DOCSLIB.ORG

Benedict XV's Diplomacy in Greater Syria (S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Facing the Emergence of the Modern Middle East: Benedict XV’s Diplomacy in Greater Syria (Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine) 1914-1922 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Theology and Religious Studies Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Agnes Aupepin de Lamothe-Dreuzy Washington, D.C. 2012 Facing the Emergence of the Modern Middle East: Benedict XV’s Diplomacy in Greater Syria (Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine) 1914-1922 Agnes Aupepin de Lamothe-Dreuzy, Ph.D. Director: Jacques M. Gres-Gayer, STD, Ph.D. Pope Benedict XV’s pontificate (1914-1922), misunderstood by his contemporaries and neglected by recent scholarship, coincides with the reshaping of the Middle East, from the beginning of World War One to the assignment of Mandates to France and Britain over Syria and Palestine. This study examines Benedict XV’s diplomacy in Greater Syria. Its unique aspect resides in the combination of two approaches. Benedict’s main priority was to ensure the survival of Christians in the Middle East, providing them with a dynamic ecclesiological structure. The pontiff completed and institutionalized the traditional ecclesiological approach in favor of unionism, with the goal to strengthen the ecclesial structures of the Eastern churches and equip them with solid legal foundations. This ecclesiological approach was integrated in Benedict XV’s global geo-political vision that shifted away from its past Eurocentric vision and was combined with an anticipation of the decolonization era. Benedict completed these guiding principles with a policy of emancipation of the missionary world from the bondage of colonial powers, preparing the Church for an active role in the world. These principles were implemented in Syria- Lebanon, as Benedict XV navigated between the pressure of French imperialism and Prince Feisal’s Arab nationalism, as well as in Palestine, dominated by the tension between Britain and France, the implementation of a Jewish national home, and the proselytizing of Protestant missions. The core of the dissertation, which stands at the confluence of Church history, international politics, and law, rests upon a historically critical evaluation of documents found in the Vatican Secret Archives, the Archives of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, and of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome, Italy. Benedict XV reigned during a decade that shook the world. He witnessed, in Greater Syria, events that had tremendous historical, religious, and political implications for the future of the region and our understanding of the unending turmoil affecting the Middle East a century later. Pope Benedict emerges as a wise pontiff, a skilled geo- politician, well ahead of his time. This dissertation is the first regional study of Pope Benedict’s diplomatic endeavors. This dissertation by Agnes Aupepin de Lamothe-Dreuzy fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Church History approved by Jacques M. Gres- Gayer, STD, Ph.D., as Director, and by Sidney H. Griffith, STL, PhD., and Charles Morerod, O.P., Ph.D., as Readers. __________________________________________ Jacques Gres-Gayer, STD, Ph.D., Director __________________________________________ Sidney H. Griffith, STL, Ph.D., Reader __________________________________________ Charles Morerod, O.P., Ph.D., Reader __________________________________________ Wilhelmus Valkenberg, Ph.D. ii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ………………………………………… viii INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………. 1 1. BENEDICT XV, POPE OF PEACE ……………………………… 19 The Road to the Chair of Peter Benedict XV, the Universal Pope Benedict XV, the Peace Maker Benedict XV, the Realist Diplomat PART I IN SEARCH OF A NEW COMPASS: VATICAN PROTECTION OF CATHOLIC INTERESTS IN PRE-WAR AND WAR-TIME (September 1914 – December 1917) 2. PRE-WAR PROTECTION OF CATHOLICS: FROM DHIMMITUDE TO CIVIL EQUALITY ……………………….. 47 Status and Organization of Eastern Christians in Muslim Land Christians under Religious Protectorates Abolition of Capitulations and Future of French Protectorate 3. VATICAN WAR-TIME FOREIGN POLICY: INTEGRATING DIPLOMACY AND ECCLESIASTICAL POLICY ……………… 84 Rome and Constantinople in Diplomatic Negotiations: The Future of the French Protectorate Constantinople and the Russian Equation Ecclesiastical Diplomacy and Unionist Ecclesiology iii 4. WAR-TIME DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION OF CATHOLIC CLERGY AND PROPERTY ……………………………………… 131 Confiscation of Catholic Property Expulsion and Persecution of Catholic Clergy Assessment: The Disintegration of the Catholic Religious and Cultural Network 5. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE: BENEDICT XV’S FRONTLINE DIPLOMACY …………………………………………………….. 