Caesar De Bello Gallico Vocabulary 1.1

Gallia, -ae, f.: Gaul, roughly equivalent to modern France Galli , -ōrum m.: Gauls, people from Gaul. dī-vĭdo, -ĕre, vīsi, -vīsum: divide in-cŏlo, -ĕre, -lŭi: to inhabit, dwell in institutum, -i, n.: fixed course or principle; habit, institution, custom proptĕrĕā for that cause, on that account; proptĕrĕā quod, 'for the reason that', 'because' cultus, -ūs, m.: training, education, culture hūmānĭtas, -ātis, f.: liberal education, elegance of manners or language, refinement mĭnĭmē: superl. adv. least mercātor, -ōris, m.: trader, merchant com-mĕo, -āre: go up and down, come and go, visit frequently ef-fēmĭno, -āre: to make womanish, enervate, weaken per-tĭnĕo, -ēre, -tinŭi: relate to, belong to importo, -āre: bring in, import; introduce; bring upon, cause Germani, -orum m.: Germani, or Germans Rhenus, -i m.: the river Rhenus, the Rhine. Helvetii, -orum m.: the Helvetii or Helvetians. historical map contĭnenter: adv., continuously, without interruption prae-cēdo, -ĕre, -cessi, -cessum: go before, precede; surpass, excel fines, -ium f. pl.: borders, and hence territory, land, country enclosed within boundaries ob-tĭnĕo, -ēre, -tĭnŭi, -tentum: hold, possess, keep possession of ĭnĭtĭum , -ĭi n.: beginning căpĭo, -ĕre, cēpi, captum: to have, seize, take at-tingo, -ĕre, tĭgi, tactum: to touch Rhodanus, -i m.: the river Rhodanus, the Rhone (Walker) septentrĭōnes, -um, m. pl.: the north ŏrĭor, oriri, ortus sum: arise, spring from, proceed from occāsus , -ūs m.: setting (of the heavenly bodies); the west vergo , -ĕre: to bend, turn, incline; lie, be situated 1.2

nobilis, -e: well-known, distinguished, noted; of noble birth, noble; as noun, a noble dīves, -ĭtis: rich; superl. dītissimus in-dūco, -ĕre, -xi, -ctum: lead in; move, excite, persuade, mislead, seduce coniūrātiō, -ōnis f.: swearing together; union confirmed by an oath; conspiracy nōbĭlĭtas, ātis, f.: the nobility, the nobles, the aristocracy cīvĭtas, -ātis f.: the citizens united in a community, the body-politic, the state imperium, -i n.: authority, sway, supreme power, dominion, sovereignty pŏtĭor, -īrī, -ītus sum: to become master of, to take possession of, to get, obtain, acquire (+ abl.) per-suādĕo, -ēre, -si, -sum: to persuade, convince of a fact; persuade, prevail upon per-făcĭlis, -e: very easy praesto, -āre, -stĭti, -stĭtum: excel, be superior to (+ dat.) con-tĭnĕo, -ēre, -tĭnŭi, -tentum: keep in, surround, contain; hold back, restrain Iura, -ae, f.: the Jura mountains, a small mountain range north of the Alps. Lemannus, -i m.: Lake Lemannus, better Lake Leman or the Lake of Geneva. satellite image văgor, -āri, -ātus sum: wander, roam, range fīnĭtĭmus, -a, -um: neighboring, adjacent bello, -āre, -āvi, -ātum: wage war cŭpĭdus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen; ambitious, eager for adficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus: influence, work upon; affect by, treat with angustus, -a, -um: narrow fortĭtūdo, -ĭnis f.: strength, bravery, courage arbĭtror, -āri: think, judge păteo, -ēre: to be open, stand open, lie open; extend 1.3

