Toward Resilient Cities and Landscapes

Home , Cyclone Idai

Toward Resilient Cities and Landscapes Resilience Accelerator and other work from 2018-2019 Toward Resilient Cities and Landscapes Resilience Accelerator and other work from 2018-2019

02 OUR MISSION 04 OUR TEAM

06 SOUTHEAST FLORIDA USA

10 SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

12 THE HAGUE HOLLAND

14 CAN THO VIETNAM

18 PUNE INDIA

22 LOS ANGELES USA

24 MONTEVIDEO URUGUAY

28 TEL AVIV-YAFO ISRAEL

32 RESILIENT REEFS GLOBAL

36 WORLD WILDLIFE FUND / PALMA MOZAMBIQUE

Pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation

Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation

1 STUDENTS AND FACULTY FROM GSAPP nationalism and sectari- AND LURIO UNIVERSITY LEARNING ABOUT anism, and a global sense RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN MOZAMBIQUE of unease. We are more disconnected as a society – from each other and from the natural systems to which we are funda- mentally connected. While these challenges can seem over- whelming, the Center for Resilient Cities and Landscapes over the past year has become part of an emerging global network of resilience practitioners united in the belief that we must change how we plan and design our cities and manage the landscapes on which they depend. We’ve had the opportunity to travel to places around the world and work with local leaders and communities con- fronting these challenges HOUSES BUILT ALONG CANALS IN CAN THO, A CITY IN THE LOWER MEKONG DELTA head-on. We’ve seen how a sense of agency over the future— are those that depend on diversity and geospatial analysis of changing land even hope—can emerge through deep complex interconnectedness; they are uses, remote sensing of land surface listening, open collaboration and visu- more network than hierarchy. temperature, visual analysis of risk, alization of alternative futures. The Resilience Accelerator was and long-term scenario planning. We The Resilience Accelerator Pro- developed because we know that ap- used this research to design interdis- gram—a partnership between 100 plying the best available scientific un- ciplinary workshops in which a project Resilient Cities and CRCL supported derstanding and high-quality design concept was developed, critiqued and by The Rockefeller Foundation—is an talent at the front end of resilience reconceived. These workshops not only MISSION: The Center for Resilient Cities and Landscapes (CRCL) uses planning and design to help ongoing collaboration with chief resil- project development leads to better advanced the projects, but also built a communities and ecosystems adapt to the pressures of urbanization, inequality, and climate change. CRCL ience officers in eight cities to advance outcomes for cities and the commu- shared sense of agency and enthusiasm works with public, nonprofit, and academic partners to deliver practical and forward-thinking technical transformative projects in the built en- nities they serve. Universities and for moving forward together. assistance that advances project implementation through interdisciplinary research, visualization of risk, vironment. Bringing interdisciplinary scientific institutions have enormous As a new Center founded at the project design scenarios, and intensive, facilitated convenings. research and inclusive collaboration capacity to support cities to become Graduate School of Architecture, Plan- to these projects not only improves more resilient but lack the structures ning and Preservation at Columbia Uni- the project, but also creates path- to do this. The Resilience Accelerator versity, we have brought these real-life he 20th century saw the dented risks from the unwinding of high ground are becoming increasing- ways for all future projects in similar provides the membrane to do this. challenges into the classroom where impact of human activ- natural systems on which all life de- ly rare, and in some cases, hoarded contexts. These pathways seek to cut In each instance of the Accelerator tomorrow’s planners and designers are ity reach all corners of pends. As climate patterns become by the most wealthy. Competition for across existing hierarchies and chal- program, we began with research into developing the tools of the professions the earth. As a result more extreme and unpredictable, our these resources is sparking conflicts lenge the status quo. Our conception the unique conditions of the place, how and a sense of purpose. GSAPP stu- of this technological outmoded infrastructure and urban and reinforcing historic patterns of op- of resilience is founded in ecology and it has come to be and how it is chang- dents have been able to connect with and demographic leap, systems are working against us. Crit- pression. The shockwaves from these applied to urban systems and gover- ing today. Our research program varied their peers in the places we are working, Tcommunities and ecosystems every- ical natural resources like fresh water, conflicts are destabilizing entire regions nance, where organizations that can based on what was needed for the proj- learning together about what makes a where are now faced with unprece- productive soil and fisheries, and safe in the form of migration crises, rampant survive shocks and adapt to changes ect, but it included global case studies, place more resilient.

2 3 Our Team

Katherine Orff (Faculty Director, CRCL) is the founder of SCAPE and is an asso- Katherine Orff ciate professor and director of the Urban Faculty Director Design Program in the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preser- vation at Columbia University. She is a MacArthur Fellow, and received a B.A. from the University of Virginia and an M.L.A. from Harvard University.

Thaddeus Pawlowski (Managing Director, CRCL) planned for disasters at the NYC Office of Emergency Man- agement, worked to reduce the like- lihood and impact of disasters at NYC Department of City Planning, and then Thaddeus Pawlowski helped the City recover from Hurri- Managing Director cane Sandy at the NYC Mayor’s Office. He received an MArch from University of Pennsylvania and was a 2015 Loeb Fellow at Harvard University.

Johanna Lovecchio (Associate Director, CRCL) worked as a Senior Analyst and Program Manager at HR&A Advisors, where she scaled resilience capacity-building models and developed climate adaptation plans. She has a MUP from the Robert F. Wagner School of Public Service and dual Bachelor of Arts Johanna Lovecchio degrees in Environmental Studies and Associate Director Metropolitan Studies from the New York University College of Arts and Sciences. Michelle Mueller is a program manag- Grga Basic is an associate research Gideon Finck is a research scholar and THE ISLAND OF DOMINICA A FEW er at 100 Resilient Cities, supporting scholar focussing on critical, narra- graduate a Masters in Landscape Ar- MONTHS AFTER HURRICANE MARIA CAUSED SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE Sam Carter (Director, Resilience member cities with their strategies tive, and investigative cartography. chitecture from the Harvard Graduate TO HOUSING, INFRASTRUCTURE, Accelerator at 100RC). Before founding and projects. Michelle worked at Acu- Grga previously worked at the Center School of Design. He has a background AGRICULTURE AND FORESTS the Resilience Accelerator program with men, a non-profit focused on poverty for Spatial Research, the Harvard Urban in studio art and previously worked as 100 Resilient Cities, Sam managed the and as an AidData Fellow in Mexico Theory Lab and worked as an architect a letterpress printer. Rockefeller Foundation’s field-building City at Instituto Mora. Michelle has a in Paris. He studied architecture and ur- work on resilience including National BA from the University of Texas at Aus- banism in Vienna and at Harvard. Georine Pierre is an associate research Disaster Resilience Competition and tin in Government and Latin American scholar who studied architecture at ongoing recovery and resilience efforts Studies and is now on her way to MIT to Linda Schilling is an associate research California College of Arts where her in New York, Louisiana and Puerto Rico. study urban planning. scholar and graduate of GSAPP’s MSAUD thesis research e-waste recycling in Sam Carter Before that he helped to found the Insti- program, where she received the Ghana received the Kaz Baba Memorial Director, tute for Public Knowledge at NYU, where William Kinne Fellowship. She was Travel Grant. Resilience Accelerator he also studied planning and policy. trained as an architect in Chile.

