NOMINATION OF HISTORIC BUILDING, STRUCTURE, SITE, OR OBJECT PHILADELPHIA REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES PHILADELPHIA HISTORICAL COMMISSION SUBMIT ALL ATTACHED MATERIALS ON PAPER AND IN ELECTRONIC FORM ON CD (MS WORD FORMAT)
1. ADDRESS OF HISTORIC RESOURCE (must comply with a Board of Revision of Taxes address) Street address:___ 5340 Greene Street ______Postal code:___ 19144 _____ Councilmanic District:__ 8 ______
2. NAME OF HISTORIC RESOURCE Historic Name:_____ Flavell Residence ______Common Name:______
3. TYPE OF HISTORIC RESOURCE Building Structure Site Object
4. PROPERTY INFORMATION Condition: excellent good fair poor ruins Occupancy: occupied vacant under construction unknown Current use:____ Offices ______
5. BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION Please attach a plot plan and written description of the boundary.
6. DESCRIPTION Please attach a description of the historic resource.
7. SIGNIFICANCE Please attach the Statement of Significance. Period of Significance (from year to year): from __ 1886 ___ to __ 1891 ___ Date(s) of construction and/or alteration:____ c. 1887-89 ______Architect, engineer, and/or designer:___ George T. Pearson ______Builder, contractor, and/or artisan:______Original owner:___ Anne & Thomas Flavell ______Other significant persons:______CRITERIA FOR DESIGNATION: The historic resource satisfies the following criteria for designation (check all that apply): (a) Has significant character, interest or value as part of the development, heritage or cultural characteristics of the City, Commonwealth or Nation or is associated with the life of a person significant in the past; or, (b) Is associated with an event of importance to the history of the City, Commonwealth or Nation; or, (c) Reflects the environment in an era characterized by a distinctive architectural style; or, (d) Embodies distinguishing characteristics of an architectural style or engineering specimen; or, (e) Is the work of a designer, architect, landscape architect or designer, or engineer whose work has significantly influenced the historical, architectural, economic, social, or cultural development of the City, Commonwealth or Nation; or, (f) Contains elements of design, detail, materials or craftsmanship which represent a significant innovation; or, (g) Is part of or related to a square, park or other distinctive area which should be preserved according to an historic, cultural or architectural motif; or, (h) Owing to its unique location or singular physical characteristic, represents an established and familiar visual feature of the neighborhood, community or City; or, (i) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in pre-history or history; or (j) Exemplifies the cultural, political, economic, social or historical heritage of the community.
8. MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Please attach a bibliography.
9. NOMINATOR
Name with Title_ Jorge M. Danta, H. P. Planner II ______Email___ [email protected] ______Organization__ Philadelphia Historical Commission ______Date__ 26 November 2012 ______Street Address__ City Hall, Room 576 ______Telephone___ 215-686-7660 ______City, State, and Postal Code___ Philadelphia, PA 19107 ______Nominator is is not the property owner.
PHC USE ONLY Date of Receipt:______Correct-Complete Incorrect-Incomplete Date:______Date of Notice Issuance:______Property Owner at Time of Notice Name:______Address:______City:______State:____ Postal Code:______Date(s) Reviewed by the Committee on Historic Designation:______Date(s) Reviewed by the Historical Commission:______Date of Final Action:______Designated Rejected 3/16/07 Section 5: Boundary Description
The boundary of the resource encompasses a rectangular lot located on the west side of Greene Street. It begins at a point 137’ 7/8” south of the southwest corner of Green and Coulter Streets. From this point the boundary moves south on Greene Street and extends 40’-11”. It then turns west and extends in depth, at a right angle to Greene Street for 174’-9 3/8”. It then turns north, perpendicular to Green Street, and extends 40”-11”. The line then turns east, at a right angle to Greene Street and extends 174’-9 3/8” to the starting point.
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Section 6: Description of Building
The Flavell residence is located at 5340 Greene Street. It is a two-and-one-half story house in the Queen Anne style. It is set back from Greene Street on a narrow, but deep lot. The primary façade of the house faces Greene Street. Germantown Avenue is considered a north/south artery with cross streets in an east/west axis; as such, the main façade on Greene Street faces east. The north and south facades are clearly visible from Greene Street. The house is in a remarkable state of preservation; for example, nearly every window appears to be original.