169 Catholic Humanitarian Assistance: A Phantom? Benedict XV: “Benefactor of the People” The American Near East Relief and the Accusations of Discrimination against Catholics PART II ADJUSTING TO NEW GEO-POLITICAL REALITIES: POST WAR PROTECTION OF CATHOLIC INTERESTS (December 1917 – January 1922) 6. THE HOLY SEE AND THE POST-WAR WORLD ORDER …… 201 The Holy See at the Center of the Diplomatic World Mandate System: Concealed Colonization? The Holy See’s Policy of Emancipation 7. THE HOLY SEE BETWEEN FRENCH IMPERIALISM AND ARAB NATIONALISM IN SYRIA ……………………………… 233 The Holy See and Arab Nationalism The Holy See, France, and Syria’s Struggle for Independence A Christian State: Greater Lebanon iv 8. THE HOLY SEE AND THE BRITISH MANDATE IN PALESTINE: ZIONISM AND PROTESTANTISM …………………………….. 266 Who Shall Control Palestine? Benedict XV and Zionism: Break or Continuity? The Protestant Conquest: A Mighty Danger to Catholic Future 9. CONCLUSION …………………………………………………… 308 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………. 317 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This journey started ten years ago when Fr. Gres-Gayer and Fr. Komonchak welcomed me with open arms at the Catholic University of America. I am forever grateful for their caring guidance and friendship. After an unfortunate hiatus in the writing of the dissertation, I found a new stamina thanks to the encouraging support of my dear friends Dr. Gretchen Reydams-Schils, Professor of Philosophy at Notre Dame University, Fr. Leo Lefebure, Professor of Theology at Georgetown University, and Dr. Donna Orsuto, Professor at the Institute of Spirituality of the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. Without their unwavering support, care, and friendship, this dissertation would have never been completed. I am especially indebted to Fr. Leo’s insights and his challenging me to always think further. I also owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Orsuto who hosted me at the Lay Centre at Foyer Unitas in Rome, allowing me to write most of this dissertation in a heavenly environment. They remain trusted mentors, friends, and models of sound and demanding scholarship. It is also with deep gratitude that I will remember my readers, Fr. Griffith and Bishop Morerod. I wish to thank especially Dr. Valkenberg for accepting to become a committee member on very short notice. This dissertation was able to take shape when I traveled to Rome and spent exciting weeks in the Vatican Secret Archives, the archives of the Sacred Congregation “de Propaganda Fide,” and those of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. I would like to thank especially Dr. Gianpaolo Rigotti for his patience with my broken Italian and vi his tremendous help in navigating through the Archives of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. I am forever indebted to Bishop Morerod whose friendship, sharp wit, and kindness brightened my days in the Eternal City. While in Rome, it was also my privilege to meet with Fr. Carlo Pioppi, Professor of Church History at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, whose spiritual support was invaluable. “A friend is someone who knows the song in your heart and can sing it back to you when you have forgotten the words,” wrote C.S. Lewis. Through good health and illness, through joy and sadness, along this journey I have been supported by my dearest friends, Fr. Thomas Longua, Eugenie Cabot, Maika Fowler, Anne-Elisabeth Giuliani, Jill Kalinski, Solveig Loretz, and Clare Wilde. I am grateful beyond words. Maybe one day they will find the time to read this dissertation! I dedicate this work to my husband Philippe and my children Olivia and Pierre. They are my pillars and my inspiration. vii ABBREVIATIONS ACCO Archivio della Congregazione per le Chiese Orientali AAS Acta Apostolicae Sedis AES Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari AP, N.S Archivio della S. Congregazione “de Propaganda Fide,” Nuova Serie Arch. Deleg. Archivio Delegazioni Apostoliche Arch. Nunz. Archivio Nunziatura ASS Acta Sanctae Sedis ASV Archivio Segreto Vaticano (Vatican Secret Archives) CRFJ Centre de Recherche Français de Jerusalem FO Foreign Office (G.B) KCB Knight Commander (Order of Bath) KCMG Knight Commander (Order of St. Michael and St. George) NASB New American Standard Bible Segr. Stato Segretaria di Stato viii INTRODUCTION RETHINKING BENEDICT XV’S CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS If the successor of Gregory and Innocent is not to-day the monarch of monarchs, the dispenser of crowns, the distributor of continents and oceans, he still personifies the greatest moral force of the world … If he is not a sovereign, for lack of territory, he is still treated as a sovereign … However, he does not have to make war.1 Had Pope Benedict XV read these lines, written in 1896
Recommended publications
  • French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana

