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Home , Anaconda Plan, Battle of Munfordville, Southern Victory

THE CAMPAIGN, THE , THE WAR IN VIRGINIA AND THE WEST, 1862-1863

Created by Morgan Fleming 1st period IB HL History of the Americas What is the Kentucky Campaign?

• Was a series of maneuvers and battles in East Tennessee and Kentucky in 1862 during the .

• Also know as Confederate Heartland Offensive.

• Kentucky Campaign was confederacy trying to take Kentucky from confederacy from being a border state

• Issued on September 22, 1862.

• South wanted Kentucky: North wanted to make sure they didn’t get it so they followed the South prepared for battle States during the Kentucky Campaign

(Orange with green lines are border states) Battle in the Kentucky Campaign in Main Western Theater • There were series of battles: • Perryville (Battle of Chaplin Hills) • Battle of Corinth • Camp Wildcat • Munfordville • Mill Springs • Middle Creek • Richmond • Chattanooga I • Murfreesboro I Battles in The Kentucky Campaign

• Munfordville - September 14-17, 1862. Result: Confederate victory • Perryville - October 8, 1862. Result: Union strategic victory • Battle of Corinth - October 3-4, 1862. Result: Union Victory • Camp Wildcat - October 21, 1861. Result: Union victory • Middle Creek - January 10, 1862. Result: Union victory (indecisive) • Mill Springs - January 19, 1862. Result: Union victory

• Also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills • October 8, 1862 • Perryville, Boyle County Kentucky • Outcome was inconclusive • Union: vs. Confederate: • Largest Battle fought in the state of Kentucky Munfordville • Also known as Battle of Green River Bridge • September 14 - 17, 1862 • Confederate : Colonel Wilder vs. Union : General Buell • Estimated Casualties: 4,862 total (Union 4,148; Confederate 714) Virginia Battles1862-1863

-1862 • May: General McClellan's troops invaded Yorktown and awaited more troops in Williamsburg in Hampton Roads.

• May: Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson defeated Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley, forcing them to retreat across the Potomac.

• June: The (Fair Oaks), included the Confederate army attacking federal forces. Last-minute reinforcements saved the Union from a serious defeat. Command of the Army of Northern Virginia fell to Robert E. Lee Virginia Battles1862-1863

- 1862 • July: The Seven Days' Battles, between June 26 and July 2 includes the sites of Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, Savage's Station, Frayser's Farm and Malvern Hill. On July 2, the Confederates withdrew to Richmond, ending the .

• August : The Second Battle of Bull Run in Manassas resulted in a .

• December: The resulted in a Southern victory. Virginia Battles1862-1863

-1863 • May: The Battle of Chancellorsville resulted in more casualties than any other engagement ever fought on Virginia soil. It also has been called General Lee's greatest victory.

• June: The . Confederate General Lee decided to take the war to the enemy. On June 13, he defeated Union forces at Winchester. Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks)

• Took place on May 31 - June 1, 1862 in Henrico County, Virginia • George B. McClellan vs. Joseph E. Johnston G.W. Smith • Largest Battle in Eastern Theatre (second only to Shiloh in terms of casualties) • Marked the closest Union forces came to Richmond in the offensive • An inconclusive outcome • Part of General George McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign Second Battle of Bull Run

• Fought on August 28-30, 1862 in Prince William County, Virginia • Also known as “First Manassas” • Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia • Confederate Victory Seven Days Battle

• Battle of six major battles over 7 days from June 25 to July 1, 1862 near Richmond, Virginia • Robert E. Lee vs. General George B. McClellan • Lee drove back McClellan’s forces and attempted to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA • Confederate victory Battle of Fredericksburg

• Fought on December 11-15, 1862 around Fredericksburg, Virginia • Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army of Northern Virginia vs. of the Potomac • This specific war hosted largest group of soldiers to participate in the Civil War battle • A field where Gibbon’s men in the “open fields” is now known as “The Slaughter Pen” which is now the most expensive private battlefield preservation Battle of Chancellorsville

• April 30 - May 6, 1863 in Spotslynvania County, Virginia • Confederate victory • Union General vs. Confederate • On conclusion it was know as one of the most bloodiest battle in the Civil War • Was a daring battle and came with high costs: both militarily, personally, and costly Battle of Antietam

• The Battle of Antietam was one of the bloodiest battles ever. • The Battle of Antietam occurred on September 17, 1862 • Also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg. • In just one day 23,000 men were killed, wounded, missing, or captured. • With the American Revolutionary War, War with Mexico, and the War of 1812 combined, the Battle of Antietam had more casualties in just one day. • This battle was near Maryland's Antietam Creek (hence the name) • Led to Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Antietam

• Robert E. Lee thought that by fighting in Maryland, he could win support from the people of Maryland, as well as feeds his troops • Most of the fighting was done at close range (bloodiest one-day battles) • Important Generals were killed on both sides of the battlefield: Union Generals Joseph Mansfield and Isaac Rodman and Confederate Generals Lawrence Branch and William Starke Who against who?

