OCCASIONAL .pAPER NO. 1~

Zoological Survey of RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 156

The Hawkmoths ( . ) of KumaoD, N. India: A Probable Case of Faunal Drift. by PETER SMETACEK The Himalayan Bco-Orological Project Jones Estate, P. O. Bhimtal, N ainjtal, 263 136 u. p,

Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey of India 1994 © Copyright: Government of India, 1994

Published : February, 1994

Price : ·Inland: - Rs. 55-00 Foreign: £ 3·00 $ 4-00

Printed in India, by A. K. Chatterjee___ at Jnanodaya Press, SSB, Kabi Sukanta Sarani,. Calcutta 70008S and published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India. Calcutta. RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Oceasinal Paper

No. 156 1994 Pages 1-55

CONTENTS

Jntroduction 1 Material and Methods ... 2 Distribution 5 Key Words 7 Discussion 50 Conclusion ... 54 Summary ... ••• 55 Acknowledgements ... ••• • •• SS INTRODUCTION

The administrative division of Kumaon, in the western hills of Uttar Pradesh, lies between 28° 44' North to 300 49' North latitude and 78° 45' East to 81" l' East longitude. Comprising a cross section of the Himalayan range, from the Terai beJt below the foothills to the rainsha­ dow area of the Himalaya, it harbours a wide variety of flora and fauna, ranging from typically tropical to nivaI zone species. The presence of deep valleys throughout the central and outer ranges has facilitated the colonisation of these areas by low elevation species. Thus, it is not unusual for a single hillside to possess a faunal representation character­ istic of several climatic zones.

000 motrol

2. 3 Regional 4 5 zones

Fig. 1: Cross section of regional climatic zones of Kumaon division (Not to scale)

Osmaston (1927) has distinguished five regional belts on a north to south axis, the outermost being the sub-montane tract below the foothills. The second tract, which receives the heaviest rainfall in the region (see Fig. 1) extends to the crest of the outermost hill range. The third and largest tract comprises the major part of KumaoD, from the crest of the outermost range to the southern face of the main range. The fourth consists of the main Himalayan range. and the fifth, the rain shadow area north of the main range. The first four tracts are subject to monsoon rains from late June to September with some rain during January and February. Hailstorms BI

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present list has been compiled from specimens collected since 1970 by Fred Smetacek Sr. and regular observations by the author since 1983, mainly at Jones Estate, which occupies the micro-watershed between the Bhimtal and Sattal lake systems in the outermost hill range. The Bhimtal (4340 ft.) and SattaI (4220 ft.) lakes occupy the lowest parts of their respective valleys while the highest point on the watershed (5680 ft.) looks on to the adjoining plains, where the Gaula river emerges from the hills. Jones Estate is well forested, possessing three major biotypes : Broadleaf Evergreen with Quercus leucolrichophora A. Camus (Fagaceae) and Persea odoralissima Nees () as dominant species; Conifer. with Pinus roxburghii Sarg. (Pinaceae) and Cupressus torulosa D. Don (Cupressaceae) as dominant species; and Miscellaneous Deciduous with Anogelssus lati/olia Wall. (Combretaceae), Bauhinia vareigala Linne', B. retusa Roxb., Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (Legumi1losae) and Sapium Insigne Trim. (Euphorbiaceae) as prominent components. Forest type in other parts of Kumaon were visited during peak flying periods. In the second regional belt, these were:

(a) Kilbury, (alt. 7,200 ft.) a dense Reserve Forest 8 Km. by road roughly north of NainitaI where specimens were collected in dense forest at kilometer 8 and on a grassy hillside near kilometer 6 along the road. Dominant vegetation within several kilometers is Broadleaf Bver. green (Quercus floribunda) Lindley ex. A. Camus, Q. leucolrichDphora and some Q.lanala Smith: (Fagaceae); Conifer (Cupressus torulosa) on the slopes of the adjoining Nainital valley and Pinus roxburghil on the lower slopes around the village of Pangot. SMITACEK : The hawkmoths of Kumaon 3

(b) The Pines (alt. 5,900 ft.) roughly 5 km. south-east by road of Nainital, near a small patch of Quercus lanata amidst Pinus roxburghii on the adjoining slopes, with Quercus floribunda higher up the hillside. (e) Maheshkhan Reserve Forest (alt. 7,200 ft.), a dense forest 17 kin. by road east of Nainital with Quercus floribunda and Q. leucotrlcho­ phDra as dominant species; Rhododendron arboreum Smith (Ericaceae) and Quercus lanata higher up. (d) Oagar Pass (alt. 7,700 ft.), above Maheshkhan Reserve Forest with widespread apple cu1tivation and grassy hillsides adjoining the forest. Very few specimens of hawkmoths were collected here. The absence of Lcmgla ze"zerDides Moore from this area is surprising. (e) Okhalkanda Forest Calt. 7,200 ft.). circa 60 km. by motor road east of Nainital, with Abies plndrow Royle (Pinaceae) and QueTcus florl­ bunda as dominant species. In the third regional belt, the following sites were visited : (1) KatarmaJ (alt. 4,200 ft.), 6 km. north west of Almora, at the Forest Rest House, which is surrounded by a small patch of Quercus leucotr;choph oro , with scattered Pinus roxburghii above and cultivation in the valley below. Only two specimens were collected here. One, a male Thamnoecha uniformis Rothschild & Jordan, was interesting while the seoond, TherelTa oldenlandiae Fabricius was expected. (2) Binsar Sanctuary (roughly alt. 7,700 ft.), 30 km. north of· Almora, a dense Quercus jloribunda, Q. leucotrichophora and Rhododen­ dron arboreum dominated forest, with Pinus roxburghii on the lower slopes. The absence of mirabilis Butler from this area is surprising.