    French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana

    The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana Passman A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Dr. Donald M. Reid Dr. Christopher R. Browning Dr. Konrad H. Jarausch Dr. Alice Kaplan Dr. Lloyd Kramer Dr. Jay M. Smith ©2008 Elana Passman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT ELANA PASSMAN The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 (under the direction of Donald M. Reid) Through a series of case studies of French-German friendship societies, this dissertation investigates the ways in which activists in France and Germany battled the dominant strains of nationalism to overcome their traditional antagonism. It asks how the Germans and the French recast their relationship as “hereditary enemies” to enable them to become partners at the heart of today’s Europe. Looking to the transformative power of civic activism, it examines how journalists, intellectuals, students, industrialists, and priests developed associations and lobbying groups to reconfigure the French-German dynamic through cultural exchanges, bilingual or binational journals, conferences, lectures, exhibits, and charitable ventures. As a study of transnational cultural relations, this dissertation focuses on individual mediators along with the networks and institutions they developed; it also explores the history of the idea of cooperation. Attempts at rapprochement in the interwar period proved remarkably resilient in the face of the prevalent nationalist spirit. While failing to override hostilities and sustain peace, the campaign for cooperation adopted a new face in the misguided shape of collaborationism during the Second World War.
  • Fonds Gabriel Deville (Xviie-Xxe Siècles)

    Fonds Gabriel Deville (Xviie-Xxe Siècles)

    Fonds Gabriel Deville (XVIIe-XXe siècles) Répertoire numérique détaillé de la sous-série 51 AP (51AP/1-51AP/9) (auteur inconnu), révisé par Ariane Ducrot et par Stéphane Le Flohic en 1997 - 2008 Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine 1955 - 2008 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_001830 Cet instrument de recherche a été encodé en 2012 par l'entreprise Numen dans le cadre du chantier de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales sur la base d'une DTD conforme à la DTD EAD (encoded archival description) et créée par le service de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales 2 Archives nationales (France) INTRODUCTION Référence 51AP/1-51AP/9 Niveau de description fonds Intitulé Fonds Gabriel Deville Date(s) extrême(s) XVIIe-XXe siècles Nom du producteur • Deville, Gabriel (1854-1940) • Doumergue, Gaston (1863-1937) Importance matérielle et support 9 cartons (51 AP 1-9) ; 1,20 mètre linéaire. Localisation physique Pierrefitte Conditions d'accès Consultation libre, sous réserve du règlement de la salle de lecture des Archives nationales. DESCRIPTION Type de classement 51AP/1-6. Collection d'autographes classée suivant la qualité du signataire : chefs d'État, gouvernants français depuis la Restauration, hommes politiques français et étrangers, écrivains, diplomates, officiers, savants, médecins, artistes, femmes. XVIIIe-XXe siècles. 51AP/7-8. Documents divers sur Puydarieux et le département des Haute-Pyrénées. XVIIe-XXe siècles. 51AP/8 (suite). Documentation sur la Première Guerre mondiale. 1914-1919. 51AP/9. Papiers privés ; notes de travail ; rapports sur les archives de la Marine et les bibliothèques publiques ; écrits et documentation sur les départements français de la Révolution (Mont-Tonnerre, Rhin-et-Moselle, Roer et Sarre) ; manuscrit d'une « Chronologie générale avant notre ère ».
  • Beirut's Sunset: Civil War, Right to the Truth and Public Remembrance 1

