian statesman. Minister of the interior (1871– 1881); Regierungsprasident¨ of the Circle of the Rhine (1867–1871), and Upper Bavaria (1881– 1894). 494

Pfordten, Ludwig Freiherr von der (1811–1880), jurist, diplomat, and statesman. Saxon minister of the interior and temporary foreign minister (1848–1849); member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1849–1858); Bavarian minister president and foreign minister (1849–1859; 1864–1866); Bavarian envoy to the Federal Diet (1859–1864). 196n, 256

Pfretzschner, Adolph Freiherr von (1820–1901), Bavarian statesman. Minister of trade (1865–1866)andﬁnances(1866–1872); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1872–1880); member of the ﬁrst chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1872–1897). 454n, 467, 469–471, 476, 485–486, 492,

Pietro, Angelo Di (1828–1914), apostolic nuncio to Munich (1882) and Madrid (1887). Cardinal (1893) and prefect of the Congregation of the Council (1893–1895). 509–510, 519–521

Piombazzi, Sigmund Ritter von (1851–1891), Austrian consul. Vice consul at Constantinople (1871); consul at Edirne (1879), Plovdiv (1879–1886), and Odessa (1886– 1891). 157

Pius VII (1742–1823), born Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti. Cardinal 1785;popefrom 1800. 489

Pius IX (1792–1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti. Pope from 1846. 38, 55–56, 63, 71–73, 77n, 79, 89, 95, 100–102, 121, 153n, 155, 211, 213, 283n, 295, 305, 409–411, 441–449, 452–453n, 511

Planitz, Bernhard Edler von der (1828–1907), Saxon landowner and politician. Member of the Saxon ﬁrst chamber (1869–1902). 330

Plunkett, Sir Francis Richard (1835–1907), British diplomat. Second secretary at St Petersburg (1862), Copenhagen (1863), Vienna (1865), Berlin (1868), Florence (1868), and Berlin (1871); secretary of legation at Tokyo (1873), Washington (1876); secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1877), Constantinople (1881), and Paris (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Tokyo (1884–1887; also consul general in this period), Stockholm (1888), and Brussels (1893); ambassador to Vienna (1900–1905). 46, 49–52

Polit-Desancic, Mihailo (1833–1920), Serbian politician and journalist. Member of the Hungarian diet (1873–1913). 472

Pollexfen, Sir Henry (c .1632–1691), British judge and politician. 320

Protic, Kosta (1831–1892), Serbian general and statesman. Minister of war (1873–1875; 1889); member of the regency council (1889–1892). 511

Puttkamer, Robert von (1828–1900), Prussian statesman. Member of the Reichstag (1874– 1884; 1890–1891), the Prussian house of deputies (1879–1885), and the upper house (from 1889); Oberprasident¨ of Silesia (1877) and Pomerania (1891–1899); minister of cultural affairs (1879–1881) and of the interior (1881–1888). 144–145, 367

Rabenau, Adalbert Freiherr Nordeck zur (1817–1892), jurist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1847–1849; 1851–1856; 1872–1892), the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament (1848), and the Reichstag (1867–1881). 196, 235–236

Radowitz, Joseph von (1839–1912), German diplomat. Consul general at Bucharest (1870); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Athens (1874–1882); acting head of embassy at St Petersburg (1876–1878) and Paris (1880); ambassador to Constantinople (1882) and Madrid (1892–1908). 245

Ramel Michelet, Georg Ove von (1830–1908), Swedish army ofﬁcer; military attache´ at Berlin (1873–1877). 124

Raspail, Franc¸ois-Vincent (1794–1878), French chemist, physician, and socialist politician. 288

Reich, Karl (c .1825), Prussian jurist. Judge at the Berlin Stadtgericht (1873) and the Berlin Landgericht (from 1879). 294

Reichardt, Julius (1826–1898), publisher and founding editor of the Dresdner Nachrichten. 364