4 5 “This isn’t just about these five projects, but the tens BY THE NUMBERS of thousands of projects in the years ahead… There is no such thing as just a transit project anymore, or 4 just a water project… every project needs to build inches of sea level rise since resilience in the places and communities it touches.” 1992, with an additional 3-7 inches of expected sea level rise by 2030. — SAM CARTER, DIRECTOR, RESILIENCE ACCELERATOR

Over 85,000 people and 53,000 homes located less than 3 feet above high tide.

$21 billion in assets at risk due to sea level rise.

$2.9 billion in damages from Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005.

$467 million in estimated damages from Hurricane Irma in 2017. BRICKELL BAY DRIVE IN MIAMI, ONE OF THE PLACES WHERE STORM SURGE ENTERED THE CITY DURING HURRICANE IRMA

Facing the Rising Tide Together MIAMI-DADE CRO JIM MURLEY EXPLAINING TRANSPORTATION PLANS FOR THE FUTURE

affordable housing, aging infrastruc- met with locals and experts, and then cess of elevating West Avenue to pre- Over the next three days, facilita- FIVE PROJECTS ture in poor repair, rising sea levels designed an immersive multi-stake- vent tidal flooding. The City of Miami tors from CRCL and 100RC led project and more active hurricane seasons. holder forum for advancing the proj- was ready to rethink a stretch of bay- teams through a series of exercises IN SOUTHEAST These problems are experienced by ects while simultaneously fostering front as a public amenity. West Palm to better understand the context for all 99 municipalities in the region, but regional collaboration. This immer- Beach was seeking new solutions for the projects, the root causes of the PARTNERS there are few vehicles for city officials sive three-day event brought together a sea-wall that incorporates natural challenges they faced in design and FLORIDA 100 Resilient Cities to share knowledge and resources and a wide array of voices, from Mayor of features like mangroves. Palm Beach implementation, and build consensus Southeast Florida Regional Climate collaborate on strategies. Miami Beach Dan Gelber to the per- County was trying to build support for on pathways forward. Visiting experts Change Compact Chief Resilience Officers (CROs) formance Artist Misael Soto, who live- transitional housing for its increas- offered critical perspectives and in- The Miami Foundation To start the Resilience Accelerator allied with the Southeast Florida Cli- streamed spontaneous interactions ing homeless population. Miami Dade spirational precedents. After an in- Resilient305 program, we traveled to the region mate Compact selected five projects with the public from each site into the County engaged the Accelerator to tense two and a half days of work, the City of Miami Beach considered the most vulnerable to to demonstrate a new model for future conference venue. develop ideas for how to make future project leaders presented again, this City of Miami climate change in the US. With over infrastructure—from the beaches to On the first day of the workshop, transit stations “resilience hubs,” pub- time to the public and the press. The Miami-Dade County six million people today, Southeast the bayfront, from the densest urban project leaders presented their cur- lic spaces that would attract people projects had evolved in both design Florida continues to grow fast despite areas to the down-and out exurban rent plans and the challenges they to transit-oriented development on and implementation strategy to build Palm Beach County mounting problems: increasingly un- edges. We visited the project sites, faced. Miami Beach was stuck in a pro- higher ground. momentum toward next steps. West Palm Beach

6 7 Southeast Florida | A Regional Perspective

CITY OF MIAMI CITY OF MIAMI BEACH PALM BEACH COUNTY BRICKELL BAY WEST AVENUE COTTAGE HOMES DRIVE Project is back on track with Planning and design community support and a WEST PALM BEACH Nine months since the is now funded via change order from the MONCEAUX Accelerator Workshop: the first round of City Commission funding PARK the Miami Forever additional design elements City will apply Greater Miami & the Beaches Resilient305 strategy MIAMI-DADE COUNTY Bond program, and and public benefits. the living proposes to use the Accelerator process to drive RESILIENCE HUBS the City of Miami shoreline concept transformational projects throughout the region. Miami-Dade County will is now updating Miami Beach is also developed in include the Resilience Hubs its procurement institutionalizing the lessons the workshop to concepts, as appropriate, processes to of the Accelerator Workshop, sections of city- in the planning and help attract a bringing a multidisciplinary owned seawall implementation of SMART multidisciplinary design approach and enhanced in greatest need Plan Corridor stations. team with strong community engagement of repair. community to all new neighborhood engagement skills. improvement projects.

8 9 VIEW OF THE YAQUE DEL NORTE RIVER BY THE NUMBERS 17 Changing Course people lost their lives in Santiago during Tropical Storm Olga in 2007, and thousands along the were left without homes.

Yaque River 33,000 households in SDLC are located in informal settlements. EQUITABLE RELOCATIONS IN SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS 50,000 Haitian immigrants and descendants live in SDLC, which represents 5% of the total population of the city.

142 communities face flood risk from the Rio del Yaque and its tributaries.