East Façade
The main façade of the house faces Greene Street. A schist stone wall separates the front lawn from the sidewalk. The wall has stone crenellation and three corner piers. An opening in the center of the wall with three steps leads up to the house. The façade is three bays wide and two-and-one-half stories tall. The front wall has two planes; a corner tower anchors the southeast corner of the house. This tower is proud of the main block of the house. The tower is clad in rusticated schist stone with brick quoins. The main block is clad in red brick. A wood porch spans two bays along the recessed plane of the ground floor. The porch is accessible via three concrete steps. The porch is supported by eleven turned-wood columns. It has a shed roof, which is accentuated by a pediment. The porch boasts lattice work and turned wood decorations. The second floor has three windows; the two northernmost windows are wood double-hung windows in a Queen Anne style. The southernmost window is a wood double-hung with stained glass. The tower’s third floor has a single wood five-over-one double-hung window. The garret level has a three-sided dormer with fifteen-over-one double-hung wood windows in its three sides. The roof over the main block is hipped and is covered in grey slate with cresting at the ridge. The tower has an onion-shaped roof, also in grey slate. A simple wood cornice with dentils wraps at the main block and the corner tower.
South Façade
The corner tower wraps around the south corner of the building. It retains its schist and brick cladding on this elevation. The rest of the main block retains its brick cladding. The ground floor of the tower has a single arched-top window with a one-over-one double-hung wood window. The arched section is filled in with a carved panel in a sunburst design. An elaborate terracotta panel is above the window at the second-floor level. The third floor of the tower has an identical window as the one found on the east façade of the tower. The main block has a large stained glass window that likely corresponds to the main stairwell in the interior of the house. This window spans from the ground to the third floors of the house. A shed dormer is directly above this window in the hip roof. The dormer has a single window in an eighteen-over-one pattern. The dormer cheeks are clad in grey slate and the front has fluted pilasters. A two-story wood bay with Queen Anne windows is in the middle of the main block. The ground-floor portion of the bay is divided into three parts, with the central bay wider than the sides. The lower portion of the bay has raised panels. The bays boast Queen Anne style windows. Two brackets support the second floor section of the bay, which protrude beyond the plane of the lower bay. This section is also divided into a tripartite composition with Queen Anne style windows. A large pedimented dormer is in the third floor, which corresponds to the hip roof. The main block terminates beyond this bay. The ground floor of this portion is clad in brick, and has a single Queen Anne window. The second floor has a timber-frame addition clad in shingles. A non-historic deck is present above it. This deck is accessible through a modified dormer at the hip roof. A rear wing is set
5340 Greene Street / Anna Flavell residence Page 2 back from the main block and extends deeper into the lot. The wing is finished in brick and has a shed roof with asphalt shingles.
North Façade
The north façade is anchored by a chimney stack that runs along the entire height of the house. The chimney punctures the roof and extends, unsupported, beyond the ridge of the roof. It is made out of red brick and is capped with a corbelled detailed. It pierces a pedimented dormer in the hip roof. The dormer has the same detailing as the dormer in the south side of the house above the two-story bay. Two bays of windows are found directly west of the chimney. The ground floor window closest to the chimney has an arched masonry opening, but the window is square-top in a Queen Anne style. The window above it, in the second floor is also Queen Anne style, but the masonry opening is square. A register of smaller windows is directly west. The north façade has an impressive three-story bay. The bay’s ground and second floors are identical to the bay in the south façade. However, the third floor is treated differently. The dormer extends over the bay. A double window is in the pediment with twelve-over-one double- hung windows in each opening. The pediment is clad in shingles. A single bracket supports the western corner of the dormer. The main block terminates after the bay. The rear wing is set back from this corner. A register of windows is present on the façade of the rear wing. Each of the two masonry openings in this register is arched; however, both windows have square heads, and double-hung four-over-four configurations.
Images of the house, and setting
East façade of the house along Greene Street.
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South façade of the house, visible from Greene Street.
North façade of the house, visible from Greene Street.