(3) Jageshwar (approx. alt. 6,000 ft.), a temple town 34 km. north east of Atmora with a small patch of Cedrus deodara G. Don (Plnaceae) with Q. leucotrichophora and Pinus roxburghii on the higher slopes. There is cultivation further down the valley. (4) Kausani (alt. 5,250 ft.), 52. km. roughly north west of Almora, where no hawkmoths were recorded near the State Bungalow on June 17th, 1990, at a mercury vapour lamp. (5) Gan~i (alt. 3,200 ft.)~ 108 km, north west of Almora~ where 4 REC. ZQOL. SURV. INDIA, Occ. PAPER No. IS6 one Agrius convolvuli Linnaeus was collected. . In the main range, only one site was visited in Kumaon, that is, the village of Sarna (alt. approx. 6,500 ft.), approximately 35 km. north- _east of Bageshwar town, which is surrounded by a dense forest domina­ ted by Quercus florlbunda and Q. leucDtrichophora.

I collected a specimen of Acosmerxy naga Moore at Joshimath in N. Garhwal as weII as one Clanidopsis exusta Butler, one Eupanacra metalfica Butler and two specimens of Cechenena scotti Rothschild in ~uli forest above 10shimath on Aug. 17, 1992. Also three specimens of Rhopalopsyche nycleris Kollar at 13,200 feet e1evation in the Khiron valley north of loshimath, on the southern slope of Neelkanth (20,300 ft.). They were active in a fog that had sent even the bumble bees to seek shelter. In the present study, very little work has been carried out at low elevation in Kumaon. In order to compensate for this lacuna, species recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) and D'Abrera (1986) have been included.

BREEDING

Little emphasis was placed on breeding experiments. Notes Jiave been entered in cases where a particular foodp]ant was accepted or reject­ ed by larvae of a particular species, which modifies or adds to the literature on the subject, mainly work carried out by Bell & Scott (1937).

ATTRACTANTS

The main method of surveying populations was white mercury vapour lamps, of 160 watts at the main study site in Jones Estate and 12S watts intensity at the other locations. Experiments with blue ultra­ violet lamps and tubelights, in combination with a mercury vapour lamp at the main study site did not perceptibly improve attendence. When blue UV light was used without a mercury vapour lamp, numerous ~6 ,~.

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i

AREA OF STuny CRO SSHATCHED

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o ~ . .0. J' , . () 0.

s- • ~ s.._ ':21,DGO"orc km I~~ ~ I~OO 300 400 S~O km

f· .. 0 72° 76° 1ItJ0 IU" 8(}0 92 96-

Based upon Survey.of India Outline Map printed in 1987. The terntonal waters of India extend intO the sea to 8 distance of twelve nautical ,miles measured from the appropriate base line. ~asponsibility for correctnes& of internal detai" shown on the map rests with the publisher. © C Government 0 1 India copyright. 1987, SMET ACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon

beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were attracted and little else. Hence, a single mercury vapour lamp, reflected off a white sheet, appears to be the most effective attractant. Only two species of hawkmoths in this area appear to be occasio. nally attracted to over-ripe fruit, i.e. Anambulyx elwesi Druce and Ampelophaga rubiginosa Bremer & Grey. Specimens of Macroglossum Scopoli, Cephonodes HUbner, Gurelca Kirby, Hemaris Dalman and Rhopalopsyche Butler were collected at flowers during the day while some specimens of Nephele didyma Fab., 'f'heretra clotho Drury and oldenlandiae Fab. were taken at flowers of Bauhinia vareigala Linnaeus at dusk.

FLYING TIME

The period of emergence of hawkmoths from their pupae has been observed to be governed by the weather rather than dates. In the wake of a major forest fire in Jones Estate in May 1984 and the drought years of the latter part of the eighties, population levels of most species dropped. Some hawkmoths (Acherontia Laspeyres) have at times extended their pupation period to two years in captivity. A similar capability in other species, particularly those that prefer to emerge during the damp monsoon months, might account for the rapid re­ establishment of many species in the years of normal precipitation following the forest fire and drought years. During the hours of darkness, hawkmoths are active from dusk until about 10 p.m. at night, with only a few stragglers being attracted to the light after 11 p.m. The early hours of the morning witness a decline in activity although some species, such as Theretra griseomar­ ,inola Hampson, tend to appear between 11 p.m. and 2 a.m. and are possibly active mainly during this period.

DISTRIBUTION

Being strong fliers, hawkmoths are capable of travelling over large distances, possib1y in search of suitable breeding zones. Bell &, Scott 6 REe. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, Occ. PAPER No. 156

(1937) mention that European females of Argius convolvuli Linnaeus which manage to cross the English Channel are sterile, so they oannot reproduce in the British Isles, though the larval host plant occurs naturally there. This feature does not necessarily apply to all the rest of the family, although other migratory genera are subject to tbis constraint.

The hawk fauna of Kumaon possesses a generous sprinkling of cosmopolitan species. However, the majority consists of rather local' species, characteristic of the Indo-!vfalayan respresentation.

Hawkmoths are, for the major part, extremely selective in their choice of breeding zones. The important condition, in today's context, is an undisturbed breeding site. Bell & Scott (1937) note that many localised Indian species are restricted to regions of heavy rainfall". Extremely local species, such as Pseudodolbina fo Walker, Anambulyx elwesi Druce and Thamnoecha uniformis Butler indicate that they require uncommon breeding conditions and therefore, suitable breeding areas are restricted. Precise factors governing the distribution of such species have not been understood.

