O Horizonte De Sagrado Na Obra Do Cineasta Russo Andrey Tarkovsky: O Caso Andrey Rublev

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O Horizonte De Sagrado Na Obra Do Cineasta Russo Andrey Tarkovsky: O Caso Andrey Rublev UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES O HORIZONTE DE SAGRADO NA OBRA DO CINEASTA RUSSO ANDREY TARKOVSKY: O CASO ANDREY RUBLEV FRANCISCO DAS CHAGAS FERNANDES SANTIAGO JÚNIOR CAMPINAS 2005 i UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES Mestrado em Multimeios O HORIZONTE DE SAGRADO NA OBRA DO CINEASTA RUSSO ANDREY TARKOVSKY: O CASO ANDREY RUBLEV FRANCISCO DAS CHAGAS FERNANDES SANTIAGO JÚNIOR Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado em Multimeios do Instituto de Artes da UNICAMP como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Multimeios sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Antônio Fernando da Conceição Passos. CAMPINAS 2005 iii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL DA UNICAMP Bibliotecário: Helena Joana Flipsen – CRB-8ª / 5283 Santiago Júnior, Francisco das Chagas Fernandes. Sa59h O horizonte de sagrado na obra do cineasta russo Andrey Tarkovsky : o caso Andrey Rublev / Francisco das Chagas Fernandes Santiago Júnior. -- Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2005. Orientador: Antônio Fernando da Conceição Passos. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes. 1. Tarkovski, Andrei Arsensevich, 1932-1986. 2.Cinema - Estética. 3. O Sagrado. I. Passos, Antônio Fernando da Conceição. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Artes. III. Título. Tradução do título e subtítulo da tese em inglês: The sacred horizon in the work of the Russian film-maker Andrey Tarkovky : the movie Andrey Rublev. Palavras-chave em inglês (Keywords): Moving-pictures – Aesthetics, Sacred, The. Área de concentração: Multimeios. Titulação: Mestre em Multimeios. Banca examinadora: Antônio Fernando da Conceição Passos, Milton José de Almeida, Etienne Ghislain Samain. iv Para seu Francisco e dona Teresinha Para meus queridos Pedro e Catarina Para Alcides que tanto me incentivou Para todos os amigos que fiz nessa terra vermelha, em especial, Marcos, Lundianã e Salvador v Agradecimentos À CAPES, pela bolsa de mestrado, de agosto de 2004 a agosto de 2005, sem a qual não teria sido possível realizar esse trabalho. Ao Dr. Fernando Passos, pela ajuda, paciência e discussões esclarecedoras e repletas de aprendizado. Ao Colégio Don Barreto, de Teresina-PI, que me apoiou financeiramente na pessoa do professor Marcílio. À todos que me ajudaram nessa jornada: acima de todos, Francisco Alcides do Nascimento e Áurea da Paz Pinheiro. Aos meus amigos de Teresina, em especial, Elisângela, Jociana, Nilsângela, Járabas, Lucimária, Lidiane, entre tantos. A todos os amigos de Campinas, especialmente Marcos Côrrea, Lundianã, Salvador e Sílvia. E a Camilo, João, Helder, Flávio, as duas Lílian, Leandra, Kamin, André, Fabiana, Fran, Marcos, Walker, Gilberto, Greidmar, Lorena... não cabem todos aqui! Aos professores e funcionários da UNICAMP: Iara Lins, Marcius Freire, Leodete, Celso, Solange, Evelin. A Etienne Samain, por sua amizade, atenção, ajuda e tanto mais que seria incapaz de dizer. A família espiritual do Inzo Mussambu Hongolo Menha, pela ampliação de horizonte espiritual. A meus irmãos Pedro e Catarina, queridos, amorosos e companheiros. A dona Teresinha e seu Francisco, meus pais maravilhosos. Aos Mikise por tudo, em especial Kitembo e Ndandalunda. vii Resumo Nesta dissertação, proponho identificar o impulso criador do cineasta russo Andrey Tarkovsky por meio da chave interpretativa que chamo de horizonte de sagrado. O objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender como e quais as repercussões do sagrado, ou seja, a expressão da transcendência, como horizonte da prática criativa e teórica do cineasta. Na tentativa de expressar o transcendente por meio da imagem do cinema, o realizador desencadeou mudanças na forma de configurar a narrativa cinematográfica. Para entender essa dinâmica, realizo uma leitura sócio-histórica da construção das concepções teóricas e dos filmes de Andrey Tarkovsky. Procurei reconstituir o espaço de experiência que permitiu ao cineasta desenvolver suas idéias e seus filmes, bem como demonstrar a presença do sagrado na obra fílmica do realizador por meio da análise de duas seqüências do filme Andrey Rublev. ix Abstract In this text, I aim try to identify the creative impulse of Russian film-maker Andrey Tarkovsky by means of the interpretativa key that I call horizon of sacred. The objective of this is to understand what are and which are the repercussions of the sacred, or either, the expression of the metaphysic feeling, as horizont of the creative and theorical practical of director. In the attempt to express transcendence by means of the movie image, the producer caused changes in the form of configuring the cinematographic narrative. To understand this dynamic, I carry through a socio-historical reading of the construction of the theoretical conceptions in the films of Andrey Tarkovsky. I tried to reconstitute experience