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Getica Lui Statilius Crito

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Getica Lui Statilius Crito GETICA LUI STATILIUS CRITO I. I. RUSSU PARTEA I IZVOARELE ISTORICE ALE EPOCII LUI TRAIANUS. „GETICA" Este de multă vreme cunoscută şi îndeobşte regretată. în istorio­ grafia Imperiului roman starea lacunoasă a materialului documentar scris cu privire la anii domniei lui Marcus Ulpius Traianus (98-117), a celor două decenii în care imperiul şi romanitatea ajunseră. Ia apogeul puterii, expansiunii., strălucirii lor sub prestigioarn conducere a marelui 1 ostaş-împărat hispano-roman • S-a relevat (mai ales de către eminentul istoric-biograf italian citat) faptul că n-a rămas aproape nimic sau numai mizere fragmente din materialul imens al arhivelor imperiale, ale magis­ traţilor, guvernatorilor, colegiilor, municipalităţilor, comandamentelor militare etc., pierdute aproape integral - lucru de altfel obişnuit, firesc în cea mai mare parte pentru epoca imperială în genernl-, în timp ce ma­ terialul epigrafie şi gliptic respectiv arheologic, mai abundent cantitativ, cunoscut pînă acum, rămîne (prin însăşi natura lui) adesea laconic şi de semnificaţie echivocă. Dar ceea ce constituie (faţă de alţi împăraţi romani} o pierdere ireparabilă pentru cunoaşterea epocii lui Ulpius Traianus este faptul că operele istorice-literare (bazate in primul rînd pe documente directe ori tradiţii orale) încetează chiar înainte de venirea lui „Ia tron" 1 Despre istoria lui Marcus l'lpius Trui:inus şi a vnrnii lui : monografia lui Roberto Paribrni, Oplimus Prinups. Sogyio rnlla ~lcria e : ui l1mpi dc/l'improlue Traiono, voi. I- II (Messina, 1926), 662 paQini, lucrnrc <le t:loctrină soli<lă şi vastă uudiţic istorică, remarcabilă prin măreţia concepţiei, eleganţa de stil e unui mere t·manist al secolului XX (despre persoana şi activitafra ştiinţifică a lui R. P~ribrni : Studi in c110re di Aristide Caldrrini e Roberto Pari­ beni, Milano, 1956, p. LXIII-LXXXV); N. L2~ru, Prtabunul împărat, ln Transilvania, Sibiu, 1941, p. 185-191; D. Tudor, Traicr.u.•, Bucur( ~li, Ed. ştiinţifică, 1966 (broşură de populari­ zare]; RE, S. X (1965), 1(;32-1H2 lvl. Vlpius Traionus (R. Hanslik). Despre politica romană la Dunăre şi in s1:d-esl11l Europei in această vreme, v. şi C. Patsch, Der K.amp( um den Donouraum unia De milicn ur.d Trajon (Ecitri!.ge zur Volkerkunde von Siidosteuropa, V /2, Sitzungsbrrichte der Akad. Wirn, 217, 1, 1937); T. Seucluc-Sllveanu, lmpărolul Traian şi Morea Neagră, ln Revista istoricii rom:lnll, Bucureşti, XVI, 1946, p. 119-127. St CI, XIV. 1972. p. 111-128. Bucureşti 112 I. I. RUSSU 2 .şi continuă firul abia după moartea lui, aproape fără excepţii : biografiile imperiale de Suetonius Tranquillus se opresc la Flavius Domitianus (a. 96), biografiile scrise de Marius Maximus, începînd cu Cocceius Nerva (96-98) şi terminînd cu Elagabalus, s-au pierdut fără urmă, iar Historia Augusta începe cu viaţa lui Aelius Hadrianus (117 -138); Istoria Romei <le Cassius Dio Cocceianus s-a păstrat în rezumate fragmentare cu largi goluri ; Dacica lui Appianus s-a pierdut integral, la fel ca istoria lui Ammia­ nus Marcellinus în partea privind perioada respectivă 2 • 1ncît (precum remarcă biograful italian al lui Optimus Princeps) „se pare că de fapt faima acestei mari figuri de împărat a fost urmărită de un destin vrăjmaş". De altă parte, mult mai fărîmiţat şi lacunos este materialul docu­ mentar