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That's the Question Romanization or not Romanization – that’s the Question Indisier på romanisering i den første boken av Caesars De Bello Gallico Master i Historie – HI320S Vår 2011 Universitetet i Nordland Fakultet for Samfunnsvitenskap Michèle Gabathuler Takk… …til veilederen min Per-Bjarne Ravnå, som har vært uendelig tålmodig og som har ledet meg tilbake på veien igjen når jeg har gått meg vill så mange ganger. Takk for gode råd, tipps og ideer, og ikke minst for at du tok imot utfordringen med å veilede en sveitser som skriver som Yoda snakker og som er glad i å finne opp egne norske ord som ingen andre enn meg forstår. …til dere alle som måtte tåle mitt åndsfravær når vi var sammen, som måtte høre på meg legge ut om hvor artig og spennende det er å skrive om dette temaet, som måtte svare på alle slags rare spørsmål i forbindelse med oppgava mi, og som måtte oppleve entusiasmen min om dere ville eller ikke. …til dere alle som også måtte høre på sytingen min når berg- og dalbanen hadde nådd et lavpunkt igjen, der jeg syntes at det her aldri kommer til å gå bra. Takk for at dere sa “jo, det her kommer til å gå bra. Stå på.” Merci villmol allna eu! Michèle Gabathuler Bodø, 15.05.2011 1 ::ruuus::fUU'U6:n.n..tLtS C ...."SA~".~SA~ \4oI\R~ Pf!R1E5PeRIESPeReS f.G1lSKeRf.4IER6K1iR'1-4ER6~~. R\AI\Al. 1b9'PEN~1tWÆN AV SfNstNSI'N KA~I'GRGKAR'1IZ~KA~~" PRØMT"5~M'T'5ORØM1li irj ARET 50 F. KR. HAN GTAPrdi6'fA:Of/liSiAPf/li 0Iv\ON\~ Ft.EReFtAR1iFt.e~ mI!lOeR~æeoeR'~efiI'!Oe'R'~1, UMSrT&L.tEiUMS"r'11!UsUMf!i1"EUe HAl"'"HAP""HAP""~ """"""""RO\M6 50M ""'~ ._ 5Ot.DAl'ER501.~5O(.~TER I!!EiGAITl!566AITessATT IE/..elEI..eIEt.e I>eNPeN TlL.TTLru. DA~"'" K:IIiNTEK:IENTEK:IEN1'EVERI>eN VERPeNVERI>eN. ERPERE 5/K .... Ro\ AT I>eT I'KKe U~R f'IoI06 ,,~ LtTGi' HIIR I>ERE 1sm MAKENMIIK E ~ TITILL ~P6'~EVr PRISEniSER?R? FÅR GITGRMlPtMGGN ~ ~~~~~:~ t)I;'jP&i MNT'WiiAAN'T'&& 1b10 &L.A6i6L..AG &AU..EiRIG=EiALLGREi: De ~ _ osos; Dfi SOI\I\SOM 1bt<1bK erÆ'~ serERHeRReN6'sel'ER~Ne _ O<;;]:)GOGOG:Ps: PG 5<::Mo\~ "ftZSkGIGI~kSlrøRSle. la: I Err6'R'Ef"'T"I;RE1"'T"6R FR/lE:iFRIlE:i~ rHe:i DSøs 60CM~ HAPPIiAAPPIi 4iOP45QPiAtrfAir PSNPEN OG All"AL1" _ r .rrr 0&OG~ AL-PR1"AL_AL.P2rr SA6A eTTIæRe~~ FOR OVERMAKiEN.oveRMAK1l<N.0V&RMAlCTeN. ~ o. ~ n-:- © Goscinny & Uderzo, 2006. 2 Innhold Innledning ............................................................................................................................... 7 Romaniseringsforskning – før og nå ........................................................................................ 10 1. Romanisering – en første tilnærming til begrep og fenomen ........................................ 10 2. Romernes nøkkel til suksess ......................................................................................... 13 2.1 Strukturelle faktorer .................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Samfunnsstruktur……………………………………………………………….14 2.1.2 Urbanisering…………………………………………………………………….15 2.1.3 Tildeling av titler og romersk borgerrett………………………………………..17 2.1.4 Det romerske militærvesenet……………………………………………………18 2.1.5 La oss flytte til provinsen……………………………………………………….19 2.1.6 Påvirkningens strømretning……………………………………………..………19 2.2 Kulturelle faktorer ....................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Bybildet………………………………………...……………………………….20 2.2.2 Ny gravskikk og semi-nye guder…………………...…………………………..21 2.2.3 Handel og nye varer…………………………………………………………….22 2.2.4 Ovenfra-ned, eller nedenfra-opp?........................................................................25 2.3 Nøkkelen er… ............................................................................................................. 25 2.4 Selvromanisering ........................................................................................................ 27 2.5 “Spesialfall” språk ...................................................................................................... 28 3. Forskningens utvikling .................................................................................................. 31 3.1. Romaniseringsforskningens første skritt – modernismen .......................................... 32 3.2. Nye strømninger – fra 1960- til 90-tallet ................................................................... 34 3.3. Hvor står forskningen i dag? ...................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 Romersk og gallisk kulturell revolusjon..………………………………..