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AND : ENDLESS BORDER CONFLICTS

Gulzana Kurmanalieva

EUCACIS Online Paper

No. 4 February 2019

PhD Support Programme The EU, Central and the Caucasus in the International System About EUCACIS “The EU, and the Caucasus in the International System” (EUCACIS) is a PhD Support Programme for Postgraduates and Doctoral Researchers in Central Asia and the Southern Caucasus, organized by the Institut für Europäische Politik (IEP) and the Centre international de formation européenne (CIFE). Funded by the Volkswagen Foundation and the programme Erasmus+, it offers scholarships for three years to excellent postgraduates who are working on a doctoral thesis in political science, contemporary history or economics on a topic related to its thematic focus at a university or in the Southern Caucasus or Central Asia (including , the Kashmir region in and the autonomous region in ). It is the objective of the EUCACIS programme to provide EUCACIS.eu intensive PhD research training for its participants to bring them closer to international standards, to support them until they submit their doctoral theses, and to help them establish their own networks with other young researchers in the target regions and in Europe. This will be achieved through four international conferences, four PhD schools, two research training stays and continuous online coaching.

About IEP Since 1959, the Institut für Europäische Politik (IEP) has been active in the field of as a non-profit organisation. It is one of ’s leading research institutes on foreign and European policy. IEP works at the interface of academia, politics, administration, and civic education. In doing so, IEP’s task include scientific analyses of problems surrounding European politics and integration. www.iep-berlin.de

About CIFE The Centre international de formation européenne (CIFE) is a private institution of higher education and research, founded in 1954 with its head office in Nice and branch offices in Berlin, Brussels and . It receives special funding in the framework of the Jean Monnet Programme of the . Students from all continents enroll in its programmes and work as senior officials, consultants and academic experts after graduation. www.cife.eu

About the Series EUCACIS Online Paper comprise research and policy papers on topics related to the thematic focus of the programme, written by fellows of the EUCACIS PhD Support Programme and members of the wider EUCACIS network. It aims at making the debates within the network, notably during the EUCACIS conferences and PhD schools, accessible to a wider public. The papers are available on the programme website: www.eucacis.eu About the Author Gulzana Kurmanalieva is a PhD student at State University, Kyrgyzstan, named after S.Naamatova. Since 2016 she is an EUCACIS PhD fellow and she is doing her research in the of pastoralism, institutional analysis of pasture resource management and in material challenges to use and access pasture lands in Central Asia. She has studied Economics and Management at Kyrgyz National University named after J.Balasagyn. She has worked for the Kyrgyz National University, for the Education Centre, for the University of Central Asia as well as for the Naryn State University.

Editorial team

Publishers: Prof. Dr Mathias Jopp, Head of International Programmes, IEP PD Dr Matthias Waechter, Director General, CIFE

Editors: Dr Susann Heinecke, Programme Manager EUCACIS, CIFE Janny Schulz, Programme Manager EUCACIS, IEP

Layout: Fabian Weber, IEP

Place of publication: Berlin

ISSN: 2627-7204

Internet: www.eucacis.eu

Email: [email protected]

