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View/Open (1MB) Bonn University Press Josef Kreiner (Hg.) Der Russisch-Japanische Krieg (1904/05) V&R unipress Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. ISBN 3-89971-247-1 Veröffentlichungen der Bonn University Press erscheinen im Verlag V&R unipress GmbH. © 2005, V&R unipress in Göttingen / www.vr-unipress.de Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf der vorherigen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. Hinweis zu § 52a UrhG: Weder das Werk noch seine Teile dürfen ohne vorherige schriftliche Einwilligung des Verlages öffentlich zugänglich gemacht werden. Dies gilt auch bei einer entsprechenden Nutzung für Lehr- und Unterrichtszwecke. Printed in Germany. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Inhalt VORWORT.........................................................................................................7 IAN NISH The Russo-Japanese War: Planning, Performance and Peace-Making..........11 KLAUS HILDEBRAND »Eine neue Ära der Weltgeschichte« Der historische Ort des Russisch-Japanischen Krieges 1904/05....................27 JOSEF KREINER Der Ort des Russisch-Japanischen Krieges in der japanischen Geschichte......................................................................................................53 BENEDIKT STUCHTEY Land of Hope and Glory? Das Britische Empire im edwardianischen Zeitalter und der Russisch- Japanische Krieg 1904/05..............................................................................77 JAN KUSBER Siegeserwartungen und Schuldzuweisungen Die Autokratie und das Militär im Russisch-Japanischen Krieg 1904/05 .....99 DITTMAR DAHLMANN Die gescheiterte Revolution – Russland 1905 bis 1907...............................117 GÜNTHER DISTELRATH Die wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen für Japans militärische Rolle in Ostasien .......................................................................................................137 CHRISTIAN OBERLÄNDER Vom Krieg zur Entente Der Russisch-Japanische Krieg von 1904/05 als Japans Eintritt in das Konzert der Mächte .....................................................................................155 ZEITTAFEL....................................................................................................179 KARTEN........................................................................................................185 5 Vor wor t Japan ist das einzige außereuropäische Land, das einen Europa vergleich- baren Modernisierungsprozess durchgemacht hat, mit nur knapper Verzöge- rung und – so der heutige Forschungsstand – vor allem aus eigener Kraft. Die so genannte »Meiji-Restauration« von 1868 schuf den modernen japanischen Nationalstaat etwa zeitgleich mit der Gründung des Deutschen Reiches und der Entstehung des Königreiches Italien. In wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht hatte Japan zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ebenfalls zu den europäischen Mächten aufgeschlossen. So hatte es auf der Hand gelegen, dass die an der Universität Bonn seit jeher auf das Japan der Gegenwart ausgerichtete Japanologie nach der Gründung der Forschungsstelle Modernes Japan (nun Zentrum für Ge- genwartsbezogene Japanforschung) die Nähe zu dem im Zuge der Neustruk- turierung geschaffenen Zentrum für Historische Grundlagen der Gegenwart suchte und gemeinsame Forschungsprojekte andiskutiert wurden. Die Gelegenheit der einhundertjährigen Jahrestage der militärischen Aus- einandersetzung Japans mit der europäischen Großmacht Russland in den Jahren 1904 und 1905 gab Anlass zu einem internationalen Symposium der beiden genannten Zentren am 6. und 7. Januar 2005, auf dem über die Details der Kampfhandlungen hinaus vor allem die Bedeutung dieses Krieges für die Weltgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts und im Rahmen der Geschichte der bei- den beteiligten Länder beleuchtet werden sollte. Herr Prof. Dr. Klaus Hilde- brandt vom Historischen Seminar der Universität Bonn sowie Herr Prof. Dr. Dittmar Dahlmann vom Seminar für Osteuropäische Geschichte haben die Idee dieser Konferenz von Beginn an tatkräftig unterstützt. Ihnen sowie Herrn Prof. Dr. Günther Schulz als Sprecher des Zentrums für Historische Grundlagen der Gegenwart und allen Kollegen, die unserer Einladung gefolgt sind und mit ihren Beiträgen zum Erfolg der Diskussion beigetragen haben, gilt mein Dank an dieser Stelle. Ganz besonders waren wir alle von den Aus- führungen Professor Ian Nishs von der London School of Economics, dem Doyen der britischen Erforschung vor allem der Geschichte des modernen Japan, beeindruckt und möchten ihm dafür danken, dass er die Reise nach Bonn nicht gescheut hat. Herr Prof. Dr. Max