ad-dūco,-ĕre, -xi, -ctum: prompt, induce, prevail upon, persuade, move, incite auctōrĭtas, -ātis f.: clout, influence per-mŏvĕo, -ēre, -mōvi, -mōtum: to stir up, rouse up, excite; to influence, lead, induce, persuade, prevail on con-stĭtŭo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -ūtum: decide per-tĭnĕo, -ēre, -ŭi: belong, relate, concern, pertain or have reference to any thing prŏfĭciscor, -ficisci, -fectus sum: to start forward, set out, depart com-păro, -āre: prepare, get ready iūmentum, -ī n.: beast of burden cŏ-ĕmo, -ĕre, -ēmi, -emptum: buy in large quantities, buy up sēmentis, -is f.: a sowing, planting suppĕto, -ĕre, -īvi or ĭi, -ītum: be in store, be at hand; suffice confĭcĭo, -ĕre, -fēci, -fectum: to make together; bring about, accomplish bĭennĭum, -i n.: space of two years duco, -ere, duxi, ductum: consider prŏfectĭo, -ōnis f.: departure dē-lĭgo, -ĕre, -lēgi, -lectum: choose, select Casticus, -i m. a Gallic chieftain Catamantaloedis, -is m. a Gallic chieftain, father of Casticus regnum, -i, n.: dominion, sovereignty, rule, authority occŭpo, -āre: take possession of, seize Dumnorix, -igis m.: Dumnorix, a Aeduan chieftan, brother of Diviacus Aeduus, -a, -um: of the Aedui, one of the most powerful of the Gallic tribes Diviciacus, -i m.: a chief of the Aedui, friendly to the Romans princĭpātus, ūs, m.: the chief place in the state or the army, the post of commander-in-chief plebs, plebis f.: the people, common people, the masses acceptus, -a, -um: welcome, pleasant, agreeable prŏbo, -āre, -āvi, -ātum: to make acceptable, to recommend; aliquid alicui, to convince one of any thing dŭbĭum, -i, n.: doubt quīn: (after words expressing doubt, ignorance, etc.) 'that' concĭlĭo, -āre: to procure, provide, prepare, produce something for one iūs iūrandum: an oath firmus, -a, -um: firm, strong, stout 1.4

indĭcĭum, -ĭi n.: information, disclosure, evidence ēnuntĭo, -āre: tell, disclose; declare, announce cōgo, -ĕre, cŏēgi, cŏactum: compel damno, -āre: condemn, sentence, punish ŏportet, -tēre, -tŭit: it behooves, it is proper, one should or ought ignis, -is, m.: fire crĕmo, -āre: burn, consume by fire constĭtūtus, -a, -um: arranged, set dictĭo, -ōnis f.: a saying, speaking, uttering iūdicium, -ī n.: trial, legal investigation; jurisdiction; power of discernment, judging ŏbaerā-tus, -i, m.: a person involved in debt, a debtor ē-rĭpĭo, -ĕre, -ĭpŭi, -eptum: snatch away, tear out; snatch, free, rescue incĭto, -āre: rouse, excite exsĕquor, -sequi, -secūtus sum: pursue, follow to the end, prosecute, carry out cōnor, -āri, -ātus sum: undertake, endeavor, attempt, exert oneself, strive măgistrātus, -ūs m.: magistrate, state official suspīcĭo, -ōnis, f.: suspicion quīn: (after words expressing doubt, ignorance, etc.) 'that' conscisco, -ĕre, -scīvi or -scĭi, -scītum: bring on oneself, inflict on oneself 1.5

exĕo, -īre, -ĭi, -ĭtum: go out, go away, go forth vīcus, -i m.: village quādringenti, -ae, -a: four hundred aedĭfĭcĭum, -i n.: a building incendo, -ĕre, -cendi, -censum: kindle, set fire, burn praeterquam: adv., besides, except combūro, -urĕre, -ussi, -ustum: to burn up, consume entirely rĕdĭtĭo , -ōnis f.: a going back, a return tollo, -ĕre, sustŭli, sublātum: remove sŭb-ĕo, -īre, -ĭi, -ĭtum: undergo, submit to mŏlo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -ĭtum: grind in a mill cĭbārĭa, -ōrum n.: food, rations ascisco, -ĕre, ascīvi, ascītum: receive, admit; adopt, take to oneself 1.6 omnīno: adv., altogether, entirely, wholly Sequani, -orum: the Sequani, a Gallic people who occupied the upper river basin of the Arar (Saône), the valley of the Doubs and the Jura Mountains, their territory corresponding to Franche-Comté and part of Burgundy. Iura, -ae, f.: the Jura mountains, a small mountain range north of the Alps. angustus, -a, -um: narrow singŭli, -ae, -a: single, separate, inividual carrus, -i m.: wagon dūco, -ĕre, duxi, ductum: draw impendĕo, ēre: to hang over any thing, to overhang perpaucī, -ae, -a: very few ex-pĕdīte: adv., without impediment, without difficulty, readily, promptly, quickly fines, -ium f. pl.: borders, and hence territory, land, country enclosed within boundaries Helvetii, -orum m.: the Helvetii or Helvetians. historical map Alloborges, -um, m. pl.: the Allobroges, a Celtic tribe of ancient Gaul, located between the Rhône River and the Lake of Geneva in what later became Savoy, Dauphiné, and Vivarais. pāco, -āre: pacify, make peaceful Rhodanus, -i m.: the river Rhodanus, the Rhone vădum, i, n.: a shallow place in water, a shallow, shoal, ford trans-ĕo, -īre, -īvi or -ĭi, -ĭtum: go over, cross, pass over Genava, -ae f.: Genava, a city of the Allobroges, now Geneva pons, pontis, f.: bridge per-tĭnĕo, -ēre, -ŭi,: to stretch out, reach, extend to a place per-suādĕo, -ēre, -si, -sum: to persuade, convince of a fact; persuade, prevail upon existĭmo, -āre: judge a thing according to its value; form a judgment; consider, regard Kalendae, -arum f.: the Calends, the first day of the Roman month 1.7

