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Le Corbusier in Macedonia: the History Oj a Myth

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Le Corbusier in Macedonia: the History Oj a Myth Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). TU Technische Universität Wien DISSERTATION Le Corbusier in Macedonia: The History oj a Myth Ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Technischen Wissenschaften unter der Leitung von O. Univ. DI. Dr. Phil. Kari JORMAKKA E 259 Institut für Architekturwissenschaften Eingerichtet an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Architektur and Raumplanung Von Dipl. Ing. Kujtim Elezi 9827009 Eibengasse 57 RH 9, 1220 Wien. Wien, im November, 2005 Kurzfassung Ich schätze es war 1997 als Ich zum ersten Mal hörte, dass Le Corbusier, einer der berühmtesten Architekten unserer Zeit mit Mazedonien und der Mazedonischen Architektur des 19. Jahrhunderts vertraut war. Zu dieser Zeit als Student an der Fakultät für Architektur in Prishtina, besuchte Ich eine Vorlesung über die Moderne Architektur, in denen der Professor über Le Corbusiers Rolle in der Modemen Architektur sprach. Er erklärte, dass es das Gerücht gibt, Le Corbusier wäre mit Mazedonischer Architektur vertraut, und es gäbe eine von ihm entworfene Villa, die analog zu einem kleinen Zigeuner-Haus in Struga wäre. Einige Jahre später las Ich Grabrijans Buch Makedonska kUKa [Das Mazedonisches Haus] (1955), indem er von ebenjener Analogie eines Zigeuner- Hauses und Le Corbusiers Villa Carthago (1928) spricht. Von anderen Mazedonischen Autoren erfuhr Ich nicht nur von der Analogie von Le Corbusiers Arbeit und der Mazedonischen Architektur, sondern auch von deren Schlussfolgerungen, vie zum Beispiel, dass Le Corbusier Mazedonien besucht hat, um sich zu inspirieren. Sie folgerten, dass die Mazedonische Architektur des 19. Jahrhunderts seine geheime Quelle der Inspiration und Erfolges sei. Die Forschungen über Le Corbusiers Reise nach Mazedonien, der "geheimen" Quelle seiner Architektur sind die Grundlage meiner Doktorarbeit an der Technischen Universität in Wien. Mein Interesse galt, zu entdecken wovon eine künstlerische Seele wie die von Le Corbusier angetrieben wurde, warum Er entschied durch Mazedonien zu reisen, auf welche Art und weise Er von Mazedonischer Architektur inspiriert wurde, und schließlich, warum Mazedonien für immer ein Geheimnis in Le Corbusiers Leben bleibt. Was Ich über Le Corbusier und die Rolle Mazedoniens in seinem Leben und seiner Arbeit herausfand, entsprach allerdings nicht meinen ursprünglichen Erwartungen. Ich entdeckte Le Corbusier anders als in Mazedonien beschrieben- ansteIle der Wichtigkeit Mazedoniens für seine Arbeit, fand Ich das Gegenteil heraus: die Wichtigkeit Le Corbusiers für Mazedonien und die Mazedonier. Danksagung Zu erst möchte Ich meinem Mentor Professor Kari Jormakka Dank aussprechen, der für mich nicht nur ein Mentor, sondern eine große Unterstützung und Begleiter während meiner Forschungen war. Durch seinem Antrieb war es möglich, ein oder zwei Schritte weiter zu denken, als Ich es allein getan hätte. Weiteres möchte Ich für ihre kritischen Stellungen in bezug auf meine Forschungen danken: H. Allen Brooks von der Universität Toronto-Kanada, Geoffrey Baker von der Tulane Universität in New Orleans, Ivan Zaknié von der Universität in Bethlehem und Giuliano Gresleri von der Universität in Bologna. Der nächste, dem zu danken ist, ist Gareth Griffiths, welcher nicht nur alle Kapitel dieser Arbeit gelesen hat und kluge Kritiken beisteuerte, sondern außerdem mein English in einem druckreifen Text verwandelt hat. Im laufe meiner Forschungsarbeit haben mich mehrere Institutionen unterstützt, denen Ich zu großem dank verpflichtet bin. Zuerst möchte Ich der Fondation Le Corbusier in Paris danken, ihrer Direktorin Madame Evelyne Tréhin, und Isabelle und Arnaud für ihre Hilfe. Im speziellen auch Madame Sylvie Bèguelin von der Bibliothèque de la Ville La Chaux-de-Fonds. ln Ljubljana möchte Ich Herm Peter Kreéié danken, mit mir die Arbeit des Slowenisches Architekten Dusan Grabrijan besprochen zu haben. Letztendlich stehe Ich auch in der Schuld aller meiner Freunde, welche auf verschiedene Art und Weise zu meiner Arbeit über Le Corbusier beigetragen haben: Enveri, Iliri, Gezimi, Idrizi, Ajdini, Annendi, Ylli, Nysreti, Bedriu, Astriti Tomorri, Sokoli, Besniku und vielen mehr. Besonders viel verdanke Ich meiner Tante Mide Osmani und ihre Familie, welche mich in meiner Forschungsarbeit bestärkt haben und mich unaufhörlich erinnert haben, nicht aufzugeben. Zum Schluss gebührt der größte Dank meiner Familie in Mazedonien, die mich auf alle möglichen Arten unterstützt hat, während meiner gesamten Studienzeit in Wien. Il Abstract I guess it was 1997 when I for the first time heard that Le Corbusier, one of the most famous architects of the Century, was familiar with Macedonia and the 19th Century architecture from her territory. At that time as a student at the Faculty of Architecture in Prishtina, following lessons about the Contemporary Architecture, the