In this Jist, the recorded distribution of species globally has been excerpted from D'Abrera's Sphingidae Mundi (1986), while Bell & Scott's work (Fauna of British India series, , Vol. V, Sphingidae, 1937) has served as the major source for details of distribution within the Indian subcontinent. With reference to Kumaon, D' Abrera (per,. comm.) includes this area in the term "Northern India- and the reg~on west of a approximately 7soE longitude as -North-western India, while Bell & Scott refer to this area as the "Western Himalaya".

Unless otherwi~e mentioned, all specimens mentioned in tho systematic section have been recorded at -The Retreat" Jones Estate, near Bhimtal in Naintal district, U.P.

AH=Armin Hauenstein, Untermunkheim-Schonenberg, Germany. BM=British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, U. K. (The Natural History Museum). Coli. = Collection ().

FS=Fred Smetacek Sr. (late), Jones Estat~, llltimtal, U~ P., lndiat SMETACEK: The nawkmoths of Kumaon 7

H. = Armin Hauenstein, Untermunkbeim-Schonenberg, Germany. JMC= Dr. J. M. Cadiou, Saint Cloud, France. Ox. = Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Parks Road, Oxford, U. K. PS =Peter Smetacek, Jones Estate, Bhimtal, U. P., India.

KEY WORDS

Faunal Drift; Global Warming; Climatic Change; Himalaya; Afforestation; Lepidoptera; Sphingidae.

1. AcheroDtia lachesis Fabricius

1798. Sphinx lachesis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Supple : 434. 1882. Acherontia lachesis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon ii I 6.

Material examined: II exs.: 29.iv.84 PS; 6.ix.83 FS; S.ix.83 FS ; S.ix.81 FS ; 9.viii.83 FS ; 4.x.80 (~ ) FS (ColI. S); 13.vii.83 FS; 21.vi.82 FS; 13.vii.83 FS ; 7.vi.81 (~) AH; 14.vii.80 AH (ColI. H) Length of Forewing: 44-60 mm. Distribution: Throughout India, and Burma. To , the and S. Moluccas. Remarks: Occurs in several broods through the summer months.

2. Acherontia styX! Westwood

1848. Sphinx styx Westwood. Cab. Or. Ins.; 88, pl. 42. fig. 3. 1903. Acherontia styx, Roths. & Jord .• Rev. Sphing. : 23.

Material examined: 8 exs.: 18.ix.84 PS; S.ix.83 FS; 9.ix.73 FS ; S.vii.88 PS; 6.ix.73 FS ; 19.vii.88 PS (CoIl. S) ; 22.ix.86 (~)AH ; 28.v.90 Kilbury AH (ColI. H). Length of Forewing: 38-50 mm. Distributionl: Lower Mesopotamia, easteTn Arabia, throughout India, Sri Lanka to and (1) New Guinea. Remarks: Occurs in several broods through the summer montbs. 8 REC. zaOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

3. Agrius convolvuli Linnaeus 1758. Sphinx convolvuli Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. 10 : 490. 1819 (1816). Agrius convolvuli, Hubner, Verz. bekk. Schmett.: 137.

Material examined: 8 exs. : 24.vi.89 Ganai, Kumaon 3,200 ft. Harish Pangtey; S.xi.83 FS; 24.iii.82 ~S (CoILS.); 24.viii.80 AH ; 22.ix.86 AH; lO.v.S2 FS; 6.iv.82 ( ~ ) FS ; 24. viii. 80 ( i ) AH (Coll.H). Length of Forewing: 38-47 mm. Distribution: The Palearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical and Australian Regions. Occurs throughout the Indian sub-region, in both wet and dry areas, at all elevations up to 7,000 feet. Remarks-: Common in years of heavy rainfall.

4. Megacorma obJiqua Walker

1856. ,Macrosila ob/iqua Walker, List. Lp.p. Ins. B. M., vii : 208. 1903. Megacorma obliqua, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing.: 15.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: Northern India. Sri Lanka to the Bismarck Archi­ pelago. Remarks: D' Abrera (1986) includes Kumaon in "N. India.· This species probably occurs at low elevation in the Dun and Terai belt. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the western Himalaya.

S. MeganotoD analis Felder

1874. Sphinx analis Felder, Reise Novara, pl. 78. fig. 4. 1903. Meganoton ana/is, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 37.

Material examined: 2' exs. : 1.vii.90 PS ; 26.vi.90 PS (ColI. S). Length of FDrewifjg: 64 .. 73 mm. Distribution: India (W Bengal: Darjeeling; Megbalaya: Khasi Hills) ; Burma, , Peninsular Malaya to China (7 Korea, ? Japan), . SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 9

Remarks: This species appears to breed in the study area. It has also been recorded from Binsar (7,500 feet, 27.vii.). Appears to be restricted to dense broadleaf forests. A montane species. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the W. Himalaya.

6. MeganotoD rufescens Butler

1875. Diluda rUfescens Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond.: 260. 1903. Meganolon rufescens, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 37.

Material examined: Nil. Forewing Length: Not recorded. Distribution: North India, (U.P., Sikkim, W. Bengal, Andamans) (Sylhet), to the Philippines (Mindanao, Sulu Is.), China, Ceram, Ambon, New Guinea, Borneo, (N. Queensland). Remarks: Butler described the nominate sub-species from a speci­ men from uN. India". D' Ahrera (1986) includes N. India in its distri­ bution, although Bell & Scott (1937) do not record it. It is probably a rather local species occuring in bio-types which have not been compre­ hensively covered in this region, such as low elevation riverine and broad­ leaf deciduous bio-types.

7. menephroD Cramer

1780. Sphinx menephroll Cramer, Pap. Exot.~ 3 : 164. 1903. Psi/ogramma menephron, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. ; 43.