contendo, -ĕre, -tendi, tentum: stretch, strain; strive to get to a place, to seek to arrive at, to go, march, or journey hastily to ĭter, ĭtĭnĕris, n.: a going to a distant place, a journey, a march; a journey, a march, considered as a measure of distance; iter unius diei, a day's journey; quam maximis itineribus potest, 'by making each day's journey as long as possible', i. e. forced marches mātūro, -āre: to make haste or hasten to do a thing (+ infinitive) ultĕrĭor, -ĭus: farther, on the farther side, that is beyond lĕgĭo, ōnis, f.: a legion, the largest unit of the Roman army. It consisted in Caesar's day of about 4,800 heavily armed men. rēscindo, -ĕre, -scĭdi, -scissum: tear back, tear away again, cut away adventus, -ūs, m.: arrival certus, -a, -um: certain, sure; certiorem facere aliquem (de aliquā re, alicuius rei, with acc. and inf., with a relative clause or absol.), to inform, apprise one of a thing princeps, -ipis: adj., taking the first place; chief, most prominent, first; as a noun, chief or principal person, leader, chief. lēgātĭo, -ōnis f.: delegated authority; office of an ambassador, commander, commander-in-chief; an embassy, legation mălĕfĭcĭum, -ĭi n.: wrongdoing voluntas, -tatis f. will; ad voluntatem, de, ex voluntate or just voluntate, according to the will, with the consent, at the desire of any one occīdo, -ĕre, -cīdi, -cīsum: to strike down, beat to the ground, kill pello, -ĕre, pĕpŭli, pulsum: strike; as a military term, to drive back, discomfit, rout (the enemy) iugum, -ī n.: yoke or collar; cross-bar (Roman ‘yoke’) concēdo, -ĕre, -cessi, -cessum: yield, grant a thing făcultas , -ātis: f.: feasibility, possibility, opportunity, power, means tempĕro, -āre: to moderate or restrain one's self; to forbear, abstain existimo, -are: to judge, consider, suppose, think spătĭum, -ii, n.: a space of time, interval, period inter-cēdo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum: intervene, pass (of time) dēlībĕro, -āre: weigh carefully, consult, consider sūmo, -ĕre, sumpsi, sumptum: take

5.24

subdūco, -ĕre, -xi, -ctum: lead, lead away; draw up, beach pĕrăgo, -ĕre, -ēgi, -actum: to finish, adjourn, wind up siccĭtas, -ātis f.: dryness, drying up; drought prōvĕnĭo, -īre, -vēni, -ventum: grow up, result cōgo, -ĕre, cŏēgi, cŏactum: to be pressing; force, constrain; gather, rally; compel ălĭtĕr adv.: otherwise, else, in another manner; in a different manner from collŏco, -āre: place; place onboard; settle; arrange confīnĭum, -i n.: neighborhood, contiguous territory conscrībo, -ĕre, -psi, -ptum: enlist, enroll; write, compose praesum, -esse, -fūi: be at the head of; be in charge of distrĭbŭo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -ūtum: allot to, distribute amongst; assign făcĭlĕ adv.: easily ĭnŏpĭa, -ae f.: lack, want mĕdĕor, -ēri: remedy hībernus, -a, -um: referring to winter; hīberna, -ōrum n.: winter quarters pācātus, -a, -um: settled; peaceful, tranquil; calm; disposed to peace, peaceable quĭētus, -a, -um: quiet, at rest contĭnĕo, -ēre, -tĭnŭi, -tentum: bind together, connect; contain, hold; bound, surround, restrain, keep quŏad adv.: as far as; until mūnĭo, -īre: fortify; + castra: construct a camp; + iter: construct or protect a highway cognosco, -ĕre, -gnōvi, -gnĭtum: understand, grasp, perceive, learn; find out 5.25

