Appendix A Permanent Officials and Diplomats of the British Foreign Office

ALSTON, BEILBY FRANCIS, b. I868. Entered Foreign Office, 1891; senior clerk, 1907, acting counsellor of legation at Peking, January to July 1912; resumed duty in Foreign Office, 30 September 1912; again acting counsellor in Peking, May to June 1913 and charge d'affaires, June to Novem­ ber 1913; then resumed duty in Foreign Office; acting counsellor in Peking, June 1916 and acted as charge d'affaires, November 1916 to October 1917; deputy high commissioner at Vladivostok, July 1918 to March 1919; charge d'affaires at Tokyo with local and personal rank of minister pleni­ potentiary, April 1919 to April 1920; promoted to be minister plenipotentiary, September 1919 and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Peking, March 1920; transferred to Buenos Aires, September 1922; promoted to be ambassador to Brazil, October 1925; died, June 1929. BARCLAY, CoLVILLE ADRIAN DE RuNE, b. 1869. Entered Foreign Office, 1894; appointed counsellor of embassy at Washington, October 1913 where he acted as charge d'affaires on various occasions in 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918 and 1919; appointed a minister plenipotentiary in the Diplomatic Service, May 1918; appointed ambassador at Lisbon, June 1928; died, June 1929· BERTIE, SIR FRANCIS LEVESON, b. 1844. Entered Foreign Office, 1863; senior clerk, 1889; assistant under-secretary of state, 1894; appointed ambassador to Italy, 1903; transferred to Paris, 1905; created Lord Bertie of Thame, June 1915; retired, May 1918; died, September 1919. BRYCE (JAMES) VIsCOUNT, b. 1838. Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford, 187o; Liberal M.P. for Tower Hamlets, 188o--5 and for south Aberdeen, 1885 to 1907; parliamentary under-secretary at Foreign Office, February to August 1886; president of the Board of Trade, 1894-5 and chief secretary for Ireland, 1905--7; ambassador at Washington, 1907 to 1913; created Viscount Bryce of Dechmount, 1914; died, 1922. BUCHAN AN, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM, b. 1854. Entered Foreign Office, 1876; secretary of embassy in Diplomatic Service, May 1899; envoy extra­ ordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, 1909; ambassador at St Petersburg (Petrograd), November 1910; transferred to Rome, October 1919; died, December 1924. 31 3 314 Great Britain and japan 1911-1} CAMPBELL, SIR FRANCIS ALEXANDER, b. 18p. Entered Foreign Office, 1871; senior clerk, 1896; assistant under-secretary of state, 1902; died, 28 December 1911. CROWE, EDWARD THOMAS FREDERICK, b. 1877. Student interpreter in Japan, 1897; commercial attache in embassy at Tokyo, 1906; director of the foreign division of the department of overseas trade, 1924; comptroller­ general of department of overseas trade, 1928; died, March 1960. CROWE, SIR EYRE, b. 1864. Entered Foreign Office, 1885; senior clerk, 1906; assistant under-secretary of state, January 1912; given rank of minister plenipotentiary while at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919; permanent under­ secretary of state, 1920; died, April 1925. ELIOT, SIR CHARLES NoRTON EDGCUMBE, b. 1864. Entered Foreign Office, 1886; high commissioner and consul general on commission appointed by Great Britain, Germany and the United States to enquire into state of affairs in Samoa, 1899; agent and consul-general for the dominions of the sultan of Zanzibar, consul-general for British East Mrica and consul-general for German East Mrica, 1900; resigned from Foreign Office, June 1904; appointed high commissioner and consul-general in Siberia, August 1918; ambassador at Tokyo, 1920 to 1923; died, March 1931. GEDDES, SIR AucKLAND CAMPBELL, b. 1879. Formerly Professor of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin and McGill University; served in South Mrican war and in the European war, 19I4-I6; director of recruiting at War Office, I9I6-I7; minister of National Service, I9I7-I9; president of Local Government Board, I9I8 and of Board of Trade, May I9I9 to March 1920; ambassador at Washington, March 1920 until he resigned, February I924; died, January I954· GREENE, SIR WILLIAM CoNYNGHAM, b. I854· Entered Foreign Office, I877; H.M. agent at Pretoria under Colonial Office with rank of charge d'affaires in Diplomatic Service, 1896 to October I899; envoy and minister plenipotentiary to Swiss Confederation, I90I; transferred to Bucharest, I905 and to Copenhagen, January 1911; ambassador at Tokyo, December I9I2 to I9I9; retired, September I919; died, June I934· GREG, RoBERT HYDE, b. 1876. Entered Foreign Office, I9oo; assistant clerk, 1909, acting second secretary in Diplomatic Service and attached to agency at Cairo, August I9 I I; acting first secretary, July I 9 I 3; resumed service in Foreign Office, August I9I4 and reappointed to Cairo the same month; again in Foreign Office, January I9I5; envoy to Bangkok, I921; transferred to Bucharest, I926; British commissioner on the Caisse de Ia Dette Publique of Egypt, 1929; retired, August I94o; died, December 1953· GREGORY, JoHN DuNCAN, b. I878. Entered Foreign Office, 1902; assistant clerk, October 19I3; acting first secretary in Diplomatic Service, Appendix A 315 December 1914 and appointed to Sir Henry Howard's special mission to the Pope; resumed service in Foreign Office, November 1915; assistant secretary in Foreign Office, 1920; assistant under-secretary of state, May 1925; services ceased, 27 February 1928; died, January 1951· HARDINGE OF PENSHURST (CHARLES HARDINGE) LoRD, b. 1858. Entered Foreign Office, 188o; secretary oflegation at Teheran, 1896; secretary of embassy at St Petersburg, April 1904, permanent under-secretary in Foreign Office, February 1906; raised to the peerage as Baron Hardinge of Penshurst in the county of Kent, July 1910; viceroy of India, November 1910 to April 1916; chairman of the Royal Commission to enquire into the causes of the Irish rebellion, May 1916; rejoined Foreign Office and re­ appointed permanent under-secretary, June 1916; superintending ambassador at the Paris Peace Conference, 1918-19; ambassador at Paris, November 1920; retired, January 1923; died, August 1944. JORDAN, SIR JoHN NEWELL, b. 1852. Entered Diplomatic Service, 1876; student interpreter in China, 1876; consul-general for Korea, 1896; minister resident in Seoul, 1901; special envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the emperor of China, May 1906 and subsequently to the president of the Chinese republic; retired August 1920 but returned to attend the Washington Conference as a delegate, 1921-2; died, September 1925. KILMARNOCK(VICTORALEXANDERSERELDHAY)LORD,b. 1876. Entered Foreign Office, 1900; second secretary in Diplomatic Service, 1906; served in embassy at Stockholm from September 1909 until transferred to Tokyo, January 1913; transferred toLe Havre, November 1915; counsellor of embassy in Diplomatic Service, 1919; high commissioner on interallied Rhineland High Commission, 1921; succeeded as twentieth earl of Erroll, 1927; died, February 1928. LAMPSON, MILES WEDDERBURN, b. 1886. Entered Foreign Office, 1903; acting second secretary at Tokyo, September 1908; resumed duty in Foreign Office, December 1910; assistant clerk, December 1913; appointed to Peking with rank of acting first secretary, September 1916; acting high commissioner in Siberia, 1919-20; counsellor in Foreign Office, 1922; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Peking, 1926; high commis­ sioner for Egypt and the Sudan, 1933; ambassador at Cairo, 1936; raised to the peerage as Baron Killeam in the county of Stirling, 1943; special com­ missioner in South-East Asia residing at Singapore, 1946-8; retired, August 1948; died, September 1964. LANGLEY, SIR WALTER Louis FREDERICK, b. 1855. Entered Foreign Office, 1878; assistant clerk, 1898; senior clerk, 1902; assistant under­ secretary of state, 1907; died, September 1918. 316 Great Britain and japan I9II-I) LINDLEY, FRANCIS OswALD, b. 1872. Entered Foreign Office, 1896; acting third secretary in Diplomatic Service, 1899; transferred to Diplomatic Service as second secretary, 1902; served in embassy at Tokyo, 1905-8; promoted to be first secretary, October 1909; transferred to Foreign Office, October 19II and then to Christiania (Oslo), January 1912; British com­ missioner and consul-general for Russia, June 1918; envoy at Vienna, 1919-20 and at Athens, 1921-2; ambassador at Lisbon, 1929; transferred to Tokyo, May 1931; retired, June 1934; died, August 1950. MACDONALD, SIR CLAUDE MAXWELL, b. 1852. Entered 74th High­ landers, 1872; served in Egypt; attached by War Office to agency at Cairo, 1883-7; retired from army, 1896; H.M. commissioner on the West Coast of Mrica, 1888; appointed minister at Peking, 1896; transferred to Tokyo as envoy extraordinary and minister to the emperor of Japan, October 1900; promoted as ambassador, November 1906; retired, December 1912; died, September 1915. MALLET, SIR Lours, b. 1864- Entered Foreign Office, 1888; assistant clerk, 1902; private secretary to Sir Edward Grey, December 1905; senior clerk, 19o6; assistant under-secretary of state, 1907; appointed ambassador at Constantinople, October 1913 and left, 1 November 1914, prior to declara­ tion of war on Turkey; attached to Peace Congress delegation at Paris 1919-20; retired, April 1920; died, August 1936. MAX MOLLER, WILLIAM GRENFELL, b. 1867. Entered Foreign Office, 1892; counsellor of legation at Peking, February 1909 where he acted as charge d'affaires, March to November 1910; employed in Foreign Office, September 1911 to September 1912; consul-general at Budapest, July 1913; left Budapest after declaration of war, August 19 14; then employed in Foreign Office; appointed a minister plenipotentiary in Diplomatic Service, 1918; envoy at Warsaw, 1920; retired, December 1927; died, May 1945. NICOLSON, SIR ARTHUR, b. 1849. Entered Foreign Office, 1870; consul-general for Hungary, 1888; envoy extraordinary at Tangier and consul-general in Morocco, 1895; appointed ambassador at Madrid, June 1905; transferred to St Petersburg, February 1906; appointed permanent under-secretary in Foreign Office, November 1910; retired, June 1916; raised to peerage as Baron Carnock of Carnock, July 1916; died, November 1928. NUGENT, RoLAND THoMAS, b. x886. Entered Foreign Office, 1910; third secretary, September 1912; transferred to Foreign Office as junior clerk, April 1913; resigned from Foreign Office, April 1918; later became one of the directors of the Federation of British Industries. RUMBOLD, (SIR) HoRACE GEoRGE MoNTAGU, b. 1869. Entered Foreign Office, 189o; served in Cairo, Athens, Tehran; first secretary, 1904; Appendix A 317 transferred to Madrid, 1906 and to Munich, 1908; counsellor of embassy at Tokyo, February 1909 where he acted as charge d'affaires, May to September I909, I May to 3I July 19II and I November 1912 to 5 March 19I3; trans­ ferred to Berlin, I November I9I3; succeeded as ninth baronet, 3 November I913; acted as charge d'affaires at Berlin, 1 July to 27 July 1914; left Berlin, 6 August 1914 and employed in Foreign Office until September 19I6; appointed envoy and minister at Berne, 1916; transferred to Warsaw, September I9I9; appointed ambassador at Constantinople with title of British high commissioner, November 1920; transferred to Madrid, February I924 and to Berlin, August I928; retired, 1933; died, May 1941. SPERLING, RowLAND ARTHUR CHARLES, b. 1874. Entered Foreign Office, 1899; assistant clerk, 1907; senior clerk, October 1913; attached to British delegation to Peace Congress at Paris, 1919; assistant secretary in Foreign Office, September 1919; attached to Washington Conference on limitation of armaments, October 1921 to January 1922; appointed envoy at Berne, 1924; transferred to Sofia, 1928 and to Helsingfors, 1930; retired, 1935· SPICER, GERALD SYDNEY, b. I874· Entered Foreign Office, 1894; assistant clerk, 19o6; senior clerk, January 1912; given rank of counsellor of embassy in Diplomatic Service while in attendance at the Peace Congress at Paris, 1919; assistant secretary in Foreign Office, April 1919; resigned from Foreign Office, January 1922. SPRING-RICE, SIR CECIL ARTHUR, b. 1859. Entered Foreign Office, 1882; served briefly in numerous embassies including Washington, Tokyo, Berlin and Constantinople; counsellor of embassy in Diplomatic Service, 1904; envoy and minister to Shah of Persia, 1906; transferred to Stockholm, 19o8; appointed ambassador at Washington, April 1913; died, February 1918. TYRRELL, SIR WILLIAM GEoRGE, b. 1866. Entered Foreign Office, 1899; assistant clerk, I903; senior clerk, 1907; private secretary to Sir Edward Grey, May 1907 to June 1915; assistant under-secretary of state, October 1918; given rank of minister plenipotentiary at Peace Congress at Paris, 1919; appointed permanent under-secretary of state in Foreign Office, May 1925; ambassador at Paris, June 1928; raised to peerage as Baron Tyrrell, June 1929; retired, April 1934; died, March 1947· WELLESLEY, VIcToR ALEXANDER AuGUSTUs HENRY, b. I876. Entered Foreign Office, 1899; commercial attache in Diplomatic Service, I9o8; assistant clerk in Foreign Office, March 1910; senior clerk, November 1913; assistant secretary in Foreign Office, April 1919; assistant under­ secretary of state, February 1924; deputy under-secretary of state, May 1925; retired, October I934; died, February 1954·