Reichensperger, Peter (1810–1892), Prussian politician and Catholic publicist. Member of the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament and the Prussian National Assembly (1848), the Erfurt Diet (1850), and the Prussian second chamber (1849–1856; 1858–1892); Reichstag member (1867–1892). 38

Reinkens, Joseph Hubert (1821–1896), theologian. Professor at the University of Breslau (1853); ﬁrst Old Catholic bishop in Germany (1873). 13, 42n, 71–73, 209–211, 224

Reuleaux, Franz (1829–1905), mechanical engineer. Professor at the universities of Zurich (1856)andBerlin(1864). 334

Reuter, Paul Julius Freiherr von (1816–1899), entrepreneur, journalist, and founder of Reuter’s Telegram Company. Naturalized British subject (1857). 63–64

Ricardo, David (1872–1823), English economist. 301–304

Richter, Eugen (1838–1906), publicist and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1906) and the Prussian house of deputies (1869–1905). 341, 370, 379

Rickert, Heinrich (1833–1902), journalist and liberal politician. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1903) and the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1902). 38

Riedel, Emil von (1832–1906), Bavarian jurist and statesman; minister of ﬁnance (1877– 1904). 508

Rittler, Alois (1839–1890), Catholic priest, journalist, teacher, and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1875–1890). 506

Roder,¨ Eugen von (1808–1888), Prussian civil servant. Master of ceremonies (1863); Vize- Oberzeremonienmeister (1873)andOberkuchenmeister¨ (1885). 46

Roncetti, Cesare (1834–1881), Italian archbishop. Apostolic nuncio at Munich (1879– 1881). 500–502, 505

Ronge, Johannes (1813–1887), theologian and leader of the German Catholics (Deutschkatholiken). 43

Roon, Albrecht von (1803–1879), Prussian general and statesman. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1860–1861; 1863–1870), the North German Reichstag (1867–1870), and the Prussian upper house (from 1872); minister of war (1859–1873)andthenavy(1861–1872); minister president (1873); created Graf (1871). 58–60, 77, 89

Rosenberg, Adalbert Franz Anton Freiherr von (1818–1880), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Lisbon (1859), Stockholm (1862), Stuttgart (1867), and Hamburg (1872–1875). 402

Rudhart, Gideon von (1833–1898), Bavarian diplomat. Charge´ d’affaires at Paris (1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1877), St Petersburg (1880), and Dresden (1883–1887). 157–158

Rudolf (1858–1889), Archduke of Austria and Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary. 19, 159, 495–496

Russell, John (1792–1878), British statesman, known as Lord John Russell before 1861. MP (1830–1861); home secretary (1834–1839); secretary of state for war and the colonies (1839–1841); prime minister (1846–1852; 1865–1866); foreign secretary (1852–1853; 1859– 1865); secretary of state for the colonies (1855); created 1st Earl Russell (1861). 77n, 89, 106, 122n

Russell, Odo (1829–1884), British diplomat. Attache´ at Paris, Vienna, Constantinople, Washington, and Naples; from 1860 on special service at Rome (as unaccredited envoy to the Holy See); undertook a special mission to the German headquarters at Versailles (November 1870–March 1871); ambassador to Berlin (1871–1884); styled Lord Odo Russell from 1872, created Baron Ampthill (1881). 7, 10–14, 16–21, 23, 34, 45–49, 52 –68, 70–84, 86–116, 119–126, 128–143, 146–160, 162–165, 171–185, 188–190, 413, 481n, 492

Russell, William Howard (1820–1907), British journalist and (war) correspondent for The Times. 270

Saburov, Peter Alexandrovich (1835–1918), Russian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary at Athens (1870); ambassador to Berlin (1880–1884). 20–21, 178, 188–189

Sachße, Friedrich Raimund (1817–1898), jurist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1857–1874) and the North German Reichstag (1867–1869). 283

Saint-Vallier, Charles Raymond de (1833–1886), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart (1868–1870); ambassador to Berlin (1877–1881). 135, 148–152, 172

Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil (1830–1903), British Statesman. MP (1853–1868); secretary of state for India (1866–1867; 1874–1878); 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1868); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1878–1880; 1885–1886; 1887–1892; 1895–1900); prime minister (1885–1886; 1886–1892; 1895–1902). 6, 18, 137n, 138–155, 245– 255, 317, 333–357, 358n, 414–418, 496–504

Savigny, Carl Friedrich von (1814–1875), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Karlsruhe (1850), Dresden (1859), and Brussels (1863); envoy to the Federal Diet (1864–1866); member of the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1868; 1870–1875)andtheReichstag (1867–1875). 38

Savile (formerly Savile Lumley), John (1818–1896), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Saxony (1866), the Swiss Confederation (1867), and Belgium (1868); ambassador to Italy (1883–1888); created 1st Baron Savile (1888). 80, 184, 478

Schachtmeyer, Hans Ferdinand Rudolf von (1816–1897), Prussian army ofﬁcer; governor of Strasbourg (1875–1878); commanding general of the XIII army corps in Wurttemberg¨ (1878–1886). 421

Schefsky, Josephine (1843–1912), opera singer and actress. Employed at the Munich Hoftheater (1871–1879). 464

Scherr, Gregor von (1804–1877), Archbishop of Munich and Freising from 1856. 432, 434, 451

Schiller, Friedrich (1759–1805), German poet and dramatist. 367

Schlor,¨ Gustav von (1820–1883), Bavarian jurist, politician, and statesman. Minister of trade (1866–1871); member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849)andthesecond chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1855–1883). 493

Schlozer,¨ Kurd von (1822–1894), German diplomat. Consul general in Mexico (1869– 1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Washington (1871–1882), and Prussian envoy to the Holy See (1882–1892). 62, 169n, 171n, 513n, 519, 521

Schmid, Anton (1842–1908), Baden politician and farmer. Member of the Baden second chamber (1881–1888). 258

Schroder,¨ Johann Wilhelm (1833–1910), Catholic priest and cathedral vicar from Paderborn. 69

Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808–1883), social reformer and politician. Member of the Prussian National Assembly (1848), Prussian house of deputies (1848–1849; 1861–1872)andtheReichstag (1867–1883). 40–42, 300, 340

Schwarz, Franz Joseph (1821–1885), Catholic priest in Ellwangen and art historian. Domestic prelate from 1875. 411

Schwauß, Karl August (1826–1906), Dresden police director (1863–1893). 272

Schweinitz, Hans Lothar von (1822–1901), Prussian general and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary at Vienna (1869; imperial ambassador from 1871); ambassador to St Petersburg (1876–1892). 34n, 110, 119

Schweitzer, Jean Baptiste von (1833–1875), lawyer, journalist, and socialist politician. Member of the North German Reichstag (1867–1871); president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1867–1871). 300, 327

Scott, Sir Charles Stewart (1838–1924), British diplomat. Second secretary at Mexico (1866), Lisbon (1868), Stuttgart (1871), Munich (1872), Vienna (1873), St Petersburg (1874), and Darmstadt (1877); secretary of legation at Coburg (1879); repeatedly acting charge´ d’affaires at Darmstadt from 1877 to 1883, also at Stuttgart in 1881; secretary of embassy at Berlin (1883); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1888) and Copenhagen (1893); ambassador to St Petersburg (1898–1904). 4, 20, 240–249, 251, 259, 264–265, 399, 455

Scroggs, Sir William (c .1623–1683), British judge. Lord Chief Justice of England (1678– 1681). 320

Seguier,´ Antoine-Louis (1726–1792), French jurist and magistrate. 319

Seydewitz, Otto von (1818–1898), Prussian landowner and politician. Reichstag member (1867–1884; 1887–1890; its president 1879–1880); Oberprasident¨ of the Province of Silesia (1879–1894). 143

Seymour, Francis George Hugh (1812–1884), British army ofﬁcer, courtier, and politician. Fifth Marquess of Hertford (1870); Lord Chamberlain (1874–1879). 64–65