privitor la Daci a în epoca lui Traianus : campaniile de cucerire a ţării şi organizarea noii provincii la nordul Dunării inferioare (care con­ stituie una din cele mai grandioase acţiuni militare şi politice ale împără­ ţiei) se cunosc foarte lacunos, defectuos, chiar incorect sub multe aspecte. Numai în ]inii mari şi în etapele principale a putut fi reconstituită istoria externă şi <lesfăşurarea războaielor în legătură cu marea luptă dramatică de rezistenţă a geto-dacilor în faţa pătrunderii celei mai redutabile forţe armate organizate în epoca antichităţii. Dacă asupra politicii generale, a pregătirilor, a formaţiilor armate şi a multora din personajele mai de seamă participante, ca şi asupra desfăşurării acţiunii militare-politice a romanilor în Dacia carpatică există numeroase date în texte, inscripţii, monede şi medalii, reliefuri sculpturale etc. (lacunoase şi laconice, este adevărat, dar există), în schimb asupra daco-geţilor sîntem foarte puţin şi destul de rău informaţi : se cunosc cu totul neîndestulător condiţiile interne din Dacia, starea, aşezările, felul de viaţă (în bună parte ilustrate de rezultatele abundente ale săpăturilor arheologice, mai ales din ultimele trei decenii) 3, atitudinea populaţiei autohtone geto-dace în cursul osti­ lităţilor şi soarta ei după încetarea acestora, pacificarea ţării şi anexarea Daciei lui Decebalu~ la imperiu 4• Cunoaşterea incompletă, adesea eronată a populaţiei băştinaşe (care rămîne de fundamentală importanţă pentru problema romanismului în Dacia traianee şi pentru etnogeneza românilor) vine din faptul că materialul documentar greco-roman privind direct ~i integral campaniile romane în Dacia şi realităţile populare de aici în timpul războaielor se prezintă azi într-o formă încă mult mai deplorabilă: între documente, singură columna lui Ulpius Traianus la Roma (înfăţişînd schematic, dar integral desfăşurarea ambelor războaie) s-a păstrat întreagă; dar caracterul exclusiv figurat în imagini al acestui minunat şi bogat repertoriu artistic, „mutismul" lui prin lipsa oricăror explicaţii scrise rr 2 Izvoarele documentare asupra lui Ulpius Traianus: Paribeni, op. cil., I, p. III şi 5-44; IzvlstRom, I, p. 467-556. 3 Vasile Pârvan, Getica. O protoistoric a Dacici, Bucureşti, 1926; C. Daicoviciu - Al. Ferenczi, Aşezdrile dacice din Munţii Ordşliei, Bucureşti, 1951, 116 p.; rapoartele de săpături ale şantierului arheologic „Grădiştea Muncelului - Costeşti (jud. Hunedoara)", condus de C. Daicoviciu, ln SCIV, 1950-1956, MatArh, IV-VIII; C. Daicoviciu, Cetatea dacicei de la Piatra Roşie. Monografie arheologicd, Bucureşti, 1954, 167 p., cu ample ilustraţii şi bibliografie; IstRom, I, p. 216-341; H. Daicoviciu, Dacii, Bucureşti, Edit. ştiinţificl, 1965, şi alte publicaţii consem­ nate ln Limba traco-dacilor, ed. II, Bucureşti, 1967, p. 33-36 (Sprache der Thrako-Daker, 1969, p. 40-43). t I. I. Russu, Daco-geţii fn Dacia romană, ln Contribuţii la cunoaşterea regiunii Hunedoara (Sargetla, III, 1956), Deva, p. 39-56. 3 GETICA LUI STATILIUS CRITO 113 echivalente, aspectul enigmatic al multor scene şi echivocul lor îi scad foarte mult din valoarea şi semnificaţia documentară, uneori reduse la rostul de simple tablouri ale căror loc, împrejurări şi implicaţii rămîn total neinţelese 0 • De nepreţuită valoare informativă ar fi fost (natural) <>perele istorice -narative, tratind campaniile din Dacia; dar, cum s-a gpus, textul părţii respective (cartea LXVIII) din Istoria lui Cassius Dio este păstrat 1n rezumate foarte scurte, fragmente mizere în compilaţia unui călugăr bizantin; celelalte izvoare (Ammianus, Maximus, Appianus .