X Appendix B Japanese Statesmen, Politicians, Bureaucrats, Diplomats and Adventurers

ABE MINTARO. Head of political division of Gaimusho (Japanese Foreign Ministry); assassinated by fanatical young nationalist, September 1913. AOKI N OBIZUMI. Military attache in legation at Peking, 1911; commander of troops in Port Arthur, 1913; headed mission to central and southern China in 1916 to assess extent of German intrigues in China but was chiefly con­ cerned in encouraging the rebellion against Yuan Shih-k'ai. CHINDA SuTEMI, b. 1856. Ambassador at Washington, 1911-16 and at London, 1916-20; afterwards adviser to the crown prince, the future Showa emperor. Capable diplomat. HARA T AKASHI (KEI), b. 1854. Minister of home affairs under Saionji, August 1911 to December 1912; leader of the Seiyukai party; prime minister, September 1918 to November 1921; the first commoner to be prime minister; assassinated by a young nationalist while still prime minister. Determined leader and a tough personality. HAYASHI GoNSUKE, b. x86o. Minister at Peking and ambassador at Rome before returning to the legation at Peking, 1916-18; ambassador at London, 192o-6. HAYASHI T ADAsu, b. 1850. Minister at London, 19oo-5 and then ambassador, 1905-6; minister of foreign affairs under Saionji, 1906-8 and minister of communications, August 1911 to December 1912, having been acting minister of foreign affairs, September to October 1911. Died, 1913. HIOKI EKI. Minister at Peking, 1914-16. HONDA KuMA TARO. Counsellor of the embassy at London, 1914-16. IJUIN HIKOKICHI. Minister at Peking from 1909 to August 1913. INOUYE KAoRu, b. 1835. Member of genro (elder statesmen) and former prime minister; died, August 1915. INOUYE KATSUNOSUKE, b. x86o. Adopted son of Inouye Kaoru; ambassador at Berlin before becoming ambassador at London, March 1913 to 1916. INUKAI TsuYOSHI (K1), b. 1855. Leader of Kokuminto (Nationalist party); a friend of Sun Yat-sen and young Chinese revolutionaries; a JI8 AppendixB JI9 vehement critic of the Anglo-Japanese alliance; became more conservative in the I920S when he joined the Seiyukai; prime minister, I931-2 when he headed the last party government of pre-war Japan; he was assassinated in the mutiny of young naval officers, May I9J2. ISHII KIKUJIRO. Vice-minister of foreign affairs in I911; ambassador at Paris, I911-I5; foreign minister, October I9I5 to October I9I6; headed the special mission to the United States in I9I7 where he negotiated the Lansing­ Ishii agreement with the American secretary of state. Distinguished diplomat. ISHIMOTO SHINROKU. Minister of war under Saionji, I911-I2. KA TO T AKAAKI (KoMEI), b. I86o. Private secretary to Okuma in the I88os; minister at London, I898-I9oo; minister of foreign affairs, I9DO-I and I 90 s-6; ambassador at London, I 906 to January I 9 I 3; minister offoreign affairs under Katsura, February I9IJ; minister of foreign affairs under Okuma, April I9I4 until he resigned in August I9I5; subsequently leader of the Kenseikai party and prime minister, I924-6; he died in office. An Anglophile, outspoken, tenacious, related by marriage to the Mitsubishi interests; an advocate of progressive policies internally. KA TSURA TARO, b. I847· A member of the Choshu generals who dom­ inated the modem Japanese army until the I92os; prime minister, I90I-6; July I9o8-August 1911 and December 1912 to February 19IJ. Originally a protege of Yamagata but became more independent in his last years; warm supporter of the Anglo-Japanese alliance and was prime minister when each of the alliances was made; founded the Doskikai party in 1912; died, October 1913. KAWASHIMA NANIWA. Adventurer and intriguer; worked to separate Manchuria from China as a puppet Manchu state in 1911-12 during the Chinese revolution. KOIKE CHozo. Counsellor at embassy in London I912-13; head of political division of Gaimusko in 19I4-1 5; played an important part apparently in the formulation of the 'Twenty-one demands' in 19I5. KOMURA JuTARo, b. 1855. Minister of foreign affairs under Katsura, 1901-5 and 1908-11; was foreign minister when each of the alliances with Britain was signed; died, October 1911. MAKINO N OBUAKI, b. 1861. Minister offoreign affairs under Yamamoto, February 1913 to April 19I4; later lord privy seal and an opponent of extremism in the 1930s. MATS UKA T A MAsAYOSHI, b. 1835. Member of genro; former prime minister and minister of finance; died, 1924. MIYAZAKI ToRAZO. A member of various Pan-Asian societies, notably the Kokuryukai and a supporter of Sun Yat-sen; an opponent of the Anglo­ Japanese alliance. J20 Great Britain and japan 19II-15 MOTONO ICHIRO, b. 1862. Ambassador at St Petersburg 19o6-16; minister for foreign affairs under Terauchi, October 1916 to March 1918; inclined to act independently both as ambassador and foreign minister; had lived and worked in Europe for many years which coloured his attitude to matters. NISHIHARA KAMEZO. Principal agent of Terauchi in negotiating the loans to the Anfu clique of Chinese warlords in 1916-18. ODAGIRI MANOSUKE. Former diplomat and Peking agent of the Yokohama Specie Bank; subsequently the bank's manager in London. OKA lcHINOSUKE. Minister of war in the Okuma government, April 1914 to October 1916; advocated the use of force to coerce the Chinese in the crisis over the twenty-one demands in 1915. OKUMA SHIGENOBU, b. 1838. Venerable statesman but was an independ­ ent not a genro; prime minister, 1898 and April 1914 to October 1916; acting foreign minister, August to October 1915. Loquacious and often irresponsible and misleading in his public statements in his second govern­ ment; died, 1922. 0 URA KANET AKE, b. 18;o. Minister of home affairs under Okuma, April 1914 until he resigned in August 1915, following the scandal arising from his manipulation of the election of March 1915. OYAMA lwAo, b. 1842. A leading general and commander in chief during the Russo-Japanese war; a member of the genro but of no political importance. OZAKI YuKIO, b. 1859. A leading liberal and advocate of constitutional government; at one time a supporter of lnukai but deserted him to become minister of justice in the Okuma government, April 1914 until he resigned in August 1915. SAIONJI KIMMOCHI, b. 1849. Of royal blood and entered politics from a sense of duty; succeeded Ito Hirobumi as leader of the Seiyukai party; prime minister, 1906-8 and August 1911 to December 1912; afterwards became the last of the genro; phlegmatic and tolerant; an opponent of extremism in the 1930s when he was adviser to the emperor; several unsuc­ cessful attempts were then made to assassinate him; died in 1940. SHIDEHARA KIJURO. Minister at The Hague in 1914; principal diplo­ matic representative at the Washington Conference, 1921-2; afterwards minister of foreign affairs noted for his conciliatory policy towards China; leader of the post-war Progressive party and prime minister, 1945-6. TERAUCHI MAsATAKE, b. 18;o. A leading member of the Choshu clique in the army and protege of Yamagata; governor-general of Korea, AppendixB 321 191o-J6; prime minister, October 19I6 to September I9I8; a typical old­ fashioned military bureaucrat; in ill health for much of the time as prime minister; died, I 9 I 9· TOYAMA MITSURU. Principal figure in the extreme nationalist societies, notably the Kokuryukai; supported Sun Yat-sen for ulterior reasons; opponent of Anglo-Japanese alliance. UCHIDA RYOHEI. Dominated the Kokuryukai and constantly urged adventurous, expansionist policies; a bitter opponent of Anglo-Japanese alliance; a sinister figure and symbol of things to come. UCHIDA YASUYA, b. 1865. Ambassador at Washington when appointed foreign minister by Saionji; foreign minister from October I 9 I I to December I9I2; weak and vacillating. YAMAGATA ARITOMo, b. I838. Most influential member of the genro; distinguished statesman, one of the small group of men who created modem Japan after the Meiji restoration; former prime minister, minister of war and minister of home affairs; founder of the modem Japanese army; a military bureaucrat favouring cautious policies of expansion and consolidation; supported Anglo-Japanese alliance as fundamental to his country's foreign policy although he did not believe, as did Kato Takaaki, that it should be pursued regardless of close relations with other powers; disliked the trend towards constitutional government; his influence in politics and the army, although considerable, was clearly waning from about I9IO onwards; died, I922. YAMAMOTO GoMBEI, b. I8p. One of the leading members of the Satsuma group that dominated the navy down to the I92os; prime minister, February I9I3 to April I914; again prime minister in I922; warm supporter of the Anglo-Japanese alliance; a typical old style conservative bureaucrat. Y AMAZA ENJIRO. Counsellor of embassy at London, I9I I-12; former head of the political division of the Gaimusho; minister at Peking from August I9I3 until his death in I9I4· Appendix C Japanese Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers, I 908-18

Prime Minister Foreign Minister Dates in Office Katsura Taro Komura Jutaro 14 July 1908- 30 August 19II Saionji Kimmochi Uchida Yasuya 30 August 1911- 21 December 1912 Katsura Taro Kato Takaaki 21 December 1912- 20 February 1913 Yamamoto Gombei Makino N obuaki 20 February 1913- 16 April 1914 Okuma Shigenobu Kato Takaaki 16 April 1914- (to August 1915) 9 October 1916 Ishii Kikujiro

Terauchi Masatake Motono lchiro 9 October 1916- (to March 1918) 29 September 1918 Goto Shimpei

322 Bibliography

THE bibliography is divided according to the nature of sources used. Where sources are of special significance, critical comment is attached.

A. Official Papers

I. PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON

(a) Foreign Office Records The principal F.O. source is the political correspondence for Japan and China for the years 1911 to 1915. Individual volumes vary in importance, but, as a whole, all are significant. Each volume begins with the index number F.O. 371/.

JAPAN CHINA 1911 F.O. 371/1136-4) F.O. 371j1o8~9 1912 1385--91 131o-49 1913 1663--9 159o-1629 1914 2010-21 1924-50 1915 2381--91 2298-2342

Also consulted was the political correspondence for the United States and Russia but this was oflittle assistance, since relevant information was usually placed in the above files for Japan and China.

u.s.A. RUSSIA 1911 F.O. 371/1264--'75 F.O. 371/1213-18 1912 1539-50 1465--'71 1913 184?-<50 1743--'7 1914 1214-A and 20~ 2145)-56 1915 2493-2)01 2446-57

The volumes ofF.O. Confidential Print are a valuable guide to the most significant documents but these are printed without minutes. The volumes dealing with Japan begin with the index number F.O. 410 and those dealing with China with the index number F.O. 405. 32 3 J24 Great Britain and japan 1911-15

JAPAN CHINA 19II F.O. 410/58-9 F.O. 4o5/2o4-7 1~12 6o-1 208-10 1913 62 211-13 1914 63 214-17 1915 64 ;z.r8-19 1916 65 22o-1 1917 66 222-3 1918 67 224-5 1919 68 226--'7 1920 70 228-<) 1921 71 23o-5 1922 72-3 236--

(c) Colonial Office Records Of some assistance for underlining the apprehension concerning Japan in the Dominions and colonies and for occasional minutes reflecting C.O. suspicion of Japan. Each volume begins with the index letters C.O. followed by the number denoting the country or area concerned.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA AUSTRALIA 19II c.o. 551/9-24 c.o. 4I8/88-98 I9I2 2)-36 99--109 19I3 37-52 I 1o-2I I9I4 5J-68 I22-3I I9I5 69--82 IJ2-43

CANADA HONG KONG I9II c.o. 42/946-57 c.o. 129/375-87 I912 9)8--67 388--)18 19I3 968-'77 399-408 I914 978-86 409-19 19I5 987--92 42o-30

NEW ZEALAND WESTERN PACIFIC I9II c.o. 2CJ9/273-4 c.o. 225/9)-I02 I912 275--6 103-I3 I913 277--9 II4-23 I914 28o-2 124-37 1915 283--6 138-44

STRAITS SETTLEMENT I9II C.O. 2.73/369--80 1912 381--94 1913 39)-405 1914 406-39

(d) War Office and Admiralty Records These were very disappointing and of little assistance. Each War Office volume begins with the index letters W.O. and each Admiralty volume with the index letters Adm. W.O. J2/I8;o, 1854 and 1898 W.O. 105/27 and 48 W.O. ro6/43, 59 and 154 (Papers of the Directorate of Military Operations). Great Britain and japan I9I I-I 5 Adm. Ij82I4 to 8222 and 8254, 8284 and various files between 8309 and 8J6I. Adm. n6/I2JI, I27o (Anglo-Japanese Alliance and British Naval Policy for the Pacific, I9Io-I4).

II. ARMY DEPARTMENT LIBRARY, LONDON Virtually nothing of interest here.

III. NAVY DEPARTMENT LIBRARY, LONDON Little of interest.

IV. FOREIGN OFFICE LIBRARY, LONDON All relevant papers have now been moved to the Public Record Office.

V. INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY, LONDON Little of interest in the Political and Secret files or in the files of the Foreign Department of the government of India. Occasional references of interest in the papers of Curzon and Fleetwood Wilson.

B. Private Papers

Where possible the numbers of the volumes, folders or boxes are cited. It should be noted, however, that the Public Record Office are rearranging certain of the reference numbers of private papers so that the numbers given here should be checked before ordering.