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Historic images of the House (Philadelphia Historical Commission files c. 1959)
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(Philadelphia Historical Commission files c. 1959)
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Section 7: Statement of Significance.
The Flavell residence, located at 5340 Greene Street, is an outstanding Queen Anne style residence. It was designed by renowned Philadelphia architect George T. Pearson. It is in an exceptional state of preservation and retains a high degree of architectural integrity. The Flavell residence meets Designation Criteria C, D, and E of Section 14-1004(1) of the Philadelphia Code.
C- Reflects the environment in an area characterized by a distinctive architectural style; or,
D- Embodies distinguishing characteristics of an architectural style or engineering specimen; or,
E- Is the work of designer, architect, landscape architect, or designer, or engineer whose work has significantly influenced the historical, architectural, economic, social, or cultural development of the City, Commonwealth or Nation.
Penn/Knox
Germantown was first settled in the late 17th century by Quaker and Mennonite German immigrants. It was a distinct village, independent of the nascent city of Philadelphia, with a permanent population from its earliest days. By the late 18th century it became a popular destination for wealthy Philadelphians, where they would spend the hot summer months. Cliveden, the Chew family estate, is a superb example of the late 18th century country estates that were built for seasonal occupation. The Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad (PG&N) was created in 1832 (Mintz 5), establishing the first railroad link between the city of Philadelphia and Germantown. The convenient access provided by the railroad spurred the first wave of suburban development for upper-middle-class families, allowing commuters to reside in Germantown year-round. The areas around Tulpehocken and Penn Knox became choice residential areas for such upper-middle-class families. The earliest development took place prior to the 1854 Act of Consolidation, which annexed Germantown into the City of Philadelphia.1 This first period of development concentrated near Germantown Avenue where the transportation lines where located. The creation of the Chestnut Hill Line by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1884 and its Tulpehocken, Chelten and Queen Lane Stations on the railroad allowed development to move further west and away from Germantown Avenue. Thus the area showcases an outstanding collection of suburban domestic architecture that spans from the mid-19th century to the first decades of the 20th century.
The lot where the subject property is located had an earlier dwelling built around the Civil War. The lot was owned by John Stadelman, who also owned several other properties in the vicinity. (Fig.1) John Stadelman was a carpenter. His widow, Rosina, sold the property to Edith R. Darrach on 4 May 1880. She held the property for six years and sold it to Annie Flavell on 10 August 1886 (Transfer of Deeds 49N06-0209).2 Upon the purchase of the property with the Stadelman house still standing, the Flavell family hired George T. Pearson to enlarge it. The lot was also subdivided at this time. The rear portion of the lot, which had the same dimensions at
1 1854 Act of Consolidation: An act passed by the City Assembly on 12 April 1854, which incorporated into the City of Philadelphia the districts of Spring Garden, Northern Liberties and all the townships located within the County of Philadelphia, including the Moyamensing Township. The main reasons for the consolidation were to streamline tax collection and strengthen a weak, fractured and ineffective police force.
2 All dates of sale or transfer of the property were gathered from the Transfer of Deeds records. The property can be located under 49N06-0209.
5340 Greene Street / Anna Flavell residence Page 7 the neighboring property at 5334 Greene Street, had a section carved out and sold to Samuel Emlen who owned a house on Coulter Street. This subdivision made the Flavell’s lot smaller, and it enlarged the rear yard of Mr. Emlen’s property on Coulter Street (Bromlet, Atlas, 1889)(Fig.2).
Thomas Flavell was born in England in December 1848. He immigrated to the United States in 1860. His American wife, Annie Flavell, was born in Pennsylvania in 1857 (Federal Census, 1900). She was first generation American. Her parents were English immigrants. The couple married in 1876 and had four sons, Frank born in 1878; Albert born in 1883; Edwin born in 1884; and Percy born in 1894 (Federal Census, 1900). Census records show that by 1900 all members of the family were living at 5340 Greene Street with an Irish immigrant servant named Agnus Grady. Thomas Flavell owned and operated a hosiery mill with his brother George Flavell in Germantown. The Flavell Brothers’ Hosiery Mill was located at 50-56 East Church Lane (Fig.3). The mill was constructed after 1871 and was fully operationally by 1879 (Hexamer General Surveys, plate 1440). It expanded in 1886 with the addition of nearly twice as much manufacturing space (Fig.4). The mill specialized in the production of undergarments in cotton, worsted wool and merino. By 1900 the Flavell brothers had expanded their manufacturing operations to a new facility at 1011 Spring Garden Street. This location manufactured surgical hosiery, bandages and artificial limbs. In 1916 both locations were operating at full capacity and it employed a total of 105 employees, 75 at Church Lane and 30 at Spring Garden Street. (Second Industrial Directory 1234) The Flavell family owned the house at 5340 Greene Street until 1923 when it was sold by the Flavell sons (Transfer of Deeds 49N06-0209).