Tucked between two mountain rang- communities—some Haitian-Domini- meetings with community leaders, and es, Santiago de los Caballeros is home cans—have historically been disenfran- two days of hands-on design and im- to the second-largest urban popula- chised which complicates any effort by plementation exercises; the Acceler- tion in the Dominican Republic and is the government to improve their con- ator offered one model of an open and a booming agricultural and industri- ditions. The InterAmerican Develop- transparent process that could build al trade center. Winding through the ment Bank has been working with the that needed trust. heart of the city is the island’s largest City and other stakeholders on a plan Workshops can promote deep lis- river, El Yaque, connecting Santiago to to relocate one of the most vulnerable tening, a common understanding of the both mountains and sea. Yet to many communities in the City and build a le- complex risk, and empathy and appre- today, the Rio Yaque remains forgotten vee to protect another. This effort also ciation for the unique cultural and hu- and neglected. As Maria Isabel Serrano, includes making public realm improve- man values of communities. They can the city’s Chief Resilience Officer and ment to the waterfront and a market in also demystify the intentions of gov- TAKE-AWAY: The Resilience Accelerator offered a model Director of Risk explains, “Santiaguinos the center of the City. ernment and other stakeholders and for how the City and residents can build trust in an open forum have turned their backs to the river.” The Accelerator here began as an better define the public interest. Unfor- However, many people have built effort to advance this trio of projects, tunately, one workshop cannot reverse and work together to create safe housing on high ground for PARTNERS their homes and raised their families but during the course of our work, it histories of injustice, but it can be an vulnerable communities. It also connected the City and their 100 Resilient Cities in the river valley, often on unstable became clear that these projects could important step to help us all no longer partners to experienced subject matter experts who have Inter-American Development Bank slopes and banks that flood and erode only advance after establishing trust turn our backs on our most vulnerable valuable lessons learned from relocation in other cities. (IADB) when the river swells during sea- between the affected communities neighbors and embrace the natural Municipality of Santiago de los sonal tropical storms. Many of these and the government. After site visits, systems on which we all depend. Caballeros

10 11 priests, and artists. Over a community dinner, we learned about the problems behind closed doors, and a per- vading sense of loneliness and desire for greater community cohesion. Our question became, if the City makes this major investment in transportation, what will it do for the people here today? Transportation always brings more housing and more opportunities, but how will their interests be repre- sented in that process? After our visit, we worked with GSAPP urban planning students to compile relevant case studies of recent transportation projects around the world. What were the successes and failures from various points of view? How did the project help urban mobility in general and how did it help the people most affected? BY THE NUMBERS We delivered these case studies to The Hague along with recommen- 14% dations for how this new of total global greenhouse public investment could gas emissions come from the help to make both the transport sector alone, City and the people of MAJOR TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS AND Escamp more resilient amounting to about HOUSING DENSITY IN THE HAGUE to the stresses that af- 7B metric tons fect them both behind Planning for Equity annually, or roughly triple closed doors and trav- the amount of carbon offset past and striving for improvement. eling across town. by the world’s forests, It was in this spirit that Anne-Marie in Transportation according to the Hitipeuw, the CRO of the Hague, invit- Intergovernmental Panel ed the Resilience Accelerator to guide on Climate Change. a long-term plan for a new transit TAKE-AWAY: How we plan infrastructure today is a matter PEOPLE-ORIENTED line from the center of the Hague of life and death for the planet. It can create and strengthen to the Escamp neighborhood in the structural inequality in our societies, degrade trust between DEVELOPMENT IN THE HAGUE Southwest. This neighborhood was built after WWII as worker housing, citizens and the governments that serve them, and lock in but many of the original inhabitants patterns of fossil fuel consumption and land use that will moved to suburbs long ago. Today the accelerate global warming. Traveling to the Netherlands is like district geothermal, and bicycles ev- neighborhood is largely composed of a guided tour of urban resilience in erywhere. Most of all, the efficiency recent immigrants who are much less A better model for planning infrastructure will strengthen practice, with densely-clustered lively of the public transport in the Nether- wealthy than other neighborhoods in trust between citizens and government, seek to be inclusive in towns where sand engines replenish lands makes a trip across the country this affluent city. planning and reverse structural inequalities, protect remaining PARTNERS beaches and vast systems of canals, seem not much more arduous than a Anne-Marie and her colleagues wild areas, and drive us toward a just transition to a post fossil polders and dykes have been holding trip across town. took us to Escamp and introduced us to fuel economy. 100 Resilient Cities back the North Sea for a millennia. But resilience in practice is a con- community leaders of all kinds: teach- GSAPP Urban Planning Seminar There are windmills, vertical farms, stant process of learning from the ers, police, entrepreneurs, imams, Resilient Den Hague

12 13 BY THE NUMBERS 18 Million Urban Transformation people in the Mekong Delta. Guided by Nature 30 centimeters of sea level rise expected by 2050.

CAN THO AT AN Average of INFLECTION POINT 1-4 centimeters of subsidence/year.

For thousands of years, the Mekong 187 River’s sediment deposits have creat- existing and planned ed a vast delta which sustains some of upstream dams on the the world’s richest ecosystems, cul- Mekong are diverting the tures, and agricultural practices. For city’s water supply. centuries, humans have managed this watery land with canals, sluice gates, and agricultural practices finely tuned to the region’s tropical climate and seasonal hydrology. Today these conditions are being radically re-shaped by climate change, sea level rise, urbanization and dam construction. Can Tho, the largest and most economically important city in the delta, sits at a crossroads between the region’s agricultural past and globally-connected future. As it transitions tic, industrial and agricultural uses, as new patterns of urban development (TOP LEFT) A WOMAN SELLING LOCALLY GROWN to an industrial and service-based upstream dams, unpredictable weath- utilizing a nature-based approach FRUIT IN CAN THO’S FLOATING MARKET. (TOP RIGHT) A SLUICE GATE, MANAGING economy, Can Tho’s urban footprint is er patterns, and local water pollution to water management. During a re- FLOW OF WATER TO FRUIT ORCHARDS. expanding rapidly, transforming ca- have made local rivers and canals less search trip in January 2019, Dr. Trung, (BOTTOM RIGHT) DR. TRUNG DISCUSSES nals into roads and agricultural land reliable sources of freshwater. This led us through an investigation of the RESILIENCE WITH STUDENTS AND FACULTY into new residential and industrial has led to alarming rates of land sub- region’s agriculture, heritage, infra- areas. These land-use changes are sidence and urban flooding, which put structure, recent urban development leading to widespread displacement people and property at risk. The city’s trends, and changing industrial econ- of resident farmers, who are left with- response to this flooding to date has omy. Alongside students from Can out the means to support themselves been to add more hard infrastructure: Tho University, we worked together in the new urban areas. These chang- levees, channels and pumps. to understand the culture and chal- es are also leading to increased de- CRO Dr. Nguyen Hieu Trung invited lenges of Can Tho, and define design pendence on groundwater for domes- the Accelerator program to propose principles and project concepts, in- TAKE-AWAY: If the drive toward building a global, cluding agro-urban housing models, PARTNERS district-wide renewable energy uti- technologically-advanced city can be combined with traditional lizing agricultural by-product as bio- knowledge of sustainable agriculture and water management, GSAPP Urban Design Studio “The bamboo that bends is mass, and canal-based and amphib- Can Tho can help define what a sustainable, resilient, and 100 Resilient Cities ious neighborhoods inspired by the DRAGON Institute, Can Tho equitable city looks like. University stronger than the oak that resists.” region’s heritage of floating housing Can Tho Resilience Unit —DR. TRUNG and markets.