Material examined: 17 exs.: II.vii.83 FS; 10.vii.83 x 2 FS ; 27.viii.83 FS; IS.vii.83 FS i 26.iv.92 PS ; 21.vi.92 PS (Co!l.S); 6.viii. 80 AH; lO.vii.81 AH; lO.vii.83 FS; 14.vii.83 FS; 20.vi.82 FS, 19. vi.78 (~) AH; 6.vi.80 S. Ihle (~) ; l.vii.8S (~ ) FS ; l.ix.73 AH J 20. vii.77 ( S ) AH (ColI. H.). Length of Forewing: 47-66 mm. Distribution: ssp. menephron Cramer: Oriental Region, Austra­ lian Region except New Caledonia, throughout India; ssp. lifuense Roths­ child: New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. ; ssp. jordana Bethune-Baker: Fiji. Remarks: A variable and, at times, very common insect. Kitching HKl2 10 REe. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, Occ. PAPER No.1 56

(pers. ctlmm.). remarks that this and the next species are in need of taxo- nomIc. reVISIon..

8. Walker

1864. Anceryx increta Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M. 31 : 36. 1903. Psilogramma increta. Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : '43.

Material examined: 8 exs. : B.viii.83 PS; 21.vi.92 PS; 11.vii.83 PS; 14.vii.83 PS (CoILS); lO.vii.89 PS; 14.vii.83 FS; 9.iv.77 S. IhIe ; lO.vii.81 FS (ColI. H.). FDrewing Length: 39-46 mm. Distribution: China, Korea, Japan (D' Abrera 1986). Remarks: D' Abrera (1986) remarks that this is possibly only a strongly differentiated race of Cramer. Hampson (1892) includes this as a variety of "Pseudosphinx dlscistriga" Walker which included what is now Psi/ogramma menephron Cramer and several others. p. menephron and p. increta co-exist in the Bhimtal valley, although P. inerela is not common.

9. Pseudodolbin8 10 Walker 1856. Zoniliafo Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M. 8: 195. 1903. Pseudodo/binaJo, Roths. & Jord•• Rev. Sphing. : 100.

Material examined: 13 exs.: 30.vi.91 PS; 24.v.i.90 (~) PS; 17.vii.88 PS; 2.vii.86 PS ; (CoIl. S.); 14.vii.85 FS; 11.vii.78 AH; 16. vii.89 PS; 8.vii.89 PS; 26.vii.8S FS ; 24.vii.89 PS; 29.vii.86 ( ~ ) FS ; 26.vi.86 (~ ) FS (Coil. H.) 1897 Nainital 7,000 feet (Coli. Ox.). Length of Forewing: 22-32 Mm. Distribution: ssp. /0 Walker: India (Sikkim ; Megbalaya: Khasi Hills). ssp. celalor Rowan: India (Himachal Pradesh: Dharamsala, Simla; Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie), ? Remarks: D' Abrera (1986) mentions that ssp. celalor Rowan differs superficially from the nominate sub-species in the paler ground­ colour of the former. Jordan distinguished between tne two sub-species on the basis of the harpe bearing a ventral tooth close to the apex, of SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 11 variable size. In terms of D' Abrera's superficial distinction, specimens from Bhimtal seem to be closer to ssp. fOe A montane species.

10. Sphinx ligustri Linnaeus

1758. Sphinx ligustr" Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10 : 490.

Material examined: 1 ex. : 16.ix.80 ( ~ ) FS (Coli. J.M.C.). Forewing Length: 46 mm. Distribution: Europe, N. Africa, Azores, Canary Is. to Central Asia, N. China to Japan. Remarks: The single specimen from Jones Estate is unusual in that it has no pink flush on the hindwings. A new record for India. Certainly a straggler.

II. Thamnoecha oniformis Butler

187S. Hyloicus uniformis Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 261. 1903. Thamnoecha uniformis, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 153.

Material examined: 5 exs.: 2.vi.74 FS; 18.v.89 PS; S.vii.89 Katarmal PS (ColI. S.); 11.vi.75 W Thomas, 6.iv.82 ( ~) FS (ColI. H.). Length of FDrewing: 25-29 mm. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh : Simla). Remarks: The single male from Katarmal is more heavily marked than specimens from Bhimtal (Jones Estate). The larval foodplant is Chit Pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.). Kitching (pers. comm.) notes that there is a specimen from Bhimtal in the collections of the British Museum (N.H.), London. A montane species.

12. Dolbin8 inexacta Walker

1856. Macrosila inexacta Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M. 8: 108. 1903. Dolbina inexQcta, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 160.

Material examined: 20 exs.: 13.vi.90 Binsar PS x2 j 19.iii.91 PS ; 23.vi.90 FS; 14.vii.90 PS; 10.vii.90 PS; 31.iii.91 PS; 18.iii.91 FS ; ~.iv.91 FS i 26.iv.92 PS; 16.vi.90. Sama PS; (CoIl.S) 13.viii,87 FS I 12 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, Oce. PAPER No. 15,6

8.vH.87 FS; IO.vii.86 AH x2; 30.v.90 AH; IS.v.90 ( ~ ) AH (Coll.H.); IS.vii.90 PS; 17.vii.90 PS (Coli. B.M.) 11.vi.91 PS (Col1. J.M.C.). Length of Forewing: 32-38 mm.

Distribution: India (Karnataka : Kanara j Uttar Pradesh! Mussoo­ rie; Sikkim; Meghalaya), '1 Burma. Remarks: Bred on glandulifera Wallich (). Common in years of heavy rainfall. Bell & Scott (1937) note that it occurs in China.

13. Amplypteros psnopos Cramer 1779. Sphinx panopus Cramer, Pap. Exot., 8 : SO, pl. 224. figs. A, B. (1819) 1816. Amplypterus panopus, Hubner, Verz. Bekk. Schmett. : 137.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing; Not measured. Distribution: Throughout India, including the Andamans and 7 Nicobars, China, Sundaland, Philippines and Sulawesi. Remarks: Not recorded in the hills of the study area. Probably occurs at low elevation where its larval foodplant, Magnifera ll., is plentiful. Mangl/era L. (Mango) also occurs in the hills of the study area.