Thomas and Annie Flavell commissioned George T. Pearson to enlarge the former Stadelman house in 1886 (www.brynmawr.edu). The configuration of the Stadelman house prior to Pearson’s intervention is not known, but Pearson’s design must have dramatically altered the existing house. In 1887 the local press reported that “the former Stadelman dwelling has undergone a charming change within the past month or two. It is now owned by Mr. Flavell, manufacturer, and when finished will be one of the gems of that fashionable neighborhood” (Germantown Guide 1887). Pearson’s extensive remodeling was nearing completion by 1889. Starting in that year, the foot print of the house appeared on City atlases in its current configuration. However, Thomas and Annie were still listed in Boyd’s Blue Book as residing further north in Germantown as late as 1891. The Flavell family was listed as residing at the subject property in several social registers and census records by 1900.
The house is one of the most distinguished residences in the Penn/Knox neighborhood. It exemplifies the suburban domestic architecture commission by or built on speculation for upper- middle-class families that made Germantown a choice residential area in the second half of the 19th century. It is also a unique house, which stands out among its neighbors. It is one of the three houses included in the logo for the neighborhood association (Fig.5).
George T. Pearson
George T. Pearson was born on 7 June 1847 in Trenton, New Jersey, where he spent his childhood. He attended the New Jersey Model School and Trenton Academy. Typical for architects of his generation he apprenticed in a firm, rather than attending university. His first architectural apprenticeship was held at the office of Charles G. Graham in Trenton, New Jersey. Pearson was living in Philadelphia by 1871 at which time he worked for Addison Hutton. He opened his own architectural office in 1880 (Tatman 595). Pearson never worked with a partner and remained the sole designer throughout his career.
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He is chiefly known as a residential architect who designed Queen Anne mansions for Philadelphia’s mercantile and industrial capitalist elite. The majority of his commissions can be found locally, particularly in the Germantown and Mt. Airy sections of Philadelphia. In addition to his local designs, he erected major buildings in Virginia, Ohio, and Florida (Tatman 595). Very prolific, Pearson reportedly designed three hundred houses during his first seven years of independent practice. Not limited to residences, he also designed a number of resort hotels, churches, and a few office buildings. John B. Stetson, the famous Philadelphia hat maker, commissioned Pearson to design a residence, factory buildings, and Stetson University in Deland, Florida. His work was frequently published in national periodicals.
A multi-talented builder, designer, musician, and artist, Pearson was also a member of the T- Square Club, a select group of Philadelphia architects, followers and practitioners of the Arts and Crafts philosophy, who were independent of the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). He died 9 January 1920 (Tatman 595). After his death, Pearson faded into obscurity, but he has enjoyed a resurgence of popularity among architectural historians in the last 15 years.
Queen Anne Style
The Queen Anne style originated in England in the last third of the 19th century and began to appear in the United States in the early 1880s (Lanier 159). The style evolved out of the theoretical writings and influences of Augustus Pugin, John Ruskin and William Morris.3 It rejected the rapid industrialization of the 19th century and the changes such evolution introduced in the building trades. The style aimed to capture the simplicity of pre-industrial life in the domestic realm. Ironically, the vast majority of domestic architecture in the Queen Anne style was financed by wealth made in capitalist ventures and industrialization; the Flavell family was not an exception. Owing to its origins in England, it specifically rejected Classical, Gothic and Renaissance precedents as too foreign, although it frequently borrowed certain elements from these styles (Trachtenberg 491). Instead, architects designing in this style looked for inspiration from domestic architecture from the period roughly encompassed from the Tudor dynasty to the reign of Queen Anne in the early 18th century. The style is characterized by contrasts of forms, materials, and textures. The use of asymmetrical massing, steeply pitched roofs, and surface texture are its key components (Lanier 159). It is a style mostly associated with domestic architecture, primarily suburban. The style, however, was also widely used for hotels, apartment buildings, and small commercial buildings.