• Confederate Robert. E. Lee vs. Major General George B. McClellan. • Lee had 44,000 men against McClellan’s 65,000 men • Lee had just won (what war) and he still had momentum to fight another. His army was already tired but he pushed them to gather the fire that they needed to win one more. • (England and France wanted them to battle it out before they officially recognized that they were an independent nation) George B. McClellan

• December 3, 1826 - October 29, 1885 • Graduate of West Point • Was an American soldier, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician • Removed from command in November after the Battle of Antietam and he never received another field command Robert E. Lee

• January 29, 1807 - October 12, 1870 • Considered the “Heroic hero of the South” • Also graduated from West Point (graduated without a single demerit 1/6) • Resigned from the Army when the state of viginia seceded on April 17, saying that he could not fight against his own people • Accepted General’s commission in the newly formed Confederate Army Emancipation Proclamation

• Why was it so important? • Was only aimed to the states in rebellion. Led the way to total abomination of slavery. Changed the aim of the war. • The Emancipation Proclamation was the attempt to stop the South from seceding from U.S. because the South wanted slaves. wanted to keep his border states. • In the EP, Lincoln declares that “That all persons held as slaves” (within rebellious states) “are, and henceforward shall be free” • Main reason was because of slavery: North disagreed with South about slavery. Emancipation Proclamation

President issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. The emancipation was a valuable tactic to for the North to use to end the war. Lincoln's original intention of the Emancipation Proclamation was to stop the south from rebelling, not to free the slaves from slavery. “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the union, and is not either to save nor destroy slavery.” - Why didn't the Emancipation Proclamation end all slavery? • The Civil War was fought to reunite the Union, not to establish equality. • Mission of the war was to reunite the states and EVENTUALLY end all slavery but it was complicated. Lincoln knew slavery was wrong, but he believed it shouldn't stop. • Science felt whites were superior and anyone other than that was “of the lesser class”. • Lincoln belief is showed how he handled situations: he used reason. He didn't make this decision morally. What happened because of the Emancipation Proclamation

• When Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation, he freed the slaves only in the rebelling territories. With the freed slaves, the Army encouraged them to enlist. Soon the whites started to loose interest in joining the Army and this gave blacks more of a fire to join. Because of the Emancipation Proclamation..

• This was the start for African-Americans to fight for their freedom • The Emancipation Proclamation was the START to abolish all of slavery • The 13th Amendment in 1865 abolished all slavery (except for punishment) Battle of Shilo

• Also known as Battle of Pittsburg Landing • April 6 - April 7, 1862 • Union Ulysses S. Grant vs. Confederate • Union victory • Played a relatively important role in Union progress in the western theater and the Union victory gave Tennessee to the North Battle of Shilo

Union: Confederate: Soldiers engaged - 66,000 Soldiers engaged - 44,700 Casualties - 13,000 Casualties - 10,700 Union Commanders: Confederate Commanders: Don Carlos Buell Albert Sydney Johnson Ulysses S. Grant P. G. T. Beauregard Western Theater

• The Western Theater was an area defined by both geography and the sequence of campaigning. It originally represented the area east of the and west of the Appalachian Mountains. • Major battlegrounds were Kentucky and Tennessee Western Theater

• Following states were included in Western Theater: • Alabama • Georgia • Florida • Mississippi • South Carolina • North Carolina • Tennessee • Louisiana • Kentucky Map of the Western Theater

Anaconda Plan

• Was Unions strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the start of the American Civil War. • Proposed by General-in-Chief , the plan emphasized the of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. • Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by the vociferous faction who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. Visual Representation of the Anaconda Plan

The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name OPCVL - Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation

"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the , shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. "That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the United States. Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit: OPCVL

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. Johns, St. Charles, St. James Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of ) Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South-Carolina, North- Carolina, and Virginia, (except the fortyeight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth-City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth[)], and which excepted parts, are for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.” Origin

• Documentation read by Abraham Lincoln on July 22, 1862. Done at the city of Washington. • After making some changes he specified the final document on January 1, 1863. Purpose

• To free the slaves in the rebelling territories as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing the rebellion • All persons in these said states are to be free: and that the military and naval authorities should recognize their freedom. • Such people of these conditions can be received into the armed service of the United States and receive positions in the service Purpose: Content

“order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. Johns, St. Charles, St. James Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New Orleans) Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South-Carolina, North-Carolina, and Virginia, (except the fortyeight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth-City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth[)],

And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.

And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.” Value

• The value of this document was that it was read and revised by Abraham Lincoln and other important figures. • It informed the people that Lincoln was trying to get the seceding states back • Also sent the message that he was in charge (hence President Lincoln)

Value: Content

“Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander- in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:” Limitation

• Lincoln did not specify how long the slaves would be free, and he originally meant that the slaves would all be free until the South stopped rebelling. • He was an important figure and thought of doing what was right for the Country not the People Limitation: Content

• “I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.” • “And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.” Bibliography

• "10 Facts about the Emancipation Proclamation." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • By Then the Border States on Their Own. "Civil War Part 1 1861-1862 Rev 10-23-2002." Civil War Part 1 1861-1862 Rev 10-23-2002. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016.

• "1861-1865." The Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • "The Civil War in Virginia - A Timeline." - Virginia Is For Lovers. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • "Confederate Heartland Offensive." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • @HistoryNet. "Battle Of Antietam | HistoryNet." HistoryNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. Bibliography

• Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • History.com Staff. "Battle of Antietam." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • "Virginia 1863 Map of Battles American Civil War." Virginia 1863 Map of Battles American Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • "The Battle of Munfordville." The Battle of Munfordville. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • By the President of the United States of America:. "Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation." Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. Roy P. Basler, n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. Bibliography

• By September of That Year, the Chances of Abraham Lincoln Winning Reelection Were Slim at Best. Not Only Had Previous Presidents before Him Failed to Gain a Second Term in Office, but Many Citizens of the United States Felt the War Was Not Going Well, and. "The Importance of the Western Theater in the American Civil War." Civil War Diary. N.p., 10 Aug. 2011. Web. 18 Sept. 2016. • Maranzani, Barbara. "7 Things You May Not Know About the Battle of Chancellorsville." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 30 Apr. 2013. Web. 18 Sept. 2016.