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Copyright by Maria Elena Cruz 2013 The Dissertation Committee for Maria Elena Cruz Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Wixárika Art and Artists: Resisting Neocolonialism While Crossing Visible and Invisible Borders Committee: Martha Menchaca, Supervisor Pauline Strong Shannon Speed John Hartigan Diane Pearson Wixárika Art and Artists: Resisting Neocolonialism While Crossing Visible and Invisible Borders by Maria Elena Cruz, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2013 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my son, Hector Reynaldo Martinez, and to our Wixárika, Purépecha ancestors. Acknowledgements Completing this dissertation required a great deal of courage. The root word for courage comes from the Latin word cor which is the root word for corazon (heart) in Spanish. I completed this dissertation with an open heart, un corazon abierto and this led me to collect some of the most beautiful, courageous stories from my family members and Wixáritari artists and non-artists. This has been one of the most challenging, difficult, yet rewarding and spiritual journeys of my life because I had the courage to finish. I am thankful to the creator for putting forth the following people in my life. Gracias a mi familia, extended, past and future generations. I am grateful for the love and support of my husband Pedro Martinez, who took care of our two and half year old son Hector for countless hours outside playing in the park and in our backyard so that I could complete my work. Our son Hector Reynaldo Martinez is one of my biggest inspirations. He is a constant reminder of the endless possibilities the future holds. When I look at my son’s eyes, I am reminded of why I do this work and how important it is to pass down oral histories, memories, and traditions from his great grandmothers and great grandfathers to our future generations. Hector also shows me how important it is to be a good teacher for I will forever learn from him. Thank you to my dear abuelitas, grandmothers Sara Cruz and Ruth Aguiniga for being my strongest supporters and teachers. You both have taught me that no matter the circumstances nothing is ever too difficult to overcome. Both of you have raised large families and survived through the effects of the Mexican Revolution, the Great v Depression and WWII. I am so happy and proud to be the first woman in our large family to have the opportunity to follow my dreams of receiving a B.A., M.A., and now my PhD. ¡Gracias abuelitas por creer en mi y por su amor! I miss you grandma Cruz. Your passing was difficult for our family but you are still alive in our hearts and your words will continue to live in this dissertation and in our memories. Words can’t describe how thankful I am for my mom and dad who brought me into this world. I especially want to acknowledge my mom Nieves for taking care of baby Hector for a year while I finished writing this dissertation. There is no way I would have finished without your help mom. Thank you and I love you! Thank you to my dear beloved suegra Doña Anita and sister in law Sandra for cooking for us throughout the year so that I did not have to worry about my family during this process. In addition, this dissertation would not be what it is if it was not for my best friend Elvira Prieto whom I consider my sister. Your constant encouragement and your faith in me has been an enormous gift. You have been here for me since the beginning of my journey and I have appreciated all of your feedback, countless edits, and help with this dissertation process. However, I am most thankful for your unconditional love. I love you mujer! A special thank you to my cousin Maria Madera for your support and love throughout my undergraduate years, which helped me get to where I am today. I love you. Thank you to my cousin Tony Madera who has helped me and continues to assist me in finding archival information in Mexico and the United states. To my comadres and compadres at home in California and Huejuquilla el Alto Guadalajara, Jalisco, and Zacatecas, Mexico: Jose Becerra, Maria Gallegos, Rosa vi Gutierrez, Maria Ramos, Xochitl Quetzal Gonzalez, and to all the Wixárika artists and their families who made this work possible. I would not be here finishing this project if it were not for your help, support and love. I would like to acknowledge my advisor Dr. Martha Menchaca for being one of the best mentors and scholars and for her wonderful support and encouragement. Thank you for demystifying the process of completing a PhD and for making the journey fun and accessible. I am a true follower of what I call the “Menchaca School of Thought” and I hope to be just as wonderful of a professor, teacher, and mentor as you. Thank you for all your help during these past seven years. I have immense gratitude for the members of my dissertation committee: Pauline T. Strong, John Hartigan, Shannon Speed, and Diane Pearson for your encouragement and support for my research project. Thank you to Dr. José E. Limón for his support at the Center For Mexican American Studies (CMAS). Thank you to all my colleagues and friends at the Center for Mexican American Studies and the Department of Anthropology. Thank you to my dear friend in both Anthropology and CMAS – Brenda Sendejo you are also my sister and I thank you for helping me get through this process as well. You have helped ease the tensions and uncertainty of what to expect during the dissertation process. I thank you for all the beautiful conversations we have shared about academia, life and love. Thank you sweet Brenda! Thank you also to Jackie Cuevas, Sergio Delgado, Hortencia Jimenez, Sonia Montoya, Julia Vargas, and Aurora Chang. Your love and friendship was a tremendous gift and you all made my experience in Tejas memorable and unforgettable. Thank you to my wonderful peer mentors and colleagues Santiago Guerra and Alex vii Chavez who both helped me academically, but who also taught me how to “dance with the devil” in Texas. I want to especially thank my dear friend Octavio Barajas who was one of my biggest supporters in Texas. Your friendship and love was an unexpected gift and I will never forget all the endless conversations about academic theories, spiritual theories, love found and lost, and our families. Gracias Octavio for introducing and sharing the Texas ceremonial space with me which helped me become spiritually grounded in a foreign place. In the same breath I have to thank our friend Alberto who helped us both create and find the sacred spaces in Texas. Thank you to the late Alfred Arteaga who also encouraged me to become a professor. Thank you to my undergraduate mentors and professors at the University of California Berkeley, Laura Perez, Diane Pearson, and Harold Campbell. My sincerest gratitude also to my undergraduate friends whom I met at Berkeley and are now Doctors of Philosophy in their respected fields: Dr. David Flores, Dr. Shanesha R. Tatum Brooks, and Dr. Timoteo Rodriguez for it was your encouragement, friendship, love, and support that inspired me to continue with my Master’s and PhD. I must also thank the Ronald McNair Scholars Program at the University of California, Berkeley for helping me see that my work was worthy of researching, publishing, and that I was deserving of following my dreams of receiving a PhD. Thanks to the Wixárika Research Center and the founders Juan Negrin and Yvonne Negrin. I thank you both for your love and support and for helping inform my dissertation with the endless conversations and archives of the Wixáritari community. I look forward to continuing to work with both of you to help the Wixáritari community. viii Thank you to Diana Negrin who also helped me find readings and shared with me her enormous heart, encouragement and support! My gratitude and thanks also go to Juan Castillo Cocom. I was fortunate to be able to sit in your class at the University of California Berkeley, where we became colleagues and ultimately good friends. I will never forget the endless conversations we had about ethnoexodus and how it could apply to the Wixáritari community. Thank you for creating this theory and sharing it with me. Thank you to my friends and colleagues at College Track: Audrey Page, Sergio Gonzalez, Lauren Bigelow, Dena Montague, and special thanks to Sharifa Wilson for letting me use the College Track space to write. Thank you to my dear friend Jealool Amari who listened to countless hours of ideas, rants and theories and inspired me to move forward with the drum, music, songs, and stories of his ancestors. Thank you for believing in me and for also keeping me spiritually grounded! Thank you to my current colleagues at San Jose State University: Erlinda Yanyez, and Jeannine Slater. Thank you both for encouraging me to finish, for being my friend, and for believing in me. Finally, thank you to Dr. Richard Flores and the College of Liberal Arts for financial assistance through the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands Research Award. Thank you to the Department of Anthropology for the in state tuition fee waivers. Thank you to the National Science Foundation and their generous support which allowed me to complete the fieldwork for this research.
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