    Beirut's Sunset: Civil War, Right to the Truth and Public Remembrance 1

    Beirut's Sunset: Civil War, Right to the Truth and Public Remembrance Gianluca Siega Battel' 1. The Years of Darkness: An International-Regional Civil War Several factors contributed to the 1975-1990 Lebanese civil war and different weight has been given to them in the literature on the topic. Some have a distinct Lebanese origin; others pertain to the domain of Middle Eastern and inter­ national politics. Inter-communal (and no less ferocious intra­ " Human rights expert; areas of expertise include minority rights, communal <<wars within the wan>) battles intertwined with post-conflict situations, the Balkans wars by proxy and episodes of full-scale inter-state conflict and the Middle East. against a background of regional rivalries (many states of the 1 On Lebanon's recent history and region played a role, even if only financial or diplomatic), the the civil war, I have consulted, among others: P. Hitti, History of unsolved Palestinian issue and the influence of superpowers. the Arabs, London, Palgrave The Lebanese civil war is probably better described as «cycles MacMillan, 2002 (1st ed. 1937), pp. 728-736; P. Mansfield, A History of of wars» with internal, regional and international dimensions'. the Middle East, London, Penguin In its modern history Lebanon experienced two civil wars prior Books, 2003 (1st ed. 1991), pp. 280- 322; F. Massoulie, Les conflicts du to 1975: in 1858-1860, between the Maronite and Druze Proche Orient, Paris, Casterman, communities, which triggered French intervention in defense 1994 (revised ed.); R. Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, london, of the former, and in 1958, between pro-Western and Oxford University Press, 20013 (1st nationalist/leftist forces, which ended with US intervention at ed.
  • Apostolic Lines of Succession-10-2018

    Apostolic Lines of Succession-10-2018

    Apostolic Lines of Succession for ++Michael David Callahan, DD, OCR, OCarm. The Catholic Church in America “Have you an apostolic succession? Unfold the line of your bishops.” Tertullian, 3rd century A.D. A special visible expression of Apostolic Succession is given in the consecration/ ordination of a bishop through the laying on of hands by other bishops who have, themselves, been ordained in the same manner through a succession of bishops leading back to the apostles of Jesus. The role of the bishop must always be understood within the context of the authentic handing on of the faith from one generation to the next generation of the whole Church, beginning with the Christian community of the time of the Apostles. Thus, as the Church is the continuation of the apostolic community, so the bishops are the continuation of the ministry of the college of the apostles of Jesus within that apostolic community. It is essentially collegial rather than monarchical. This tradition is affirmed in the teaching ministry of Church leadership, and authentically celebrated in the sacraments, with particular attention to the sacrament of holy orders (ordination) and the laying on of hands. Apostolic Succession is the belief of Catholic Christians that the bishops are successors of the original apostles of Jesus. This is understood as the bishops being ordained into the episcopal collegium or “sacramental order.” As bishops are by tradition consecrated by at least three other bishops, the actual number of lists of succession can become quite substantial. Listed here are three lines of succession: 1. From Saints Paul and Linus Succession through Archbishop Baladad 2.
  • OBJ Datastream