George Pearson’s association with the T-Square Club brought him in contact with the principal group of trend-setting Philadelphia architects of his generation. The Club was founded in 1883 by thirteen young Philadelphia architects to foster artistic exchange and a place to showcase annual design exhibitions. Pearson was influenced by English vernacular examples to a greater degree than most of the best known young architects of the T-Square group.4 English vernacular architecture, as reinterpreted by Arts & Crafts English architects, such as Richard
3 Augustus Pugin (1812-1852), John Ruskin (1819-1900), and William Morris (1834-1896) were the three most influential English theoreticians of the 19th century. Their combined works and writings influenced all aspects of English fine arts from architecture to literature to wall paper. They shared a strong dislike for the mechanization of the industrial revolution and idealized the arts of the craftsman, specially the medieval craftsman.
4 Other lesser known architects from this select group were influenced by the Arts & Crafts movement throughout their careers, Clement Remington (1861-1940), a founding member of the T-Square Club, was one of them. He worked for Pearson from 1889 to 1894.
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Norman Shaw5, comprises Pearson’s primary influences. He was also just as strongly influenced by American colonial architecture. His designs in the Colonial Revival style are some of the most accomplished of the period. Pearson continued to rely on these sources for many designs throughout a professional practice that spanned over thirty-five years. Other leading architects of his generation, most notably Wilson Eyre, were profoundly influenced by the English Arts & Crafts. They were, however, also significantly influenced by Romanesque, early Italian Renaissance, English Renaissance and English Baroque architecture. Those influences were not as palpable in Pearson’s designs throughout his career. He held a strong association with the Queen Anne style, English late medieval styles, English vernacular, and American Colonial precedents. Pearson’s designs for suburban residences are arguably some of the most accomplished Queen Anne style residential designs in the City of Philadelphia.
Pearson established his own practice in 1880, just six years before he was commissioned to design the house at 5340 Greene Street. The designs from this early period tend to be more in line with national trends in the Queen Anne Style. One of his earliest significant commissions was the design for Red Gate; a grand Queen Anne style mansion for Frederick J. Kimball between 1881 and 1883 that stood on School House Lane in the East Falls section of Philadelphia. He was simultaneously working on the design for the residence of Mrs. Selena Willing at 51 E. Penn Street; which dates from 1882, (Fig.6) and a residence for Elizabeth Pearsall Smith at 45 E. Penn Street of 1881 (Fig.7). These two commissions, although smaller in scale than Red Gate, show his fluency with textbook examples of the Queen Anne style as adapted to suburban domestic architecture. Pearson designed a house in the same block as the subject property. His design for the William A. Church Residence at 5335 Knox Street dates c. 1886-87, contemporaneously with his design for the Flavell residence (fig.8). The design for this residence, also in the Queen Anne style, includes similar design elements as the Flavell residence. Most strikingly, the house boasts a massive corner tower clad in schist stone that anchors the entire design of the elevation. Pearson would return to this design element for the design of the Flavell residence.
Pearson’s design for 5340 Greene Street combines all of the key elements of the Queen Anne Style. It has an asymmetrical façade, anchored by a corner tower, a steeply pitched roof, and the exuberant use of different materials, which includes, brick, wood, local schist stone, slate and terracotta. The design has a commanding presence on the street, much in keeping with the older houses on the block and the neighborhood. The Penn/Knox neighborhood showcases brick houses in Greek Revival and Italianate style houses usually clad in stone. The decoration of the wall surface is a key component of the style. The cladding of the exterior walls at 5340 Greene include brick, wood, stone and terracotta, often combined on the same elevation. This contrast is carried to the volume of the house. The corner tower is the most visually dominant element of the composition, not only owing to its verticality, but also for its stone and terracotta cladding. Overall the design gives no hint that an older structure was incorporated into the house that stands today. The design successfully brings together contrasting forms and materials into a highly successful composition that clearly reflects the vocabulary of the Queen Anne style. It is also a noteworthy design from Pearson’s early professional practice.