bĕnĕvŏlentĭa, -ae f.: loyalty, devotion; kindness, favor singŭlāris, -e: distinguished, extraordinary, single ūtor, -i, ūsus: use, employ; maintain; avail oneself of; employ; enjoy; practice; usus, -us m.: experience; use; handling rēstĭtŭo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -ūtum: re-establish, restore, rebuild pălam adv.: openly dēfĕro, -ferre: carry (the function in this and similar compounds of ‘de’ seems to be to denote complete motion to a terminus.) pertĭnĕo, -ēre, -ŭi, -tentum: extend to; extend; belong to, bear upon, lead to impulsus, -ūs m.: instigation cĕlĕrĭter adv.: speedily, rapidly, promptly, quickly comprĕhendo, -ĕre, -ndi, -nsum: grasp, seize; hurriedly take; catch; arrest, take 5.26

rĕpentīnus, -a, -um: sudden tŭmultus, -ūs m.: noise, uproar dēfectĭo, -ōnis f.: defection, revolt ŏrĭor, -īri, -ortus sum: to arise; arise, spring up; spring from, be descended from praesto, -are, -stĭti: excel; (impers.) it is preferable; furnish, exhibit; adv.: at hand comporto, -āre: gather, bring together, collect concĭto, -āre: rouse, arouse, cause to rise lignātor, -ōris m.: woodcutter, gatherer ascendo, -ĕre, -ndi, -nsum: mount, ascend, climb, go up ēmitto, -ĕre, -mīsi, -missum: send out, send forth; let fly, let go ĕquester, -tris, -tre: of horsemen, referring to cavalry oppugnātĭo, -ōnis f.: storming, assault, attack; mode of attack or assault conclāmo, -āre: cry out loud mos, mōris m.: custom, manner conloquium, -ī n.: parley, conference; conversation, talk prōdĕo, -īre, -ĭi, -ĭtum: go forth, come out; advance contrōversĭa, -ae f.: dispute, quarrel, feud mĭnŭo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -ūtum: (intrans.) lessen; to decrease 5.27

missus, -ūs m.: sending, dispatch bĕnĕfĭcĭum, -i n.: kindness, service confĭtĕor, -ēri, -fessus: confess, admit stīpendĭum, -i n.: tribute fīnĭtĭmus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst.: neighbors pendo, -ĕre, pĕpendi, pensum: hang, weigh; pay consŭesco, -ĕre, -suēvi, -suētum: to become accustomed quisque, quaeque, quodque: each one porro adv.: further resistō, -ĕre, -stitī: maintain one’s position, hold one’s ground, resist impĕrītus, -a, -um: inexperienced confīdo, -ĕre, fĭsus sum: rely, trust praesertim adv.: especially, particularly rĕcĭpĕro, -āre: regain, recover commūnis, -e: common, general lībertas, -ātis f.: liberty, freedom sătisfăcĭo, -ĕre, -fēci, -factum: make reparation hospĭtĭum, -ĭi n.: guest-friendship, hospitality consŭlo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -sultum: deliberate; to look out for adsum, adesse, adfui: to be present, be at hand bīduum, -ī n.: a space of two days sentĭo, -īre, -nsi, -nsum: be aware, perceive, entertain an idea pollĭcĕor, -ēri, -ĭtus: to hold forth, offer, promise anything lĕvo, -āre: free, relieve 5.28

perturbo, -āre: throw into confusion; in pass.: loose one’s self-control; become disconcerted neglĕgo, -ĕre, -exi, -ectum: neglect; treat lightly, ignore hŭmĭlis, -e: of no rank, inferior, obscure audĕo, -ēre, ausus: dare, essay iniūssū, adverbial ablative: without orders quantusvīs, -ăvis, -umvis: of whatever size, extent sustĭnĕo, -ēre, -tĭnŭi, -tentum: sustain; withstand; bear; hold up, carry infĕro, -ferre, intŭli, illātum: bear against; wage; inspire, rouse; cause, inflict convĕnĭo, -īre, -vēni, -ventum: come together, meet; come to meeting postrēmo adv.: finally 5.29

clāmĭto, -āre: scream, shout călămĭtas, -ātis f.: disaster occāsĭo, -ōnis f.: opportunity, stroke of arms, rapid feat interfĭcĭo, -ĕre, -fēci, -fectum: kill, put to death, slay contemptĭo, -ōnis f.: contempt contŭmēlĭa, -ae f.: disgrace, insult; buffeting, hard usage rĕdĭgo, -ĕre, redēgi, redactum: reduce, bring down; render praesens, -ntis: present obsĭdĭo, -ōnis f.: blockade, siege 5.30

