Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga

Kiana Frederick The First Two Days

● The Civil War began on April 12th 1861 and marked the first battle:

● Fort sumter is an Island under the possession of South Carolina not far from Charleston. It guarded Charleston Harbor. The Anaconda Plan

● The Anaconda Plan was proposed by General .

● The plan was to the Confederacy and conduct a major offensive down the . Both the North and South made controlling the Mississippi River a priority.

Map of Civil War Battles Battle of ● Followed the same concept of the anaconda plan

Vicksburg: ● General Grant resolved a plan to march his army down the bank of Mississippi to a point below Vicksburg while (May 18th sending a fleet straight past the batteries to preoccupy 1863- June 4 the troops downriver. 1863) ● They would then carry the army across the mile wide water to have a dry-ground fight.

● The plan was full of risks but the gamble payed off.

● Believed to be the most strategic victory of the war. BATTLE OF VICKSBURG : VIDEO Battle of Vicksburg (May 18th 1863-June 4th 1863) Capture of Port ● Final attempt of the Union to recapture the Mississippi River Hudson (May 22 1863- ● Several of the confederates July 9 1863) guarding Port Hudson had to been moved to help with the defense of Vicksburg

● Port Hudson was attacked by the Union troops, under the command Banks

Capture of Port ● The Union had trouble coordinating their attacks causing a large Hudson (May 22 1863- number of casualties

July 9 1863) ● By early July the Confederates were in much worse shape. They had mostly used all of their food supplies and ammunition.

● Fighting and disease had greatly reduced the number of men able to defend the trenches.

Capture of Port ● Surrender terms were negotiated, and on July 9, the Confederates Hudson (May 22 1863- lay down their weapons, ending 48 July 9 1863) days of continuous fighting ● Once the Union gained control of the Mississippi again, they had freedom to move up and down it and the ability for commerce. (After surrender of Port Hudson and Vicksburg)

● cut off important states such as Arkansas and Texas Tullahoma Campaign

The effect of the Tullahoma The Battle of Hoover's Gap (24 The nine day campaign drove the Campaign was to drive the June 1863) was the principal battle confederate army from middle Confederates out of Tennessee and in the Tullahoma Campaign of the Tennessee a valuable position in to threaten Chattanooga. . the war . Although the campaign was a only 9 days long it is viewed by historians as a brilliant. The “Season of Uncertainty”

Summer and Fall of 1863 MANY VARIED CONFLICTS WERE ONGOING DURING THIS TIME PERIOD LEE AND HIS MEN LOST A GREAT DEAL OF POWER AND THEIR REPUTATION DUE TO THEIR LOSSES IN GETTYSBURG AND VICKSBURG BOTH OF WHICH WERE CRITICAL TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR. The North North States:California, Rhode Island, V.S The Maine, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, South

South (Confederate) States: Texas, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia

The North V.S The South

Advantages of the North:

● A large population

○ Large draw of military and materials for war

● Manufacturing and railroads

● Stronger Navy

The North Advantages of the South:

V.S The ● Strong military tradition

South ○ Produced the nation’s best officers

● Most of the battles were fought of the confederates turf

○ Familiar ground

● Common cause

○ The South felt as if they were being invaded

● Defensive War

○ It is easier to fight a defensive war then an offensive war

Map Of RailRoads Leaders: Military and Military: Civilian ● General Lee

○ Responsible for educating many of the men that would serve under him (Confederate)

○ Leader of the confederates during the war of gettysburg.

● General Grant (Commander and Leader of )

○ Helped with the capture of Vicksburg

○ Worked closely with president .

Leaders: Military and Military: Civilian ● General Sherman (Commander and Leader of Union Army)

○ Commanded a group of troops in the capture of Vicksburg

● Commander John C. Pemberton (Confederate General)

○ Main Objective: Defend Vicksburg

● General

○ US (Union) Army General & civil engineer

○ Achieved the victory of the

○ Criticized for letting General Lee and his army get away

Leaders: MIlitary and Civilian

Civilian:

●

○ 16th President of the United States

○ Helped with the ratification of the 13th amendment

●

○ President of the Confederates during their existence

○ Was imprisoned for two years after the Civil War Pickett's Charge

● Pickett was a divisional commander who led the most famous infantry charge.

● The charge was the cumulation of the battle Gettysburg.

● It involved 15,000 confederate soldiers marching on foot to fight against Union Major General George Meade’s troops.