ALSTON, Public Record Office, F.O. 8ooj244-8. Very interesting for the whole period. Do not consist simply of Alston's personal papers but include some papers belonging to Campbell and Langley, assembled under the heading, 'Private Papers of Sir Beilby F. Alston, Far Eastern Department, &c.' Contain the originals of most of Jordan's letters and a number ofletters of importance from Macdonald and Greene in Tokyo. A most valuable source. ASQUITH. Bodleian Library, Oxford. (By permission ofMr Mark Bonham-Carter.) Disappointing, containing little of interest. Confirm Asquith's lack of interest in foreign affairs. Bibliography J27 BALFOUR. British Museum and Public Record Office, F.O. 8oo/20J. Very little of interest. BERTIE. Public Record Office, F.O. 8oojr62. Include some letters of interest, particularly after the start of the war in 1914. Also some letters of interest on the loan consortium. BONAR LAW. Beaverbrook Library. (By permission of the Librarian.) Nothing of interest. BRYCE. Bodleian Library, Oxford, and Public Record Office, F.O. 8oo/JJI-5· In the main disappointing but there are some letters of significance, emphasising American fears of Japan and Bryce's views thereon. John BURNS. British Museum. Nothing of interest apart from an occasional entry in his diary. Austen CHAMBERLAIN. Birmingham University Library. (By permission of the Librarian.) Nothing of significance until 1915, when Chamberlain entered the cabinet. There are papers of interest in 1915-16, some of retrospective value. CURZON. India Office Library, MSS. Eur. F. 111. Some of Curzon's papers down to 1910 but with only the occasional item of interest. FLEETWOOD WILSON. India Office Library, MSS. Eur. E. 224. A few letters of interest illustrating the contemporary attitude to Japan in the Indian administration. GREY. Public Record Office, F.O. 8oo/J5-IJ4. A valuable source. A vast collection; not a great deal on the Far East but what there is is very significant. In addition to the volumes covering particular countries or regions, note the volumes of Grey's personal cor­ respondence arranged alphabetically according to the correspondent. HARCOURT. Viscount Harcourt, Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire. (By permission of the Viscount Harcourt.) Especially useful for 1914-15 with regard to the impact on the Dominions of Japanese entry into the war. Include interesting letters from Munro Ferguson and Churchill.

JORDAN. Public Record Office, F.O. 350/1, 2, 8, 11, 12-16. Very valuable with copies of most of Jordan's letters to the Foreign Office. Jordan wrote clearly, frankly and usually fairly giving a fascinating picture of developments in Peking. Of considerable importance for appraising British policy in the Far East between 1906 and 1919. 328 Great Britain and japan 1911-15 LANGLEY, Public Record Office, F.O. 8ooj29, 31. Valuable so far as they go but they only contain part of Langley's papers -others are to be found in the ALSTON papers (see above). LLOYD GEORGE. Beaverbrook Library. (By permission of the Librarian.) Little of interest. LOTHIAN. Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh, Boxes 140, 185, 210. (By permission of the Marquess of Lothian.) Include some papers of interest showing Philip Kerr's great concern with Japan as part of British imperial relations and the impact on his thinking as editor of the Round Table. MILNER. Bodleian Library, Oxford, especially Box 120. (On loan from New College, Oxford.) Some papers of interest dating from Milner's entry into the Lloyd George government in December 1916. These throw light on the evolution of British policy and include Milner's implied criticisms of British policy towards Japan in August 1914. MORLEY. India Office Library, London, MSS. Eur. D. 573· Covering the period Morley was secretary of state for India, 1905-n. Nothing of interest. NICOLSON (Carnock). Public Record Office, F.O. Soo/343-81. Contain some letters of interest, especially for the years I9II and 1914-15, the latter showing Nicolson's growing suspicion of Japanese motives. On the whole the papers confirm Nicolson's relative lack of interest in the Far East and his great concern with Europe, particularly Russia. RUMBOLD. Sir Anthony Rumbold, Hatch House, Tisbury, Wiltshire. (By permission of Sir Anthony Rumbold.) Valuable for the year 19II, as Rumbold's diary reveals why the British embassy at Tokyo advised against extending the Anglo-Japanese alliance. There is some material of interest, in letters and in Rumbold's diary, for the years 1912-13 when Rumbold was still in Tokyo and the occasional item of significance for the years 1914-I5. SANDERSON. Public Record Office, F.O. 8ooj1-2. Nothing of interest. Sanderson retired in 19o6 but one volume of his papers does extend until his death in 1922. SPRING-RICE. Public Record Office, F.O. 8oojz3, 241-2. Some letters of interest, particularly in the correspondence with Grey but certain of these have been used in Stephen Gwynn's biography of Spring­ ice. Bibliography J29

C. Newspapers and Contemporary Journals

The Times Times ofIndia. India Office Library, London. North China Herald. Far Eastern Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford. Contemporary Review The Economist Edinburgh Review Fortnightly Review Journal of the Royal United Services Institution The Nation National Review Nineteenth Century and After Quarterly Review Round Table Spectator

D. Printed Sources

The place of publication is London unless otherwise stated. British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898-1914, 11 vols (1926-38) ed. G. P. Gooch and H. W. V. Temperley. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1918-1939, first series, vol. VI (1956) ed. E. L. Woodward and Rohan Butler and vol. XIV (1966) ed. Rohan Butler and J. P. T. Bury. Documents diplomatiques fran;ais, 18J1-19Z4, Je serie, 1911-14 (Paris, 1929-62). Die grosse Politik der europiiischen Kabinette, 1871-1914, J. Lepsius, A. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and F. Thimme (Berlin, 1922-7). Foreign Relations ofthe United States, 191o-1S, 5 vols (Washington, 1918- 1924); also The World War: 1914 Supplement (Washington, 1928). The Lansing Papers 1914-1920, 2 vols (Washington, 1939-40). Parliamentary Debates, Commons and Lords, 1909-15 (fifth series).