14. AmbulY:I sericeipenms Butler 187S. Ambulyx sericeipennis Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. s 2S2.

Material examined: 17 exs.: 23. vi.90 PS; 27. v. 74 FS; 14.vii. 74 FS; IO.iv.7S FS; IS.vi.7S FS; 3.vii.90 PS; 1.vii.83 FS; 22.vi.92 PS (Coli. S.); 29.vi.79 AH; IO.iv.82 FS ; 4.vi.82 FS; 12.iv.76 AH; IO.iv. 81 AH; 6.viii.80 AH; 13.vii.89 PS; 22.v.90 AH (ColI. H.) ; 26.vii.90 PS (ColI. B.M.). Length D/ Forewing: 45-S1 mm, Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Himachal Pra. desh : Sabatu, Simla; Sikkim; Megbalaya), Nepal, Burma to Japan, Java, ? Bali, ? Lombok, Philippines. SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 13

Remarks: The most frequently met Ambulyx in Jones Estate. A variable insect, easily confused with the next.

IS. Ambulyx placida Moore 1888. Ambulyx placida Moore, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. : 390.

Material examined: 4 exs.: IS.vi.74 FS ; 18.vii.90 PS; (Coli. S.) ; 14.vii.83 FS (ColI. H.); 12. vi. 76 0' FS (Coll. I.M.C.). Length of Forewing: 45-51 mm. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh : Solon, Sabatu.). Remarks: Kumaon is probably the eastern limit of this species. Specimens from Nepal east to Taiwan have been assigned to Ambulyx semiplacida Inoue by Cadiou & Kitching (1990).

16. Ambuly~ maculifera Walker Ambulyx maculi/era Walker, List Lep. Ins. B.M. 35: 18S.

Material examined: 7 exs.: 29.v.7S FS; 26.vii.89 PS; 1.viii.89 PS; 4.viii.89 PS; (ColI. S.); lS.vii.89 PS ; 22.ix.86 AH ; 8.vi.81 AH (Coli. H.). Length of Forewing: 44-56 mm. Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh ?, W. Bengal: Darjeeling; Sikkim), Nepal. Remarks: A variable species. The preferred habitat appears to be montane, with heavy rainfall. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the western Himalaya.

17 . Ambuly~ liturata Butler

1875. Ambulyx lilurata Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 250.

Material examined: 7 exs.: 22.vii.88 PS; 27.vii.89 PS; 9.ix.83 FS (Coil. S.) : 21.iii.76 AH; 9.iv.81 AH ; 1.iv.83 FS; 7.iv.82 FS (Coli. H.). Length Df Forewing: 48-58 mm, 14 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, Oce. PAPER No. 156

Distribution: Sri Lanka, India (W. Bengal : Darjeeling; Megha­ laya) to China and the Philippines. Remarks: A rare insect. Ova were taken from a female in early June which did not take any of the over twenty plant species offered to them, which included probably all local members of families such as Fagaceae, on which Bell & Scott (1937) note this moth has been bred in S. China. A new record for Kumaon.

18. AmbDly~ ochracea Butler 1885. Ambulyx ochracea Butler, Cistula Ent. 3: 113.

Material examined: 6 exs.: 30.iv.74 FS ; 4.v.7S FS ; 26.vi.92 PS (ColI. S.); 22.vi.82 FS; lO.vi.82 FS; 16.vii.90 Sama PS (Coli. H.). Length of Forewing: 42-49 Mm. Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh; Sikkim (7), Meghalaya) to Japan, Nepal. Remarks: An uncommon species, record from Sarna and Jones Estate. Apparently a montane species. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

19. Ambulyx sobstrigilis Westwood

1848. Sphinx (Ambulyx) substrigilis Westwood. Cab. Or. Ent. : 61. pl. 30. dis. 2. 1856. Ambulyx Sllbstrigi/is. Walker. Li$t Lep. Ins. B. M. 8 : 122.

Material examined: 6 exs. : 3.ix.71 FS; 2.iv.7S FS; 10.viii.88 PS ; 9.vii.91 PS (Coil. S.) ; 13.iv.81 AH ; 22.iii.76 AH (Coli. H.). Length of Forewing: 47-57 mm. Distribution: Sri Lanka, India (Karnataka : N. Kanara ; Anda.· mans; ? Nicobars ; W. Bengal), Bangladesh (Sylhet) to Halnan. Remarks: Rare in the Bhimtal valley, probably straggling up from lower elevation. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya. SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 1~

20. Clanis phalaris Cramer

1777. Sphinx pha/aris Cramer, Pap. Exot. 2: 83, pI. 144. fig. A. 1903. Clanis phalar;s, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Spiting. : 217.

Material examined: Specimen not examined.

Length of Forewing: Not measur~d. Distribution: India (Karnataka: N. Kanara; Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh: ~how; "Coromandel" ; Sikkim ; Andamans, Nico­ bars.), Sri Lanka, Nepal.

Remarks: J. ivI. Cadiou (pers. comm.) notes that he has a speci­ men collected in Jones Estate. Probably a straggler from lower eleva­ tion. Not recorded by Bell & Scott from the Western Himalaya.

21. Clanis deucalion Walker

18S6. Basiana deucalion Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M. 8 : 237. 1881. C/anis deucalion, Butler, II/us. Typ. Spec. Lep. Hel. B. M.: 15, pI. 81.

