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The First Socialist Schism Bakunin vs. Marx in the International Working Men’s Association Wolfgang Eckhardt Translated by Robert M. Homsi, Jesse Cohn, Cian Lawless, Nestor McNab, and Bas Moreel The First Socialist Schism Bakunin vs. Marx in the International Working Men’s Association The First Socialist Schism: Bakunin vs. Marx in the International Working Men’s Association Wolfgang Eckhardt © 2016 This edition published in 2016 by PM Press ISBN: 978-1-62963-042-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014908069 Cover: John Yates/Stealworks.com Layout: Jonathan Rowland PM Press P.O. Box 23912 Oakland, CA 94623 thoughtcrime ink C/O Black Cat Press 4508 118 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta T5W 1A9 Canada 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the USA by the Employee Owners of Thomson-Shore in Dexter, Michigan www.thomsonshore.com This book has been made possible in part by a generous donation from the Anarchist Archives Project. I am profoundly grateful to Jörg Asseyer, Gianluca Falanga, Valerii Nikolaevich Fomichev, Frank Hartz, Gabriel Kuhn, Lore Naumann, Felipe Orobón Martínez, Werner Portmann, Michael Ryan, Andrea Stei, Hanno Strauß, and Michael Volk for their support and to the translators named above for their excellent job creating this English edition of my book. Contents 1 Bakunin, Marx, and Johann Philipp Becker 1 • The Alliance ‘request’ by Johann Philipp Becker (November 1868) • The Alliance joins the International (February–July 1869) • Becker’s position paper on the question of organisation (July 1869) 2 The International in Geneva and in the Jura Region 9 • The International in Jura (February–May 1869) 3 The Basel Congress of the International 19 • Bakunin’s manuscript ‘To the Citizen Editors of the Réveil’ (October 1869) • Bakunin’s first strategy: attack not Marx but his associates 4 Marx’s ‘communications’ concerning Bakunin 35 • Bakunin’s defence by Eugène Hins (January 1870) • The ‘Confidential Communication’ to German social democrats (March 1870) 5 The Romance Federation split 47 • La Chaux-de-Fonds Congress (April 1870) • Marx’s third ‘communication’ regarding Bakunin (April 1870) • The General Council’s decision (June 1870) • The international response and the International’s next congress (April–August 1870) 6 Fixing the International’s course 67 • Bakunin’s second strategy: cautious criticism of Marx • Paul Robin, the congress question, and the disbanding of the Geneva Alliance section (summer 1871) • Marx and pluralism within the International 7 The London Conference 85 • The London Conference’s decision on the Swiss conflict (resolutions nos. 16 and 17) • The Nechaev trial (resolution no. 14 of the London Conference) • Constitution of the working class into a political party (resolution no. 9 of the London Conference) 8 The Sonvillier Circular 101 • Reaction of the Belgian Federation of the International (November–December 1871) • Engels’ article about the Sonvillier Circular and the declarations in support of the London Conference from Saxony and Geneva 9 The International in Italy 121 • Reaction of the International in Italy (until January 1872) • Engels’ letter to Theodor Cuno in Milan of 24 January 1872 • Bakunin’s Italian manuscripts (end of 1871 to beginning of 1872) 10 The International in Spain 153 • The International in Madrid and the founding congress of the Spanish Federation in Barcelona (1869–1870) • Slow reaction of the Spanish International to the Sonvillier Circular (November 1871–early 1872) • Paul Lafargue goes to Spain 11 Lafargue’s activities in Spain 179 • Lafargue and the Emancipación’s contact with the Republican Party (January to March 1872) • The Saragossa Congress (4–11 April 1872) and Lafargue’s reports in the Liberté • Bakunin’s letters to Mora and Lorenzo (April–May 1872) 12 The Belgian rules project and the Fictitious Splits 197 • Fictitious Splits in the International by Marx and Engels • Bakunin’s third strategy: open criticism of Marx • Debate over the Belgian rules project and the second Belgian federal congress (14 July 1872) • Cafiero’s reckoning with Engels (12–19 June 1872) 13 Convening the Congress of The Hague 227 • Boycott or participation? 14 The factional divide in the Spanish International 243 • The Alianza fracas • Engels’ attacks against the Alianza (July–August 1872) • The Spanish delegate elections and the New Madrid Federation before the Congress of The Hague 15 The eve of the Congress of The Hague 283 • The opposition • Delegate mandates from the United States and Germany • The French and General Council delegate mandates 16 The Congress of The Hague: the mandate 303 commission and the commission to investigate the Alliance • The verification of the mandates • The voting procedure and the commission to investigate the Alliance • The story behind Bakunin’s translation of Capital 17 The revisions to the Rules, the transfer of the 331 General Council and the ‘Minority Declaration’ • The debate concerning the transfer of the General Council and resolution no. 9 of the London Conference • Constitution of the minority and the final meeting