14 15 IMAGES OF STUDENT WORK FROM THE GSAPP’S SPRING 2019 URBAN DESIGN STUDIO. THESE PROJECTS ILLUSTRATE Can Tho | Urban Transformation Guided By Nature DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR NATURE-BASED URBANIZATION.

16 17 BY THE NUMBERS

Pune is the 9th most populous city in India and according to a government index, the most livable.

An estimated 40% of the urban population lives in slums.

During the recent drought, this number is thought to have grown from an estimated 1.2 million to 2 million MANGESH DIGHE FROM THE PUNE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION TALKING WITH STUDENTS people, with an average of 300 families coming A VIEW OF ONE OF PUNE’S by train each day. CONTAMINATED WATERWAYS and are exposed to flooding during the and sewage infrastructure with com- monsoon season. munity-based planning to address In the context of the mounting en- long-standing environmental and so- In 1961 the Panshet Dam vironmental and social crisis, the Pune cial injustices. burst, resulting in a flood Municipal Corporation commissioned Students and faculty worked that killed as many as a study for a Riverfront Project that alongside Chief Resilience Officer -Ma 1,000 follows precedents from around the hesh Harare to understand people in Pune. world, where rivers have been chan- the potential of Pune’s river- nelized into concrete drains and wa- lands. Through the course of Ecology and Equity terfronts cleared to make way for the semester they developed landscaped promenades and real conceptual designs for how estate development. We were asked the PMC could revegetate the on the Mula Mutha to consider this study and propose al- river edge; value ecological ternatives. Working with Columbia’s features such as the basalt Urban Design Studio, Pune College of outcroppings along the riv- Engineering, and Bharaati Vidyapeeth, er; and find engaging ways to we advocated taking a holistic water- connect the people of Pune PUNE’S RIVERS AS A FOUNTAIN WOMEN USING THE RIVER FOR HOUSEHOLD CHORES shed approach to the rivers, and inte- back to the waters that flow FOR RESILIENT GROWTH grating investments in transportation down from the Western Ghats. The drought in 2018, as droughts before it, accelerated the movement of PARTNERS farmers from the countryside around In the foothills of the Western Ghats, rivers when the City was the seat of the Pune into the city seeking seasonal GSAPP Urban Design Studio TAKE-AWAY: If Pune can grow ecological awareness, the most biodiverse region of India, Maratha Empire and the birthplace of work as laborers and service workers 100 Resilient Cities equitably manage water and provide safe housing and the sprawling City of Pune is one of the Indian Independence movement. for the tech campuses and luxury con- Pune Resilience Office infrastructure for all its people, it will be a model for all cities. India’s largest and most economically Today that water flows in pipes into dos on Pune’s periphery. Many settle in The Institute of Environment thriving cities. In the hills above Pune, homes, offices and factories and is dis- informal housing on public land along If it can’t happen in Pune, it can’t happen anywhere. Education and Research, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University four dams hold much of the water that charged as (much of it untreated) sew- the banks of the Mula and Mutha Rivers (BVIEER) once coursed through Mula and Mutha age into its waterways. where they lack even basic amenities College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

18 19 Pune | Ecology and Equity on the Mula Mutha IMAGES OF STUDENT WORK FROM THE GSAPP’S SPRING 2019 URBAN DESIGN STUDIO. THESE PROJECTS SHOW HOW HOLISTIC WATER MANAGEMENT CAN BE INTEGRATED INTO THE FUTURE PUNE’S WATERFRONT.

20 21 CHANNELIZED LA RIVER IN ELYSIAN VALLEY BY THE NUMBERS One million Realizing people live within one mile of the LA River.

Value Along 60% of those people the LA River are identified as Disadvantaged Communities by the State of California. A MODEL FOR COMMUNITY 10% AND PUBLIC INVESTMENT of City-owned property is located within .5-mile of the LA River.

With headwaters in the Santa Susa- more transpar- na Mountains, the Los Angeles River ent development flows from the San Fernando Valley process for sites through the City of Los Angeles, even- along the riv- tually emptying into the Pacific at Long er. Together we Beach. Once an unconstrained and rich asked, can com- habitat that supported the Gabielino In- munities along dians over 1,000 years ago, the River be- the river become came the primary source of freshwater more stable and for the City of Los Angeles. As the city livable in light grew, so too did the risk and damages of of the increasing flooding during wet seasons. By 1960, pressure of gen- the River was completely channelized trification? for its entire 51-mile length, 32 of which At a workshop are in the City of LA. in January 2019, Today, communities along the LA we engaged over River are some of the most densely 30 public, private, NGO, and communi- during the workshop as needed for range of benefits in align- populated and most vulnerable to the ty-based stakeholders, including the all future development sites along ment with the community pressures of rising housing costs, job Trust for Public Land and RiverLA. The the river. First, the City needs to de- and public. Finally, the City displacement, flood risk, and lack of workshop started with some com- vise a more transparent planning and could better coordinate deci- accessibility to transit and open spac- mon goals: rehabilitating the LA River procurement processes that balanc- sion-making, planning, and es. For these reasons, the LA River has should occur in alignment with natu- es city-wide goals with communi- investments by looking at been the site of numerous planning ef- ral systems, provide and encourage ty-based needs. Second, engaging theses city owned proper- forts that have intensified over the last vibrant public spaces as well as eq- the private sector can help to deliver a ties as one portfolio. decade. Most recently, the Mayor’s Of- uitable economic development, and fice recognized a need to advance the address flood risk. We focused on a LA River Revitalization Master Plan in single, representative City-owned site conjunction with the City’s Resilience with active municipal operations on The Accelerator helped to set the stage for Strategy. With CRO’s Marissa Aho the River, allowing participants to con- TAKE-AWAY: PARTNERS (former) and Aaron Gross (current) sider the challenges and opportunities the City of LA and partners to explore new models for innovative of the Los Angeles Office of Resilience posed by strategic redevelopment. redevelopment that balance an economic development agenda 100 Resilient Cities LA RiverWorks, Office of and Michael Affeldt of LA Riverworks, While the expectations of stake- with community aspirations for social and environmental justice. Los Angeles Mayor Garcetti we used the Resilience Accelera- holders will be different from one site Office of Resilience, Office of tor process to model and evaluate a to another, three action items emerged Los Angeles Mayor Garcetti