    OBJ Datastream

    Wallace, Andrew 2019 History Thesis Title: The Eldest Daughter of the Church: France, the Vatican, and the Memory of the Great War Advisor: Chris Waters Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No The Eldest Daughter of the Church France, the Vatican, and the Memory of the Great War By Andrew E. Wallace Chris Waters, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in History WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts April 15, 2019 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iii Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1, Weapons of Peace: Debates in the Chamber of Deputies ........................... 19 Chapter 2, The Common Father and His Faithful: Catholics Respond .......................... 46 Chapter 3, Voila l’Ennemi! The Popular Press and the Reprise..................................... 70 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 95 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 101 Acknowledgements The original idea for this thesis came from two classes I took in the spring semester of 2018 in Paris, which
  • La Méditerranée Orientale Durant La Grande Guerre, Nouvel Enjeu Entre La France Et La Grande-Bretagne », Les Cahiers De La Méditerranée, Décembre 2010, N°81, P

    La Méditerranée Orientale Durant La Grande Guerre, Nouvel Enjeu Entre La France Et La Grande-Bretagne », Les Cahiers De La Méditerranée, Décembre 2010, N°81, P

    La Méditerranée orientale durant la Grande Guerre, nouvel enjeu entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne Julie d’Andurain, « La Méditerranée orientale durant la Grande Guerre, nouvel enjeu entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne », Les Cahiers de la Méditerranée, décembre 2010, n°81, p. 25-44 Prélude méditerranéen à la « deuxième guerre de Cent Ans » (1714-1815), l’installation des Anglais en 1704 à Gibraltar transforme bientôt la Méditerranée en un lac britannique, situation à laquelle tente de remédier pour partie l’expédition de Bonaparte en Égypte à la fin du siècle (1798). Mais l’intérêt renouvelé des deux grandes puissances pour cette mer située au sud de l’Europe tient surtout à l’ouverture de la « question d’Orient » en 1774, signe à la fois du début du déclin de l’Empire ottoman et de l’irruption des puissances occidentales dans sa vie politique. Tout au long du XIXe siècle, fortes de leur maîtrise de la mer et des échanges commerciaux, convaincues de faire face à « l’homme malade de l’Europe », les deux puissances prennent position en Méditerranée, se partageant le Maghreb et déjà une partie du Proche-Orient sous forme de zones d’influence fondées sur les appartenances religieuses. Deux événements renforcent tout à coup leur rivalité en Méditerranée : l’ouverture du canal de Suez en 1869 et la défaite française face aux Prussiens en 1870. Avec le premier, les Britanniques découvrent soudainement sa valeur pour leur empire ; avec le second, la France se trouve obligée de se tourner vers un destin méditerranéen afin d’effacer l’humiliation de Sedan.
  • Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages

    Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages

    Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages by Nicholas Brett Sivulka Wheeler A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Nicholas Brett Sivulka Wheeler 2018 Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Nicholas Brett Sivulka Wheeler Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This dissertation, ‘Perjury and False Witness in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages’, investigates changing perceptions of perjury and false witness in the late antique and early medieval world. Focusing on primary sources from the Latin-speaking, western Roman empire and former empire, approximately between the late third and seventh centuries CE, this thesis proposes that perjury and false witness were transformed into criminal behaviours, grave sins, and canonical offences in Latin legal and religious writings of the period. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction: The Problem of Perjury’s Criminalization’, calls attention to anomalies in the history and historiography of the oath. Although the oath has been well studied, oath violations have not; moreover, important sources for medieval culture – Roman law and the Christian New Testament – were largely silent on the subject of perjury. For classicists in particular, perjury was not a crime, while oath violations remained largely peripheral to early Christian ethical discussions. Chapter 2, ‘Criminalization: Perjury and False Witness in Late Roman Law’, begins to explain how this situation changed by documenting early possible instances of penalization for perjury. Diverse sources such as Christian martyr acts, provincial law manuals, and select imperial ii and post-imperial legislation suggest that numerous cases of perjury were criminalized in practice.
  • Writing Beirut Mappings of the City in the Modern Arabic Novel