Asquith, H. H., Genesis of the War (1923). Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, 12 vols (Sydney, 1927-36), IX The Royal Australian Navy, by Arthur W. Jose; x The Australians at Rabaul, by S. S. Mackenzie; XI Australia During the War, by Ernest Scott. 330 Great Britain and japan 1911-15 Backhouse, E., and Bland, J. 0. P., China under the Empress Dowager (1910). --Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking (1914). Bacon, R. H., The Life ofLord Fisher of Kilverstone, 2 vols (1929). Bailey, T. A., 'California, Japan and the Alien Land Legislation of 1913', in PHR I (1932) 36-59. --'The Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine', in Political Science Quarterley, LVIII (1933) 22o-39· Beers, Burton F., 'Robert Lansing's Proposed Bargain with Japan', in PHR XXVI (1957) 391-400. Bland, J. 0. P. Recent Events and Present Policies in China (1912). Comprises articles contributed to various journals of the day. Valuable but must be used with care: Bland had an axe to grind and this emerges at different points, especially in his comments on the British Foreign Office. Borden, H. (ed.), Robert Laird Borden: His Memoirs, 2 vols (1938). Borton, Hugh, Japan's Modern Century (New York, 1955). Brebner, J. B., 'Canada, the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Washington Conference', in Political Science Quarterly, L (1935) 45-58. Brown, Delmer M., Nationalism in Japan (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 195 5). Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia and other Diplomatic Memories, 2 vols (1923). Butler, J. R. M., Lord Lothian, z88.2-1940 (196o). Cameron, Meribeth E., 'American Recognition Policy towards the Republic of China, 1912-13', in PHR n (1933) 214-30. Chamberlain, Sir Austen, Politics from Inside (1936). Ch'en, Jerome, Yuan Shih-k'ai, z85f)-Z9Z6 (1961). Valuable biography. Chivers, T. A., 'The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-19II, with particular reference to British Naval and Military Opinion', unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Wales (1961). Churchill, Randolph S., Winston S. Churchill: The Young Statesman, 1901-1914 (1967)· ChUrchill, Winston S., The World Crisis, I (1923). Clinard, Outten Jones, Japan's Influence on American Naval Power, 1897- 1917 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1947). More useful than its misleading title suggests. Coletta, Paolo E.,' "The Most Thankless Task": Bryan and the California Alien Land Legislation', in PHR xxxv1 (1967) 163-88. Conroy, Hilary, The Japanese Seizure of Korea, 1868-1910 (Philadelphia, 1960). Important, stimulating study. Croly, Herbert, Willard Straight (New York, 1924). Valuable biography with skilful use of Straight's papers. Crowley, J. B., Japan's Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 193o-1938 (Princeton, 1966). Bibliography 331 Curry, R. W., Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy, 1913-1921 (New York, 1957). Dawson, R. Macgregor, William Lyon Mackerl:{_ie King: a Political Biography, I (1958). Dewey, A. Gordon, The Dominions and Diplomacy: the Canadian Contribu­ tion, 2 vols (1929). Dignan, D. K., 'Australia and British Relations with Japan, 1914-1921', in Australian Outlook, XXI (1967) 135-50. Dull, PaulS., 'Count Kato Komei and the Twenty-one Demands', in PHR XIX (1950) 151-61. Edwards, E. W., 'The Far Eastern agreements of 1907', in JMHxxvi (1954) 34°-55· --'Great Britain and the Manchurian Railway Question, 1909-1910', in EHR LXXXI (1966) 74o-69. Esthus, R. A., 'The Changing concept of the open door, 1899-1910', in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XLVI (1959) 435-54· Fairbank, J. K., and Teng, S. Y ., China's Response to the West: a Documentary Survey, 18,39-1923 (Cambridge, Mass., 1961). Fairbank, J. K. (ed.), Chinese Thought and Institutions (Chicago, 1957). Feis, Herbert, Europe: The World's Banker, 1870-1914 (New Haven, 1930). Feuerwerker, Albert T., China's Early Industrialisation: Sheng Hsuan-kuai (1864-1916) and Modem Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1958). Fischer, Fritz, Germany's Aims in the First World War (1967). Fitzhardinge, L. F., William Morris Hughes: a Political Biography, I (Sydney, 1964). Friters, Gerard M., Outer Mongolia and Its International Positron (1951). Fry, M.G., 'The North Atlantic Triangle and the Abrogation of the Anglo- Japanese Alliance', in JMH XXXIX (1967) 46-64. Gerard, Auguste, Ma Mission au Japan, 1907-1914 (Paris, 1919). --Memoires d'Auguste Gerard (Paris, 1928). Gollan, Robin, Radical and Working Class Politics: a study of Eastern Australia, 18So-1910 (Melbourne, 1960). Gollin, A.M., The Ohserver and J. L. Garvin, 1908-1914 (1960). --Proconsul in Politics: a study of Lord Milner in Opposition and in Power (1964). Gordon, Donald C., The Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defense, 187o- 1914 (Baltimore, 1965). --'The Admiralty and Dominion Navies, 1902-1914', in JMH xxxm (1961) 407-22. Greenwood, Gordon (ed.), Australia: a Social and Political History (Sydney, 1959)· Grey, Viscount ofFallodon (Sir Edward Grey), Speeches on Foreign Affairs, 1904-1914, selected with an introduction by Paul Knaplund (1931). 332 Great Britain and japan 1911-15 Grey, Viscount of Fallodon (Sir Edward Grey), Twenty-Five Years: 1892-1916, 2 vols (1925). Disappointing on the Far East with only the occasional remark of interest. Grimshaw, Charles, 'Australian nationalism and the Imperial connection, 1900-1914', in Australian Journal of Politics and History, III (1957) 161-82. Griswold, A. Whitney, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (Yale, 1962). Gull, E. M., British Economic Interests in the Far East (1943). Gwynn, Stephen (ed.), The Letters and Friendships ofSir Cecil Spring Rice, 2 vols (1929). Hall, H. D., The British Commonwealth ofNations (1920). Hancock, I. R., 'The 19II Imperial Conference', in Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand, XII (1966) 356--72. Hancock, W. K., Smuts: the Sanguine Years, 187o-1919 (Cambridge, 1962). History of the Great War: Naval Operations, 1 to the Battle of the Falklands, December, 1914 (1920), by Sir Julian Corbett. Hsu, M. C., Railway Problems in China (New York, 1915). Hsueh, Chun-tu, Huang Hsing and the Chinese Revolution (Stanford, 1961). Iddittie, Junesay, The Life ofMarquis Shigenobu Okuma (Tokyo, 1956). Ikei, Masaru, 'Japan's response to the Chinese revolution of 19rr', in JAS xxv (1966) 213-27. Important article based on Japanese sources. Ikle, Frank W., 'Japanese-German peace negotiations during World War I', in AHR LXXI (1965) 62--'76. Ishii, Viscount Kikujiro, Diplomatic Commentaries, translated and edited by William R. Langdon (Baltimore, 1936). Interesting but sometimes misleading memoirs. Jansen, Marins B., The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen (Cambridge, Mass., 1954). A most valuable work, probably the most important single work available for illuminating Japanese attitudes towards China in the early twentieth century. Also valuable for discussing the enigmatic Sun Yat-sen. Essential for understanding the failures of Japanese policies between 19II and 1915. --(ed.), Changing Japanese Attitudes to Modernisation (Princeton, 1965). Note the contributions by Jansen and Roger F. Hackett, the latter on Yamagata. --'Yawata, Hanyehping and the Twenty-one Demands', in PHR XXIII (1954) 31-49. Jebb, Richard, The Britannic Question (1913). Johnson, Franklyn Arthur, Defence by Committee: the British Committee of Imperial Defence, z885-zg5g (1960). Kajima, Morinosuke, The Emergence ofJapan as a World Power, z8g5-zg25 (Rutland, Vt, 1968). Bibliography 333 Kendle, John, 'The Round Table Movement: Lionel Curtis and the formation of the New Zealand Groups in 1910', in The New Zealand Journal or History, I (1967) 33-50. Korff, Baron Sergei A., Russia's Foreign Relations During tke Last Half Century (1922). La Fargue, Thomas E., China and tke World War (Stanford, 1937). An important work, giving a cogent survey of the subject. Lamb, Alastair, The McMahon Line, 2 vols (1966). A lucid narrative of the frontier policy of the government oflndia from 1904 to 1914, including some references to Japanese interest in India and Tibet. Lensen, George Alexander ( ed. ), Revelations of a Russian Diplomat: The Memoirs ofDmitrii I. Abrikossow (Seattle, 1964). Li, T'ien-yi, Woodrow Wilson's China Policy, 191~1917 (New York, 1952). A useful work. Liang, Chin-tung, The Chinese Revolution of1911 (New York, 1962). Short account of a complex subject. Link, ArthurS., Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 191o-1917 (New York, 1954). -- Wilson: the Diplomatist (Baltimore, 1957). -- Wilson: The New Freedom (Princeton, 1956) and Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914-1915 (Princeton, 1960). The latter volume is especially useful for underlining American apprehension of Japan in 1914-15 and for illuminating Japanese attitudes, too, as Professor Link was assisted by the researches of Professor Roger F. Hackett on Yamagata. Livermore, S. W., 'American Naval Base Policy in the Far East, 185o-1914', in PHR XIII (1944) 113-35. Louis, Wm. Roger, Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies, 1914- 1919 (Oxford, 1967). Includes some interesting information on the disposal of the German Pacific Islands. -- 'Australia and the German Colonies in the Pacific, 1914-1919', in JMH (1966) 407-21. Mackenzie, Norman (ed.), The Legal Status of Aliens in Pacific Countries (1937)· Marder, Arthur J., From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: I The Road to War, 1904-1914 (1961), II To the Eve of Jutland, 1914-1916 (1965)· --(ed.), Fear God and Dread Nought; the Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher ofKilverstone, 3 vols (1956). Masland, K. W., 'Missionary Influence Upon American Far Eastern Policy', in PHR x (1941) 279-96. May, Ernest R., 'American Policy and Japan's Entrance Into World War I', in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XL (1953) 279~0. y 334 Great Britain and japan I?II-I) Maxon, Yale Candee, Control of Japanese Foreign Policy: a Study of Civil­ Military Rivalry, 193D-194S (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1957). Includes a valuable introductory section on the period before 1930. Morley, James William, The Japanese Thrust into Siberia, 1918 (New York, 1957). A valuable work based on thorough knowledge of the Japanese archives. Sheds light on Japanese policy from the outbreak of the world war onwards. Nish, Ian H., The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: the Diplomacy of Two Island Empires, 1894-1907 (1966). A most valuable work for understanding the course of the alliance before 1911, based on British and Japanese archives. --'Dr. G. E. Morrison and Japan', in JOSA, II (1963) 42-7. --'Australia and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1901-19II', in Australian Journal ofPolitics and History, IX (1963) 201-12.. --'Japan and the ending of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance', pp. 369-84, in Studies in International History: Essays presented to W. N. Medlicott (1967), ed. K. Bourne and D. C. Watt. Norman, E. H., 'The Genyosha: a Study in the Origins of Japanese Imperial­ ism', in Pacific Affairs, XVII (1944) 261-84. Pearl, Cyril, Morrison ofPeking (1967). Contains some valuable information based on Morrison's voluminous private papers. Perham, Margery, Lugard: The Years ofAuthority, 1898-194S (1960). Perry-Ayscough, H. G. C., and Otter-Barry, R. B., With the Russians in Mongolia (1914), with a preface by the Rt. Hon. Sir Claude Macdonald. Pierce, Richard A. (ed.), Mission to Turkestan, Being the Memoirs of Count K. K. Pahlen, 1908-1909 (1964). Pollard, Robert T., 'Dynamics of Japanese Imperialism', in P HR VIII ( r 939) s-35· Pooley, A. M., Japan at the Crossroads (1917). --Japan's Foreign Policies (1920). Interesting, hut perhaps not wholly reliable. -- (ed.), The Secret Memoirs ofCount Tadasu Hayashi, G.C.V.O. (1915). Must be used with care as the translation, for which Pooley was not apparendy responsible, is not always accurate. However, it appears basically genuine. Pound, Reginald, and Harmsworth, Geoffrey, Northcliffe (1959). Pratt, Sir John T., War and Politics in China ( 1943). Suffers from the author's vehement dislike of Japan and the belief that the Japanese alliance was a 'landmark of disaster'. Price, E. B., The Russo-Japanese Treaties of190:7-1916 Concerning Manchuria and Mongolia (1933). Pringle, Henry F., The Lifo and Times ofWzlliam Howard Taft, 2. vols (New York, 1939). Bibliography 33) Reid, John G., The Manchu Abdication and the Powers (Berkeley, 1935). Sound, detailed study. Reinsch, PaulS., An American Diplomat in China (1922). Rosen, Baron R. R., Forty Years ofDiplomacy, 2 vols (1922). Sage, W. N., 'The Historical Peculiarities of Canada with regard to Hemis­ phere Defence', in PHR x (1941) 15-27. Sazonov, Serge, Fateful Years, 1909-1916 (1928). Scalapino, Robert A., Democracy and the Party Movement in Pre-War Japan (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1953). Sharman, Lyon, Sun Yat-sen: His Life and Its Meaning (New York, 1934). Skelton, Oscar Douglas, Life and Letters ofSir Wilfrid Laurier, 2 vols ( 1922). Spinks, Charles N., 'Japan's Entrance into the World War', in PHR v (1936) 297-311. Storry, Richard, 'Rumours of a Japanese-German Understanding on the Eve of the Armistice of 1918', in St Antony's Papers, xx (1967), Far Eastern Affairs, (4)23-36. Takeuchi, Taksuji, War and Diplomacy in the Japanese Empire (1936). Tamura, Kosaka, Genesis of the Pacific War (Tokyo, 1944). Tang, Peter S. H., Russian and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931 (Durham, N. C., 1959). Tate, M., and Foy, F., 'More Light on the Abrogation of the Anglo- Japanese Alliance', in Political Science Quarterly, LXXIV (1959) 532-54. Taylor, A. J. P., The Troublemakers: Dissent over Foreign Policy (1957). History of The Times, III (1884-1912) and IV, part I (1912-20) (1947-8). Ullman, Richard H., Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-192Z, I Intervention and the War (Princeton, 1961). Interesting for light thrown on the earlier stages of the war. Varg, P. A., 'The myth of the China market, 189o-1914', in AHR LXXXIII (1967-8) 742-58. Vinson, J. C., 'The Imperial Conference of 1921 and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance', in PHR xxxu (1962) 257-66. Weale, B. L. Putnam, The Fight for the Republic of China (1918). White, John Albert, The Diplomacy of the Russo-Japanese War (Princeton, 1964). Important work. Willard, Myra, History of the White Australia Policy (Melbourne, 1923). Wilson, F. M. Huntington, Memoirs of an ex-Diplomat (Boston, 1945). Woodsworth, Charles J., Canada and the Orient (Toronto, 1941). Wu, Yu-chang, The Revolution of 191 z (Peking, 1964). Memoirs of an old revolutionary. Yanaga, Chitoshi, Japan Since Perry (New York, 1949). Yarwood, A. T., 'The "White Australia" Policy: some administrative problems, 1901-1920', in Australian Journal ofPolitics and History, VII (1961) 245-60.

