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NASWET Ménilpál “Language Is the Key to Our NUMIC ’Akal Pa Náxanish Culture,” He Says

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NASWET Ménilpál “Language Is the Key to Our NUMIC ’Akal Pa Náxanish Culture,” He Says COMMUNITY TRADITIONS TRACING CAHUILLA’S LINGUISTIC ROOTS Cahuilla is a member of the Takic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Within Takic, it is most closely related to Cupeño, Juaneño, and Luiseño and more distantly to Gabrielino, Kitanemuk, Serrano, and Tataviam. The other Uto-Aztecan languages of California are Keeping Tubatulabal and the Numic languages (Chemehuevi-Southern Paiute-Ute, Comanche, Cahuilla Alive Kawaiisu, Mono, Northern Paiute, Panamint, and Shoshone). Kitanemuk Cahuilla Tataviam Preserving this critically endangered language is vital last step before dormancy, SERRANO meaning “the youngest to understanding the Agua Caliente people’s identity, speakers are grandparents GABRIELINO history, and culture. and older, and they speak the shoshone language infrequently.” COMANCHE YAQUI BY JOAN PAGE McKENNA Revitalizing Cahuilla is JUANEÑO Luiseño essential because language náxanish qunwíh MAYO TÁMMIT is so closely interwoven Cupeño wíh li’tukvashnekishtevishnekish wíchiw qunwíchiw súpl with identity, explains John náxanish MANAL qunwíchiw tesnekish timbisha náxanish hunuvat Malmal Preckwinkle III, Chairman tammit menil NAHUATL CAHITA ah cha ma ÁWAL wíh QAXAL of the Cultural Preservation PIPIL Sukat né’i‘ népush atukul Committee for the Agua ahmenil cha ma QUNWíH Caliente Band of Cahuilla néma’ Indians. He himself is sonoran CENTRAL POCHUTEC tarahumaran wíh working on becoming a more NUMIC proficient speaker. O’odham GENERAL TUKWET SOUTHERN AZTECAN qunwíchiw nícillNASWET ménilPÁL “Language is the key to our NUMIC ’akal pa náxanish culture,” he says. “When you western MAUL WÁCHIW numic pa’at Súplli’ understand how the language téqwell náxanish works, you then understand qunwíh MENemaqwánan gYqAHunwíh ná xaWHAEnish the thought processes of TAKIC múut hunuvat súplli’ qunwíh the culture. For example, in TUKWET náxanish QAXAL Americanized English, things Sukat mesaxa numic HOPI TEPIMAN TUBATULABAL AZTECAN teracahitic Nemaqwánang have a certain order. You say, qunwíh wíh íh t ‘John and Stephanie walked w tú kwe támmit qunsúplli’ ISIL náxanish Páh down the street,’ and that’s náxanishatukulnaswet náxanishNemaqwánang qaxal how you picture it in English. ISIL Pál But when you start picturing it in the Cahuilla language, áwal it’s ‘John, Stephanie, street, súplli’ walking, direction.’ It’s a very pa’atTÁMMIT literal language.” wíh menil continued on page 18 IT’S EARLY ON a Friday Christina Morreo, who’s seated spoken by thousands of people WHO SPEAKS evening at the Agua Caliente in the front row. The class from the San Gorgonio Pass CAHUILLA? Casino Resort Spa in Rancho encompasses all generations, near Banning to the Salton Sea The nine sovereign bands of Mirage. In an event room off and everybody participates, and parts of the San Jacinto the Cahuilla people: the main casino floor, the air repeating phrases aloud as we and Santa Rosa mountains, buzzes with lively conversation go around the room one by the Cahuilla language and Agua Caliente and laughter as a small group one. “Mipa tawpa?” (When is its number of speakers has Augustine gathers for Cahuilla language summer?), we ask. “Ay tawpa” dwindled to a handful within Cabazon lessons, followed by dinner. (It’s summer already), we reply. a 100-mile radius of the Cahuilla The mood is upbeat and Michelle has taught Cahuilla Coachella Valley. Los Coyotes fun. Michelle Morreo leads since 2000, and Christina — Both the Endangered the class with a written and one of only five or so remaining Languages Project and Morongo spoken tutorial on the seasons, fluent speakers — since 2003. the UNESCO Atlas of the Ramona occasionally pausing to check They’re part of an ongoing World’s Languages in Danger Santa Rosa her pronunciation with her effort to save the language categorize Cahuilla as Torres-Martinez grandmother, master teacher from becoming dormant. Once “critically endangered,” the PROTO-UTO-AZTECAN ILLUSTRATION BY STUART FUNK ILLUSTRATION 16 me yah whae | SPRING / SUMMER 2019 SPRING / SUMMER 2019 | me yah whae 17 Bighorn Red-Tailed Honey Sheep Cat's Claw Hawk Mesquite ' pa `at ˇ ˜ kwa al il˜ Teddy Bear Beavertail Deer Cactus Butterfl y Cholla malmal cukalˇ sukat manal Cahuilla Language Flashcards California Red Coyote Hummingbird Barrel Cactus Brittlebush tucilˇ ˜ kupasˇ isil˜ pa 'akal Washingtonia Mojave Yucca Quail Filifera Chuckwalla hunuvat qaxal maul caxwalˇ COMMUNITY TRADITIONS intergenerational transfer of it’s from the beginning. only a handful of speakers the strategies that the Maori the Cahuilla language began Our creation story tells us left; people are not picking and the Hawaiians are using. naswet to decline, he says. Moreover, exactly how we received our pa´at it up and trying to learn it,” It’s more immersion based,” many males who spoke language: When the people