    Writing Beirut Mappings of the City in the Modern Arabic Novel

    Writing Beirut Mappings of the City in the Modern Arabic Novel Samira Aghacy Affectionately dedicated to the memory of Khalil Afif Husni © Samira Aghacy, 2015 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11/15 Adobe Garamond by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 9624 6 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 9625 3 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 0 7486 0346 7 (epub) The right of Samira Aghacy to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents Series Editor’s Foreword vi Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration x Introduction 1 1 The Rural–Urban Divide: Subverted Boundaries 31 2 The Rhetoric of Walking: Cartographic versus Nomadic Itineraries 60 3 Sexualizing the City: The Yoking of Flesh and Stone 93 4 Traffic between the Factual and the Imagined: Beirut Deferred 126 5 Excavating the City: Exterior and Interior Relics 161 Inconclusive Conclusion 202 Bibliography 207 Index 223 Series Editor’s Foreword he Edinburgh Studies in Modern Arabic Literature is a new and unique Tseries which will, it is hoped, fill in a glaring gap in scholarship in the field of modern Arabic literature. Its dedication to Arabic literature in the modern period, that is, from the nineteenth century onwards, is what makes it unique among series undertaken by academic publishers in the English- speaking world.
  • Hatred of Democracy Jacques Rancière Introduction

    Hatred of Democracy Jacques Rancière Introduction

    Hatred of Democracy Jacques Rancière Introduction [1] A young woman keeps France in suspense with her story of a make-believe attack;1 a few adolescents refuse to take their headscarves off at school; social security is running a deficit; Montesquieu, Voltaire and Baudelaire dethrone Racine and Corneille as texts presented at the baccalaureate; wage earners hold demonstrations to defend their retirement schemes; a Grande École creates an alternative entrance scheme;2 reality TV, homosexual marriage and artificial insemination increase in popularity. There is no point looking for what groups together events of such disparate natures. Book after book, article after article, programme after programme, hundreds of philosophers and sociologists, political scientists and psycho-analysts, journalists and writers, have already supplied us with the response. All these symptoms, they say, are manifestations of the same illness; for all these effects there is only one cause. This cause is called democracy, that is, the reign of the limitless desire of individuals in modern mass society. [2] It is imperative to see what constitutes the singularity of this denunciation. Hatred of democracy is certainly nothing new. Indeed it is as old as democracy itself for a simple reason: the word itself is an expression of hatred. It was, in Ancient Greece, originally used as an insult by those who saw in the unnameable government of the multitude the ruin of any legitimate order. It remained synonymous with abomination for everyone who thought that power fell by rights to those whose birth had predestined them to it or whose capabilities called them to it.
  • Bartolomé De Las Casas, Soldiers of Fortune, And

    Bartolomé De Las Casas, Soldiers of Fortune, And

    HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Dissertation Submitted To The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Theology By Damian Matthew Costello UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio August 2013 HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew APPROVED BY: ____________________________ Dr. William L. Portier, Ph.D. Committee Chair ____________________________ Dr. Sandra Yocum, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Kelly S. Johnson, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Anthony B. Smith, Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________________ Dr. Roberto S. Goizueta, Ph.D. Committee Member ii ABSTRACT HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. William L. Portier This dissertation - a postcolonial re-examination of Bartolomé de las Casas, the 16th century Spanish priest often called “The Protector of the Indians” - is a conversation between three primary components: a biography of Las Casas, an interdisciplinary history of the conquest of the Americas and early Latin America, and an analysis of the Spanish debate over the morality of Spanish colonialism. The work adds two new theses to the scholarship of Las Casas: a reassessment of the process of Spanish expansion and the nature of Las Casas’s opposition to it. The first thesis challenges the dominant paradigm of 16th century Spanish colonialism, which tends to explain conquest as the result of perceived religious and racial difference; that is, Spanish conquistadors turned to military force as a means of imposing Spanish civilization and Christianity on heathen Indians.
  • J^Jst^Ksspoudlc