of the Congress of The Hague 18 The Congresses of St. Imier, Brussels, and Córdoba 353 • The downfall of the Congress of The Hague’s majority • The Brussels Congress (December 1872) • The Córdoba Congress (December 1872) • Bakunin and the Congress of The Hague 19 The Geneva Congresses and the disastrous New 379 York General Council • Reactions in Belgium, Spain, and Italy • The split of the English International • The congress of the federations (1–6 September 1873) • The General Council’s congress (8–13 September 1873) 20 Politics and historical narratives 407 • The pamphlet ‘L’Alliance’ • The Mémoire of the Jura Federation • Epilogue Bibliography 421 Notes 441 Index 579 Chapter 1 Bakunin, Marx, and Johann Philipp Becker It would have been dIffIcult to imagine at first that one day Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876) and Karl Marx (1818–1883) would face one another as the heads of opposing tendencies of international socialism. They were nearly the same age and both emigrants who had settled in Paris between 1843 and 1844, and were part of the same group of international radicals that had congregated in Paris – a melting pot for European emigrants before 1848 – at the time. There they were introduced to one another in March 1844 and had a friendly relationship until Marx was expelled from France in January 1845. Despite some tribulations – for example, Marx’s Neue Rheinische Zeitung accused Bakunin of being a Russian spy in 1848 – they continued to correspond well into the 1860s.1 On 3 November 1864, a last personal meeting was arranged by Marx,2 to which Bakunin was glad to agree for a special reason: ‘I knew that he had played a major part in the foun- dation of the International.’3 The commonly held notion that Marx was ‘the main founder of the International’4 (the First International or International Working Men’s Association), which Bakunin and many of his contemporaries believed, is a mis- conception. In reality, Marx had no part in the association of French and English workers that had existed since 1862 and led to the founding meeting of the International in September 1864. Marx was known to English union officials as an immigrant and scholar, and so he was present at the meeting on 28 September 1864 in London’s St. Martin’s Hall, to which he received an invitation at the last minute;5 however, he only took part in the meeting – as he himself put it two weeks later in a letter to Friedrich Engels – ‘in a non-speaking capacity on the platform’.6 During the meeting, Marx was elected as one of two German repre- sentatives of the 32-person provisional Central Council (later General Council) of the International and wrote the ‘Provisional Rules’7 and the ‘Inaugural Address’,8 the International’s founding declaration – which Bakunin later described as ‘a 1 2 | First Socialist Schism remarkable, serious and profound manifesto, like all those that he writes, when they are not personal polemics’.9 Marx sent Bakunin the ‘Inaugural Address’, published a short time after their meeting in London, to Italy (where Bakunin had moved).10 More than once, in the following years, Marx toyed with the idea of mobilising Bakunin’s support in disputes within the International in Italy. In April 1865 Marx threatened to ‘get Bakunin to lay some counter-mines for Mr Mazzini in Florence’,11 and on 1 May of the same year he declared that if the Italian immigrants in London ‘don’t appoint new delegates soon, as we have asked them to, Bakunin will have to arrange for some life [sic] Italians’.12 Finally, in September 1867 Marx praised the Italian paper Libertà e Giustizia and explained ‘I assume that Bakunin is involved’.13 The Alliance ‘request’ by Johann Philipp Becker (November 1868) Bakunin became a member of the Geneva central section of the International in June or July 1868.14 However, he at first concentrated his activities on the League of Peace and Liberty (Ligue de la Paix et de la Liberté), whose founding congress he had attended a year earlier.15 At their second congress, from 22 to 26 September 1868 in Berne, Bakunin became completely disillusioned with the political character of the League. He introduced his collectivist ideas during the second item of the agenda at that congress: ‘How does the economic or social question relate to the question of peace through freedom?’16 They were met with harsh criticism from several speakers. The draft of his resolution on this issue17 was rejected by the majority of the delegate nations with seven votes against (Spain, Sweden, Mexico, France, Germany, Switzerland, England) and four in favour (Poland, Russia, Italy, USA).18 On 25 September, Bakunin and 17 other congress participants quit the League after reading a letter of protest.19 The International’s congress, which had taken place a few days earlier in Brussels, declared to the League on 12 September 1868 that their existence next to the International was unjustified and suggested that the League’s members should ‘join one section or another of the International’.20 This is precisely what Bakunin and his friends planned on doing after leaving the League.
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