Material examined: 4 exs. : 27.vii.72 Nainital FS (CoIl. S.); 13. vii.87 FS ; 1.vii.79 AH; 2S.v.90. Kilbury AH (CoIl. H.). Length of Forewing: 52-54 mm. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh: Simla; Uttar Pradesh : Mussoorie ; Gujarat : Dangs.), W. Nepal. Remarks: A rare species in Jones Estate. Occurs in Himalayan (Quercus incana (=leucotrichophora) and Q. jloribunda forests. The record from the Dangs by Schull and Nadkerney (1964) in Gujarat is unusual.

22. Clanis bilineata Walker

1866. Basiana bilineata Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M. 35: 1857. 1881. Clanis bilineata, Butler, II/us. Typ. Spec. Lep. Het. B. M.: 14, pl. 81, 6g.4.

Material examined: 3 exs. : 6 vii. 74 FS (Coli. S.) ; 17.viii. 79 AH (Coli. H.) ; July 1907 Pilcher coli. (ColI. Ox.). 16 REe. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER NO. 156

Length of Forewing: S 1 mm. Distribution: India (Karnataka: N. Kanara; Uttar Pradesh; W. Bengal) to China, Korea, Japan, Sumatra, Borneo, Peninsular Malaya. Remarks: Appears sporadically. Also recorded from Kilbury on May 25. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Hima­ laya.

23. Clanis titaD Rothschild and Jordan

1903. C/anis titan Roths, & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 218.

Material examined: 1 ex.: 30. vii.83 male FS (Co]l. JMC). Length of Forewing: 73 mm. Distribution: India (Karnataka: N. Kanara; Uttar Pradesh; Sikkim; Meghalaya), Nepal, Burma to Sumatra. Remarks: A single specimen known from Jones Estate, which was probably a straggler from lower elevation. Generally a rare species. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

24. Leocophlebia lineata Westwood

1848. lineata Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. : 46. pl. 22, fig. 2.

Material examined: 6 exs.: 19.vi.90 Jageshwar PS x 6 (Coli. S.= 2 exs. ; Coli. H. = 4 exs.). Length of Forewing: 29-30 mm. Distribution: Throughout India; the entire Oriental RegioD. Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate. Although this and the following species appear to be low elevation species, the cultivation of one of their larval host plants Saccharum around Jageshwar might account for their appearance at an elevation of approximately 6,000 feet.

25. Leucopblebia emitteDs Walker

1866. Leucophlebla emittens Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M. 35 : 1858. SMErACEK : The hawkmoths of Kumaori 17

Material examined: 1 ex. : 19.vi.90 Jageshwar PS (Coil. S.). Length of Forewing; 29 nun. DistributiDn: India (Uttar Pradesh: Almora; Maharashtra: Belgaum; Karnataka: N. Kanara; Madhya Pradesh: Mhow; Sikkim.), Sri Lanka, Burma. Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate. Butler ,(181S) recorded it from Almora, along with Agnosia orneus (Butler 1881), which has not been recorded from Jones Estate either.

26. Polyptychus trHineatus Moore 1888. Polyptychus tri/ineatus Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 390. Material examined: 17 exs,: 16.viii.7S FS; lS.viii.70 FS; 9.ix.83 FS; 9.iv.83 FS; 10.vii.83 FS; 30.vi.90 PS; (Coli. S.); 30.vi.76 AH: 23.vi.78 AH; 14.vii.83 FS; IS.vi.8S FS; 23.vi.87 FS ; 27.vi.87 FS; 21. v.81 AH; 3.ix.81 (~) FS; 4.ix.81 (~) AH; 3.ix.81 (~ ) AH (Coll.H.); 13.v.91 PS (ColI. J.M.C.). , Length of FDrewing: 43 - SO mm. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh: Dharmsala; Uttar Pradesh: Debra Dun; Karnataka: Karwar; Sikkim, Megbalaya.), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, Sumatra,? China,? Peninsular Malaya. Remarks: An uncommon insect which mimics a dry, curled leaf when at rest. D' Abrera (1986) does not recognise ssp. undatus Roths. & Jord. as distinct from the nominate sub-species.

27. Maromba cristata Butler

1875. Triptogon cristata Butler. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 253. 1903. cristata, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 272. Material examined: 21 exs.: 26.vi.76 FS; 13.vii.74 FS; 7.vii.83' PS; 4.viii.83 FS; 9.vii.83 FS; 1.vii.83 FS; 13.vi.83 FS; ·4.vii.9~ PS x 2 exs. ; 22.vi.92 PS ; 19.vi.90 Jageshwar PS; 16.vi.90 Sarna ~PS; (ColI. s.)~; 28.vi.78 FS; 12.vii.83 FS; 23.vi~.8S FS; 23.vi.78 AHt 4.vii.80 AH; 24.vi.78 FS; 3.vii.80 (~) S. Ihle ;i: 12.vii.83 (~) FS j (CoIl. H.); 4.vii.91 PS (ColI Ox.). BI

Length of Forewing: 46 - 56 mm. Distribution: India (W. Bengal: Darjeeling) to W. China, Taiwan, Peninsular Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo,? Java, 7 Palawan. Remarks : A well established, common insect throughout Kumaon. The western limit of the range requires clarification. In the event tbat it is as well established at Mussoorie, Garhwal, it has evidently moved into the area recently, after Bell & Scott (1937) had compile~ their data from there.

28. Marumba speetabilis.Butler 187S. Triptogon spectobills Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 256. 1903. Morumba spectabilis. Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 273.

Material examined: 2 exs. : 7.vii.83 PS ; 4.vii.91 PS (Coli. S.). Length of Ferewing: 42- 49 mm. Distribution: India ['tNorthern India" (D'Abrera (1986); W. Bengal: Darjeeling; Megbalaya] Nepal, Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo. Remarks: Appears infrequently. Only recorded from Jones ~~tate, although it probably occurs in other areas with heavy rainfa~.. iSngle annual brood. Not recorded from the Western Himalaya, b", Bell & Scott (1937).