dispŭtātĭo, -ōnis f.: debate, discussion terrĕo, -ēre, -ŭi, -ĭtum: frighten abs: a, ab rĕposco, -ĕre: demand pĕrendĭnus, -a, -um: after tomorrow rĕlēgo, -āre: remove, banish intĕrĕo, -īre, -ĭi, -ĭtum: perish 5.31

consurgo, -ĕre, -surrexi, -surrectum: rise together; + ex consilio: the council is adjourned dissensĭo, -ōnis f.: dissension, disharmony pertĭnācĭa, -ae f.: obstinacy dēdūco, -ĕre, -xi, -ctum: bring off, lead away; lead into, bring; lead astray perspĭcĭo, -ĕre, -spexi, -spectum: ascertain, see; understand, find out dispŭtātĭo, -ōnis f.: debate, discussion perdūco, -ĕre, -xi, -ctum: lead safely, bring to; draw out consūmo, -ĕre, -mpsi, -mptum: spend, use up, consume circumspĭcĭo, -ĕre, -exi, -spectum: examine carefully; look around for; look for excōgĭto, -āre: contrive, think of quārē adv.: wherefore, therefore mănĕo, -ēre: remain languor, -ōris m.: exhaustion, listlessness persuādĕo, -ēre, -si, -sum: persuade, prevail upon ămīcus, -a, -um: friendly; devoted agmĕn, -ĭnis n.: army on the march, marching column 5.32

frĕmĭtus, -ūs m.: din, noise prŏfectĭo, -ōnis f.: setting out, departure bipertītō adv.: in two parts, corps convallis, -is f.: valley (surrounded on all sides) ascensus, -ūs m.: upward movement ĭnīquus, -a, -um: unfavorable, unfair, unjust proelĭum, -i n.: fighting; skirmish, engagement, battle 5.33

dēmum adv: at last, at length, not till then prō-vĭdĕo, -ēre, -vīdi, -vīsum: to make provision for, procure, secure; attend to trĕpĭdo, -āre: to be in a flutter concurso, -āre: to run to and fro dispōno, -ĕre, -pŏsŭi, -pŏsĭtum: place at intervals prŏfectĭo, -ōnis f.: setting out, departure auctor, -ōris m.: advocate, originator, designer cŏhortor, -āri: cheer on, urge, call on ŏbĕo, -īre, -ĭi, -ĭtum: discharge, attend to prōnuntĭo, -āre: state publicly, declare; give out orders cāsus, -ūs m.: happening, occurrence, contingency rĕprĕhendo, -ĕre, -ndi, -nsum: to blame incommŏdē adv.: disadvantageously mĭnŭo, -ĕre, -ŭi, ūtum: lessen; decrease ălăcer, -cris, -cre: eager, brisk, cheerful effĭcĭo, -ĕre, -fēci, -fectum: bring about, effect, realize; render; form; create, produce dēspērātĭo, -ōnis f.: hopelessness, despair arrĭpĭo, -ĕre, -rĭpŭi, -reptum: take up hurriedly prŏpĕro, -āre: hasten clāmor, -ōris m.: shouting flētus, -ūs m.: weeping, wailing complĕo, -ēre, -ēvi, -ētum: fill 5.34

prŏindē adv.: therefore tămetsi conj.: although, even though dēsĕro, -ĕre, -ŭi, -sertum: abandon quŏtĭens adv.: as often as; how often prōcurro, -ĕre, -curri, -cursum: run, run forward; dart forward; charge cădo, -ĕre, cĕcĭdi, cāsum: fall ănĭmadverto, -ĕre, -ti, -sum: notice, observe cōnĭcĭo, -ĕre, -iēci, -iectum: hurl; drive; put, place; direct, construct cēdo, -ĕre, -ssi, -ssum: give way, retreat exercĭtātĭo, -ōnis f.: training nŏcĕo, -ēre, -ŭi, -ĭtum: do harm to, inflict injury upon rĕcĭpĭo, -ĕre, -cēpi, -ceptum: give shelter to, receive insĕquor, -i, -cūtus: follow up, pursue 5.35

praecĭpĭo, -ĕre, -cēpi, -ceptum: order, prescribe; anticipate; praeceptum, -i n.: command, orders dīlĭgens, -ntis: diligent, careful quaepĭam adv.: to any place vēlox, -ōcis: speedy, swift rĕfŭgĭo, -ĕre, -fūgi: flee back, retreat, make good one’s escape nūdo, -āre: to bare circumvĕnĭo, -īre: surround, outflank, cut off, outwit confertus, -a, -um: compact, in close array, crowded vīto, -āre: avoid conflicto, -āre: harass fortis, -e: brave, valiant, stout of heart fĕmur, -ĭnis n.: thigh trāgŭla, -ae f.: javelin trāĭcĭo, -ĕre, -iēci, -iectum: pierce funda, -ae f.: sling 5.36