Seymour, Sir George Hamilton (1797–1880), British diplomat. Minister resident at Florence (1830); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1835), Lisbon (1846), St Petersburg (1851–1854), and Vienna (1855–1858). 318

Shuvalov, Pyotr Andreyevich (1827–1889), Russian diplomat. Ambassador to London (1874–1879). 102, 106n, 111, 150

Siaosi Tupou I (1797–1893), King of Tonga from 1845. 129

Siemens, Friedrich (1826–1904), industrialist and brother of Werner von Siemens. 325

Siemens, Werner von (1816–1892), inventor and industrialist; founder of Telegraphen Bau-Anstalt von Siemens & Halske. 325

Sigl, Johann Baptist (1839–1902), Bavarian journalist and politician. Founding editor of the Bayerisches Vaterland (1869); member of the Reichstag (1893–1898) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1897–1899). 451–452, 499–500

Silbernagl, Isidor (1831–1904), Catholic theologian. Professor of church law and church history at the University of Munich from 1863. 456

Simmers, Joseph Adolph (n.a.), German seed merchant. Imperial consul at Toronto from 1871. 62

Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitrievich (1843–1882), Russian general. Governor of Minsk from 1881. 385, 421, 507

Soden, Oskar Freiherr von (1831–1906), Wurttemberg¨ diplomat. Charge´ d’affaires at Karlsruhe (1866); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Munich (1868–1906). 95, 497

Solms-Sonnenwalde, Bernhard Graf zu (1825–1912), German diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Rio de Janeiro (1872), Dresden (1873), and Madrid (1878); ambassador to Rome (1887–1893). 39, 314, 328

Sonnemann, Leopold (1831–1909), banker, publicist, and politician. Founding editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung (1856–1866); member of the Reichstag (1871–1884). 139, 250, 263

Spitzeder, Adele (1832–1895), German actress and imposter. 448–452

Spitzemberg, Karl Freiherr Hugo von (1826–1880), Wurttemberg¨ diplomat. Charge´ d’affaires at St Petersburg (1860); minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary at Berne (1865), and Berlin (1866–1880); from 1871 also plenipotentiary at the Federal Council. 414, 487

Stanley, Edward Henry (1826–1893), British statesman; styled Lord Stanley prior to 1869.MP(1848–1869); parliamentary under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852); secretary of state for the colonies (1858; 1882–1885); ﬁrst secretary of state for India (1858– 1859); foreign secretary (1866–1868; 1874–1878); 15th Earl of Derby (1869). 6, 11, 78–138, 212–245, 280–334, 406–414, 475–496

Stanton, Sir Edward (1827–1907), British army ofﬁcer and diplomat. Consul general at Warsaw (1860)andEgypt(1865); charge´ d’affaires at Munich (1876–1882). 110, 495– 496, 505

Starck, Julius Rinck Freiherr von (1825–1910), Hessian statesman. Minister president and foreign minister (1876–1884); from 1879 also minister of the interior and justice; member of the ﬁrst chamber (1884–1902). 233, 235–236, 252, 260, 262

Stauffenberg, Franz August Freiherr Schenk von (1834–1901), jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1867–1877; 1879–1899; president 1873– 1875); member of the Reichstag (1871–1893; vice president 1876–1879). 143, 379, 433, 464

Stauffenberg, Franz Ludwig Philipp Schenk von (1801–1881), Bavarian landowner and politician. Hereditary member of the ﬁrst chamber of the Bavarian Landtag from 1837 and its president from 1848. 464, 508

Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum (1757–1831), Prussian statesman and reformer. Minister of ﬁnances and commerce (1804–1807; 1807–1808). 314, 349n

Stephens, Francis (b. 1838), Foreign ofﬁce ofﬁcial. Junior clerk (1854); assistant clerk (1869). 108, 159, 221, 255, 256, 418, 419, 505