22 23 BY THE NUMBERS Restoring Wetlands 87% global wetlands have been lost since 1700, disappearing and Communities at a rate three times faster than natural forests, according to the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty on the ACTION PLAN conservation of wetlands. FOR THE 9% PANTANOSO BASIN of the world’s surface is covered in wetlands, IN MONTEVIDEO which store as much as 35% of terrestrial carbon.

The Uruguayan capital of Montevi- Wetlands deo has accomplished much in recent provide essential ecosystem years. Poverty has declined from 26% services including storing and in 2006 to 8.3% in 2016. However, suc- purifying water, providing habitat cess is rarely evenly distributed. The for fish and birds, recharging 95,000 people who live in and around aquifers, and acting as a natural wetlands of the Patanoso Basin are sponge against urban flooding. still plagued with poverty, poorly con- structed housing, regular flooding, lack of access to jobs and services, and a degraded environment from de- cades of industrial contamination and ongoing illegal dumping. The City has INFORMAL HOUSING IN THE BASIN put forth a vision that the Pantanoso River Basin can become an attractive place for new investment while the social cohesion of the existing communi- A PATCH OF WETLANDS IN ty can be strengthened. The City’s plan THE PATANOSO BASIN calls for the relocation of flood-vulnerable households and wetland restoration, but this requires deep and sustained community engagement with organized wet- and creative design strategies. land plantings, ed- ACCELERATOR WORKSHOP The Resilience Accelerator Work- ucational programs TAKE-AWAY: With a design and planning process that shop sought to bring the City’s vision and remediate toxic soil, how to rees- and cleanups. Participants also made simultaneously focuses on ecosystems and communities, the to the ground by exploring specific de- tablish a thriving wetland ecology, and suggestions for how the city could Patanoso Basin can be a model for cities facing the climate PARTNERS TEAM sign interventions for three neighbor- how to stitch the existing urban fab- leverage the park investment to en- crisis around the world. The Accelerator Workshop developed 100 Resilient Cities hoods. Building from the experience ric into a future park with a “rambla,” sure that relocated communities do and visualized specific design interventions that will be Unit of Resilience, and observations of global experts a public walkway that would connect not spiral back into poverty. This will submitted in the next capital planning budget, and seed the City of Montevideo from Brazil, the Netherlands and the to Montevideo’s other thriving wa- take further investment in communi- Department of Planning, US, the Accelerator workshop partic- terfront neighborhoods. Together we ty facilities, transportation, and other transformation of the basin. City of Montevideo ipants developed strategies for how charted a path to involve the whole services; as well as training in jobs in Universidad de la República Uruguay, Urban Waters to deal with ongoing illegal dumping community in this transformation ecological stewardship. Interdisciplinary Group

24 25 Montevideo | Restoring Wetlands and Communities SKETCHES DONE DURING THE ACCELERATOR WORKSHOP SHOWING DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR WETLAND EDGES AND INTEGRATION WITH THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY

26 27 THE BEACH AT SUNSET JUST NORTH OF THE BY THE NUMBERS HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOOD OF JAFFA. 25% Cooler increase in traffic- generated noise and air Places for a pollution in the last decade. 37% Hotter City population growth in Greater Tel Aviv between 1980 and 2014.

A RESILIENT Only PUBLIC REALM IN 5.9% and 3.7% of land cover TEL AVIV-YAFO in Greater Tel Aviv is open areas or urban forest land.

In this growing city where the desert meets the Mediterranean Sea, climate 40° C change is leaving Tel Aviv-Yafo hotter average land surface and drier. More heat means more en- temperature reached in ergy to cool buildings, more people Tel Aviv-Yafo’s staying indoors or in their cars, and vulnerable neighborhoods more older people becoming sick from summer of 2018. heat exposure. In some neighborhoods, the streets were designed to channel the sea air down open boule- vards and green spaces provide needed shade and evaporation of water to cool down the city. But in other neighborhoods, the streets are dense, nar- row, and with limited vegetation and green spaces. These neighborhoods which typically also have less resources and amenities are the ones that feel nities, we can visual- which will establish a baseline for mon- holders, academic researchers, and the heat most. ize exposure to heat itoring heat in the future, with and with- civil society to co-design public realm Working with CRO Efrat Makin-Knafo, impacts. One of the out the proposed interventions. interventions, and develop actionable Deputy CRO Omri Carmon, and sci- MICHAEL BERKOWITS, PRESIDENT OF 100RC most exposed neigh- This research will provide a plat- goals for community engagement, AND TEL AVIV-YAFO CRO EFRAT MAKIN-KNAFO entists from Columbia and Tel Aviv borhoods, Shapira, is form for a workshop in September energy conservation, and neighbor- University, we are pioneering a new also facing increas- 2019 with City and community stake- hood networking. method of identifying and studying Our data-driven approach starts ing pressures from housing affordabil- areas of the city most exposed and with understanding the physical, so- ity and a recent influx of refugees from vulnerable to heat. The objective is to cial, and economic impacts of increas- North Africa. During a site visit in June PARTNERS design pilot projects that not only mit- ing heat on public, outdoor spaces, 2019, we surveyed and documented TAKE-AWAY: The Tel Aviv-Yafo Resilience Accelerator igate the heat impacts but also build a such as schoolyards, bus stations, and how the urban form of Shapira contrib- has pioneered a method for identifying vulnerability to 100 Resilient Cities network of community planners and local commercial corridors. Using land utes to the heat island effect in public heat, which can help to target heat-mitigating urban design City of Tel Aviv-Yafo leaders that can share knowledge and surface temperature detected from places. We are also coordinating with Center for Climate Systems interventions in communities of greatest need. Research at Columbia University help scale best practices to achieve a satellite imagery overlaid with the scientists from Tel Aviv University taking more resilient Tel Aviv-Yafo. demographics of vulnerable commu- thermal images of these public spaces Tel Aviv University

28 29 Tel Aviv-Yafo | Cooler Places for a Hotter City

CRCL produced a set of maps analyzing heat risk for the City of Tel Aviv-Yafo.