interprĕs, -ĕtis m.: interpreter rŏgo, -āre: beg, request, ask for; enlist parco, -ĕre, pĕperci, parsum: to spare; to save, having regard for lĭcet: it is permitted, one may impĕtro, -āre: obtain, succeed in obtaining pertĭnĕo, -ēre, -ŭi, -tentum: extend to; belong to, bear upon, lead to saucĭus, -a, -um: wounded, bleeding excēdo, -ĕre, -cessi, -cessum: go out of, withdraw from; advance out of persĕvēro, -āre: persist 5.37

praesentĭa, -ae f.: the present, presence accēdo, -ĕre, -cessi, -cessum: approach, arise, grow, be added iubeō, -ēre, -ssī, -ssum: command, order ăbĭcĭo, -ĕre, -iēci, -iectum: throw away, hurl condĭcĭo, -ōnis f.: agreement, proposal, terms; status, condition instĭtŭo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -ūtum: set up, undertake, begin ŭlŭlātŭs, -ūs m.: howling, shouting impĕtus, -ūs m.: charge, attack, onslaught; fury, rush aegrē adv.: barely, with difficulty oppugnātĭo, -ōnis f.: storming, assaulting, attack sustĭnĕo, -ēre, -tĭnŭi, -tentum: sustain, withstand, bear noctu adv.: by night dēspērātus, -a, -um: desperate interfĭcĭo, -ĕre, -fēci, -fectum: kill, put to death, slay ēlābor, -i, -lapsus: escape from gĕro, -ĕre, gessi, gestum: carry on, to fight; deal a successful blow; wage a war 5.38

pĕdĭtātus, -ūs m.: infantry concĭto, -āre: rouse, arouse, cause to rise postĕrus, -a, -um: next ulciscor, -i, -ultus: punish, revenge oneself upon dīmitto, -ĕre: send in all directions, dispatch; dismiss, send away intĕrĕo, -īre, -ĭi, -ĭtum: perish nĕgōtĭum, -i n.: business; task; trouble hĭĕmo, -āre: pass the winter, to winter adiūtor, ōris m.: assistant, supporter 5.39

confestim adv.: promptly, with all haste cōgo, -ĕre, cŏēgi, cŏactum: to be pressing, force, constrain imprōvīsus, -a, -um: unexpectedly, without notice advŏlo, -āre: fly to, move with great rapidity perfĕro, -ferre: endure lignātĭo, -ōnis f.: a procuring of wood discēdo, -ĕre, -cessi, cessum: to go away, depart, quit rĕpentīnus, -a, -um: sudden intercĭpĭo, -ĕre, -cēpi, -ceptum: intercept conscendo, -ĕre, -ndi, -nsum: mount, climb up sustento, -āre: hold out, maintain oneself; endure pōno, -ĕre, pŏsŭi, pŏsĭtum: place, establish ădĭpiscor, -i, -eptus: achieve victor, -ōris m.: victor, winner 5.40

turris, -is f.: tower; siege-tower admŏdum adv.: very, very much ŏpus, -ĕris n.: work, fortification, siege work perfĭcĭo, -ĕre, -fēci, -fectum: accomplish, carry through; build, construct prīdĭē adv.: on the day before resistō, -ere, -stitī: maintain one’s position, hold one’s ground, resist dĕinceps: one after another, in turn, in succession vulnĕro, -āre: to wound quĭētus, -a, -um: quiet, at rest praeūro, -ĕre, -ussi, -ustum: burn at the point sŭdis, -is f.: post, picket, stake mūrālis, -e: of the wall, mural pīlum, -i n.: Roman spear pinna, -ae f.: bulwark crātis, -is f.: hurdle, wickerwork attexo, -ere, -xui, -xtum: construct upon tĕnŭis, -e: insignificant, precarious vălētūdo, -ĭnis f.: health; state of health concursus, -ūs m.: running together, rally parco, -ĕre, pĕperci, parsum: to spare; save, have regard for 5.41

oppugno, -āre: assault, attack, storm quisquam: indef. pronoun: whoever, whichever praesĭdĭum, -i n.: garrison rĕcūso, -āre: refuse invĕtĕrasco, -ĕre, -āvi: gain a permanent foothold, become established nōlo, nolle, nōlŭi: to be unwilling incŏlŭmis, -e: unharmed, safe, without loss pĕto, -ĕre, -īvi, -ītum: seek, make a request, ask for impĕtro, -āre: obtain, succeed in obtaining 5.42

