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THE PHILOSOPHY BOOK George Santayana (1863-1952)
Georg Hegel (1770-1831) ................................ 30 Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) ................. 32 Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804-1872) ...... 32 John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) .......................... 33 Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) ..................... 33 Karl Marx (1818-1883).................................... 34 Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ................ 35 Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914).............. 35 William James (1842-1910) ............................ 36 The Modern World 1900-1950 ............................. 36 Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) .................... 37 Ahad Ha'am (1856-1927) ............................... 38 Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) ............. 38 Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) ....................... 39 Henri Bergson (1859-1941) ............................ 39 Contents John Dewey (1859–1952) ............................... 39 Introduction....................................................... 1 THE PHILOSOPHY BOOK George Santayana (1863-1952) ..................... 40 The Ancient World 700 BCE-250 CE..................... 3 Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936) ................... 40 Introduction Thales of Miletus (c.624-546 BCE)................... 3 William Du Bois (1868-1963) .......................... 41 Laozi (c.6th century BCE) ................................. 4 Philosophy is not just the preserve of brilliant Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) ........................ 41 Pythagoras (c.570-495 BCE) ............................ 4 but eccentric thinkers that it is popularly Max Scheler -
Department of Philosophy
St. Jerome’s University in the University of Waterloo Department of Philosophy Syllabus Fall Term 2019 Course: PHIL 230J – GOD AND PHILOSOPHY: Section 001 Instructor: Professor Nikolaj Zunic Class Times: 10:00 am – 11:20 am on Mondays and Wednesdays Class Location: SJ1 3016 Office: SH 2003 [Sweeney Hall on the St. Jerome’s Campus] Phone: (519) 884-8111 ext. 28229 E-mail: [email protected] Office Hours: Mondays and Wednesdays: 9:30 am – 10:00 am and 2:30 pm – 3:30 pm; and by appointment: please e-mail the professor. Required Text Brian Davies, Philosophy of Religion: A Guide and Anthology, Oxford University Press, 2000. [ISBN 978-0-19-875194-6] Course Description Does God exist? Can God’s existence be proven? What is God’s essence? What is the human being’s relationship to God? What is faith? Is it possible to know God? Is God-talk meaningful and coherent? Does God have a rightful place in philosophical discourse? These are some of the many questions and problems that will be investigated in PHIL 230J: GOD AND PHILOSOPHY this term. As the title of the course suggests, we will be exploring the relationship between God “and” philosophy, generally speaking, not simply a philosophical concept of God. The emphasis should be placed on the conjunction which signifies a relation. To be sure, the reality of God is much greater than what is conceived within the parameters of philosophy alone. Blaise Pascal famously distinguished between the “God of the prophets” and the “God of the philosophers”. Bearing this in mind, we will endeavour to investigate the full reality of God, rather than merely what philosophers consider God to be. -
Copyrighted Material
1 Getting Started Preliminaries COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL The Christian Theology Reader, Fifth Edition. Edited by Alister E. McGrath. Editorial material and organization © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. INTRODUCTION What is theology? The word has been used by Christians since the third century to mean “talk about God.” “Christian theology” thus means something like “talking about God in a Christian way,” recognizing that the word “god” means quite different things to different religious traditions. Christians think about their faith; “theology” is the term used for both this process of reflection and its outcome. To study theology is thus to think systematically about the fundamental ideas of Christianity. It is intellectual reflection on the act, content, and implications of the Christian faith. Starting to study Christian theology involves exploring a whole range of issues. Some of these focus on the identity and characteristics of theology itself. For example, what is theology? And how did it develop? How does it relate to other areas of life, such as philosophy or culture? How does our way of talking about God relate to our everyday language? To what extent – and in what ways – can the existence of God be proved? The present chapter provides readings which explore these and related issues, some in depth. One of the most important debates in Christian theology concerns the relationship between faith and reason. Tradi- tionally, Christian theology has seen reason as operating in a subservient role to revelation. Thomas Aquinas argued that supernatural truths need to be revealed to us. Human reason, on its own, cannot hope to gain access to divine mysteries. -