EXPOSURE SENSITIVITY HIGHEST RISK

COMPOSITE OF MEDIAN LAND SURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS INCLUDING AGGREGATED EXPOSURE AND SENSITIVITY MAPS, SHOWING WHERE TEMPERATURE (JUNE -AUGUST 2014-2018) ELDERLY LIVING ALONE, UNEMPLOYED, HOUSEHOLDS OF THESE FACTORS COMPOUND IN HIGH RISK COMMUNITIES. 7 OR MORE, INFANTS, LOW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, SINGLE-PARENT HOUSEHOLDS, AND LOW INCOME (2008)

30 31 BY THE NUMBERS 25% of all marine life in the oceans supported by coral reef ecosystems.

101 countries have critical reef ecosystems.

$10 trillion in ecosystem services provided by reefs PURE SILICA BEACH AND SULFURIC support 1 billion people STREAM AT WHITEHAVEN BEACH, globally every year. WHITSUNDAYS, AUSTRALIA 75% of all coral reefs are under threat from local stresses and climate change.

ACROPORA CORAL IN THE GREAT BARRIER REEF 423,000 sq. kilometers of catchment area upstream of the Great Barrier Reef; intensifying coastal storms. Combined munities that depend on them. Reef the critical questions about the future much of these areas include Reefs of the with other impacts from urban sprawl managers, and newly hired Chief of reefs and set the stage for future agricultural industries that and coastal deforestation, reefs are Resilience Officers from New Caledo- site-specific Resilient Reef Acceler- produce runoff. less able to rebound from shocks like nia, Ningaloo, Palau, Belize, and the ator Workshops. Together we estab- World Unite bleaching events. Meanwhile, the Great Barrier Reef will work together lished key priorities moving forward: communities, cultures, and econo- to build local capacity for resilience the importance of community-based mies that depend on reefs are at stake. planning and design and begin a management strategies, coordinating The loss of indigenous communities global resilient reef network. research agendas across disciplines BUILDING A GLOBAL NETWORK and their generations of stewardship In Spring of 2018 we traveled to and institutions, incentivizing the knowledge leave us further away from Airlie Beach, Australia to kick off the private sector to join this work, and OF REEF MANAGERS potential solutions. program with GBRF. Reef managers, developing governance strategies to Even as the reefs represent the scientists and other experts framed manage land uses across jurisdictions. precariousness of the earth’s global ecosystems, they also are the seat Coral reefs are the largest living manity, forged, upheld, and steward- of possible transformation. The Re- structures on earth, home to some of ed by indigenous communities around silient Reefs Initiative--led by the PARTNERS TAKE-AWAY: Starting in the Fall of 2019, Accelerator the earth’s richest and most diverse the world for thousands of years. Great Barrier Reef Foundation--will Great Barrier Reef Foundation ecosystems. Above the surface, nearly While many reefs are already per- support five reef sites identified by Workshops will be held at reef sites around the world to build 1 in 6 people directly depend on reef manently damaged from overfishing, UNESCO World Heritage for their capacity for place-based adaptation projects. These workshops BHP Foundation ecosystems for their livelihoods or mining, tourism; today, climate change Outstanding Universal Value with a will bring together reef managers and global experts to build 100 Resilient Cities benefit from the protection they proposes the most global and imminent multi-year resilience strategy devel- on best practices while adapting to local conditions. AECOM vide from coastal storms. There is a threat to these fragile ecosystems with opment process and technical assis- UNESCO deep relation between reefs and hu- ocean acidification, sea level rise, and tance in saving reefs and the com- The Nature Conservancy

32 33 Understanding Risk: Coral Reefs Under Stress

34 35 BY THE NUMBERS

Mozambique ranks 180 out of 189 globally on the human development index with almost 19 million Mozambicans living in extreme poverty. 25% of Mozambicans do not have access to electricity.

Cyclone Idai in April 2018 was the worst storm in Mozambique history. It killed more than 1,000 people and affected more than 3 million. 90% of structures in the City of Beira were damaged. (LEFT) VIEW OF THE CITY OF PEMBA IN CABO DELGADO. (TOP) STUDENTS AND Just two weeks later FACULTY FOLLOW LOCAL FARMERS IN Cyclone Kenneth brought FIELDWORK. (RIGHT) LOCAL FARMER further damage, OFFERING US CASSAVA this time to Cabo Delgado.

Anadarko and Exxon are expected to invest up to has manifest in a series of recent ter- al ecologies. Together we conceived the effects of climate change on people $40 Billion Visualizing Natural rorist attacks. strategies to enhance and protect the and the environment. In June 2019, we to extract 150 trillion The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in- natural capital in perpetuity. presented these scenarios to officials in cubic feet of gas from Cabo vited us to help visualize scenarios for After the workshop, we worked Cabo Delgado and to the energy com- Delgado, enough to heat 150 Capital in Palma the future of the town of Palma, a col- with WWF International and WWF Mo- pany Anadarko responsible for extract- US homes for 15 years. So far, lection of fishing and farming villages. zambique to develop two scenarios for ing the gas. A pamphlet of these sce- they have pledged only $100 Million This region will likely experience ex- Palma. In the “business as usual” scenarios is being sent to all the relevant in corporate social responsibility plosive urbanization with the develop- nario, the natural capital is plundered government agencies, businesses, and to help the community that will COASTAL MOZAMBIQUE CAUGHT ment of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) while widening inequality leads to so- NGOs involved in the gas extraction of experience the environmental and facility to supply markets in China and cial unrest. In an alternative resilient Coastal Mozambique. We will continue social impacts of this extraction. BETWEEN RESOURCE EXTRACTION India. In August 2018, we traveled with scenario, ecological, social and eco- to press the fossil fuel industry to be GSAPP architecture, planning and Co- nomic growth are mutually supportive. accountable for the social and ecolog- AND CLIMATE CHANGE lumbia business school students and A public priority is placed on mitigating ical risks they pose to communities and PARTNERS faculty from Lurio University to Maputo fossil fuel emissions and adapting to ecosystems here and elsewhere. to learn about the cities and landscapes World Wildlife Fund (WWF) - International of coastal Mozambique. With WWF and Mozambique Mozambique is one of the poorest velopment for some. For others, it has and representatives from Mozambi- National Ministry of countries in the world and, as two re- stoked fears that resource extraction can government and civil society, the “These scenarios allow us to see Land, Environment and Rural Development, cent cyclones demonstrated, is ex- will cause irreparable harm to this eco- students facilitated a workshop which what we want to happen. It gives us Mozambique (MITADER) tremely vulnerable to the impacts of logically-precious landscape of man- explored how Mozambicans’ water, National Ministry of climate change. The discovery of nat- groves, seagrasses, and coastal reefs. energy, housing and food all come Economy and Finance, hope because we can see it.” Mozambique (MEF) ural gas off the coast of Cabo Delgado There is also concern that gas explo- from “natural capital” -- the vast stock Lúrio University, has ignited hopes for economic de- ration will deepen social unrest which of forests, rivers, wetlands and coast- —ANABELA RODRIGUES, DIRECTOR OF WWF MOZAMBIQUE Mozambique