29. Marumba:dyras Walker 18S6, Smerinthus dyras Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M. 8: 250. 1903. , Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sph,'ng. : 274.

Material ex amined : 14 exs. : 21. vii. 91 PS; 4. vii.91 PS ; 8. vii.90 PS J 28.vi.83 FS; IS.vii.83 FS; 12.vii.83 FS (Coll. S.); S.vii.81 FS; 7.vii. 85 FS; ··20.vi.83 FS; 5.vi.82 FS; 6.vi. 82 FS; 8.vi.84 ( i.) FS; IS.vii. 8~( ~ ) FS; 25.vi. 76 AH (CoIl. H.). Length of Forewing: 44 - 5S mm.

Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie ; Gujara~ : Dangs; Karnataka: N. Kanara ; Meghalaya J Maharashtra; Anda- SMETACEK: !J'he hawkmoths of Kumaon 19

mans), Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma to China, Java, Sumatra, the Philippi.. nes, T animbar Is. .

Remarks: A fairly common insect during the monSOOD.

30. Marumba sperchios Menetries

187S. Trlptogon albicans Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 254. 1903. , Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 28t. Material examined: 13 exs.: 13.vii.83 PS; lS.vii.88 PS ,. 24.vl. 92 PS; 13.vii.90 PS x 2 exs. ; (Coli. S.) ; 19.vi.83 FS; 4.vii.84 AH ; 14.vii.8S FS; 16.vii.83 FS; 8.vii.87 FS; 7.vi.83 (~) FS; 9.vi:82 (~) FS (CoIl. H.); 4.vii.91 PS (ColI. J.M.C.). Length of Forewing: 46-66 mm. Distribution: Japan, Riu Kiu Is., China, B. Siberia, India (Utta.r Pradesh: Mussoorie; Megbalaya) Nepal, Taiwan, Sumatra. Remarks: The western subspecies alhieans Butler occurs in Jones Estate.

31. LaDgia zenzeroides Moore

1872. zenzeroides Moore, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. Lond. : S67. Material examined: 2 exs.: 23.iii.74 FS,; (CoIl. S.); 22.iii.7 ( ~ ) FS (Col1. H.). Length of Forewing: 72 mm. Distrib::tian: India (Himachal Pradesh: Kotgurh, Simla ; Sikkim ; Megbalaya.), Nepal, China, Taiwan, Japan. Remarks: Is probably well established at higher elevation, in apple orchards. Both these specimens were taken at MV light, although Bell & Scott (1937) Dote that it does not come to light or flowers. The two specimens seem to agree better with the Japanese sub-species nawai Roths. &, lord, than with the nominate sub-species known to occur here, 20 REe. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156·

32. Clanidopsis eXDsfa Butler 187S. Basiana exusta Butler, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. Lond. : 252. 1903. C!anidopsis exusta, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 294. Material examined: 22 exs.: 8.vii.74 FS; 17.vii.88 PS; 1.vii.90 PS; IS.vii.90 PS x2 exs.; 4.vii.90 PS; 17.vi.82 FS; 23.vi.92 PS ; 8.viii.S2 FS; 19.vi.90 Jageshwar PS J 13.vi".90 Binsar PS; 21.vii.91 PS ; 10.vii.91 PS x 2 exs. ; (Coli. S.) ; 27.vii.82 FS; 24.viii.80 AH; 7. vi.84 FS ; 27.viii.87 FS ; 28.vi.83 FS ; 13.vi.8S ( ~ ) FS ; 24.viii.80 ( ~) AH ; 3.vii.76 AH (Colt H.).

Length of Forewing: 35-42 lDlD. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh: Kunawar, Solan, Kulu, Cbamba, Simla J Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie.). Remarks: Common in dense forest. Apparently a very loca . specIes.•

33. Agnosia omens Westwood 1848. Sphinx orneus Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent.: 13, pl. 16, fil.2. 1903. Agnosia orne us, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 2 295. Material examined: 2 exs.: July, 1902 Almora, Kumaon (Type specimens for Clanis pudorina Butler) (Coli. Ox.). Length of Forewing: 24 ... 2S Mm. Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh : Almora ; -Central Indian ; Karnataka : N. Kanara), Sri Lanka. Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate although the larval hostplant, Grewla asiatica (1'iliaceae) occurs here. A rare and local splecies.

34. Parom porphyria Butler 1877. Daphnusa porphyria Butler, Trans. Zoo!. Soc. Lond. 9: 640. 1903. Parum porphyria. Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 297, Material examined: Nil, SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaen 21 Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: India [W. Bengal: Darjeeling; Sikkim; Megba­ laya ? ; "Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986J, Nepal 1

Remarks: Included here on the basis of D' Abr~ra '8 (1986) note that it occurs in Northern India.

35· Cypa decolor Walker 1856. Smerinthus decolor. Walker, List. Lep. In,. B. M. 8 : 2S5. 1886. Cypa decolor, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 4: 97. Material examined: 15 exs.: 17.v.90 PS; IS.vii.83 FS ; 27.viii. 83 FS I 14.vii.83 FS; 4.vii.91 PS; (CoIl. S.) ; 16.vi.82 FS; 22.vii.87 FS ; 17.v.79 AH ; 24.vi.81 AH; 14.vii.83 FS ; 7.vi.83 FS ; 21.vi.87 FS ; lS.v.90 ( ~ ) AH, 30.v.90 ( ~ ) AH (CoIl. H.) ; 21.vi~.91 PS (Coli. Ox.). Length of FDrewlng: 18-29 Mm. Dlstrlbutlo,,: India [We Bengal: Darjeeling; Sikkim; "Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986], Sri Lanka, China, Nepal, Sumatra, Borneo. New Guinea, Philippines. Remarks: A rather uncommon species. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