ş.a.) au dispărut cu desăvîrşire 1n uitare prin negura epocii de recesiune materială. şi culturală a feudalismului. Despre campaniile dacice ale lui Ulpius Traianus au existat două scrieri de mare valoare documentară., una in limba latină, alta 1n greceşte, a doi martori oculari şi părtaşi de frunte la aceste acţiuni : împăratul Traianus şi medicul său T. Statilius Crito. Dispariţia acestor scrieri preţioase - care ar fi fost totodată. un limpede şi autentic „text" de comentariu pentru „volumul de planşe" aJ scenelor de pe columna lui Traianus-constituie una din cele mai grave lacune iremediabile în materialul documentar al istoriei Imperiului roman în sec. II, al teritoriului României şi al romanităţii carpato-dunărene 6 • Comentariile lui Ulpius Traianus, memorii sau jurnal de operaţii scris de însuşi împăratul biruitor al geto-dacilor, în cel puţin două „cărţi" (sau părţi), intitulate De bello Dacico ori mai curînd simplu Dacica, vor fi fost o naraţiune similară. lui De bello Gallico al înaintaşului său Iulius Caesar ; dar cu siguranţă de valoare literară. inferioară, cum era de aşteptat de la un mare ostaş pe care nu-l preocupa literatura, şi care nu avea pre­ tenţii şi resurse de scriitor ; ceea ce ar explica eventual mai uşor dispariţia scrierii sale, din care a rămas un singur rînd, 5 cuvinte citate de gramaticul Priscianus din sec. VI : „ Traianus in I Da,cicorum : i n d e B e r z o b i m deinde Ai zi processim us" 7 , din capitolul cărţii I în care era 6 ConraJ Cicl10rius, Die Re/ie(s der Trajanssă.ule, II-III (voi. I n-a apărut; Berlin, 1896, 1900; text şi planşe); critici şi completări : E. Petersen, Trajans dakische Kriege nach dem Siiulenrelie( erziihll, Leipzig, 1899, 1903; K. Lehmann-liartleben, Die Trajanssăule, Berlin­ Lcipzig, 1926; Paribeni, op. cil„ I, p. 215-265, 278-308; Patsch, op. cil„ p. 66-128; P. G. f(amberg, Sludics in R~m1n Imperial Ari, Uppsala, 19t5, p. io4-159; C. şi H. Daicoviciu, Col11mna lui Traian, Editura Meridiane, Bucureşti, 19iHi, 36 p„ 74 pi. Ultima monografie, F. B. Florescu, Die Tr:ijrimsă.ule, (voi.) I, Grunrl(ragen 1md Ta(eln, Bucureşti Editura Acade­ miei - Bonn, 1969, 160 p„ 78 figuri ln text, 130 pi., cu date şi schiţe tehnice utile, dar cu inter­ pretarea greşită (tendenţioasă şi chiar diletantică) - interpretare dată şi scenelor pe metope şi creneluri ale monumentului triumfal de la Adamclissi (cf. StCl, V, 1963, p. 430-437; Acta Mu­ sei Napocensis, III, 1966, p. 423-426; VII, 1070, p. 110-124) - a tuturor „barbarilor" duşmani ai romanilor, ca ... daco-geţi, adică nu numai cei care apar evident ca atare, dar şi iazigli, sar­ maţii, i::ermanii etc. care luptă contra romanilor ln scenele de pe „columnă". I. Miclea, Columna (Cuvint înainte de Z. Stancu - H. Stancu, studiu şi comentariu R. Florescu), Cluj, 1971. 8 Poema ln greceşte pe cuc se pregătea să o scrie poetul roman Caninius Rufus, prieten al lui Plinius cel Tlnăr (Epi.~I.. VIII, 4 „optime facis, quod bellum Dacicum scribere paras. Nam quae tam recens, tam copiosa, tam lata, quae denique tam poetica et quamquam in uerissimis rebu,; tam fabulos a m lteria? ... Una, sed maxima difficultas, quod haec aequare dicendo arduum, im-n~nmm ctiam tuo ingenio, quamqu'lm altissime adsurgat et amplissimis operibus increscat.
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