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Reason Might Be a Place. Critical Regionalism and Architectural Autonomy As Examples of Architectural Theory Building on Political Philosophy

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Reason Might Be a Place. Critical Regionalism and Architectural Autonomy As Examples of Architectural Theory Building on Political Philosophy DISSERTATION Reason might be a place. Critical regionalism and architectural autonomy as examples of architectural theory building on political philosophy ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der technischen Wissenschaften unter der Leitung von Ao. Univ. Prof. Dipl-Ing. Dr.-Ing. Dörte Kuhlmann E 259/4, Institut für Architekturwissenschaften eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Architektur und Raumplanung Dipl. Ing. Mathias Mitteregger 0010342 A-1020 Wien, Vorgartenstraße 154/12 Wien, …………………… …………………… 1 2 Für Nika 3 4 REASON MIGHT BE A PLACE Critical regionalism and architectural autonomy as examples of architectural theory building on political philosophy - A city comes into being because it so happens that each of us is not self-sufficient, but we are in need of many things; or do you think that any other principle establishes the city? - Not at all. - Thus when someone takes on one person for one service and another for another, since we are in need of many things, many people gather together in one place to live as partners and helpers. When one person shares with another, if he shares, or takes from the other, he believes it to be better for himself.1 5 6 DANKSAGUNG Es erscheint mir unmöglich eine Dissertation fertigzustellen, ohne jene umfassende Unterstützung zu erfahren, von der ich während meiner ganzen Irrwegen profitieren durfte. Dementsprechend danke ich allen, die mich begleitet haben mit akademischem Rat und freundschaftlicher Geduld. Meine Freunde und Familie waren immer ein sicheres Netz, das ich jedem Menschen nur wünschen kann. Ich bin unendlich dankbar für ein solches Umfeld. Dank gilt ohne Ausnahme allen meinen Kollegen an der Abteilung für Architekturtheorie an der Technischen Universität Wien. Besonders bin ich Ana-Maria Simionovici und Kristian Faschingeder zu Dank verpflichtet die sich durch sehr frühe Versionen dieses Textes geackert haben. Außerdem möchte ich Ebru Kurbak für die vielen offenen Gespräche danken. Ich bedanke mich bei Clemens Rauber, für seine Hilfe den Seiten das richtige Auftreten zu geben. Jeder der das Glück hatte mit Kari Jormakka arbeiten zu dürfen und dem das Privileg zuteil wurde von ihm betreut zu werden weiß was für ein Geschenk es war. Ich verdanke ihm nicht nur fast mein ganzes theoretisches Wissen, sondern, und dafür bin ich ihm noch mehr dankbar, hat er mir eine Haltung gegenüber unserer Disziplin und dem universitären Betrieb gezeigt der ich versuchen werde so gut ich kann gerecht zu werden. Dank der bei ihm einmaligen Kombination aus Nachsicht und Genauigkeit, wurden in unzähligen Stunden persönlichen Gesprächs aus zu schnell formulierten Ansätzen erste vertretbare Argumente. In dem nun vorliegenden Text kann ich nur hoffen einiges dieser Gespräche erhalten zu haben. 7 Schließlich bin ich Dörte Kuhlmann zu größtem Dank verpflichtet, die die nicht einfache Aufgabe auf sich genommen hat, diese Arbeit fertig zu betreuen. Gewidmet ist dieser Text in tiefster Liebe und aufrichtiger Dankbarkeit meiner Frau Veronika. Seitdem ich sie kenne läuft alles irgendwie besser. Mit Jonathan und einem der sich gerade erst anschickt, hab ich ein neues, aufregendes Leben kennengelernt. Seine Neugier konnte ich natürlich nicht erreichen, sie war aber der beste Ansporn. Ich freu mich schon darauf, wenn beide diese Zeilen lesen können. 8 ABSTRAKT DEUTSCH Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt zwei Architekturtheorien die aufbauend auf Texten der politischen Theorie entstanden sind. Der Text ist in zwei Teile gegliedert. Der erste Teil behandelt Kenneth Framptons „kritischen Regionalismus“ der wesentlich von Hannah Arendts Werk geprägt ist. Im zweiten Teil wird auf die weitläufigere Debatte um „architektonische Autonomie“ eingegangen, die sich eindeutig auf Immanuel Kants Gedanken zur Öffentlichkeit der Aufklärung beziehen. Die wahrscheinlich extremste Version dieser Öffentlichkeit, die von Jürgen Habermas vorgelegt wurde, dient hier als Zugang. Beiden theoretischen Teilen sind jeweils zwei Appendixes nachgestellt, die sich den realen Orten widmen die Arendt und Habermas als archetypisch für ihre Theorien ausgewählt haben. Für Hannah Arendt war es die griechische polis, während Jürgen Habermas das britische Kaffeehaus des 17 Jahrhunderts gewählt hat. Es ist naheliegend, dass in einer architekturtheoretischen Dissertation diesen beiden Plätzen außerordentliche Bedeutung beigemessen wird. In der Diskussion des kritischen Regionalismus sind die Schwerpunkte der Begriff der Kultur und die Rolle, die Architekten in der Gesellschaft beigemessen wird. In beiden Fällen wird die starke Bindung an Arendts Schriften deutlich. Es ist ihr Unbehagen gegenüber den gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen der Moderne, das Frampton übernimmt. In der Schlussfolgerung zum ersten Teil, wird eine weitergefasste Verwendung des Begriffes Kultur vorgeschlagen, die gleichzeitig die Position des Architekten neu setzt. Auch im zweiten Teil steht wieder die Rolle der Architekten im Fokus, diesmal um deren relative Autonomie gegenüber der Gesellschaft. 