dŏcĕo, -ēre, -cŭi, -ctum: teach, explain; give information, explain ĭdōnĕus, -a, -um: suitable circumcīdo, -ĕre, -cīdi, -cīsum: cut out, isolate săgŭlum, -i n.: military cloak exhaurĭo, -īre, -hausi, -stum: remove circŭĭtus, -ūs m.: periphery, circumference falx, -cis f.: scythe 5.43

cŏŏrĭor, -īri, -ortus: to rise, start up, break forth fervĕo, -ēre, -bŭi: be glowing, red hot fūsĭlis, -e: baked argilla, -ae f.: clay glans, -ndis f.: acorn, leaden bullet fervĕfăcĭo, -ĕre, fēci, factum: heat, melt; make red hot, glowing iaculum, -ī n.: javelin strāmentum, -i n.: straw; pack saddle explōrātus, -a, -um: assured scālae, -ārum f.: ladder torero, -ēre, -ui, tostum: roast, parch, singe conflāgro, -āre: be in flames dēmīgro, -āre: move away; abandon a position constīpo, -āre: crowd together rĕcessus, -ūs m.: retreat, opportunity of falling back dēturbo, -āre: drive off 5.44

sĭmultas, -ātis f.: feud, quarrel irrumpo, -ĕre, -rūpi, -ruptum: burst into, dart upon vĕrūtum, -i n.: javelin baltĕus, -i m.: belt āverto, -ĕre, -ti, -sum: to turn away, aside dīiūdicō, -āre: decide antĕfĕro, -ferre: prefer mūnītĭo, -ōnis f.: construction, fortitying contĭnĕo, -ēre, -tĭnŭi, -tentum: bind together, connect; contain, hold; restrain existĭmātĭo, -ōnis f.: opinion subsĕquor, -i, -secūtus: follow closely, on the heels mĕdĭōcris, -e: moderately large, not large, ordinary prōtĕgo, -ĕre, -xi, -ctum: cover transfīgo, -ĕre, -xi, -xum: pierce dēfīgo, -ĕre, -xi, -xum: set down firmly, plant firmly, fix cōnor, -āri: attempt, try, undertake mŏror, -āri: delay succurro, -ĕre, -curri, -cursum: run to aid, hasten to aid commĭnus adv.: at close quarters, in hand to hand conflict dēĭcĭo, -ĕre, -iēci, -iectum: throw down from; drive concēdo, -ĕre, -cidi, -cisum: go, depart, withdraw complūres, -ia, -ium: quite a number contentĭo, -ōnis f.: struggle, contest 5.45

asper, -ĕra, -ĕrum: desperate, critical crēber, -bra, -brum: frequently recurring, numerous crŭcĭātus, -ūs m.: torture intus adv.: within, inside illĭgo, -āre: bind on, tie on, fasten, attach 5.46

commŏdus, -a, -um: suitable, fitting, good, effective; commŏdum, -i n.: advantage, interest, convenience 5.47

attrĭbŭo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -ūtum: allot, assign, put in charge of tŏlĕro, -āre: endure; hold out, sustain dēvĕho, -ĕre, -xi, -ctum: transport intĕrĭtus, -ūs m.: destruction, ruin, annihilation 5.48

rĕdĕo, -īre: come back, return quantoque: indef. pro.: however much dēiectus, -ūs m.: slope, abrupt flank āmentum, -i n.: thong, strap dēlĭgo , āre: tie fast, tie to turris, -is f.: tower ădhaeresco, -ĕre, -haesi, -haesum: cling to, stick to dēmo, -ĕre, dempsi, demptum: take down, off conventus, -ūs m.: meeting, conference rĕcĭto, -āre: read out (aloud) incendĭum, -ĭi n.: a burning, fire, conflagration

