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Outlandish Spelling System Invented by Indonesian Internet Society: the Case of Language Usage in Social Networking Site

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Outlandish Spelling System Invented by Indonesian Internet Society: the Case of Language Usage in Social Networking Site International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature E-ISSN: 2200-3452 & P-ISSN: 2200-3592 www.ijalel.aiac.org.au Outlandish Spelling System Invented by Indonesian Internet Society: The Case of Language Usage in Social Networking Site Rizky Anugrah Putra1,Sulis Triyono2* 1Applied Linguistics, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2Applied Linguistics, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia Corresponding Author: Rizky Anugrah Putra, E-mail:[email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Before having consistent alphabetic writing system, Bahasa Indonesia had encountered Received: July 08, 2018 several developments in orthographic enhancement. Bahasa Indonesia need to be enhanced for Accepted: September 06, 2018 several reasons such as to create national identity and also to provide an ideal spelling system. Published: December 01, 2018 Orthography system helps the language user to associate the symbol, sound, and meaning. For Volume: 7 Issue: 7 those reasons, the spelling system is important in written language since most of information and Advance access: October 2018 knowledge are preserved in written form. As time passes, there is almost no barrier in human interaction since the distance is narrowed by the technology. To use it efficiently, the language Special Issue on Language & users utilize their language to be shorter but it is easier to understand. However, it creates Literature discrepancy in the orthography system which hinders the interlocutor to get the actual meaning of the written language. This article reveals an issue about orthography system which is made Conflicts of interest: None by internet society in which has unusual alphabetic spelling system. The peculiarity is caused Funding: None by psychological and social factor which revert the spelling model to be identical to children (immature speech). Key word: Spelling, Bahasa, Orthography INTRODUCTION language such as English since most of modern technology As a lingua franca, Bahasa Indonesia (BI) is medium to uni- has no equivalent translation in Bahasa Indonesia. For exam- fy the nation since Indonesia consists of 742 languages and ple, ‘computer’ which is translated in Bahasa Indonesia as 1340 tribes. For those reasons, Bahasa Indonesia becomes ‘komputer’. In addition, this is the evidence that technology national identity. Bahasa had undergone several orthograph- may change the orthography system. ic development and revision which was started from Van The second factor is caused by dominant civilization in Ophuijsen’s spelling system till enhanced spelling system complex social structures and also policy maker. In colo- which had been accepted based on presidential decree num. nialization era, Bahasa Indonesia employed Latin alphabet 57. Year 1972 (Karyati, 2016). Those spelling systems have with 26 symbols. However, since Indonesia was colonized their own characteristics which tell us that in Bahasa had by Dutch, the spelling system was customized to be identi- several inconsistent orthographic elements. Under those cir- cal to the colonist language. Taeyoung (2016) confirmed that cumstances, it had been revised. during colonial control of British and Dutch, Malay and Ba- There are several reasons which trigger the revision Ba- hasa Indonesia spelling characteristics were invented based hasa Indonesia spelling system. The first is the impact of the on orthographic systems which previously provided by Eu- development of science and technology that affect Bahasa ropean Linguist. For those reasons, the old spelling system Indonesia usage orally and in writing. When using tech- was nearly similar to the Dutch. Vikør (1988) agreed that nology, we employ special register. This unique register is romanized spelling system (Ophuijsen’s spelling system) called textese (Van Dijk, Van Witteloostuijn, Vasic, Avru- which was implemented in Indonesia in 1901 was based on tin, and Blom, 2016). This textese is non-standard written Dutch spelling. language which could be understood by certain community The third, another cause of the revision in the Bahasa In- for example in Indonesian internet community often uses donesia spelling system is to make the language more effi- word ‘woles’ which stands for ‘take it slow’. Acoustically, cient and easy to use. Moreover, the spelling system should it sounds like ‘slow’ which is spelled backward. Moreover, have a grapheme-phoneme correspondence principle which Bahasa Indonesia needs to borrow lexical item from other is the ideal form of an alphabetic spelling system. Published by Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD. Copyright (c) the author(s). This is an open access article under CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.7p.66 Outlandish Spelling System Invented by Indonesian Internet Society: The Case of Language Usage in Social Networking Site 67 The Evolution of Bahasa Indonesia Spelling System e) The consonant digraph <tj> is used to represent [ʤ]. For As previously mentioned, the spelling system which is example: tjitjak, tjat, ketjoa, etc. currently used is General Guidelines for Bahasa Indonesia f) The consonant digraph <ch> is used to represent <χ> Spelling (PUEBI – Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indo- (voiceless uvular fricative). For example: machloe’, nesia). Previously, several spelling innovations had been chatam, choetbah, etc. implemented in Bahasa Indonesia. The impact of this spell- ing revision is several books and literary works which were B) Republic spelling system (soewandi’s spelling system) published when the older spelling system was implemented should be revised and republished. Republic spelling system was invented by Soewandi to re- The revision also affects several linguistic elements such duce the influence of Dutch domination which was delineat- as lexical, phonological and semantic. For example, Mijian- ed in Ophuijsen’s spelling system. Erikha (2015) confirmed ti (2018) stated that in 50’s, researcher and scientist in In- that Soewandi’s spelling system was officially used in 1947. donesia did not familiar with word ‘riset’ since they used There are several characteristics of Soewandi’s spelling sys- ‘penyelidikan’ which stands for research. Consequently, the tem which are elaborated as follows: revision provides better translation for several words. a) The vowel digraph <oe> is substituted with grapheme The development of Bahasa Indonesia spelling system <u> in order to simplify the phonetic representation of spent more than a century which was started in 1901 till now. phoneme [u]. For example: doeloe becomes dulu. During the development, there were five spelling inventions b) The glottal stop [?] is represented by grapheme [k]. Un- and every spelling system was invented based on dissimilar der this circumstance, the word such as ka’toes in Ophui- reasons. jsen’s become kaktus in Soewandi’s spelling system. c) Reduplication is written by adding numeral symbol <2>. For example: kupu2. a) Van ophuijsen’s spelling system d) There was no distinction in using inflectional suffix di-. Before the colonial administration in the Indonesia archipela- In other word, the suffix di- is not separated whether it go, Malay language was written by using Jawi script. Howev- acts as inflectional suffix or preposition. er, the modernizers preferred the romanized spelling system e) The diacritic symbol is no longer used to represent (Taeyong, 2016) which was used as authoritative orthography schwa or [ə]. For this reason, the word such as kẻpala is system. Erikha (2015) believed that there were several rea- spelled as kepala in Soewandi’s spelling system. sons behind the revision of Bahasa Indonesia spelling system. First, the Dutch administrators were agitated about Islamic community power since Jawi characteristics were based on c) Reformed spelling system Arabic spelling system. The Dutch administrators needed to Renewal spelling system or Ejaan Pembaharuan was de- reduce the Islamic influence in the Indonesian archipelago by veloped since the minister of education of Indonesia, Moe- romanizing the Jawi script. Second, it was a part of ethical hammad Yamin worried about Bahasa Indonesia which did politics. Third, it was language politics since Dutch linguist not have identity. Moreover, it still manifested the other assumed that by standardizing the Bahasa Melayu might help spelling system element such as Dutch. Under those cir- the education process. In addition, the administrator utilized cumstances, Yamin proposed a revision for current spell- Bahasa Melayu to be lingua franca. For those reasons, the ing system which was not practical in the term of usage. Dutch administrators appointed Ch. A. Van Ophuijsen who To provide simple spelling system, the language develop- was a Bahasa Melayu linguist to standardize the language and ment team employed one-to-one phoneme spelling system to provide grammatical guide book entitled Woordenlijst Voor which is the fundamental principle of alphabetic writing de Spelling der Malaisch taal met Latinjch (Mijianti, 2018). system. However, this plan was not officially announced Later, the book was published in 1901 in Batavia. In addition, the orthography system was labelled as but later it was used as the fundamental reason of Baha- Ophuijsen spelling system since it was the first romanized sa Indonesia enhancement (Mijianti, 2018). The renewal spelling system in Indonesia. It has several categories which spelling system has several characteristics which are elab-
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