The Ontological Proof: Kant’S Objections, Plantinga’S Reply
KSO 2012: 122 The Ontological Proof: Kant’s Objections, Plantinga’s Reply Gregory Robson, Duke University I. Introduction hroughout Immanuel Kant’s era, philosophers richly debated René Descartes’s seventeenth-century reform- ulation of the ontological argument that Anselm origin- T 1 nally advanced in the eleventh century. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant’s seminal analysis of the capacity and limits of reason and the implications of each for the claims of meta- physics, Kant offers a direct response to Descartes’s ontological proof, considering it against the backdrop of his own, broader line of argument in CPR. The result is perhaps the most des- tructive critique of the ontological argument ever produced.2 The aims of this essay are, first, to present Kant’s criticism of the ontological argument (or better, arguments3—herein I use 1 I am grateful to Gary Banham, Andrew Janiak, and two anonymous reviewers at Kant Studies Online for their feedback on earlier versions of this paper. 2 Alvin Plantinga has called Kant’s argument according to which existence is not a real property of things “[t]he most famous and important objection to the onto- logical argument” (Plantinga, God, Freedom, and Evil, 92). And, according to Kevin Harrelson, Kant’s rejection of the ontological argument on epistemic grounds constitutes “the most thorough criticism of that argument in the modern period” (Harrelson, The Ontological Argument from Descartes to Hegel, 167). 3 Of course, there is not just one ontological argument—some authors have even themselves offered several ontological arguments. Anselm himself, argues Nor- man Malcolm, put forward two distinct ontological arguments. -
Reason and Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems Of
Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy JOEL FEINBERG Late of University of Arizona RUSS SHAFER-LANDAU University of Wisconsin JOEL FEINBERG (1926-2004): IN MEMORIAM vii PREFACE viii PART ONE Reason and Religious Belief 1 THE EXISTENCE AND NATURE OF GOD 6 ANSELM OF CANTERBURY: The Ontological Argument, from Proslogion 6 GAUNILO OF MARMOUTIERS: On Behalf of the Fool 7 WILLIAM L. ROWE: The Ontological Argument 11 SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS: The Five Ways, from Summa Theologica 21 SAMUEL CLARKE: A Modern Formulation of the Cosmological Argument 22 WILLIAM L. ROWE: The Cosmological Argument 23 WILLIAM PALEY: The Argument from Design 32 DAVID HUME: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 38 THE PROBLEM OF EVIL 72 FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY: Rebellion 72 J. L. MACKIE: Evil and Omnipotence 78 GEORGE SCHLESINGER: The Problem of Evil and the Problem of Suffering 86 RICHARD SWINBURNE: Why God Allows Evil 89 B. C. JOHNSON: God and the Problem of Evil 97 REASON AND FAITH 101 W. K. CLIFFORD: The Ethics of Belief 101 WILLIAM JAMES: The Will to Believe 106 KELLY JAMES CLARK: Without Evidence or Argument 114 BLAISE PASCAL: The Wager 119 SIMON BLACKBURN: Miracles and Testimony 122 PART TWO Human Knowledge: Its Grounds and Limits 129 SKEPTICISM 137 JOHN POLLOCK: A Brain in a Vat 137 PETER UNGER: An Argument for Skepticism 139 RODERICK M. CHISHOLM: The Problem of the Criterion 150 OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXTERNAL WORLD 157 BERTRAND RUSSELL: Appearance and Reality and the Existence of Matter RENE DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy 164 JOHN LOCKE: The Causal Theory of Perception 197 GEORGE BERKELEY: Of the Principles of Human Knowledge 205 THOMAS REID: Of the Existence of a Material World 213 G. -
Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, C
Durham E-Theses Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, c. 1070-1141 DUNTHORNE, JUDITH,RACHEL How to cite: DUNTHORNE, JUDITH,RACHEL (2012) Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, c. 1070-1141, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6360/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, c. 1070-1141 Judith R. Dunthorne Abstract This thesis explores the role of Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) in the development of theological thought in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries. It aims to demonstrate that Anselm’s thought had a greater impact on the early development of scholastic theology than is often recognized, particularly in the areas of the doctrine of the incarnation and redemption, but also in his discussion of freedom and sin. -
Faith-Based Political Engagement on the Sub-State Level