Hashtag: #EUCACIS

published in February 2019 4 EUCACIS Online Paper No. 4 - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts Introduction Abstract* * disputes over border demarcation are themain Today, andasaresult ofvague border lines, rights backedupby Soviet state authorities. the system of land tenure based on property rights to access andusenatural resources under and Tajik communities had common property in Soviet times had a symbolic character. Kyrgyz borders between thememberrepublics drawn difficulties were encountered becausethe and Tajikistan. border During delineation some changes for boththeindependent Kyrgyzstan in significant political andsocio-economic 1991resultedof theSoviet Unioninearly the 1920s under Josef Stalin’s rule. The breakup and have retained theborders demarcated in them Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, were established the independent Central Asian states, among were previously accessed ascommon property. where the water andpasture grounds in particular resource conflicts inthe Kyrgyz-Tajikborder areas pasture andwater use. ethnic groups intheregion aswell assustainable ofdifferent endangers thepeaceful co-existence border region ofKyrgyzstan andTajikistan. This unequal pasture andwater access anduse inthe exist. Alackofinstitutionalarrangements leadsto over pasture and water resources continue to multiple conflicts among ethnic communities Union, the end of the Soviet institutions after and water managementby establishingnew Kyrgyz border communities. motivated violent outbreaks Tajik between and role forthisconflict andhas plays animportant water and pasture resources in the border regions led to interethnic tensions. Ahighdependence on and Tajikistan scarcity ofpastures andwater has context. Specifically, intrans-boundary Kyrgyzstan inaglobal gained political importance andsocial published inL’Europe enformation385(2018):121-130. This is a slightly revised version of a paper that has first been The growing scarcity ofnatural resources has Following thecollapse oftheSoviet Union, atthereasonsThis looks paper fornatural aimedatenhancingpasture policies Despite called “Ketmen war” called “Ketmen removed allthosetrees. Another incident was where thenKyrgyz inhabitants disputed and planted onthedisputed area by Tajik farmers, coexistence between theborder communities. areas whichresult indeterioration ofpeaceful resource inthe conflicts Kyrgyz-Tajik border been mitigated orresolved sofar. tensions on the Kyrgyz-Tajik border have not border areas aimedat preventing conflicts, NGOs, donorsandotherorganisations inthe any time. countries weapons andheavy might beusedat regulated by regular army unitsfrom both many young people. These are conflicts usually 1000 localcivilianswere involved, including that aconflict took place in2014,about In for between the violent conflicts communities. period,the irrigation whichraises thepotential block eachother’s roads orblock water during stones animalshelters. andburned communities were fighting usinggarden tools, 2 1 war” incidents were even awarded titlesas “Apricot areas were by local media. reported Some these years more than 70 incidents in the border in 2004,2005,2008,2011,2014and2015.During Kyrgyz and Tajik border communities took place grazing animals. for and pasture purposes irrigation grounds for access anduseof natural resources aswater disputes are over causingmultipleconflicts issue between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The

Routledge, Central Asian Studies Series, 2009. Irrigation disputes in the Ferghana Valley. London and New York: Bichsel, Christine. Conflict Transformation in CentralAsia: news, 9,2004. Abrikosovays granitse”], voina na kyrgyzsko-tajikskoi Akipress “Абрикосовая» войнанакыргызско-таджикской границе – „Apricot War ontheKyrgrz-Tajik Border” [Russian: This paperlooksat thereasons ofnatural heldbyDespite awiderange ofactivities KyrgyzOften and Tajik border communities Resource access and use clashes between 1 (2004) when several apricot trees were 2 (2014)whentheborder EUCACIS Online Paper No. 4 - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts 5 12, https:// Pasture Management Pasture (without place of publication, 2005): of publication, (without place Historically, Kyrgyz inhabitants were were inhabitants Kyrgyz Historically, Union, the of the Soviet the formation With Union, the the demise of the Soviet With landportal.org/sites/default/files/kyrgyz_livestock_pasture_ management_and_use.pdf. - Мал бассын” “Астынды Бала артынды бассын, Kyrgyz: „Astyndy bala bassyn, artyndy mal bassyn”. Pasture Transboundary Institutions and “Laws, Michelle, Lim, Mountain Pamir-Alai and Management in the High Pamir and Environment Law, 8/1 Asia”, Central of Ecosystem Journal (2012): 46. Development Kyrgyz Study: Livestock Kyrgyz Asyl, Undeland, Use and and travelled between seasonal pastures at at pastures seasonal between and travelled times at different grazing for altitudes different the main always was livestock Their of the year.7 as a Kyrgyz of their household income, source and children, grant God“May first says: proverb Kyrgyz Unlike their livestock.”8 after many them sedentarya had inhabitants Tajik neighbours livestock of numbers kept small and of life way four to and three cows of about one or two dairy their small animals for mostly at products, households. of the the sedentarization forced regime Soviet livestock Their population. Tajik and Kyrgyz rural farms collective (kolkhozy) to redistributed were farms (sovkhozy). Kyrgyz and state the time, At and collective state for farmers worked Tajik and of number During the this period, farms.9 the main object it was since increased livestock were and the pastures regime of the Soviet the Since forage. livestock for the main source has limited region in the border livestock Tajik the on SSR depended Tajik the rangelands, territory. in the Kyrgyz located resources pasture sharing based on agreements was pasture This pasture The kolkhozes. Tajik and Kyrgyz between control. state under Soviet was management and dissolved, farms were and state collective became agreements management the pasture became Tajikistan and Both Kyrgyzstan invalid. changes have and dramatic states independent pasture the of side legislative the on occurred systems. management 8 9 7 of pasture management which requires looking requires which management of pasture framework. and legal historical the at background historical The . 5 For more than 20 than 20 more For 3