……..41 3 3.3.2 Kreolisering?........................................................................................................44 3.3.3 Globalisering i antikken?.....................................................................................47 3.3.4 Akkulturasjonsteorien er død - eller?...................................................................51 3.3.5 En fokusendring?..................................................................................................53 Kilden – De Bello Gallico ........................................................................................................ 56 4. Mitt navn er Caesar, Gaius Julius Caesar ..................................................................... 57 4.1 Forfatteren Caesar – en kort oversikt .......................................................................... 62 4.2 De Bello Gallico under lupen ..................................................................................... 63 4.2.1 De Bello Gallico - et mesterlig propagandaskriv…...…………………………..66 4.2.2 The truth and nothing but the truth?.....................................................................67 4.2.3 Og dette er relevant i forhold til romanisering fordi……………………...…….68 5. Kilden: De Bello Gallico, liber I ................................................................................... 69 5.1 Det politiske system .................................................................................................... 70 5.1.1 Oppida..…………………………………………………………………………71 5.1.2 Forsamlinger…………………………………………………………………….72 5.1.3 Myndigheter - vergobretus eller konge?..............................................................74 5.1.4 Overherredømme og tributtpliktighet…………………………………………..77 5.1.5 Allianser og avtaler……………………………………………………………..78 5.1.6 Galliske patron-klient-forhold………………………………………………….79 5.1.7 Giftermål - formålstjenlige forbindelser………………………………………..80 5.1.8 Familie og folkemening i politikken……………………………………………81 5.1.9 "Gallia es omnis divisa en partes tres" - konkrete beskrivelser av politisk inndeling………………………………………………………………………..82 5.1.10 Jurisdiksjon…………………………………………………………………….83 5.1.11 Utveksling av gisler……………………………………………………………84 4 5.1.12 Penger og velstand som virkemiddel………………….………………………85 5.1.13 Militærvesenet………………………………………...……………………….86 5.1.14 Appellationes - titler……………………………………………………..…….88 5.2 Skikk & bruk ............................................................................................................... 89 5.3 Karakteregenskaper ..................................................................................................... 89 5.3.1 Generelle beskrivelser av gallerne……………………………………………...90 5.3.2 Belgerne…………………………………………...……………………………91 5.3.3 Helvetierne…………………………………………..………………………….92 5.3.4 Haeduerne…………………………………………..…………………………..95 5.4 Parisii vs Lutetia – kommunikasjon ............................................................................ 96 5.5 Germanerne – den siviliserte verdens verste mareritt ................................................. 97 5.6 Og han skrev det slik fordi… ...................................................................................... 99 6. Konklusjon ...................................................................................................................... 101 7. Bibliografi ....................................................................................................................... 107 7.1 Primærlitteratur ......................................................................................................... 107 7.2 Sekundærlitteratur ..................................................................................................... 107 7.3 Internet ...................................................................................................................... 115 Forkortelser: BG – C. Iulius Caesar. De Bello Gallico. i: Schönberger, O. (trans.). (2009). Der Gallische Krieg – De Bello Gallico. Lateinisch – deutsch. Tusculum Studienausgabe, 7. Auflage. Düsseldorf/Zürich, Artemis & Winkler Verlag. 5 RE - A. Pauly, G. Wissova & W. Kroll (eds.). (1893 - ) Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Alterthumswissenshaft. Stuttgart & München, Metzler. SPM - Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte. (2002) Die Schweiz vom Paläolithikum bis zum frühen Mittelalter. Vom Neandertaler bis zum Karl dem Grossen. Basel, Verlag Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte. 6 Innledning Per september 2009 hadde stormakten USA over en halv million soldater stasjonert rundt om i verden, de fleste – 171 000 – i kriseområdet Irak.1 Hvordan er virkningene av denne konstante militærpresens på lokalbefolkningen? Hvordan må denne følelsen være å ha en okkupasjonsmakt, inntrengere, stående i den egne by? Er det nysgjerrighet, er det frykt, er det aggresjon som beslaglegger både hjerte og sinn? Og hva kommer ut av dette møtet mellom øst og vest, to i utgangspunktet grunnforskjellige kulturer? Kanskje det
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