Faith-Based Political Engagement at the Sub-state Level in the UK The Cases of Wales and Northern Ireland Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of P.h.D Matthew D. Rees Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University Wales September 2016. Mandatory Layout of Declaration/Statements Word Count of thesis: 84,942 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Candidate name Matthew D. Rees Signature: Date 26.02.17 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where *correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signature: Date 26.02.17 [*this refers to the extent to which the text has been corrected by others] STATEMENT 2 1 | P a g e I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signature: Date 26.02.17 2 | P a g e Abstract This thesis examines how faith-based organisations (FBOs) engage at the sub-state level in the UK. Despite the important political role played by religion historically, in contrast to Scotland, FBO engagement has received very limited attention in the cases of post- devolution Wales and Northern Ireland. By conducting a comparative study of these two cases, the thesis addresses the central research question: ‘In what ways have faith-based organisations engaged with devolved political institutions at the sub-state level in the UK’. -
Tenant Participation Strategy Consultation Response Report
TENANT PARTICIPATION STRATEGY CONSULTATION RESPONSE REPORT This publication can be made available on request in different formats. For more information e-mail [email protected] A Tenant Participation Strategy for Northern Ireland: 2015 to 2020 Consultation Response Report Shane Clements CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 A TENANT PARTICIPATION STRATEGY 2015-2020 – CONSULTATION RESPONSE REPORT 2 About this document 2 1. INTRODUCTION 2 Background 2 Consultation Process 3 Findings 3 Summary 5 2. ANALYSIS OF RESPONSES 7 Introduction 7 Question 1 7 Question 2 9 Question 3 11 Question 4 13 Question 5 14 Question 6 16 Other Issues 18 3. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 19 Conclusion 19 Recommendations 19 APPENDIX A: COMMUNICATIONS STATISTICS 20 APPENDIX B: CONSULTATION QUESTIONNAIRE 21 APPENDIX C: LIST OF THOSE CONSULTED 23 APPENDIX D: ORGANISATIONS SUBMITTING WRITTEN RESPONSES 27 1 | P a g e A TENANT PARTICIPATION STRATEGY 2015-2020 – CONSULTATION RESPONSE REPORT ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT This document reports the findings of the consultation on A Tenant Participation Strategy for Northern Ireland: 2015 to 2020. This was the first in a series of consultations as part of the Department for Social Development’s (DSD) Social Housing Reform Programme (the Programme). This is the DSD’s Response Report following analysis of respondents’ feedback to the consultation. 1. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND The Programme was launched in January 2013 with a mandate from the Northern Ireland Executive, “to explore the potential for the reform of housing structures with a view to securing consensus on the way forward”. The Programme’s mandate was to look at:- Structural reform of the Northern Ireland Housing Executive (NIHE), including its landlord functions (the management of NIHE properties) and regional functions (the strategic roles covering all housing in Northern Ireland, whether private or social); Policy reform of social housing rent, tenant participation, local government engagement, the regulation and inspection of social housing and the housing functions of DSD. -
Philosophy of Religion: the Nature and Existence of God
Philosophy of Religion: The Nature and Existence of God This book contains short lectures on the readings of this section. Dr. Gina Calderone Table of contents • 1 The Existence of God • 2 Aquinas's Second Way o 2.1 The Structure of the Argument o 2.2 Support for the Premises o 2.3 Evaluating the Argument o 2.4 Can the Universe Be Infinitely Old? o 2.5 Can the Universe Pop Into Existence? o 2.6 Does the Cosmological Argument Beg the Question? • 3 Anselm's Ontological Argument o 3.1 Gaunilo's Refutation o 3.2 The Structure of the Arguments • 4 Paley's Teleological Argument o 4.1 The Structure of the Design Argument o 4.2 Hypothesis Testing o 4.3 Paley's Confirmation o 4.4 Did Living Organisms Evolve? o 4.5 Creationism o 4.6 Evolutionism and Creationism o 4.7 Evolution by Natural Selection o 4.8 Picture the Difference o 4.9 Comparing Hypotheses • 5 The Problem of Evil o 5.1 Mackie's Thesis 1 The Existence of God There are several "traditional" ways of arguing for the existence of God. Some of these arguments are supposed to be proofs--i.e., deductively valid arguments with obviously true premises. Aquinas offered several arguments of this sort, the most persuasive of which is known as the Cosmological Argument (see Aquinas's Second Way). Anselm offered a version of what is known as the Ontological Argument, in the form of a reductio ad absurdum. Gaunilo tried to show that Anselm's argument could be used to prove the existence of the most excellent island, which by hypothesis is an imaginary (i.e., non-existent) island. -
The Philosophical Proof for God's Existence Between Europe and The