6 and Tajik state commission of commission state Tajik and 4 Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan share 971 971 share Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan Since the authorities could not agree on the not agree the authorities could Since During of the meetings of the members Kuliev, Ilhom, “Where should the Tajik-Kyrgyz border pass”, pass”, border Tajik-Kyrgyz “Where should the Ilhom, Kuliev, – Asia, January Plus 16, 2014,https:// Tajikistan Media group news.tj/news/tajikistan/security/20140116/gde-dolzhna- proiti-tadzhiksko-kyrgyzskaya-granitsa. “Razakov: Work on Demarcation Borders Continues”], Radio Continues”], Borders on Demarcation Work “Razakov: Azattyk, July 19, 2017, https://rus.azattyk.org/a/28625066.html по пограничным комиссия Russian: Правительственная -Pravitelstvennaya Республики вопросам Кыргызской Respubliki. Kyrgyzskoi voprosam kommisia po prigranichnym по делимитации комиссия Russian: Правительственная Таджикистан Республики и демаркации госграницы demarkatsiii delimitatsii po komisia Pravitelstvennaya - gosgranitsy Respubliki Tajikistan. kilometres of border territorykilometresof border about 471 of which disputable. kilometresremain use of corresponding documents, the Tajik and Tajik the documents, use of corresponding territories disputed the avowed members Kyrgyz mutual decisions have will last until This neutral. issue is still being studied This been found. In today. commission Tajik and the Kyrgyz by it is important to of this paper, the context regulation the for background the understand 6 3 4 5 commission on the issue of demarcation and on the issue of demarcation commission members repeatedly Tajik the delimitation, delimit the disputed the option to proposed members while Kyrgyz territories in half, border the line of the state draw to proposed on Agreement the its actualby use following of of the Commonwealth the Establishment 1991), the (CIS Independent States Convention (1991) and the Moscow Declaration and inviolability on independence, (1994) territorial integrity. started to work actively. However, from the from However, started actively. work to of the the members collaboration of first days on the normative agree not could commission main problem The and legal aspects of the issue. different using two are the two is that with maps operates Tajikistan geopolitical maps: with a 1924-1939 and the Kyrgyz from 1958-1959. map from Border demarcation and delimitation delimitation and demarcation Border disputes years the issue of demarcation and delimitation and delimitation the issue of demarcation years territories has been border Tajik – of the Kyrgyz were meetings official bilateral Many ongoing. commission state the Kyrgyz held and in 2000, issues on border demarcation and delimitation of state borders state of and delimitation demarcation 6 EUCACIS Online Paper No. 4 - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts 10 interests oflivestock owners andotherusers Users’ Unions(PUU)whichwould represent the new law, formed thelocalcommunity Pasture be managedby localusergroups. Underthe management, where access to pastures isto system of community-based pasture resource . The Pasture Law introduced a the newPasture Law was passedby theKyrgyz aswell. enterprisesforestry (leskhozes) can rentfarmers parcel ofgrazing landfrom According(leskhoz). to the Forestry Code, the State for Agency Environment andForestry on theforested area were underthecontrol of years upto andextended 10years. The pastures pastures are to beprovided for offive aperiod provided individualpasture leases. Leases of manage them as common property. also It couldauthorities leaseoutthepastures or According to theregulations, communal mentioned