    J^Jst^Ksspoudlc

    Pontiff s death He burst into tears ten. hquar« and the principal thor¬ to carry Cardinal Gibbons and Card- ' Iserl Thrt be 1or.e " primary for all parties, and for all! exclaiming ".ill of Cod oughfares leading to the Vatican with lnal O'Connell to Rom? was suggested ofllcere. for the PHILIP H. Golf Me then loft fo*- Rome with his son-! troops ready to intervene should occa- this Australian ballot and POWERS FOUND Racing afternoon Thd plan was con- a corrupt in-law. s,on arlf,5 I" 'ho cas,e of the death eelvfd bocause of the uncertainty of practices act. for State re- DEAD NEAR HIS HOM Tennis Baseball PIN A11 ( KIIK)IOMi:S or I luu x. however. 011 account of (ho the steamship formatories for youthful criminals, for l.\ l OWr.CTlOX WITH sailing?. use of convicts In SPORTS DEATH; hour. such precautions were not nec- lime quarries and on Prominent Clarke County Mao-®ellp"»"* Forma! ceremonies in connection | essn i y. AVIM. public Shooting Aquatics ASK CARDINALS roads, for laws to secure an to Have Hern Accltlenf^lly K1|M with the death of the Pope occurred at Father Francis Xavier Werm, gen¬ TO AI'l'ISALi KOH PEACI5 lend of discrimination In U hlle After Tblevea. an early hour »-» the morning on the eral of the Society of Jesus. also dleci [Special Cable to The for laws freight rates. arrival of Cardinal Delia who In Rome Times-Dispatch.] providing fair compensation WINCHESTER. VA'.. August Mu COLTS LOSE OPENING 'SHANKS'S SINGLE WINS Volpe.
  • Imp. ENG 1-56 Copia.Qxd

    Imp. ENG 1-56 Copia.Qxd

    jerusalem cross annales ordinis equestris sancti sepulcHri hierosolymitani 2017 WithWith ChristChrist letlet usus makemake ourour liveslives intointo aa HolyHoly LandLand Education and humanitarian aid: two pillars of the Order’s work vatican City - 2018 jerusalem cross annales ordinis equestris sancti sepulcHri hierosolymitani 2017 00120 vatican City Director Alfredo Bastianelli Co-Director and Editor-in-chief François Vayne Managing Editor Elena Dini With the collaboration of Pauline Bourgogne and the authors cited in each article, the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, the Lieutenants, or their delegates, of the corresponding Lieutenancies Translators Chelo Feral, Christine Keinath, Emer McCarthy Cabrera, Vanessa Santoni, Solène Tadié Layout C.S.E. di De Lutio Ottavio - Roma Photographic documentation Archives of the Grand Magisterium, Archives of L’Osservatore Romano, Archives of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, Archives of the corresponding Lieutenancies, Cristian Gennari, Carla Morselli, Claudio Maina, Claire Guigou, Vivien Laguette, Noursat Jordan, Pierre-Yves Fux and other collaborators indicated in the picture captions Cover photos A Knight of the Lieutenancy for Belgium praying at the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre in front of the Aedicule (photo by Christine Demoulin); on the right: some young refugees from the Middle East welcomed to Jordan thanks to the help of the Latin Patriarchate with the support of the Order (photo by Claire Guigou) Published by Grand Magisterium of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem 00120 Vatican City Tel. +39 06 69892901 Fax +39 06 69892930 E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © OESSH EDITORIAL Let us make our lives into a Holy Land Dear Knights and Dames, dear friends of the Order, We recently celebrated, in 2017, the 170th anniversary of the restoration of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the reorganization of our Order.