Stern, Josef (1839–1902), journalist and politician. From 1873 editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1885). 250

Stieber, Wilhelm (1818–1882), Prussian jurist, police ofﬁcial. Head of the criminal investigation department of the Berlin police (1853–1861); chief of the political police (1866– 1873); director of the Feldpolizei (1866; 1870–1871). 264

Stoecker, Adolf (1835–1909), Lutheran theologian, publicist, and politician. Founder of the anti-semitic Christlich-soziale Partei (1878); member of the second chamber of the Prussian Landtag (1879–1898)andtheReichstag (1881–1893; 1898–1908). 353, 374

Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto Graf zu (1837–1896), German statesman. Member of the Reichstag (1867; 1871–1878), the Prussian upper house (from 1867; its president 1872–1877 and 1893–1896); ambassador to Vienna (1876–1878); German vice chancellor and vice president of the Prussian state ministry (1878–1881), principal chamberlain to Wilhelm I (1884–1892). 88, 147, 324

Stosch, Albrecht von (1818–1896), Prussian general and admiral. Prussian minister without portfolio and head of the imperial admiralty (1872–1883). 182

Strachey, Catherine (1841–1920), nee´ Doveton, George Strachey’s second wife from 1862. 296–298

Strachey, George (1828–1912), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Copenhagen (1867), Berne (1873), and Dresden (1873, with additional role of charge´ d’affaires); minister resident (1890–1897). 4–5, 10, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 115, 279–391

Stranski, Georgi (1847–1904), Bulgarian politician and statesmen. Director of ﬁnance (1880–1881) and member of the permanent committee of Eastern Rumelia (1879–1880; 1882–1884); Bulgarian minister of foreign affairs (1887–1890). 157

Struck, Heinrich (1825–1902), physician. Bismarck’s medical attendant; director of the Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamt (1876–1886). 66

Stubel,¨ Paul Alfred (1827–1895), lawyer and politician. Mayor of Dresden (1877–1895); member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1877–1884)andtheReichstag (1881– 1884). 373–374

Stumm, Ferdinand von (1843–1925), Prussian and German diplomat. Secretary of legation and charge´ d’affaires at the Holy See (1871–1872); secretary of legation at Paris, Munich, Washington, Brussels, St Petersburg, and London, before becoming envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Darmstadt (1882), Copenhagen (1885), and Madrid (1887–1892). 45

Swaine, Leopold (1840–1931), British army ofﬁcer.Military attacheatStPetersburg(´ 1878), Constantinople (1879–1881), and Berlin (1882–1889; 1891–1896). 183–184

Sybel, Heinrich von (1817–1895), German historian and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1862–1864; 1874–1880) and the North German Reichstag (1867– 1871). 320

Szech´ enyi,´ Emmerich Graf (1825–1898), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stockholm (1849–1850) and Naples (1860–1864); ambassador to Berlin (1878–1892). 147

Tauffkirchen-Guttenberg, Carl von (1826–1895), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to St Petersburg (1867), the Holy See (1869), and Stuttgart (1874–1895). 38–39, 453–454

Tautphoeus, Rudolf Freiherr von (1838–1885), Bavarian diplomat. Secretary of legation at Florence (1867), Berlin (1867), and Rome (1872; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from 1880). 39–40

Tenterden, Charles Stuart Aubry Abbott (1834–1882), British diplomat; 3rd Baron Tenterden (1870). Assistant under-secretary (1871) and then permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1873–1882). 23, 82, 137–138, 149, 153, 155, 174n, 248, 254, 366, 477n, 500, 502, 506

Tessendorff, Hermann (1851–1895), Prussian jurist. Public prosecutor in Burg (1864), Magdeburg (1867), and Berlin (1873); Senatsprasident¨ at the higher regional courts in Konigsberg¨ (1879), Naumburg (1884), and at the Berlin Kammergericht (1885); from 1886 Oberreichsanwalt in Leipzig. 97, 293, 326–328

Tewﬁk Pasha (1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt and the Sudan 1879. 167n, 175