three levels ofadministration. The leasecould beobtainedfrom thebefore that pasture useisbasedonterritorialleases. established in2002. These regulations stated for Providing Pastures for Lease andUse” was management, “Regulations ontheProcedures under thevillagelevel administrative unit. (used in winter time) werevillage-adjacent were state administration; under district and intensive pastures andautumn) (usedinspring province state administration responsibility, pastures (usedinsummertime)were under pasture management. For instance, remote village level administrative unit) involved in (- province; Ayil rayon-district; Aimak – pastures was undervarious government entities (priselnye). of and village-adjacent Eachtype remote (otgonnye), intensive (intensivnye), pastures were categorised inthree as types: the state. According to theKyrgyz LandCode, ofpasturesall types are owned exclusively by was transferred to private ownership. However, Kyrgyz LandCode, about78%ofagricultural land Pasture Reforms inKyrgyzstan Republic management was theLandCode oftheKyrgyz Ministry ofJustice of the Kyrgyz Republic. Ministry Zemelnyi codex Kyrgyzskoi of June2,1999,No. Respubliki 46) кодекс Кыргызской Республики “Land Code oftheKyrgyz Republic” (Russian:Земельный The next reformThe next was madein2009,when The legislation governing pasture The first attempt to regulate pasture 10 whichwas adopted in1999.Underthe от 2июня1999года№46– 14 13 12 11 Land reformLand in Tajikistan system underthis law. replaced by a pasture ticket (per-animal fee) management. The former leasesystem hasbeen on pasture authority who is the decision making thePastureand pasture userselect Committee at (Aiyl thecommunity Aimak) level. PUU turn, In to Pasture Committees (executive bodyofPUU) administrative over authority pastures was given of pastures. According to thePasture Law, all Code from 1997. considered agricultural landundertheLand aspastures areby (dehkan) individualfarmers use. This enables the privatization of pastures land fundto begranted for permanent heritable agricultural organization or land from the state which allows alandshare ofeachmemberan farm right to establish anindependent dehkan was adopted. provided citizen the It every be privatised. remains inexclusive state ownership andcannot considered land. farming rules for land. theCode, farming In pastures are alllandsusedforsubjects to the the LandCode of Tajikistan was adopted which hindered agrarian reforms. However, in1997 that thecivilwar in Tajikistan from 1992to 1997 management ofpastures. Onereason for that is legislationnot have devoted particular to the clearly determined.clearly initisnot management buttheirfunction municipalities) are responsible for pasture still underdevelopment. Jamoats (rural view. google.com/file/d/1hwv-IhpoL9y1fxx6wLnWvI3ZTbnsbTGI/ Ways Forward,” Camp Alatoo 2015:21,https://drive. report, Ibraimova, Aliya etal, “ConflictsOver PastureResources and Development (2012):50. Journal Ecosystem of Central Asia”, 8/1 Law, Environment and Pamir intheHigh Management andPamir-Alai Mountain Lim, Michelle, “Laws, and Institutions Transboundary Pasture alpine) 1(2017):4,https://journals.openedition.org/rga/3631. Kyrgyzstan”, Operation ofPasture Governance inPresent-Day Institutions Isaeva, Aiganysh, andShigaeva, Jyldyz, inthe “Soviet Legacy Development (2012):53. Journal Ecosystem of Central Asia”, 8/1 Law, Environment and Pamir intheHigh Management andPamir-Alai Mountain Lim, Michelle, “Laws, and Institutions Transboundary Pasture In 2002, the new In Farms”“Law on Dehkan In comparison to Kyrgyzstan,In Tajikistan does The pasture legislation in Tajikistan is Journal ofAlpineResearchJournal (Revuedegéographie 13 14 11 12 All land in Tajikistan