36. Cypa pallens Jordan

1926. Cypa decolor pal/ens JordaD, Novit. Zool. 33 : 380. 1931. Cypa pallens JordaD, Novlt. Zool. 37: 238-241. Material examined: 2 exs. : 30.viii.89 PS; 27. viii.83 FS (Coli. S.). Length of Forewing: 30 mm. Distribution: India (1 Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie ; Sikkim ; Megha­ laya ; Assam: Silchar.), Sumatra, 7 Peninsular Malaya. Remarks: Specimens from Jones Estate have a cinnamon ground­ colour, matching Bell & Scott's (1937) description but quite unlike D' Abrera's (1986) depiction. Jordan's (1926) type-specimen for "Cypa dlcolm pallens" = Cypa pal Ie", came from "Masurj" tMussoorie) in Uttar 22 REe. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. lS6 Pradesh, but D' Abrera gives the locality of the nominate sub-species of C. pallens as? Peninsular Malaya.

37. Smerintbolus perversa Rothschild

1894. Cypa perversa Rothschild, Novit. Zool. 1 : 70, pl. vii. 1903. Smerinthulus perversa, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 300. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured.

Distribution: India [-Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986) j Sikkim ; Megbalaya ;] Burma.

Remarks: There appear to be no records from Jones Estat~J although specimens may have been taken over the years. No~ recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

38. CallambulyXi poecilas Rothschild

1898. Amhulyx poecilus Rothschild, Novit. Zool. S : 604. 1903. Cal/amhulyx poeci/us. Roths & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 310 pI. 1. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: N. (Murree) , India (MeghaJaya: Khasi Hills) to Burma, Malaya, Sumatra and Taiwan. Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate. Probably occurs at higher elevation.

39. Callambulyx rubricosa Walker

1856. Ambulyx ruhricosa Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M. 8: 122. 1903. Callambulyx rubricosa, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 309. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. DlstrlbutlDn: India: [-Northern India" CD' Abrera 1986).; Sikkim I "Assam"] ; to and Borneo, SMETACitK:: The hawkmoths of Kumaon

Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate. D' Abrera (pers. comm.) notes that this species ought to occur in Kumaon.

40. ADamhulyXl elwesi Druce 1882. Ambulyx elwesi Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. 19: 17. 1903. Anambulyx eiwesi, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 312. Material examined: 14 exs.: 6.vi.74 FS; lS.vii.88 PS; IO.vii. 89 PS; 30 vi. 90 PS ; 22.vi.92 PS ; 2S.vi.92 PS (ColI. S.) ; l.vii.79 AH ; 4.ix.81 FS; 8.vi.84 ( ~) FS; (ColI. H.); 16.vi.91 PS; 21.vii. 91 PS ; 3.vii.91 PS; II.vi.91 PS (CoU. J.M.C.). Length of Forewing: 41-49 mm. Distribution: India ["Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986) ; W. Bengal: Darjeeling; Sikkim; Meghalaya], ? Nepal.

Remarks: Not recorded from Mussoorie by Bell & Scott (1937). This hawkmoth is also attracted to over-ripe fruit. Appears to be well established in Jones Estate, but not recorded from other locations.

Subfamily MACROGLOSSINAE

41. Hemaris saoDdersi Walker

1856. Sesia saunders; Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M. 8: 83.

1877. Hemaris saundersi, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc. Londl 9: 520. Material examined: 10 exs. 9.vi.72 Nainital FS ; 13.vi.90 PiparseIi Almora PS (Coli. S.); 6.v.80 AH; 7.v.80 AH; 17.v.79 AH; 10.v.8~ AH; 7.v.80 AH ; 7.v.80 (~) AH ; 3.v.80 ( ~) AH; lO.v.78 AH (ColI. H.). Length DJ Forewing: 22"'27 mm. Distribution: India (Kashmir: Gurias Valley; Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Sikkim; Himachal Pradesh; Meghalaya) Nepal, Bangla­ desh to Vietnam. 24 REC. ZOOL. SuaVe INDIA, Oce. PAPER NO. 15S Remarks: This moth is not as common as OephDnodes hylas L. in the Bhimtal Valley. It is uncertain whether this moth has a brood later in the summer as well. Fond of Lantana and Budd/eja L. flowers.

42. Hemaris fuciformis Linnaeus 1758. Sphinx fuci/ormis Linnaeu9, Syst. Nat. 10: 493. 1892. Hemaris fuciformis, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Sere Moths. 1: 119. Material examined: Nil Length oj Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: India (Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh: Kangra), Britain to Korea, Eastern Siberia, China, Algeria, Morocco. Remarks: Not recorded from Kumaon so far. Probably occurs in the dry inner ranges.

43. CephoDodes hylas Linnaeus 1771. Sphinx hylas Linnaeus, Mant. Plant. : 539. 1882. Cephonodes hylas, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 2: 31, pl. 43, fig. 4. Material examined: 12 exs. : 22.v.81 FS; 16.v.81 FS; 2S.iii.89 PS ; 31.iii.91 PS (Coli. S.); 14.iii.8l AH; 13.iii.81 AH; 9.iv.78 AH; 30.iv.80 AH; 27.vi.81 FS; lS.iv.78 (~) AH; 9.iv.81 t i) AH; 24.iii.81 (~ ) AH (Call. H.). Length of Forewing: 23-30 mm. DlstributiDn: Throughout India, Sri Lanka to Japan to Australia. Also in the Afrotropical Region. Remarks: More common than the last species. Fond of Lanltmll L. and Budd/eja L. flowers. 44. CepboDodes piCDS Cramer 1777. Sphinx picus Cramer, Pap. Exot.. 3: 38, pl. 148, fig. B. 1903. Cephonodes picus. Roths. & Jord.• