Durham E-Theses Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, c. 1070-1141 DUNTHORNE, JUDITH,RACHEL How to cite: DUNTHORNE, JUDITH,RACHEL (2012) Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, c. 1070-1141, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6360/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, c. 1070-1141 Judith R. Dunthorne Abstract This thesis explores the role of Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) in the development of theological thought in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries. It aims to demonstrate that Anselm’s thought had a greater impact on the early development of scholastic theology than is often recognized, particularly in the areas of the doctrine of the incarnation and redemption, but also in his discussion of freedom and sin. Through his explanation of the economy of salvation in terms of making satisfaction for sin, and his rejection of modes of discussion that focussed on the rights and role of the devil, Anselm’s writing on the theology of the redemption provided a framework for the discussion of later authors such as Hugh of St Victor, Peter Abelard, Bernard of Clairvaux and authors associated with the School of Laon, among others. Such discussion often utilized Anselm as an explicator of difficult passages in patristic theology, notably Augustine, and his work was most controversial when he was thought to have contradicted earlier authority. Anselm was involved in contemporary polemics with both Jews and Christian theologians, as well as producing works that explored profound theological and metaphysical ideas. In his emphasis on the place and role of reason in divine questions, he crossed the boundaries between ‘monastic’ and ‘scholastic’ thought. Through an exploration of Anselmian elements in the thought of a variety of authors from the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, this thesis aims to contribute to a broadening understanding of the legacy of this great thinker. 1 Anselm of Canterbury and the Development of Theological Thought, c. 1070-1141. Judith R. Dunthorne Submitted for examination for PhD, Durham University 2012 2 Table of Contents Abbreviations 4 Acknowledgements 7 Preface 9 Chapter 1 – Cur Deus homo - The Necessity of Satisfaction 18 Chapter 2 – Cur Deus homo – The Rights of the Devil 57 Chapter 3 – Cur Deus homo – Jewish-Christian Disputation 82 Chapter 4 – Freedom and the Will 108 Chapter 5 – Original Sin and the Sinless Christ 144 Chapter 6 – God and the Trinity 181 Conclusions 201 Appendix – Manuscript Distribution Tables 203 Bibliography 211 3 Abbreviations AHDLMA - Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen age. CCCM – Corpus christianorum continuatio mediaevalis. CCSL - Corpus christianorum series latina. CDH - Anselm, Cur Deus homo, ed. Schmitt, S.F., Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia (Edinburgh, 1946), vol. 2, pp. 37-133. CR - Abelard, Commentaria in epistolam Pauli ad Romanos, ed. Buytaert, E.M., Petri Abaelardi Opera Theologica, Corpus christianorum continuatio mediaevalis, 11 (Turnhout, 1969). CSEL – Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum. DA – Gilbert Crispin, De anima, ed. Abulafia, A.S. and Evans, G.R., The Works of Gilbert Crispin (London, 1986), pp. 157-164. DC – Anselm, De concordia, ed. Schmitt, F.S., Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia (Edinburgh, 1946), vol. 2, pp. 221-78. DCD - Anselm, De casu diaboli, ed. Schmitt, S.F., Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia (Edinburgh, 1946), vol. 1, pp. 227-76. DCG – Gilbert Crispin, Disputatio christiani cum gentili, eds. Abulafia, A.S., and Evans, G.R., The Works of Gilbert Crispin (London, 1986), pp. 61-87. DCV - Anselm, De conceptu uirginalis, ed. Schmitt, F.S., Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia (Edinburgh, 1946), vol. 2, pp. 134-173. DGLA – Bernard of Clairvaux, De gratia et libero arbitrio, ed. Leclercq, J. et al., Sancti Bernardi Opera (Paris, 1957-77), vol. 3, pp. 157-203. DIC - Gilbert Crispin, Disputatio iudei et christiani, eds. Abulafia, A.S. and Evans, G.R., The Works of Gilbert Crispin (London, 1986), pp. 1-53. DIV - Anselm, De incarnatione uerbi, ed. Schmitt, F.S., Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia (Edinburgh, 1946), vol. 2, pp. 1-35. DLA - Anselm, De libertate arbitrii, ed. Schmitt F.S., Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia (Edinburgh, 1946), vol. 1, pp. 191-226. DLA - Augustine, De libero arbitrio, ed. Green, W.M., Corpus christianorum series latina, 19 (Turnhout, 1970). 4 DLA – Honorius Augustodunensis, De libero arbitrio, ed. Migne, Patrologia latina, 172, 1223-1230. DPO - Odo of Tournai, De peccato originali libri tres, ed. Migne, Patrologia latina, 160, 1071-1102. DS - Hugh of St Victor, De sacramentis christianae fidei , ed. Berndt, R., Corpus Victorinum, Textus Historici, 1 (Munster, 2008). DT - Augustine, De trinitate, ed. Mountain, W.J., Corpus christianorum series latina, 50 (Turnhout, 1968). DV - Anselm, De ueritate, ed. Schmitt, F.S., Sancti Anselmi Opera Omnia (Edinburgh, 1946), vol. 1, pp. 169-89. PL – Patrologia latina. RB – Revue bénédictine. RTAM - Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale. SBO – Bernard of Clairvaux, Sancti Bernardi Opera, eds. Leclercq, J. et al., 8 vols. (Paris, 1957-77). SDP - Sententie diuine pagine, ed. Bliemetzrieder, F., ‘Anselms von Laon systematische Sentenzen’, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalter, 18.2-3 (1919), pp. 1-46. TC - Abelard, Theologia christiana, ed. Buytaert, E.M., Petri Abaelardi Opera Theologica, Corpus christianorum continuatio mediaevalis, 12 (Turnhout, 1969). VA - Eadmer, Vita Anselmi, ed. Southern, R.W., The Life of St Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, by Eadmer (Oxford, 1962). 5 Copyright Notice The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 6 Acknowledgements My first thanks are to my supervisor, Giles Gasper. He it was who first introduced me to the joys of intellectual history as an eager young undergraduate in 2004, and encouraged me to pursue it through the various stages of BA, MA and PhD. For all the trouble he has suffered since then, he has only himself to blame. Supervisions with Giles are always challenging, often highly entertaining, and cover a wider range of subjects than one would have thought possible. For providing me with such comprehensive training as a historian, theologian and linguist, I thank him. Perhaps more important than this have been his constant friendship and support through a succession of catastrophes over the last five years. His unfailing confidence that I would complete my thesis, at times when the obstacles must have seemed almost insuperable, and the time and ingenuity he has devoted to ensuring that illness and disability would not prevent me from attending conferences and playing a full role in the life of the university, have enabled me to succeed in spite of everything. For all this I am profoundly grateful. Thanks also go to my second supervisor, Richard Gameson, for help with manuscripts; Ingo Gildenhard and Justine Wolfenden for improving my Latin; Greti Dinkova-Bruun for a thorough grounding in Palaeography; the academic and administrative staff of the Department of History and Institute of Medieval and Renaissance Studies in Durham, for stimulating conversations and practical help in researching and writing my thesis; the Arts and Humanities Research Council, who funded my research; the Institute of Advanced Studies in Durham, who supplied additional funding for conferences; the Document Delivery Service at the University Library for managing to track down the majority of my more obscure bibliographic requests; and St John’s College for providing me with a home, social centre and source of advice and assistance in so many areas of my life and work. Thanks to all my friends in the postgraduate medievalist community in Durham: my housemate Kathryn Bedford for her great friendship and generosity, which enabled me to stay in Durham far longer than would otherwise have been possible; Gemma Wain, Nick Smith, Charlie Rozier, Tom Ball, Rachael Matthews, Mark Clavier and everyone with whom I have shared tea, cake and twelfth-century-centred discussions over the last few years. Non- medievalist friends whose support and practical assistance have been of tremendous value include Amanda Taylor Aiken, Jon Monk, Erica Storey, Michael Elston, Sarah Arnett, Lizzie 7 Hartley, Daisy Thurkettle and my cousins, Ruth and Nic Carlyle, whose warm hospitality whenever I needed to be in London was as welcome as their wise and loving advice at every stage of the process. Thanks also to my family at St Martin’s Church, Walsall; and to the neurosurgeons, neurologists and rehabilitation teams that have played such a vital role in my progress to date, in particular Steve Sturman, Richard Walsh and Spyros Sgouros, without whom I would never have made it to university in the first place. Finally, to my family. Words cannot express what I owe to my Mum, Liz Dunthorne, for her constant love and support through everything that has happened. I can only say, I love you. My Dad, Chris Dunthorne, did not live to see the completion of this thesis, but I hope he would have been proud of this latest stage in the historical adventure that we started together many years ago, on childhood trips to castles, abbeys and museums.