EUCACIS Online Paper No. 4 - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts 7 Rayon 2015 Rayon Batken Consequently, there is an increasing is an increasing there Consequently, 16 Say, Ak-Tatyr and Samarkandek and village districts. Ak-Tatyr Say, Statistic data source: State Statistic DepartmentState Statistic data source: of “Scarcity” can also be understood in a in understood be also can “Scarcity” in the resources conflicts on pasture The The author is conducting her PhD research in these in conductingresearch is author PhD her The work in taken during field was data statistic This communities. 2016. Growth of de facto livestock numbers in Ak- of de facto livestock 1: Growth Table legal sense in terms of the absence of official of absence of the terms in sense legal south in demarcation and delimitation border mentioned already it was Kyrgyzstan—as above—, and the lack of international the where a situation which creates agreements uncertain are communities about the border resources. and use pasture access to framework herders Tajik mainly arise when areas border belonging on pastures graze let their livestock no pastures are there Since territory. Kyrgyz to in the border Tajikistan on the territory of communities rural Tajik available, region resources. pasture directly depend on Kyrgyz Kyrgyz not enough for are the pastures Since Kyrgyz current to and referring users, pasture the herders foreign prohibits that Law Pasture Pasture the Kyrgyz pastures, on Kyrgyz grazing demand for pasture use every year. use every pasture year. for demand 16 Access and use of pasture in conflict and use of pasture Access dynamics district, which are located in the border area area in the border district, located are which number of the municipality, Tajik with in the beginning 30-35% by increased livestock of 2016. This limitation of the Kyrgyz of the Kyrgyz limitation This 15 While the new Kyrgyz pasture law grants grants law pasture Kyrgyz the new While This legal limitation on the one hand, and on the one hand, legal limitation This every getting scarcer are resources Pasture the in livestock people invest many Since “Pasture Law of the Kyrgyz Republic of 26 January 2009 No. 30” Republic 30” January of 26 the Kyrgyz of No. 2009 Law “Pasture 2009 26 января от Республики Кыргызской [Russian: Закон Respubliki 2009 ot 26 janvarija № 30 - Zakon Kyrgyzskoi года 30], Ministry http://cbd. Republic, no. of the Kyrgyz of Justice minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/202594. pasture usage rights to all Kyrgyz residents, residents, Kyrgyz all usage rights to pasture for use them to nationals foreign it prohibits foreign the lease to and prohibits grazing intergovernmental no are if there nationals agreements. Pasture Law affected Tajik pasture users since users since Tajik pasture affected Law Pasture agreement and no international law no proper management pasture the border concerning sector neighbouring the two between countries No regulation, today. until has been established which Tajikistan, nor in neither in Kyrgyzstan, to use and access clarifies management, has region border Tajik-Kyrgyz in the pastures use and pasture then. Hence, been issued since community be turned out to Tajik the for access in the Kyrgyz residents Tajik while complicated, legally access right to lack any region border in Kyrgyzstan. land grazing delimitation border the official of absence the and Kyrgyzstan in south and demarcation to lead to seem hand, the other on Tajikistan multiple leads to This access. unequal pasture and communities conflicts border these among co-existence peaceful of regional endangers also but region the in groups ethnic different use. sustainable pasture among increases population due to year as limited as well communities both border of productivity conditions climatic caused by production livestock However, the rangelands. of the economies component is a fundamental and mountain Tajikistan, and of Kyrgyzstan an important remain resource pastures natural for the major and cheapest source as they are statistical to According in both countries. forage is territories border in the population data, 10-15% every by year. increasing In as well. is increasing number of livestock and Ak-Tatyr such as Ak-Say, areas border Samarkandek, Batken municipalities of the 15 Legal Framework Limitations and Limitations Framework Legal Management of Pasture Challenges 8 EUCACIS Online Paper No. 4 - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts Water conflicts Law from 2009andisconsidered illegal. procedure isnotwritten intheKyrgyz Pasture herders have to pay afee to border guards. This pastures. order In to release theirlivestock, Tajik livestock of Tajik herders grazing ontheKyrgyz occurs when Kyrgyz border guards confiscate documents. usually are madeorally andthere are nowritten conditions individually. The arrangements and Tajik livestock owners arrange theservice much asKyrgyz livestock owners. Kyrgyz herders profitable because aretwice charged as forherding service Tajik livestock owners isvery The provision through theyearn theinformal fully dependent ontheincome from herding. own onlysmallnumbersoflivestock andare graze theiranimals. providersThe usually service avoid disputes by paying Kyrgyz herders to and Tajik livestock owners, since many ofthem arrangements between Kyrgyz providers service use intheborder areas encourage informal continuing on pasture conflicts access and provide for grazing services Tajik livestock. The Pasture Committee and Kyrgyz herders who where thedisputed areas are located. border information communities are on lacking is understandable, becauseKyrgyz and Tajik areas belongto Tajikistan. This assumption oftheseborderbelieve grazing that parts addition, Union. In Tajik pastoral communities by theirancestors thetimesofSoviet during these pastures, since theseresources were used do notthinkofthemselves asforeigners on see them.However, Tajik pastoral communities pastures in Kyrgyz away wheneverterritory they Committees chase Tajik herders grazing onthe communities. which leadsto constant between border conflict from alackofwater periods, irrigation during However, intheborder farmers regions suffer of water resources increased amongfarmers. created inKyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The use dissolved, many smallscalepeasant were farms Another factor that the conflict thatAnother fuelstheconflict factor between the arise Similar conflicts Kyrgyz When collective andstate were farms 18 17 unavailable for agricultural use. and law onthat issue. As aresult, alotofwater is there isnospecialorganisation, noagreement countries want to invest inreparations since and Kyrgyz state´s attention. Neitherofthese area whichlacksboththe a transboundary Tajik that some of the hydraulicthe fact facilities are in Tajik border hasfalleninto decay. This isdueto The current water infrastructure ontheKyrgyz – growth. Another reason is poor infrastructure. resources intheborder area ispopulation the situation. other whichcausesnewtensions andescalates the communities block water canals to each there are at theborder otherconflicts territories, the Tajik andKyrgyz communities. Whenever instrument to putpressure oneachotheramong water management. a lackofprecise mechanismsoftransboundary institutions, many water conflicts remain due to levels.and district However, despite ofexisting regions are managedby thestate, province April toApril June. from year period theirrigation during every intheirterritories.arriving This arises conflict downstream complain abouttoo littlewater downstream. turn, In Tajik communities that are water andlessremains for Kyrgyz living farmers Tajiks livingupstream oftheriver usetoo much versa. Many Kyrgyz complain farmers that Kyrgyzstan andflow to andvice Tajikistan 40 channels. in of these channelsrise Some tajikistan/central-asia-border-disputes-and-conflict-potential. www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/central-asia/ and Conflict Potential”, 33(2002):7,https:// ICG Report Asia PromotionCrossBorderSocialCohesion_Eng.pdf www.ucentralasia.org/Content/Downloads/UCA-IPPA-WP-40_ and Administration, Working Paper no. 40(2017):9,https:// Graduate of Development, School of Public Institute Policy Areas ofKyrgyzstan and Tajikistan,” University ofCentral Asia, Mitigation: in Understanding Border Conflict Conflict Cross – Toktomushev, Kemel, “Promoting Cohesion Social and International Crisis GroupInternational Crisis (ICG), “Central Asia: Border Disputes One reason for around theconflicts natural Further, water resources asan serve often Water resources intheKyrgyz – Tajik border Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan share about 17 18 . EUCACIS Online Paper No. 4 - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts 9 demarcation and delimitation of borders can of borders and delimitation demarcation also an and troublesome be a complicated, taking when account process into aggressive of form in a chessboard of houses the location trying when Hence, find to communities. border members conflicts the state to the solutions decision-makingand countries both of bodies into of the local citizens should take the interests account. Conflicts result in the deterioration of various of the deterioration result in Conflicts distrust, leads to situation border Today´s after institutional changes made Several conflicts in the pastoral widespread Despite situation current the manage to Inorder 1. Interventions both countries’ by depend on the same 2. Both communities expertsMany see the solution of the forms of assets – social, financial and natural and natural financial – social, of assets forms - of the Kyrgyz the wealth constitute ones which