Thenius, Hermann (1839–1912), Saxon journalist. Editor-in-chief of the Dresdner Anzeiger from 1878. 360

Theresa (1850–1938), Princess of Liechtenstein and of Bavaria. 511

Thibaudin, Jean (1822–1905), French general. Minister of war (1883). 187

Thiers, Adolphe (1797–1877), French statesman and politician. President of the Third Republic (1871–1873). 53n, 93, 385, 440, 446–447

Thile, Carl Hermann von (1812–1889), Prussian diplomat. Undersecretary of state in the Prussian foreign ministry (1862); undersecretary of state (Staatssekretar¨ )intheforeign ofﬁce of the North German Confederation, then of the German Empire (1870–1871; 1872). 31, 39–40

Thomson, Sir Ronald Ferguson (1830–1888), British diplomat. Attache(´ 1848), oriental secretary (1862), secretary of legation (1863), and then envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1879–1887) at Tehran. 65

Thornton, Sir Edward (1817–1906), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Rio de Janeiro (1865)andWashington(1867); ambassador at St Petersburg (1881) and Constantinople (1883–1887). 62

Townley, Richard Greaves (1853–1888), British diplomat. Attache(´ 1879), then third secretary at Berlin (1880); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1883) and Peking (1886). 170

Traeger, Albert (1830–1912), lawyer, journalist, and poet. Reichstag member (1874–1878; 1881–1887; 1890–1912). 284

Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–1896), historian and publicist. Professor at the universities of Freiburg, Kiel, Heidelberg, and, from 1873,Berlin;Reichstag member (1871– 1884). 117, 118, 286, 310, 330, 331, 354

Trench, Power Henry Le Poer (1841–1899), British diplomat. Second secretary at Washington (1870), the Foreign Ofﬁce (1879–1881) and Rome (1881); secretary of legation at Tokyo (1882–1889); secretary of embassy at Berlin (1889–1893); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Mexico (1893–1894)andJapan(1894–1896; also consul general). 363, 419

Turban, Ludwig Karl Friedrich (1821–1898), Baden statesman. Minister of commerce (1872–1881); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1876–1893); minister of the interior (1881–1890). 258, 265

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques (1727–1781), French economist and statesman. 343

Tuttle, Herbert (1846–1894), American journalist and historian. Berlin correspondent of the New York Tribune,andtheLondon Daily News (1873–1879); lecturer at Cornell University (1881); Professor (1883). 324, 334

Ubri, Pavel Petrovich (1820–1896), Russian diplomat. Ambassador to Berlin (1863–1880) and Vienna (1880–1882). 147, 150

Umberto I (1844–1900), King of Italy from 9 January 1878. 511

Urban, Edmund (1828–1900), Saxon civil servant. Town councillor (from 1866)and mayor of Zwickau (1886–1896). 287

Uxkull-Gyllenband, August Graf von (1828–1907), Wurttemberg¨ diplomat and civil servant. Secretary of legation at Berlin (1866); head of the foreign ministry (1874); director of the Geheimes Haus- und Staatsarchiv (1879–1892). 405

Vahlteich, Carl Julius (1839–1915), socialist politician and journalist. Reichstag member (1874–1876; 1878–1881); emigrated to the USA (1881). 288, 300

Vandamme, Dominique Rene´ (1770–1830), French general and military commander during the Napoleonic wars. 291

Vansittart, Edward Westby (1818–1904), British naval ofﬁcer. 53

Varnbuler¨ von und zu Hemmingen, Friedrich Gottlob Karl Freiherr (1809– 1889), Wurttemberg¨ statesman and politician. Member of the Wurttemberg¨ chamber of deputies (1844–1849; 1851–1889); head of government and minister of foreign affairs (1864– 1870); Reichstag member (1872–1881). 159, 344

Victoria (1819–1901), Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from1837. Empress of India from 1876. 5–6, 14, 29–32, 34, 44–46, 83, 180, 306, 346, 383, 522–523