36 37 Business As Usual: What Is At Risk When We Don’t Prioritize Natural Capital?

DEFORESTATION DEPLETION OF ENGINEERING OF UNREGULATED ENCLAVES OF FILLING OF WETLANDS FLOODING BOOMTOWN DISPLACEMENT OF HARDENING OF DREDGING AND DESTRUCTION OF for urban expansion, AQUIFER WATER SUPPLY URBAN EXPANSION PRIVILEGE AND WATERCOURSES in poorly drained ECONOMY CULTURE AND LOSS OF SHORELINE CONTAMINATION OF CORAL REEFS AND industrial agriculture areas of self-built from groundwater and potential damming from replication of for housing and to create level ground profit-seeking and and loss of coastal housing. LIVELIHOODS COASTAL WATERS SEAGRASS and building materials. pumping for industry, of the Ruvuma River for road-based urban recreation for the elite. for urbanization. speculation dominates habitats, biodiversity, from constraints on for the deep-water port to accommodate the urban expansion and irrigation and increasing development strategies. all economic activity. and natural storm fishing and farming. and industry. gas pipeline. agriculture. industrial uses. protection.

Resilient Palma: How Do We Protect and Enhance Natural and Human Capital? COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURE AND RECREATION ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS, FREE PUBLIC COMMUNITY LAND USE BUILDING RENEWABLE SMART WASTE REGULATED WILD CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION INSURANCE PROGRAMS AND PARKS WATERSHEDS, WETLANDS EDUCATION BASED PLANNING REGULATIONS REGULATIONS ENERGY MANAGEMENT FISHERIES OF MANGROVES AND SEAGRASS to provide subsidized locally- ap- to provide every AND RESERVOIRS to not only make to ensure people have to promote dense, to promote to benefit from to make Palma a to protect a cultural- to provide a nursery for young fish propriate multi-cropping to ensure community recreational Cabo Delgado 100% the right to make deci- walkable climate-adapted, Cabo Delgado’s regional leader ly-significant source and buffer for communities against to provide freshwater food security and job diversity. opportunities suited to literate but a leading sions about their land urbanism around energy-efficient abundant in regenerative of protein and liveli- coastal storms. resources, stormwater man- young and old alike. research and use and infrastructure. ecologically- buildings sunshine industries. hood in perpetuity. agement, important wildlife development center. functional made from local, and wind. migration routes, and public open spaces. renewable enjoyment. materials.

FLOATING OFFSHORE GAS EXTRACTION PROTECTED AND HEALTH SERVICE URBAN GROWTH ECOTOURISM to protect coral reefs, reduce MANAGED FORESTS to serve Palma’s current NATURAL COASTAL the LNG footprint in the MOBILITY BOUNDARY to generate revenue to ecologically-sensitive coastal to provide carbon sequestration, aqui- and future population protect Palma’s coral reefs, PROTECTION to provide intra-city high speed transportation options zone, and allow a reduced fer recharging, sustainable forestry, with up-to-date to prohibit unregulated seagrass beds, coastal to link Cabo Delgado to the other fast-growing to protect against more frequent presence in less-vulnerable, flood risk reduction, soil conservation, medical technology development. beaches, dunes, mangroves economic centers in the region and reduce the demand and damaging coastal storms deep water, also reducing and biodiversity habitat. and expertise. and maritime forests. for private car ownership. with vegetated dunes. costs of shipping and pipeline.