households. agro-pastoral border Tajik the border between and unrest contempt with get tired people Many communities. started conflictsto move and have continuing find a to and big cities in order other regions to life. quiet and peaceful in the independence Tajik and the Kyrgyz supposed to sector were that agricultural seem management sustainable resource provide sectors and pasture water fail in regulating to the than 20 years more For regions. in border remained. use conflicts have and water pasture conflict strategies management effective areas, in policy been incorporated not documents have areas. agro-pastoral concerning actionstwo strongly are areas, in border recommended: strengthen needed to are governments institutions in both sectors increase to and management, capacity building in resource coordination inter-ministerial effective promote systems. monitoring independent and improve in It governance is also necessary improve to sectorsboth clarification the includes which transparency in and responsibilities, of roles decision making and on sustainable pasture transparency in the use of management, water and taxes fees grazing collected from revenues of local users and involvement and stronger stakeholders. an Therefore, resources. pasture and water be is needed to agreement intergovernmental will that countries these two between signed define property and use help to access to rights resources. and pasture water and Kyrgyzstan conflict issues between the However, demarcation. border in Tajikistan Conclusion 10 EUCACIS Online Paper No. 4 - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts References • • • • • • • ru/211/20?cl=ru-ru. U5tFooeCuzSwUUOQgu_6q00))/act/view/ru- lBJcdVltuou9KEjxbxk04UZFaN8Y1rNrjCiX6w3 TSh5GnkS2RRFPuJ4OtOHDnB6AKe7AGi-yYIza 7t0ICLOYajqemQoFy0LyAofAE2tMZaxn6o31w d2qWaYuGTFeowjfasFl7_Qn5H7cg7UDDuFyU cbd.minjust.gov.kg/F(tbbbx3IzfV3l7bmJFUNf ofJustice oftheKyrgyz Republic, http://Ministry Kyrgyzskoi ofJune2,1999,No. Respubliki 46) от 2июня кодексЗемельный Кыргызской Республики “Land Code oftheKyrgyz Republic” (Russian: dolzhna-proiti-tadzhiksko-kyrgyzskaya-granitsa. news.tj/news/tajikistan/security/20140116/gde- Tajikistan 16, 2014, Plus –Asia , January кыргызско-таджикская граница”], Mediagroup border pass” [Russian: “Где должнапройти Kuliev, Ilhom, should the “Where Tajik-Kyrgyz rga/3631. 1 (2017):1-15,https://journals.openedition.org/ of AlpineResearch (Revuede géographie alpine) inPresent-DayInstitutions Kyrgyzstan”, Journal intheOperationLegacy ofPasture Governance Isaeva, Aiganysh, andShigaeva, Jyldyz, “Soviet potential central-asia-border-disputes-and-conflict- org/europe-central-asia/central-asia/tajikistan/ 33(2002):7, Report Border Disputes andConflict Potential”, ICG Asia GroupInternational Crisis (ICG), “Central Asia: IhpoL9y1fxx6wLnWvI3ZTbnsbTGI/view. pages, Forward,” Camp Alatoo 2015,21 report, “ConflictsOver PastureResources and Ways Gareeva, Aida; andHeindl, Anna Barbara, Ibraimova, Aliyam; Azhibekov, Bilimbek; Asian Studies Series, 2009. Valley. Central Irrigationdisputes intheFerghana Asia: Bichsel, Christine. Conflict Transformation in March 9,2004. granitse”],kyrgyzsko-tajikskoi news, Akipress таджикской границе – ‘Abrikosovays voina’ na [Russian: „’Apricot War’ ontheKyrgrz-Tajik Border” London andNew York: Routledge, Central “’Абрикосовая войнанакыргызско- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hwv- 1999года №46–Zemelnyi codex https://www.crisisgroup. https:// • • • • • https://rus.azattyk.org/a/28625066.html prodoljaetsya], границ продолжается podelimitatsii -Rabota Continues” [Russian:Работа поделимитации “Razakov: Work onDemarcation Borders view/ru-ru/202594. Kyrgyz Republic, http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/ janvarija ofJustice ofthe 2009no. 30],Ministry года №30-ZakonKyrgyzskoi ot26 Respubliki Кыргызской Республики от 26января2009 2009No. 30”26 January [Russian:Закон “Pasture Law oftheKyrgyz of Republic pdf. at (2012), pp. Journal Development 43-58, available of Central Asia”, 8/1Law, Environment and PamirHigh andPamir-Alai Ecosystem Mountain Transboundary Pasture inthe Management Lim, Michelle, “Laws, and Institutions use.pdf. kyrgyz_livestock_pasture_management_and_ 2018, https://landportal.org/sites/default/files/ publication, 2005):54pages, accessed May5, Management andUse(withoutplace of Undeland, PromotionCrossBorderSocialCohesion_Eng.pdf org/Content/Downloads/UCA-IPPA-WP-40_ Paper no. 40(2017), of Public Policy andAdministration, Working GraduateAsia, Institute ofDevelopment, School of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan,” ofCentral University in Understanding Conflict CrossBorder – Areas Mitigation:Cohesion andConflict Toktomushev, Kemel, “Promoting Social http://www.lead-journal.org/content/12043. Asyl, Kyrgyz Livestock Study: , July19, 2017, Radio Azattyk https://www.ucentralasia. . Pasture .