Victoria (1840–1901), Princess Royal. Married Friedrich Wilhelm (Friedrich III) in 1858; German Empress and Queen of Prussia from 1888. Known as Empress Frederick after her husband’s untimely death in 1888. 30n, 46, 65, 82–83, 102

Vittorio Emanuele II (1820–1878), King of Sardinia (1849–1861). King of Italy from 1861. 83, 102, 109n

Vitzthum von Eckstadt,¨ Hermann Ludwig Graf (1821–1892), Saxon Geheimer Rat and marshal of the royal household. 389

Vladimir Alexandrovich (1848–1909), Grand Duke of Russia and army ofﬁcer. 150

Volk,¨ Joseph (1819–1882), Bavarian lawyer and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1855–1882)andtheReichstag (1871–1881). 461

Wachter,¨ August Freiherr von (1807–1879), Wurttemberg¨ diplomat and statesman. Minister resident (1850), then envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1855–1871) at Paris; minister president and foreign minister (1871–1873). 395, 404, 417

Waddington, William (1826–1894), French statesman and diplomat. Minister of public instruction (1873; 1877); minister of foreign affairs (1877–1879); prime minister (1879); ambassador to London (1883–1893). 135, 151, 159n

Wagner, Richard (1813–1883), German composer. 502

Wahl, Ludwig (1831–1905), Catholic priest. Saxon court chaplain from 1871; apostolic prefect and apostolic vicar from 1890. 283

Waldemar (1868–1879), Prussian prince. 384

Walker, Sir Charles Pynder Beauchamp (1817–1894), British ofﬁcer and diplomat. Military attacheatBerlin(´ 1865–1877); inspector-general of military education (1878–1884). 34, 46, 54–56, 60, 75–76, 124, 125

Wallenstein, Albrecht von (1583–1634), Bohemian military commander. 60, 77

Walsham, Sir John (1830–1905), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1878) and Paris (1883); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Peking (1885)and Bucharest (1892–1895). 144–145, 160–162, 165–170, 176–177, 185–188

Walter, August (1827–1888), Saxon politician and merchant. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1869–1884)andtheReichstag (1877–1878; 1881–1884). 276, 288

Wambolt von Umstadt, Franz Freiherr (1829–1908), Hessian diplomat and Catholic nobleman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Paris (1864) and Dresden (1866–1869). 202

Watzdorf, Werner von (1836–1904), Saxon civil servant and statesman. Geheimer Legationsrat (1872)andErster Rat (1881) in the Saxon ministry for foreign affairs; minister of ﬁnance (1895–1902). 371

Weber, Ernst von (1830–1902), travel writer and promoter of German colonization. 160

Weis, Ludwig von (1813–1880), Bavarian jurist, politician, and civil servant. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1849–1871; its president 1870–1871); mayor of Wurzburg¨ (1859–1862). 430

Welcker, Hermann (1814–1887), civil servant and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1872–1878)andtheReichstag (1874–1877). 237

Welsersheimb, Zeno Graf Welser von (1835–1921), Austrian army ofﬁcer and statesman. Military attacheinParis(´ 1866)andBerlin(1870–1875); Austrian minister of defence (1880–1905). 124

Werder, Bernhard von (1823–1907), Prussian army ofﬁcer and German diplomat. Military plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1869); governor of Berlin (1886); adjutant general to Friedrich III (1888); and ambassador to St Petersburg (1892–1895). 120

Werther, Karl Anton Philipp Freiherr von (1809–1894), Prussian diplomat. Entered diplomatic service in 1832; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Berne (1841), Athens (1845), Copenhagen (1849), St Petersburg (1854), and Vienna (1859); ambassador to Paris (1869–1871) and Constantinople (1874–1877). 63

Werthern, Georg Graf von (1816–1895), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Athens (1860), Constantinople (1862), Lisbon (1863), Madrid (1864), and Munich (1867–1888). 430, 476, 478, 496, 511, 526