Y2 Great Britain and japan 1911-1;

Yim, Kwanha, 'Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Japanese', inJAS XXIV (1965) 63-'73· Important article. Young, A. Morgan, Japan Under Taisho Tenno, 1912-Z926(I928). Young, C. Walter, The International Relations ofManchuria (Chicago, I 929 ). Zabriskie, Edward H., American-Russian Rivalry in the Far East: a study in diplomacy and power politics, z89S-Z9Z4 (1946). Index

Abe Mintaro, 109, 318 Benckendorff, Count A., 66, 82, 83, Acland, Francis D., 97 I24, 23I Addis, Sir Charles, 122, 123, I25, IJO, Bertie, Sir Francis, 254, 3I3 IJI, IJ4, 140, I4I, I44, 145, 169 Bhutan, 46, 93 Adkins, Sir Ryland, 244 n. I Bland, J. 0. P., I44 Allen, Colonel James, 285 Bonar Law, see Law, Andrew Bonar Alston, Bilby F., 88, 101, 102, IOJ, Borden, Robert L., 279, 28o-I I04, I06-7, IIO-II, II4, IJ5, 139, Botha, General Louis, 272, 275, 287-8 J4I, I5J-4, 155-6, 181, I86n. J, I98, British and Chinese Corporation, 2o8, 229, 230, 232, 235, 236, 238-9, I49-50, I62, 163, I68 242-J, 255, 313 Bryan, William J., 95, I84, I94, 250 Anderson, Sir John, 27, 207 n. I Bryce, James, 34, 35, 38, JI3 Anglo-Japanese alliance, general, 9-I o; Buchanan, Sir George, 207, 208, 3I3 Introduction passim; renewal of Bull, Sir William, 244 (I9II), Ch. 1; text of (I911), 49-50; Butler, P. 0., u6 n. 3 texts of (I902, 1905), 54-7; effect Butterfield and Swire, I6I on of Chinese revolution, 63, 64, 7I-2, 86; Grey on value of (I9I2), Campbell, Sir Francis, 42, 43, 6I, 66, 86-7; effect on of Chinese rebellion 69, 77, 78 n. 2, 125, JI4 (I9I3), I 11-16; possible economic Canada, 267, 268, 276, 277, 278-82, alliance (19I3-14), I52-3, I6o-I, 294.297 I62; allies drifting apart (I9I4), Carnegie, Andrew, 34 174-6; outbreak of war and, Ch. vr; Cawley, Sir Frederick, 131 n. 4 twenty-one demands and, Ch. vn; Chamberlain, Austen, 292 n. 2 British Empire and, Ch. vm; Chang Hsun, General, Io8, no, I 12, assessment of, 298, 300-5; last years II3 and end of, 305-I2 Chartered Bank, IJI, 132, 135 Anglo-Japanese commercial treaty China Association, 20-I (1911), 20-1 China Merchants Company, 84, r6r, Aoki Nobizumi, General, 62, 99, 3I8 I7I Ariga Nagao, Dr, 240-1 Chinda Sutemi, Viscount, I 87 n. 2, 3 I 8 Asquith, Herbert H., 53, 177, 189 n. I, Chirol, Sir Valentine, r8, 64 2I4, 271, 272-3, 276 Ch'un, Prince, 58 Australia, I79, 184, I99-202, 2I5, 267, Churchill, Winston S., I78-9, 202-4, 268, 270, 276, 277, 282-7, 294. 295' 2IO-II, 2I4-I5, 283-6, 293 297 Cook, Joseph, 285 Cottu, Baron, 125 Balfour, Arthur J., 28, I87 n. 2, 2u, Cradock, Vice-Admiral Sir Christo­ 285, J06, Jll pher, 207, 2I4 Barclay, Colville, I84, 3I3 Craig, Norman, IJI n. 4, I43 n. r, Barings Bank, 135 144 n. 2 Barnardiston, Brigadier-General, I96, Crewe, xst Marquess of, 28-9, 88, 92, I97, I98 27I, 289-90 337 338 Index Crisp, C. Birch, I32, I33, I4I 205; views on Motono, 21 In. 3; Crowe, Edward T. F., 161, 314 opinion of Kato and demands, 220; Crowe, Sir Eyre, Io7, III-12, r55, receives demands from Kato, 229; 183-4, 314 visits Kato, 232, 235, 236, 247, Currency Reform Loan, I22, 139, I4o, criticism of by Alston, 237-8; I4I disappointment with Japan, 256, Curzon, rst Marquess, 294, 295, 296, 258 n; favours end of alliance (1921), 309, 3IO, 31 In. I, 312 309; career details, 314 Cutch, the Maharao of, 296 Greg, Robert H., 123, 314 Gregory, John D., 107, Io9, 1 u, 132, Dane, Sir Richard, 136 I33, 138n. I, 139, I41, 145, 154, Dawson, Sir Trevor, 68 156-7, 164, 166, 171, 302-3, 314-15 Duncan, Charles, 244 n. I Grey, 4th Earl, 22 Grey, Sir Edward (Viscount Grey of Fallodon), and Anglo-Japanese com­ Eastern Bank, I36 mercial treaty, 2I; view of alliance Eliot, Sir Charles, 310, 314 (19I r), 22-3; annexation of Korea, 34; closer Anglo-American rela­ Ferguson, Sir Ronald Munro, 199, tions, 34; begins talks with Kato, 204-5, 206 35-6; remarks at C.I.D., 37-8; Fisher, Andrew, 207n. I, 272, 275, 276 opposes Macdonald, 42; discussions Fisher, Admiral rst Baron, 26 with Kato, 35-6; rejects Japanese Fortnightly Review, 23 n. I draft, 45-6; on Manchu dynasty, 59; France, 61, 74, 90, 91, 97, 120, 124, reaction to Chinese revolution, 61, 126n.4, 128, I29, I35, I36, I4I, 148, 64, 65-7; reply to Sun Yat-sen, 68; 159, r6o, r65, 207, 208, 209, 211-12, warns Jordan to cooperate, 67-8; 305, 3II supports mediation, 70; on dangers of intervention, 75, 78, 81-2; Japan Garvin, J. L., 23 n. I and loans, 74, 82, 84; defends Gastrell, Major W. H., 21-2 alliance in parliament (1912), 86-7; Geddes, Sir Auckland, 310, 3I4 recognition of Chinese republic, Genyosha, 31, 63, 102 93-4, 95, 98-9; Chinese rebellion George, David Lloyd, 21, 21 r, 294, (1913), 103, IOj, I09-10, I 14, II7; 296-7, 310 defends loan consortium, 120; Japan Germany, 17-I8, 6I, 74, 90, 9I, 97, and loan consortium, I24-30; ex­ 120, 124, 127, 138, 190, 192, 193, pansion of British loan group, 131, 195, 196-7, 225, 250, 273, 305, 308 I 33-4, I 35; considers leaving loan Ginnell, Lawrence, I 3 1n. 4 consortium, I36; annoyance with Greene, Sir Conyngham, general, Ior; United States, I36-7; financial and and Chinese rebellion (I9I3), I02, industrial loans, 138; new currency 104, I07-8, 112-13; on position of loan, I38, 141; anxiety at Crisp Yamamoto government, 98, II2-13; loans, I41-2; vindicates loan con­ disagrees with Alston, 112-I3, u6; sortium, 142-3, 145-6; opposes opposes economic cooperation, 160, economic cooperation with Japan, I6o-r, 167, I7I, I75; on Japanese 147, I57, I59, I62-3, I68; hopes to entry into war, I87-8, 190, 192; keep Japan out of war, I8o-r; re­ Japan and Pacific islands, 202, 204, quests naval aid, 181-2; opposes Index 339 Japanese declaration, 184-5, 185-6; Hioki Eki, 193, 196, 224-5, 227n. 5, agrees Japan should act, 188-9; 241, 245, 254n.1, 318 lack of sagacity of (1914), 189; Honda Kumataro, 227, 235, 255, Japanese guarantee, 190; authorises 286n.2, 318 press statement, 191; assurances to Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Yuan, 193; warns Japan over China, Corporation, 64, 84, Ch. IV passim, 193, 196; on trend of war, 194-5, 169 199; tells Japan of Dominion ex­ Huang Hsing, 105 peditions, 199, 202; rejects Hughes, Charles Evans, 3II Churchill's views, 204; stops Aus­ Hughes, William Morris, 282-3, 294, tralian expedition, 205; reply to 295, 297 Kato on Pacific islands, 205-6; opposes agreement with Russia, ljuin Hikokichi, 62, 66, 70-1, 72, 75, 208-9; need for more Japanese aid, 77, 81, 98, 102, 1p.