professor, speaking abou~ Le Corbusier and his role in Modem architecture explains that "there are some rumors that Le Corbusier was familiar with the 19th Century architecture from Macedonia and that a villa of Le Corbusier is analogue to a small gipsy house from Struga". A few years later I read Grabrijans's book The Macedonian House (1955) where he speaks about the analogy of a gipsy house from Struga and Le Corbusier's villa Carthago (1928). From other Macedonian architects and authors, I found out not only about the existence of the analogy between Le Corbusier's work and the profane architecture in Macedonia, but also their conclusions like the one Le Corbusier to have visited Macedonia looking for inspirations and that the source of his success was indeed nothing else but the 19th Century architecture from the territory of Macedonia. In short, Macedonia was his secret source of inspiration. Therefore searching Le Corbusier's travels to Macedonia and studying his "secretly" usage of Macedonia as a source of his architecture will make the basis of my doctoral thesis at the University of Technology in Vienna. My interest going after Le Corbusier was to discover how an artistic soul like the one of Le Corbusier was provoked and decides to travel through Macedonia, how was he inspired from houses in Macedonia and at the very end, why Macedonia remains secret for all his life. Indeed, the initial purpose of my research about the role of Macedonia in Le Corbusier's life and work underwent beyond my expectations. I discovered Le Corbusier differently than it was described in Macedonia and instead of the importance of Macedonia in his work I discovered the opposite one, the importance of Le Corbusier for Macedonia and Macedonians. 111 Acknowledgements My very first acknowledgement of thanks goes to my mentor Professor Kari lormakka, who was not only a mentor to me, but also a guide during my research. He was often able to push my thinking at least a step or two further than I would have done it myself. I would also like to thank H. Allen Brooks from the University of Toronto- Canada, Geoffrey Baker from Tulane University in New Orleans, Ivan Zaknic from University of Bethlehem and Giuliano Gresleri from the University ofBologna for their critical commentary on my research work. Next to thank is Gareth Griffiths, who not only read all of the chapters of this work and offered astute criticism, but also converted my English into a printable text. Through my research I own a great thanks to several institutions. First, I would like to thank the Fondation Le Corbusier in Paris, the director Madame Evelyne Trèhin, Isabelle and Arnaud for their help. In particular I would like to thank also Madame Sylvie Bèguelin from the Bibliothèque de la Ville La Chaux-de-Fonds. In Ljubljana I would like to thank Mister Peter Kreéié for discussing with me the activity of the Slovenian architect Dusan Grabrijan. In addition I would like to thank several authors in Macedonia, for not hesitating to claim again the same what they have written in the past years, lovan Pavlovski, Mihailo Popovski, Filip Degu, and the staff of the Office for the Maintenance of Monuments in Shkup, Ohër, Strugë, and Krushevë. Finally, I am indebted to all my friends, who in various ways contributed to my work on Le Corbusier, Enveri, Iliri, Gëzimi, Idrizi, Ajdini, Armendi, YIIi, Bedriu, Nysreti, Astriti, Tomorri, Sokoli, Besniku and many others. I owe a special debt of gratitude to my ant Mide Osmani and her family who encouraged me in my research and continued to remind me not to give up. At the end and the most, I am indebted to my family back in Macedonia, who in all ways possible supported me throughout my entire study time in Vienna. IV Dedicated to my father v Contents Introduction 1 Influences 10 Analogies 2I Fabrication 46 Refutation 55 Pseudo-event 90 Interpretations 121 Conclusions 137 Notes 186 Bibliography 205 VI Introduction In April 2003, an IAESTE' semmar was held in Skopje,! Macedonia, organized by faculty and students of architecture from the School of Architecture at the University of Skopje. The participants in the seminar received some information about the cultural history in Macedonia, including an interesting anecdote about Le Corbusier's visit to the country: "The great architect ofthis millennium, Le Corbusier, barn Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, was an international Swiss architect and city planner who derived some of his architectural principles from the typical Macedonian house. Vernacular architecture in the villages of Western and Central Macedonia gave him a repertory of geometric forms and taught him the handling of light and the use of landscape as an architectural background. Le Corbusier came to Macedonia 's highest town Krusevo and was overwhelmed by the style and charm of this (then) prosperous town. He drew and photographed all of the old houses in this town and his sketches could now be found in the museums in Macedonia and abroad ..
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