Wetherell, Thomas Frederick (1830–1908), British civil servant and journalist. Private secretary to Lord Granville (1871–1876). 276, 436

Wigard, Franz Jakob (1807–1885), Saxon politician and stenographer. Member of the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament, the National Assembly (1848–1849), the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1850; 1869–1873), and the Reichstag (1867–1873). 373–374

Wilhelm (1845–1900), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. General der Infanterie (infantry general). 227

Wilhelm I (1797–1888), deputized for Friedrich Wilhelm IV in 1857 and became regent in 1858.KingofPrussiafrom1861; German Emperor from 1871. 7–9, 11–12, 14–16, 19, 23, 30–34, 43–46, 51–52, 55–60, 63, 66–68, 70, 72–75, 77n, 78, 80–83, 85, 87–92, 96n, 97, 105, 107, 109, 111, 115–116, 119, 123–127, 132, 135, 137–138, 141, 144, 146n–152, 153n, 155, 158, 169–171, 173–174, 178–183, 193, 194n, 221, 234, 238–239, 241–242, 244n, 247–249, 261, 269–271, 291, 299n, 311–313, 323–324, 328, 331, 336, 339n, 362, 383–384, 386–387, 409n, 415, 418, 425, 429–431, 442, 444n, 445, 453, 464–465, 468, 495, 499n, 514n, 519, 521, 528

Wilhelm II (1859–1941), Prince of Prussia. German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888– 1918). 44, 178, 384

Wilhelm I (1781–1864), King of Wurttemberg¨ from 1816. 415, 423

Wilhelm II (1848–1921), Prince of Wurttemberg.¨ King of Wurttemberg¨ (1891–1918). 422– 423

Windthorst, Ludwig (1812–1891), Hanoverian statesman and politician. Minister of justice (1851–1853; 1862–1865); member of the Hanoverian second chamber (1849–1856; 1862–1866; its president 1851), the Reichstag (1867–1891), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1891), and the provincial assembly of Hanover (1884–1891). 38, 95, 144–145, 185, 375, 443

Wodehouse, John (1826–1902), British politician and statesman. Under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852–1856; 1859–1861); colonial secretary (1870–1874; 1880–1882); secretary of state for India (1882–1885; 1886; 1892–1894); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1894–1895); created 1st Earl of Kimberley (1866). 61

Wolf, Adolf von (1810–1895), Bavarian jurist. Oberstaatsanwalt at the court of appeal for Upper Bavaria (1873–1878). 433–434

Wolseley, Garnet Joseph (1833–1913), British army ofﬁcer. Adjutant-general to the forces (1882–1890); created Viscount Wolseley (1885); commander-in-chief, Ireland (1890–1895); commander-in-chief of the forces (1895–1900). 383

Worth, Frederick Gonner (n.a.), wine merchant from London. 29–30

Wurmb, Lothar von (1824–1890), Prussian civil servant. President of the Berlin police (1867); Regierungsprasident¨ in Wiesbaden (1872–1890); member of the Reichstag (1867; 1884– 1890), the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1885), and the upper house (1885–1890). 40–41

Wurmser, Dagobert Sigmund Graf von (1734–1794), Austrian ﬁeld marshal. 314

Wyke, Sir Charles Lennox (1815–1897), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Mexico (1860–1861), Hanover (1866), Copenhagen (1867–1881), and Lisbon (1881–1884). 355–356

Wynn-Carington (formerly Carrington), Charles Robert (1843–1928), British statesman. MP (1865–1868); 3rd Baron Carrington (1868); governor of New South Wales (1885–1890); elected member of London County Council (1890–1907); Lord Chamberlain (1892–1895), Lord Privy Seal (1911–1912); created Earl Carrington (1895)and1st Marquess of Lincolnshire (1912). 173

Ziegler, Friedrich von (1839–1897), Bavarian civil servant. Cabinet secretary (1877–1883); district president of Upper Palatinate (1888) and Upper Bavaria (1894). 501