-3, 318 21o-n; and United States, 212-13; Imperial Conference (19n), 272-7; discussions with Kato (1913), 221-2; (1921), 294-7 first views of demands, 229, 230; lnchcape, 1st Baron, 289n.2 sees Benckendorff, 231; views on India, 28-9, 90 n. 1, 91, 93, 98, 148, full demands, 234-5; pursues efface­ 288-92, 296, 297, J06 ment policy, 239; danger of Sino­ Inouye Kaoru, Marquis, 85, 170, 223, Japanese war, 243; warnings to 225, 246, 318 Japan, 245, 246-7; attempts to Inouye Katsunosuke, 104, II4, 139, mediate, 247-9; sees American am­ 140, 154-5, 157, 163, 180, 185, bassador, 250; disappointment with 205, 219, 222, 229, 2J5, 242, 245, Kato, 256-7; assessment of attitude 246, 248, 254, 281, JI8 of, 257; alliance and Dominions, Inukai Tsuyoshi, 31, 52, 59, 83, 252, 271-2, 293; speech at Imperial 318-19 Conference, 45, 273-5, 276-277; sees Ishii Kikujiro, Baron, 29-30, 210, 254, Kato on immigration, 277-8, 279-80; 302, 319 Californian crisis (1913), 281 n. 5; Ishimoto Shinroku, General, 62, 318 Japanese and Tibet, 291; attitude to Japan, 300, 301-2; final assessment Japanese and Chinese Development of, 303-5; need for concessions Company, 169 (1916), J06, 308 Jardine, Matheson and Company, 161 Jerram, Vice-Admiral T. H., 102, 198 Hara Takashi, 63, 83, 86, 252, 318 Jordan, Sir John N., general, 25; Harcourt, Lewis, 27, 199-201, 202, 204, outbreak of Chinese revolution, 205, 2o6n.1, 206-7, 271, 272 59-61; attitude to revolution, 64-5, Harding, Warren G., 3II 66; instructed to see Ijuin, 67-8; Hardinge, 1st Baron, 23, 29, 28ll, sends message to Li Yuan-hung, 70; 303-4, 315 opposes Japanese proposals, 72; Hal"Vey, Gordon, 244 n. 1 urges loan to Yuan, 74; meeting Hayashi Gonsuke, Baron, 254-5, 306, with Yuan, 76; views of (December 318 19n), 76-7, 79; friendship with Hayashi Tadasu, Count, 19-20, 2on.1, Yuan, 79; dangers of civil war, 81 53, 54, 55, 318 82, 100; problem of unrest, 92-3 Hillier, E. G., 122, 134, 140, 141, 143 problems of loan consortium, 127, Index 129, I33, I36, I38-9, 140-I; attacks 23I-2; remarks to Greene, 232; Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, recognises British position, 235; 143-5; opposes cooperation with firmness with China, 236; more Japan, I49, Ip-3, I58-9, I6o, I62, pressure from factions, 240; anger I63-5, I68-9, I7I-2, I73-4; opposes at Ariga, 24I; modifies demands, Japanese entry to war, I83; sup­ 24I-2; threat of war with China, ports Japanese entry, I88; unhappy 242; tells Greene of ultimatum, 247; position of, I92-3; operations in dispute with genro, 246; requests Shantung, I94; first reaction to British help, 249; attacked by demands, 23o; rumours of further factions, 2p-4; resignation, 252; demands, 23I; visit from Morrison, assessment of, 252-4; views of 2 3I; sends full demands, 2 34; Japanese diplomats upon, 254-5; effects of war on British position, immigration question, 277-8, 279- 236-7; comparison of with Greene, 8o; policy (I9I4-I 5), 3oi; career 238; disagrees with Alston, 239; details, 3 I9 advises Yuan to submit, 247-8; Katsura Taro, Prince, 30, 36, 37, 48, consequences of demands, 255, 298; 7I, 78, 86, IOI n. 2, 22I, 3I9 Rumbold's opinion of, 299 n. 3; Kawashima Naniwa, 8I, 87, 3I9 hostility to Japan, 309; career Kerr, Philip (uth Marquess of details, 3 I5 Lothian), 269-7I, 285-6 Kilmarnock, Baron, I I 5 n. 4, 3 I5 Kato Takaaki, Baron, ambassador at King, W. L. Mackenzie, 278-9 London, Ch. I passim; view of Yuan Kitchener, Field Marshal I st Earl, (I911), 59; visits China (I9I3), IOI; 26-7, 28 loans to China, 124, I3o, I38; Knox, Philander C., 38, 84, 94 becomes foreign minister (I914), Koike Chozo, 96, I27, I6o-I, 223, 3I9 I7o; and railways in Yangtze, Kokuminto, p, 59, 94 I71-5; attitude on outbreak of war, Kokuryukai, 3I, 63, 87, I09, 224, 227, I8o; supports Japanese entry, I82, 240, 2p, 290 I83; views sent to Grey, I85; Komura Jutaro, Marquis, 36, 42-3, refuses Grey's request, I87; freedom 300, 3I9 to act, I89; guarantees to powers, Kurachi Tetsukichi, Viscount, 99 I89, I9o; refuses limitations, I9I, I94-5, I96; policy on Pacific Lampson, Miles W., I7, 23, p, 3I5 islands, I99, 20I, 204-6; opposes Langley, Sir Walter, 78, I03, 128, I3I, quadruple alliance, 208-Io; on Japan I35, I36, I38, I4I, Ip, I53, I58, and war, 2I0-12; feelings on co­ I6o, I6I n. 2, I62, I64, I69, I8I, operation with Britain (I9I4), 2I3- I86n. 2, 202, 208, 220, 234, 239, I4; origins of demands, 22I-4; 243, 256, 304, 3I5 discussions with Grey (I9I3), 22I; Lansdowne, 5th Marquess of, 39, 54, decides to settle with China, 222-3; 55, 88 pressures upon from factions, 223-4; Lansing, Robert, I84, 250 instructions to Hioki, 224-5, 228, Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, 268, 272, 275, 276, 258-9; sends demands to Grey, 229; 277, 282 explanations to Greene, 229-30; Law, Andrew Bonar, 88, 2I 5 n. motives in concealing fifth group, Li Yuan-hung, General, 59, 70, I06 230; interview with The Times, Lindley, Francis 0., 70, 74, 3I6 Index 341 Lloyd George, see George David Moriyama Keisaburo, Vice-Admiral, Lloyd 223 Lloyd, George, I75 n. 2 Morley, Ist Viscount, 28 Lloyds Bank, IJ2, I4I-2 Morris, Sir Edward, 275 Loans, Ch. IV; see also Currency Loan Morrison, Dr George Ernest, I8, 77, and Reorganisation Loan I32-3, I4I, 144, 229, 23I Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, I90-I Muller, W. G. Max, 126-7, JI6 Lugard, Sir Frederick, 27n. 3, 69 n. I, 77 Needham, Christopher, 244n. I Lung Yu, Empress, 58, 85 Nepal, 46, 93 Lynch, Arthur, 97, 244 Netherlands, I84, 186, 2I4 Netherlands East Indies, I84, 2I4 Macdonald, Sir Claude M., 23-4, 26, New Zealand, I79, I84, 268, 277, 38, 39-43, 64, 66, 73, 74, 75, 83, 94, 282-7, 294, 296, 297 IOI, I27, 3I6 Nicolson, Sir Arthur (Ist Baron 223, Machida Kei'u, Major-General, Carnock), 23, 42, 6I, 94 n. 3, I u, 227 I47, I )8-9, 16I-2, I94, 208, 229, Macneil, Swift, 5 I n. 3 243, 2)6, 27I, 3 I6 McBride, Sir Richard, 280 Nippon Yusen Kaisha, 84, I6I, 289 McKenna, Reginald, 276 Nishihara Kamezo, 306, po Nobuaki, Baron, 95, 96, 99, Makino North China Herald, 52 n. I I02, I04, I06, I09, II2-I3, II), I64, Northcliffe, Ist Viscount, 233 I67, I79, 3I9 Nugent, Roland T., I03, 3I6 Malan, Senator F. S., 276 Mallet, Sir Louis, 34, 3 I6 Manchuria, I8, 22-3, 37, 46, p, 62-3, Odagiri Manosuke, I49, I 50, po General, 226-7, 240, 6)-6, 8I, 82-3,89, 9I, II), I23, I24, Oka lchinosuke, 127, 139-40, 147, 148, 1)6-9, J20 I63-4, I66, 167, I68, I72, Ch. VII Okuma Shigenobu, Count, I62, I7o, passim, 301 I9I-2, 222, 224, 240, 2)2, 30)-6, Massey, William F., 267, 277, 285, 296 307, J20 Matsukata Masayoshi, Marquis, 78, Okura Company, 62, 84, 99, I69 28, 27I 223-4, 246, 302, 319 Ottley, Sir Charles, 246, May, Sir F. H., 27n.3, I83 Oura Kanetake, Viscount, 240, Mayers, S. F., I49-5 I 320 Meighen, Arthur, 295 Outhwaite, R. L., 244 Millen, Senator E. D., 284 Oyama Iwao, Field Marshal, 78, 320 Milner, ISt Viscount, I87, 268 Ozaki Yukio, 3I, 252, po Mitsubishi, 99, I69 Mitsui, 84, 99, II), I69 Parker, Sir Gilbert, I 3 In. 4 Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, 27, 156 Parr's Bank, I35 Miyazaki Torazo, 87, 99, 3I9 Paulings, I 69 Molteno, Percy, 244 Pearce, Senator George, 275, 276 Mongolia, 37, 90, 9I, 127-8, I47, Pearsons, I69 I)9n.3, I68, I77, 208,221,223, 22) Peking Daily News, )I 230, 236, 24I-2 Phillips, William, 84 Mori Kaku, II 5 Pratt, John T., I97-S Index Primrose, Neil, 244 Sung Chiao-jen, 95 P'u Yi, Emperor, 58 Sze, Alfred, 249