space that allowed the film-maker to develop his ideas and his films, as well as demonstrate the presence of the sacred one in the director’s movie craft analising of two sequences of the film Andrey Rublev. xi Sumário Lista de figuras XV INTRODUÇÃO p. 1 CAPÍTULO I: O cinema soviético do pós-guerra (1945-1980) p. 11 O cinema soviético de 1953-1968 p. 15 Nasce o “cinema poético” p. 21 O cinema soviético de 1968-1980 p. 27 O filme poético na década de 1970 p. 35 CAPÍTULO II: Tempo, natureza e cinema para o cineasta Andrey Tarkovksy p. 39 Biografia do cineasta p. 40 Os escritos de Tarkovsky p. 44 A natureza e o tempo p. 46 O símbolo para Tarkovsky p. 53 A moral e a representação p. 60 A busca do transcendente: o dever do artista p. 64 xiii CAPÍTULO III: Espaço de experiência de Tarkovksy: tradições da arte russa e soviética p. 69 O ícone russo p. 71 Do espiritual na obra de arte p. 76 A literatura e arte p. 86 O cinema revolucionário p. 98 O cinema da poesia p. 109 CAPÍTULO IV: Duas seqüências de Andrey Rublev p. 123 Considerações metodológicas p. 124 Análise narrativa p. 127 Sinopse do filme p. 131 Seqüência I: o fantasma de Teófanes p. 134 Seqüência II: a explosão dos ícones p. 160 CAPÍTULO V: Além do horizonte de sagrado: uma nova forma de narrativa cinematográfica p. 175 Estilo e modo narrativo p. 176 O tempo e o enredo p. 180 A tessitura da intriga de Andrey Rublev p. 185 Visualidade sem fim p. 193 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS p. 195 Lista de filmes consultados p. 199 Bibliografia p. 201 xiv Lista de figuras Figura 1: A Natividade de Cristo. Andrey Rublev, 1405. p. 76 Figura 2: Eu e a Vila. Marc Chagall, 1911. p. 79 Figura 3: Composição VIII. Wassily Kandinsky, 1923. p. 82 Figura 4: Um Homem com uma Câmera. Dziga Vertov, 1929. p. 102 Figura 5: Ivan, O Terrível – Parte 1. Sergei Eisenstein, 1943. p. 105 Figura 6: Ivan, O Terrível – Parte 2. Sergei Eisenstein, 1948. p. 105 Figuras 7 até 18: Andrey Rublev. Andrey Tarkovsky, 1966. pp. 134-140 Figuras 19 até 22: Andrey Rublev. Andrey Tarkovsky, 1966. p. 158 Figuras 23 até 24: Andrey Rublev. Andrey Tarkovsky, 1966. p. 159 Figura 25: A Trindade do Velho Testamento. Andrey Rublev, 1411. p. 161 Figuras 26 a 56: Andrey Rublev. Andrey Tarkovsky, 1966. pp. 161-169 Figuras 57 e 58: A Infância de Ivan. Andrey Tarkovsky, 1961. p. 191 Figuras 59 e 60: O Sacrifício. Andrey Tarkovksy, 1985. p. 192 xv Introdução Os filmes e os escritos do cineasta russo Andrey Tarkovsky são marcados por forte reflexão espiritual. Sua obra reflete como um compromisso com seu mundo, sua arte e com as outras pessoas. O Sacrifício (Offret, 1985), seu último filme, é uma parábola sobre a fraternidade, sobre a doação de um homem pelo bem maior, de sua fé no outro. Essa fé no ser humano reflete-se como fé no cinema, na capacidade desse servir à alma humana. Tarkovsky acreditava na “sétima arte” como algo capaz de ligar o homem ao inefável, ao indizível, numa palavra, ao tempo. A imagem cinematográfica era, assim, um meio de contato com algo de valor que a excedia, suporte à verdade do espírito. O realizador de A Infância de Ivan (Ivanovo Detsvo, 1961) acreditava que o cinema era uma arte, que permitia ao artista e ao seu público construírem o sentido da vida e alcançarem sua verdade. Os seus filmes e o relato auto-biográfico Esculpir o Tempo, livro concluído pelo cineasta no final de sua vida, mostram que essa visão de mundo baseava 1 seu trabalho. O impulso desta pesquisa nasceu da dimensão espiritual que os filmes pedem ao seu espectador. Decidi abordar as películas do realizador russo pela dimensão espiritual que almejam e movimentam. A essa dimensão chamo de “sagrado”. Não abordo o sagrado no sentido clássico, elemento exclusivo da crença (embora seja a ela associado), da teologia ou da religião, mas um outro, mais difuso e pragmático, relacionado ao projeto de vida de um sujeito específico – Andrei Tarkovsky –, que se apropria de um conjunto significante – a imagem cinematográfica –, e, ao ter por objetivo a devolução da espiritualidade ao espectador, (re)faz a imagem do cinema ampliando as dimensões de experimentação desta por parte daquele. O sagrado no cinema de Tarkovsky é menos o resultado e mais um horizonte de prática artística, cujo pressuposto foi a reformulação da narrativa do cinema, desencadeando novas relações entre imagem cinematográfica e espectador. Eis o tema desta dissertação: como e quais as repercussões do sagrado como impulso criativo de Tarkovsky? Tomo o termo ‘horizonte’ como aquilo que cai na linha “atrás da qual se abre, no futuro, um novo espaço de experiência, algo que se pode contemplar. A possibilidade de descobrir um futuro choca, apesar dos prognósticos possíveis, contra um limite absoluto, porque não é possível 2 chegar a experimentá-la”1 (KOSELLECK, 1993, p 340). Falo, portanto, de uma linha de trabalho, uma expectativa de construção, de projeção tanto ética quanto estética, como será visto a seguir. O ‘horizonte de sagrado’ refere-se ao que Tarkovsky desejava para seus filmes: uma expressão da transcendência e do sentimento metafísico.
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