38 39 Thank you to all who join us in this work 100RC: Michael Berkowitz • Andrew Salkin • Eric Wilson • Peter Jenkins • Femke Gubbels • Jessica Hernandez • Helena Monteiro • Hector Cordero • Alvaro Soldevila • Anna Friedman • Corinne LeTourneau • Lauren Sorkin • Saurabh Gaidhani • Gemma Kyle • Konstantina Karydi • Harry Fellows • GSAPP/Columbia: Geeta Mehta • Dilip Da Cunha • Julia Watson • Linh Pham • Carmelo Ignaccolo • Lisa Dale • Christian Braneon • Meridel Phillips • WWF: Anabela Rodrigues • Ryan Bartlett • Kate Newman •Judy Ogglethorpe • Alima Taju • Antonio Serra • Hermínio Mulungo • Lara Mauves • Subject Matter Experts: Claire Bonham-Carter • Jason Hellendrung • Sonia Chao • Sanjukta Sen • Andrew Hayes • Margi Nothard • Shekeria Brown • Lauren Swan • Rod Braun • Lauren Ordway • Lymaris de Jesús • Fernando Granados • Shaney Peña Gomez • Jorge Rojo • Daniel Medina • Martín Quiroga • Matilde Olivero • Soledad Mantero • Guzman Robania • Isabel Marques da Silva • Bernardo Xavier • Cecilia Herzog • Mindert De Vries • Natalie Zappella • Christopher French • Theadora Trindle • Jennifer Samson • Helen Leung • Gio Aliano • James Anderman • Keegan McChesney • Marion McFadden • Edward Belden • Jessica Wackenhut • Sabrina Bornstein • Mark Goodson • Efrain Olivares • Josh Sawislak Sarah Castine • Fanny Douvere • Petra MacGowen • Kristen Maize • Suzanna Remmerswaall • Will Symons • Adam David • Miami Beach: Susy Torriente • Elizabeth Wheaton • Sabrina Baglieri • Kelly Hitzing • Luis Leon • David Hoot • Jose Gonzalez • Jose Ferrer • Miguel Anchia • Mike Fischer • Juan Meizoso • Monica Beltran • Luis Soto • Tom Mooney • Miami: Jane Gilbert • Jeremy Calleros Gauger • Steven Williamson • Keith Ng • Albert Gomez • Ana Benatuil • Kathryn Cabrisas • Alan Dodd • Douglas Thompson • Maria Molia • Miami Dade County: Jim Murley • Vine Seijas • Carly Grimm • Luiza Leite • Robert Piatkowski • Xu Zhang • Meg Daly • Carlos Cruz-Casas • Palm Beach County: Eric McClellan • Michael Arkin • Neha Martin • Carl Blencowe • Megan Houston • James Green • Michelle Finnernan • Bud Chenny • City of West Palm Beach: Matt Mitchell • Jennifer Báez • Chip Green • Kelly Martin • Suzanne Berglund • Michael Rittenhouse • The Hague: Anne-Marie Hitipeuw • Frances Brazier • Tina Comes • Erwin Cardol • Peter Hennephof • Jos van Leeuwen • Arnold Jan Quanjer • Niek Mouter • Rob Ruts • Rene Baron • Christine Carabain • Serge Eurlings • Dymphna Faas • Bastiaan ter Horst • David van Keulen • Mirjam van der Kraats • Maxime van Leeuwen • Bob van Meijeren • Erik Pruyt • Merijn Schik • Eline van Staalduinen • Marije Stelloo • Rene Teule • Matthijs de Vries • Palma • Adarito Watela • David Le Maitre • Lindie Smith-Adao • Susan Taljaar • Tomas Jaime Langa • Cesar Tique • Higino Rodrigues • Michel Matera • Leif Sandhop • Santiago de los Caballeros: Walkiria Estévez • Percy Alvarez • Jochy Nuñez • Hipólito F. Reyes • Adriano Valdez • Roberto Abreu • Ambionix de León • Biberto Ortiz • María Martínez • Ingrid Dominguez • Miguel Ureña • Laura Partal • Roque Rodríguez • Humberto Checo • Raymundo Garrido • Eduardo Sánchez • Joanny Lopez • Rosanna Vásquez • Zahira Mancebo • Yolenny Reyes • William Ramirez • Manuel Padilla • Eddy Gil • José Mercader • Laura Peña • Jose Martin Rodríguez • Cristian Capellán • Dagoberto Torres • Mirtha Saleta • Rafael Yunén • Roberto Guzaman • Montevideo: Gabriela Paz • Hugo Gonzalez • Adriane Bentancur • Claudia Torres • Virginia Pardo • Martin Martinez • Fernando Errandonea • Veronica De Bittencourt • Gustavo Olveyra • Jimena Blanco • Adriana Piperno • Jimena Risso • Lucía Fernández • Pablo Guido • Pablo Mederos • Pablo Sierra • Lauro Ayestarán • Verónica De Bittencourt • Melisa Griego • Norma Piazza • Juan Pablo Martínez • Alicia Bisio • Gustavo Robaina • Andres Gilmet • Alicia Rodriguez • Myra Campoleoni • Lorena Acoste • Los Angeles: Marissa Aho • Michael Affeldt • Carol Armstrong • Renee Dake Wilson • Robin Mark • Michael Stay up-to-date with our work and sign-up Atkins • Amitabh Barthakur • Ana Gomez • Jon Dearing • Enrique Huerta • Stacy Farfan • Sissy Trinh • Marissa Christiansen for our newsletter at crcl.columbia.edu • Blair Miller • Jill Sourial • Ben Feldmann • Damian Robledo • Angela Barranco • Tracy Stone • Tamika Butler • Claire Bowin • Melani Smith • Pune: Mahesh Harhare • Mangesh Dighe • Sanjay Kumar Sona • Arati Siddharth Petkar • Erach Barucha • Kranti Yardi • Shamita Kumar • Sharad Mahajan • Sanskriti Menon • Aruna Ashtekar • Jeenal Sawla • Kishan Shah • Can Tho: Nguyen Hieu Trung • Le Dinh Van Khanh • Quach Thanh Truc • Nguyen Thanh Liem • Le Cong Thanh • La So Sen • Hoang Hoai Thanh • Duy Minh Châu • Dinh Diep Anh Tuan • Tel Aviv: Efrat Makin-Knafo • Omri Carmon • Orli Ronen • Oded Potcher • Eitan Ben Ami • Resilient Reefs: Amy Armstrong • Theresa Fyfe • Students: Conor Barry • Katinka Bosh • Pauline Claramunt • Anna Stokes • Camille Esquivel • Emily Po • Laura Postarini • Elisa Xavier de A F Carvalho • Samito João • Keir Senda • Emerson Zeferino • Pei Jou Shih • Donghanyu An • Yinzle Zhang • Srishti Jaipuria • T. Uma Bhavani • Nikhil Shetty • Huiwon Hong • Shuo Yang • Tina Pang • Tushi Agarwal • Rushikesh.V Dhumal • Keju Liu • Alexandra Burkhardt • Carolina Godinho • Aditya Varma • Mewada Yamini • Atharva Prabhune • Maria Palomares • Noah Shaye • Huang Qiu • Sakshi Darak • Atharva Vinay Prabhune • Zilin He • Ricahrd Chou • Shouta Kanehiva • Akash Mheta • Lorena Galvao • Adi Laho • Yanli Zhao • Vrushabm Gudade • Meet Sha • Divyu Dehcenker • Alexandraos Hadjistyllis • Ryan Pryandana • Jinsook Lee • Devika Pundkar • Puja Singh • Aashlesha Devlekan • Ashley Christine Louie • Angela Crisostomo • Alaa Marrawi • Devaki Handa • Hsin Yi Chao • Shivani Ajaykumar Agarwal • Sharvi Jain • Tanaya Kadam• Zeyi Jiang• Aniket Dikshit • Amanpreet Singh Duggal • Berke Kalemoglu • Bohong Zhang • David Mauricio • Greg LeMaire • Gabriel Vergara • Huiwon Hong • Mariam Samim Hattab • Peiqing Wang • Wenjun Zhang

This report was produced with help from Lisa Chamberlain and Carter/Reddy.