Preckwinkle says. “It’s hard to he says. Cahuilla in the home left for were first created, there was maintain it, and if you don’t “For instance, we had a the military between the early a large group of people, all use it, you lose it.” Cahuilla language immersion to mid-1900s, further eroding speaking different languages,” The cultural and historical camp for families a couple the language base. Huaute continues. “The significance of saving of years ago in Anza. We N Cahuilla falls within the Cahuilla people came P the language cannot be brought Christina [Morreo] up Uto-Aztecan language together because they heard overstated. “When we hear there. Families spoke only the family, Huaute explains, others speaking the same recordings from 100 years Cahuilla language for most and has existed since time language, and that was the ago, if we don’t understand of the weekend, and a lot of immemorial. It’s difficult to beginning of their journey.” the language or the syntax, people liked the idea. Our pinpoint a timeline or its age. Cahuilla’s contemporary we’re not going to learn mission is to help the families “Our oral traditions tell us it’s language includes three the lessons these elders left that want to speak Cahuilla an ancient language that far distinct dialects: Desert, behind. That’s what got me in their home by giving them exceeds the estimations of Mountain, and (San Gorgonio) into the language — wanting strategies and materials to linguistics and anthropology Pass, all having minor to sing our songs, which do so.” as disciplines,” he says. grammatical differences. we sing to this day,” says “If you ask a Cahuilla For example, in Desert Preckwinkle, who is also the For more information person how old the language Cahuilla, autumn (literally, “to great-grandson of ceremonial about Páayish Néken visit is, our elders would say make cool”) is yuchiviwen, singer John Joseph Patencio. paayishneken.weebly.com. Several of the Cahuilla bands currently offer various language programs. For example, the Torres-Martinez tukwet band includes a language department, where Christina and Michelle Morreo work. The Morongo band offers Desert classes, and lessons are available on various other T Cahuilla reservations. Smoke Tree Bighorn Sheep Palomar College and California State University, San Bernardino feature continued from page 16 while Mountain Cahuilla mutually intelligible with Cahuilla curriculum, as well The decline in the number pronounces it yuchiwivah, Cahuilla, followed by Luiseño. as a recently established of speakers began in the early “ with the v and w transposed. Cupeño is the closest to university-level course at to mid-1900s, Preckwinkle If you ask a “The Pass and Desert Cahuilla, and I would say the University of California, notes, when Tribal elders dialects are more similar they’re more mutually Riverside. To help draw CAHUILLA decided not to teach Cahuilla Cahuilla person in their verb morphology,” understandable.” younger learners, Preckwinkle WORD SAMPLER as a first language because how old the Huaute explains. “Mountain Spanish also contributed is hoping to develop a of persecution, racism, makes more subtle changes. borrowed words, such as the Cahuilla smartphone app. me yah whae = hello and assimilation. language is, In Desert, there are more one for “table.” “We didn’t For his part, Huaute In the late 1800s, many individual words grouped know that la mesa was two has launched a language ah cha ma = thank you tribes were forced to send our elders would together, whereas in words, so for us, it’s just one revitalization group with their children to boarding Mountain, it’s one long word.” word, lamesa. And with our fellow Cahuilla community schools, and there was say it’s from the Factors like geographic loan words, whichever vowel members called Páayish tammit = sun enormous pressure to learn beginning. movement and subsequent is stressed in the Spanish Néken, which means English, adds Raymond marriages with other tribes, word becomes a long vowel in “coming of the dawn.” menil = moon Huaute, a Cahuilla scholar including the Luiseño and Cahuilla,” Huaute says. “We have been working and language specialist Raymond Huaute, Cupeño, contributed to Both Preckwinkle and with some of the Cahuilla The Cahuilla dictionary is completing his Ph.D. in Cahuilla language scholar linguistic changes among the Huaute emphasize the communities to supplement available through the Malki linguistics at the University of Cahuilla, he says. Within the need to involve younger the college classes they’re Museum and Riverside California, San Diego. It was Mountain Lion Cupan language subgroup, generations in the effort to offering by using different County libraries. during this time when the ” he adds, “Serrano is the least reinvigorate Cahuilla. “There’s teaching methods, similar to GETTY IMAGES (ALL) 18 me yah whae | SPRING / SUMMER 2019 TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE CAHUILLA LANGUAGE, VISIT YOUTU.BE/YAU4F66JTU0. SPRING / SUMMER 2019 | me yah whae 19.
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