● It resulted in 6,000 confederate casualties and marked the end of the battle of Gettysburg. Gettysburg:

● The battle of Gettysburg was fought from July 1st to July 3rd in 1863 with the largest number of casualties.

● The battle is considered the turning point of the Civil War.

● It was on July 4th 1863 that the confederacy receded from Gettysburg Gettysburg:

● On July 1, the Confederates clashed with the Union’s Army commanded by General Meade, at the crossroads town of Gettysburg

● On the second day, the confederates attacked the union from both the left and right. Gettysburg:

● It was “Pickett's Charge” that lead to thousands of confederate casualties and the south's retreat.

● Lee and his men lost the battle and confidence in their ability to succeed.

Primary Source Primary Source Excerpt: Our troops succeeded in entering the advanced works of Analyzation the enemy, and getting possession of some of his batteries, but our artillery having nearly expended its ammunition, the attacking columns became exposed to the heavy fire of the numerous batteries near the summit of the ridge, and, after a most determined and gallant struggle were compelled to relinquish their advantage, and fall back to their original positions with severe loss.

The conduct of the troops was all that I could desire or expect, and they deserve success so far as it can be deserved by heroic valor and fortitude.

Origin:Robert E. Lee's Account of the Battle of Primary Source Gettysburg (July 31, 1863) Analyzation Purpose: The purpose of this piece is to summarize the battle from the Confederates point of view and for General Lee to outline the battle for the department.

Value: The value of this piece is it gives insight into what the confederation were up against and Lee’s respect for the men within his military.

Limitation:This primary source only showcases General Lee’s perspective of Gettysburg and not the men who fought in it.

The South's Retreat

● The confederacy retreated from The Battle of Gettysburg on July 4th 1863

● General lee ordered the retreat through Maryland and over the Potomac River to relative safety in Virginia.

● They then prepared for defense and awaited the union army. Lincoln believed that the Lincoln believed that General victories at Gettysburg and Meade was capable of Vicksburg set the Confederacy completing the destruction of tottering. Lee’s army.

Lincoln’s Frustration Due to heavy rains and the Lincoln was frustrated by this, destruction of the Potomac, knowing the Confederates would Meade did not get his reinforced be ready to fight a magnificent army into line facing the battle. confederates at Williamsport until July 12th. Battle of ● The battle of Chattanooga was one of the Chattanooga most important battles of the War. (November ● The only railroads linking the eastern and western part of the Confederacy 23-25 1863) converged at Chattanooga.

● Having already cut the Confederacy into two with the battle of Vicksburg, union forces could slice up the eastern portion by penetrating Georgia through Chattanooga. Battle of ● This battle was yet another defeat for the Chattanooga confederates. (November ● The confederates lost almost all of their means of transporting supplies. 23-25 1863)

The End of the Battle

● The was the last battle in the American Civil War.

● President Lincoln was assassinated

● The Civil War ended in May 1865

● Rebuilding efforts in a divided country started to define the terms of peace and black freedom. Citations

Attacking Port Hudson. Photographer. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/115_2743560/1/115_2743560/cite. Accessed 15 Sep 2017.

CIVIL WAR: ANACONDA PLAN. - 'Scott's Great Snake' or the Anaconda Plan: General Winfield Scott's plan to blockade the Confederacy and conduct a major offensive down the Mississippi River. Lithograph cartoon, Cincinnati, 1861.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/140_1662612/1/140_1662612/cite. Accessed 25 Aug 2017.

“Civil War Battles--.” YouTube, 5 Apr. 2015, youtu.be/NdDlXA5SBZM.

Fort Sumter after capture / 1861. Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/109_146059/1/109_146059/cite. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.

Fredriksen, John C. "George E. Pickett." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2017, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/247649. Accessed 29 Aug. 2017.

History.com Staff. “Battle of Chattanooga.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/battle-of-chattanooga.

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Citations pt.2

“Jefferson Davis Captured.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jefferson-davis-captured.

Larry Vandermolen, Irene Cheung - from 4e SG/site. Primary Source: Robert E. Lee's Account of the Battle of Gettysburg (July 31, 1863), www.wwnorton.com/college/history/eamerica/media/ch17/resources/documents/lee.htm.

“North vs. South Competition.” Gettysburg North-South Marathon, www.gettysburgnorthsouthmarathon.com/northsouth.html.

Thomas, Lauren. "The Civil War, 1861–1865." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2017, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/14. Accessed 1 Sept. 2017.