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2019 The Philosophical Proof for God’s Existence between Europe and the Islamic World: Reflections on an Entangled History of Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance Rudolph, Ulrich ; Seidel, Roman DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2018-0043 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-181565 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Rudolph, Ulrich; Seidel, Roman (2019). The Philosophical Proof for God’s Existence between Europe and the Islamic World: Reflections on an Entangled History of Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance. Asiatische Studien / Études Asiatiques, 73(1):57-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2018-0043 ASIA 2019; 73(1): 57–88 Ulrich Rudolph* and Roman Seidel* The Philosophical Proof for God’s Existence between Europe and the Islamic World: Reflections on an Entangled History of Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2018-0043 Abstract: The Argument for God’s Existence is one of the major issues in the history of philosophy. It also constitutes an illuminating example of a shared philosophical problem in the entangled intellectual histories of Europe and the Islamic World. Drawing on Aristotle, various forms of the argument were appro- priated by both rational Islamic Theology (kalām) and Islamic philosophers such as Avicenna. Whereas the argument, reshaped, refined and modified, has been intensively discussed throughout the entire post-classical era, particularly in the Islamic East, it has likewise been adopted in the West by thinkers such as the Hebrew Polymath Maimonides and the Medieval Latin Philosopher and Theologian Thomas Aquinas. -
By Nigel Warburton, a Little History of Philosophy
a A LITTLE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY NIGEL WARBURTON A LITTLE HISTORY of PHILOSOPHY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW HAVEN AND LONDON Copyright © 2011 Nigel Warburton All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers. For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact: U.S. Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.com Europe Office: sales @yaleup.co.uk www.yalebooks.co.uk Set in Minion Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Warburton, Nigel, 1962– A little history of philosophy/Nigel Warburton. â p. cm ISBN 978–0–300–15208–1 (cl:alk. paper) 1. Philosophy—History. 2. Philosophers. I. Title. B72.W365 2011 190—dc22 2011013537 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents 1 The Man Who Asked Questions 1 Socrates and Plato 2 True Happiness 9 Aristotle 3 We Know Nothing 15 Pyrrho 4 The Garden Path 22 Epicurus 5 Learning Not to Care 28 Epictetus, Cicero, Seneca 6 Who Is Pulling Our Strings? 34 Augustine 7 The Consolation of Philosophy 40 Boethius 8 The Perfect Island 46 Anselm and Aquinas vi contents 9 The Fox and the Lion 51 Niccolò Machiavelli 10 Nasty, Brutish, and Short 57 Thomas Hobbes 11 Could You Be Dreaming? 62 René Descartes 12 Place Your Bets 69 Blaise Pascal 13 The Lens Grinder 76 Baruch Spinoza 14 The Prince and the Cobbler 81 John Locke and Thomas Reid 15 The Elephant in the Room 87 George Berkeley (and John Locke) 16 The Best of All Possible Worlds? 93 Voltaire and Gottfried Leibniz 17 The Imaginary Watchmaker 99 David Hume 18 Born Free 105 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 19 Rose-Tinted Reality 110 Immanuel Kant (1) 20 What if Everyone Did That? 115 Immanuel Kant (2) 21 Practical Bliss 121 Jeremy Bentham contents vii 22 The Owl of Minerva 126 Georg W.F. -
The History of Philosophy
A. C. Grayling T H E H I S T O RY O F P H I L O S O P H Y Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction PART I Ancient Philosophy Philosophy before Plato The Presocratic Philosophers Thales Anaximander Anaximenes Pythagoras Xenophanes Heraclitus Parmenides Zeno of Elea Empedocles Anaxagoras Leucippus and Democritus The Sophists Socrates Plato Aristotle Greek and Roman Philosophy after Aristotle Cynicism Epicureanism Stoicism Scepticism Neoplatonism PART II Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy Philosophy in Medieval Times Augustine Boethius Anselm Abelard Aquinas Roger Bacon Duns Scotus William of Ockham Philosophy in the Renaissance Renaissance Platonism Renaissance Humanism Renaissance Political Thought PART III Modern Philosophy The Rise of Modern Thought Francis Bacon Descartes Hobbes Spinoza Locke Berkeley Leibniz Hume Rousseau Kant The Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century Bentham Hegel Schopenhauer Positivism Mill Marx Nietzsche Idealism Pragmatism PART IV Philosophy in the Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy Russell Frege Moore Wittgenstein: The Early Philosophy Logical Positivism Carnap Quine Popper Wittgenstein: The Later Philosophy Ordinary Language Philosophy Ryle Austin Strawson Philosophy of Language Davidson Dummett Kripke Philosophy of Mind Ethics Stevenson Hare Mackie Virtue Ethics Political Philosophy Rawls Nozick Feminist Philosophy Continental Philosophy Husserl Heidegger Merleau-Ponty Sartre Gadamer Ricoeur Deleuze Derrida Continental Thought: Un Salon des Refusés PART V Indian, Chinese,