6.13

ădhĭbĕo, -ēre: have present; consult; summon, invite plērīque, -aeque, -ăque: (post positive): the most of pŏtens, -ntis: powerful nōbĭlis, -e: noble, of high birth Drŭĭdes, -um m.: Gallic priests intersum, -esse, -fŭi: be between; engaged in, concerned with; take part prōcūro, -āre: attend to constĭtŭo, -ĕre, -ŭi, -ūtum: establish, appoint, fix; put, place făcĭnus, -ŏris n.: crime, enormity caedes, -is f.: slaughter hērēdĭtas, -ātis f.: inheritance dēcerno, -ĕre, -crēvi, -crētum: decide; decide upon, decree dēcrētum, -i n.: decree, decision interdīco, -ĕre, -xi, -ctum: forbid, warn impĭus, -a, -um: wicked ădĭtus, -ūs n.: approach, advance; approach; admittance; privilege claim contāgĭo, -ōnis f.: contact, association accĭpĭo, -ĕre, -cēpi, -ceptum: accept, receive hŏnos, -ōris m.: honor, distinction praesum, -esse, -fūi: be at the head of; be in charge of excello, -ĕre, -cellŭi, -celsum: be eminent suffrāgĭum, -i n.: vote, suffrage consīdo, -ĕre, -sēdi, -sessum: settle, take position; hold a session dēcrētum, -i n.: decree, decision rĕpĕrĭo, -īre, repperi, rĕpertum: find; originate disco, -ĕre, dĭdĭci: learn, be instructed 6.14

trĭbūtum, -i n.: impost, tax immūnĭtas, ātis f.: freedom, immunity ēdisco, -ĕre, -dĭdĭci: learn by heart permănĕo, -ēre, -nsi, -nsum: remain, hold out fas n.: right, divine law confīdo, -ĕre, -fĭsus sum: rely, trust stŭdĕo, -ēre, -ŭi: strive; pay attention to perdiscendo, -ĕre, -ĭdĭci: learn thoroughly, master dispŭto, -āre: discuss, expatiate iuventūs, -ūtis f.: youth; men of fighting age; youth, young men 6.15

sŏlĕo, -ēre, solitus: to be accustomed prōpulso, -āre: drive off, beat off, keep off; keep at bay; repel verso, -āre: turn about often, turn hither and tither; pass.: resort, stay amplus, -a, -um: large, copious, ample; well-supplied with; rich in ambactus, -i m.: attendant, retainer 6.16

nātĭo, -ōnis f.: race, people; of different tribes within Gaul immŏlo, -āre: sacrifice vŏvĕo, -ēre, vōvi, vōtum: vow admĭnister, -ri m.: performer, agent reddo, -ĕre, -dĭdi, -dĭtum: give back, return; grant; pay pūblĭcē: adv. on the part of the state; officially; as a matter of public policy immānis, -e: enormous, vast sĭmŭlācrum, -i n.: image, figure vīmen, -ĭnis n.: willow, wickerwork furtum, -i n.: theft lātrōcĭnĭum, -ĭi n.: robbery noxa, -ae f.: guilt, transgression innŏcens, -ntis: innocent 6.17

inventor, -ōris m.: inventor quaestus, -ūs m.: acquisition, gain morbus, -i m.: disease, sickness ĭnĭtĭum, -ĭi n.: beginning; edge dīmĭco, -āre: fight, struggle exstrŭo, -ĕre, -xi, -ctum: pile up; build, erect; construct conspĭcor, -āri: espy, observe, see quispĭam , quaepĭam, quippĭam: any, anybody occulto, -āre: conceal 6.18

dīs, dītis m.: god of the netherworld; Father Dis prōgnātus, -a, -um: sprung from praedĭco, -āre: vaunt, boast; tell prōdo, -ĕre, -dĭdi, -dĭtum: give forth, publish fīnĭo, -īre: limit, mark the limit, bound; determine ădŏlesco, -ĕre, -ēvi, adultum: grow up, attain manhood mūnus, -ĕris n.: task, service; gift pălam adv.: openly 6.19

dōs, -ōtis f.: dowry aestĭmātĭo, -ōnis f.: calculation, estimate sīcŭti conj.: just as, as if nex, nĕcis f.: violent death/execution illustris, -e: splendid, distinguished dēcēdo, -ĕre, -cessi, -cessum: go out of the way; to depart, move away; depart this life, die servīlis, -e: of slaves; slavish, servile quaestĭo, -ōnis f.: investigation compĕrĭo, -īre, -pĕri, -pertum: ascertain, learn excrŭcĭo, -āre: torture 6.20

admĭnistro, -āre: execute, perform, carry out, govern, manage existĭmo, -āre: think, believe, hold rūmor, -ōris m.: report, rumor tĕmĕrārĭus, -a, -um: reckless impĕrītus, -a, -um: inexperienced terrĕo, -ēre, -ŭi, -ĭtum: frighten făcĭnus, -ŏris n.: crime impello, -ĕre, -pŭli, -pulsum: incite, urge on, influence căpĭo, -ĕre, cēpi, captum: to take, decide upon, select, take occulto, -āre: conceal prōdo, -ĕre, -dĭdi, -dĭtum: give forth, publish; betray, abandon concīdo, -ĕre, -cīdi, -cīsum: cut to pieces, break, cut short