Huber, Präsident des Bonner Universitätsclubs, hat als »Hausherr« die Tagung unterstützt. Kolleginnen und Kollegen am Sinologi- schen Seminar, dem Seminar für Osteuropäische Geschichte und der For- schungsstelle Modernes Japan haben das Zustandekommen des Ergebnisban- des durch vielfältige Hilfeleistung unterstützt. Ohne sie sowie vor allem dem neu gegründeten Verlag Bonn University Press wäre eine so rasche Publika- 7 Vorwort tion – noch im Monat der einhundertjährigen Wiederkehr des Friedensvertra- ges von Portsmouth – nicht möglich gewesen. Bonn, im August 2005 Josef Kreiner 8 Für die Umschrift des Japanischen wurde das phonetische Hepburn-System verwendet. Vokale werden wie im Deutschen, Konsonanten wie im Engli- schen ausgesprochen. Für das Chinesische wurde die Pinying-Umschrift verwendet. Personennamen werden in der in Ostasien üblichen Weise, d.h. Familienname vor dem Vornamen, angeführt. Die Form der Zitate wurde nicht vereinheitlicht, sondern die jeweilige Zi- tierweise der einzelnen Verfasser beibehalten. 9 Ian Nish The Russo-Japanese War: Planning, Performance and Peace-Making1 On 6 January 1905 General Nogi and General Stössel met just outside Port Arthur, had a meal and shook hands in front of the cameras. Nogi Maresuke, as commander of Japan’s 3rd army, had launched attack after attack in the frontal assault from August onwards and finally took the fort after four months at the expense of over 60,000 dead and injured. Stössel had surren- dered the fortress of Port Arthur for reasons which are even now not satisfac- torily explained. The meeting was a remarkable act of reconciliation between victor and vanquished and was, of course, a Japanese initiative. It was a de- liberate act because, as Nogi wrote, he did not want to humiliate Stössel. In spite of the shocking carnage entailed in his remorseless campaign to capture the fortress, Nogi was no monster. He had lost two sons in the war and was conscience-smitten by the deaths he had caused. In his New Year poem he wrote (in part) ›Battlefield fighting and sieges lead to mountains of dead. How can I look into the faces of their fathers without shame?‹2 Such was Nogi’s remorse after victory in a four-month campaign. 1. Prelude to the War The Russo-Japanese war was a clash between two continental land em- pires. Of course there was a naval dimension to the war; but it took the form of Japan’s lengthy naval blockade of the Russian Pacific fleet, followed by Russia’s decision to send her Baltic fleet to East Asian waters which led to the dramatic climax of the war. A regional conflict thereby became a global one. Apart, however, from the battle of Tsushima the bulk of the fighting was undertaken by the two imperial armies. 1 An early study is W.L. Langer, ›Der Russisch-Japanische Krieg‹, in: Europäische Gespräche, 1926, pp. 279–322. More recent monographs include John N. West- wood, Russia against Japan: A New Look at the Russo-Japanese War, London: Macmillan, 1986; John Albert White, The Diplomacy of the Russo-Japanese War, Princeton: UP, 1964; Denis and Peggy Warner, The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War, London: Cass, 2004. 2 Warners, pp. 444–5 (adapted). 11 Ian Nish There can be no doubt that Russia’s encroachment in the east after 1895 in Manchuria and Korea came from a desire for landward expansion on the con- tinent of Asia. Whether it was presented as commercial expansion as in the thinking of Sergej Witte or expansion of a territorial land empire as in the thinking of the tsar and his inner circle in 1903, it was a war of expansion. Russia’s virtual occupation of Manchuria after 1900 and inroads into Yon- gampo in the north of Korea in summer 1903 were regarded as a challenge to her security. Japan was also engaged in a war of expansion. There were, of course, ar- guments circulating that she was merely responding to Russia’s threat to her interests: the Japanese had been humiliated and double-crossed by Russia over Port Arthur (Luta) from 1895 onwards; and Russia’s influence in Man- churia and Korea was a challenge to Japan’s national security and sphere of influence. In her view, she was justified in considering a war of revenge. After the war broke out, Japan went further and claimed to be fighting a war of liberation, that is, liberating part of China from the grasp of the Russians. But the army was inclined to expand on the continent of Asia. The naval leadership and Elder Statesmen like Itô Hirobumi were restraining influences insisting on due process of diplomacy taking place, though ultimately agree- ing that the negotiations would not lead to an acceptabele solution.3 This war was fought in the railway-building age in east Asia. It was not yet a railway
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