Conclusion
5 Richard Norman Shaw (1831-1912) was one of the most influential English architects of the second half of the 19th century. He is associated with the creation and spread of the Queen Anne style in England.
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The Flavell residence at 5340 Greene Street is a significant house by one of the most important Philadelphia architects of the late 19th century, George T. Pearson. The house reflects the suburban residential transformation of Germantown throughout the second half of the 19th century into a desirable suburb for upper-middle-class families. The house reflects Pearson’s mastery of the Queen Anne style. The house is in a perfect state of preservation and possesses a high degree of integrity. Its setting and all of its original design features are intact. The Flavell residence meets Criteria C, D, and E of Section 14-1004(1) of the Philadelphia Code.
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Section 8: Bibliography
Bromley, Walter S. Atlas of the City of Philadelphia, Volume 7, 22nd Ward. Philadelphia, 1889.
Bromley, Walter S. Atlas of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1913.
Gallery, John A. Philadelphia Architecture. Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books, Inc, 2009.
Germantown Guide, Philadelphia, 10 September 1887
Harris, Cyril M., ed. Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 1983.
Hexamer, Ernest. General Surveys, Volume 15, 1879, plate 1440
Hexamer, Ernest. General Surveys, Volume 21, 1886(revised), plate 2001
Hopkins, George M., Atlas of the Late Borough of Germantown, 22nd Ward, City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1871. http://www.brynmawr.edu/cities/archx/gtp/ http://www.freelibrary.org/ (U.S. census records)
King, Moses., ed. Philadelphia & Notable Philadelphians. New York: Moses King, 1902.
Lanier, Gabriel M., Bernard L. Herman. Everyday Architecture of the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1997.
McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory. Philadelphia: Isaac Ashmead, 1855
McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory. Philadelphia: A. McElroy, 1866
Mintz, Elizabeth., Strawbridge, Louise, et al, “Tulpehocken Station Historic District National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form”, West Central Germantown Neighbors, 1984.
O’Gorman, James F., Jeffrey A. Cohen, et al. Drawing Toward Building: Philadelphia Architectural Graphics 1732-1986. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1986.
Philadox. Transfer Sheets, book # 49N06-0209 (Philadox.phila.gov)
Second Industrial Directory of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1916
Tatman, Sandra L., and Roger W. Moss. Biographical Dictionary of Philadelphia Architects: 1700-1930. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1985.
Trachtenberg, Marvin, and Isabelle Hyman. Architecture: from Prehistory to Modernism. New York: Prentice Hall, 1986.
Yarwood, Doreen. Encyclopedia of Architecture. Oxford: Facts on File Publications, 1986.
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Section 9. Illustrations
Fig.1. 1871 atlas that shows the property under the Stadelman ownership with two improvements on the lot. (Hopkins, Atlas, 1871)
Fig.2. 1889 atlas that shows the parcel under the Flavell ownership. The house is shown as enlarged by George T. Pearson. The depth of the lot is also shown smaller owing to the subdivision carried out in 1886. (Bromley, Atlas, 1889)
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Fig. 3. Flavell Brother’s mill at 50-56 E. Church Lane in 1879. (Hexamer General Surveys, Volume 15, plate 1440)
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Fig. 4. Flavell Brother’s mill in 1886 showing the expansion of the complex. (Hexamer General Surveys, Volume 21, plate 2001)
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Fig.5. Penn-Knox Neighbors Association logo on the left with a drawing of the (Penn-Knox Neighborhood Association website)
Fig.6. Residence located at 51 E. Penn Street. It was designed by George T. Pearson in 1882. (J. Cohen photographer)
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Fig.7. Residence located at 45 E. Penn Street. It was designed by George T. Pearson in 1881. (J. Cohen photographer)
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Fig.8. William A. Church residence at 5335 Knox Street, designed by George T. Pearson c. 1886-87. (Philadelphia Historical Commission files c. 1960)
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