Rees, Sir John D., I75 n. 2 Taft, William H., 34, 35 Reid, Whitelaw, 94 T'ang Shao-yi, 70, 76, 79, So Reinsch, Paul S., I08 n. 2, 229 Terauchi Masatake, Field Marshal, 8 r, Reorganisation Loan, 127, I33> I35, I42, 252, 306, 307, po-r I40, I4I The Economist, 120, I37 n. 3, 144 n. 2, Revelstoke, 2nd Baron, I4I, I69 I45 Robertson, Major D. S., I72-3 The Times, IS, p, 64, 77, 97, I05, Rothschilds Bank, I35 I62, 175 n. 2, 227, 23I-2, 233, 244 Round Tahle, 267, 269-7I, 285-6 Tibet, 28, 90, 9I, 92, 93, 97, 98, I07, Rumbold, Sir Horace, 24, 40-2, 43 n. 2, I 14, 208, 290-2, 303, 306 p, I25, I79, 289 n. I, 299 n. 2, 3, Toothill, Robert, 244 n. I 304, 3I6-I7 Toyama Mitsuru, 99, 240, 321 Russia, I7, 30, 33, 52, 63, 66, 90, 9I, Tyrrell, Sir William, I8o n. 2, 230 n. I, 97, 122-3, I25, 128, I36, I39, I43, 309, 3I7 I48, I59, I77, 207-10, 2II-I2, 23I, 298, 305 Uchida Ryohei, 224, 227, 228 n., 240, 32I Saionji Kimmochi, Marquis, 62, 63, Uchida Yasuya, Viscount, 62, 63, 64, 83-4> 86, 30I, 320 67, 71, 73, 75, 79, 83, 92, I34, 32I Samuels, I4I United States, 30, 3 5, 47-8, p, 6I, Sazonov, Serge, 126, I 59 n. 3, I83, 207- 67, 74, 90, 92, 94, 95. I2I, I24, I29, 209, 22I n., 23I 178, I84, x86, 226, 249-50, 28I, 295, Schroder, J. H. & Co., 135 309, 310-12 Seiyukai, 94 Selbome, 2nd Earl, 2u, 2I5 Vrooman, F. B., 278 n. 3 Sheng Hsuan-huai, 59, 85 Shibuzawa Eiichi, Baron, 99, 169 Ward, Sir Joseph, 272, 275, 276, 277 Shidehara Kijuro, Baron, 3u, 320 Watt, H. A., I37 n. I Smuts, General J. C., 287-8, 294-5, Wellesley, Victor, 309, 3 u, 3 I7 295-6, 297 Wilhelm rr, Kaiser, I82-3, I97 Snowden, Philip, 244 Williams, E. T., 95, 250 South Africa, Union of, 268, 287-8, Wilson, Sir Guy Fleetwood, 29 294, 297 Wilson, Woodrow, 95, I36, I84 Spectator, 63 249-50, 28I n. 2 Spee, Admiral von, 198, 207, 216-I7 Winsloe, Vice-Admiral Sir Alfred, 64 Sperling, Rowland A. C., 3I7 Wu Ting-fang, 74, So Spicer, Gerald S., 3 5 n. 3, 3 I7 Stabb, N.J., 64-5, 122, I34, I43, I69 Yamagata Aritomo, Field Marshal Stanhope, 7th Earl, I7, I9 Prince, 30, 37, 59, 62, 7I, 78, 8I, Stewart, Gershom, I44 n. 2 87, IOO, II5, 148, 209, 224, 225,

Straight, Dorothy, 58 240-I, 246, 252 n. 37 300, 30I 7 307, Straight, Willard D., 58, So, 122-3 32I Sun Yat-sen, p, 68, So, 85, 99, IOI, Yamamoto Gornbei, Admiral, Ioo,

I027 I05 7 II5, I49, 228 109, II4-I5, I70, 30I, 321 Index 343 Yamaza Enjiro, 36n.6, 64, 66, 67, 71, with Jordan, 79; ends negotiations, 73, 78, 79, So, 102, 109, us, 8I; and China Merchants Company, I 53-4, I6S n. 2, 32I 84-5; becomes president, 8;; Peking Yangtze Valley, 84, 8S n. I, 103, no­ mutiny; 92; Tibetan policy, 93; n, III-I2, 14I, Ch. v, 226,229,232, assassination of Sung Chiao-jen, 95; 234-7, 240, 242, 2p, 2)6, 298, 302 recognition of foreign rights, 98; Yasuda, 99 and rebellion (I9I3), 104, 105, 113; Yate, Colonel C. E., 97 loan policy, I2I, I3o, 141; on Yokohama Specie Bank, 84, I49, ISO Britain and Yangtze, I67; alarm at Yuan K'e-ting, 67 European war, I92, 195; views of Yuan Shih-k'ai, views of Grey and Japanese towards, 224; receives Kato upon (I9II), S9; Grey urges demands, 228-9; sends Morrison to return to power of, 6I; returns to Jordan, 231; sends Ariga to Yama­ power, 6s; British faith in, 69; gata, 240; submits to ultimatum, deviousness of, 69-70, 77-8; ap­ 249; expresses satisfaction to Jordan, proached by Ijuin, 70, 7S; negotiates 2)1; monarchial movement and with republicans, 7;-6; friendship downfall of, 30;-6