9 Ausgehend von Jürgen Habermas Formulierung einer bürgerlichen Öffentlichkeit ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, wesentliche Argumente zu hinterfragen. Kritische Architektur versteht sich üblicherweise als kritisch gegenüber der Gesellschaft im Allgemeinen - eine Annahme die hier in Frage gestellt wird. Ausgehend von der politischen Theorie, das heißt von einer Disziplin die arbeitsteilige Gesellschaft zum Thema hat, wirkt diese in der Architektur sehr populäre Sichtweise unangebracht. Schließlich wird aufbauend auf Kants Verständnis von Kritik eine Reformulierung einer kritischen Architektur vorgeschlagen. 10 ABSTRACT ENGLISH The subject of the present text is two architectural theories that are based on writings from political theory. The text is structured in two parts. The first part is on Frampton’s critical regionalism that is to a great degree shaped by Hannah Arendt’s thoughts on politics. The second part is on autonomous architecture, not as explicitly given as the critical regionalism, but descending from Kant’s thoughts on the Enlightenment public. Jürgen Habermas propagated the most extreme version of an Enlightenment public. Consequently, the present study approaches the debate from Habermas’ writings. Both theoretical parts are followed by two appendices on the places both Arendt and Habermas have singled out as archetype of their theories. In the case of Arendt it was the ancient Greek polis. For Jürgen Habermas was the British coffeehouse of the 17th century. Writing in architectural theory, these places will have a prominent place throughout the text. Regarding Frampton’s critical regionalism the preoccupation will be the notion of culture and the role of the architect in society, both concepts thoroughly connected to the work of Hannah Arendt. It is her anxiety toward modernity that Frampton assigns to. I will conclude by formulating an alternative notion of culture and question the role of the critical regionalist architect within society. In the second part, the role of architects and their autonomy from the public will be the main issue. However, Jürgen Habermas’ notion of the bourgeois public sphere provides a chance for reviewing some basic biases that come from the concept of an autonomous art and architecture. Criticality in architecture is predominantly understood as being against the public at large, an assumption that I will try to challenge. Starting from political theory, that is the public as cooperative community, this stance popular in architecture seems inappropriate. Finally, Kant’s original concept of criticality is revised to propose a reformulation of a critical architectural praxis. 11 12 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS DANKSAGUNG ............................................................................ 7 ABSTRAKT DEUTSCH ................................................................ 9 ABSTRACT ENGLISH ................................................................ 11 PREFACE .................................................................................. 19 PART I CRITICAL REGIONALISM ............................................. 22 1. THE IDEAL CITY ................................................................... 23 1.1 Living well ...................................................................................... 24 1.2 The body politic ............................................................................... 26 1.3 City and soul / Community and individual ........................................ 27 1.4 Materialization of meaning ............................................................... 29 2. FRAMING A DISTANT PAST ................................................... 30 2.1 The crisis of modernity and the rise of the social ................................... 30 3. ARENDT’S POLIS IN DETAIL ................................................... 33 3.1 zoon logon ekhon .............................................................................. 34 3.2 A comment on Arendt’s Aristotle ........................................................ 36 3.3 A nostalgic antimodernist .................................................................. 37 4. CRITICAL REGIONALISM ...................................................... 39 4.1 Distance ......................................................................................... 41 14 4.2 Homework ...................................................................................... 45 5. THE ARCHITECT AS HOMO FABER ........................................
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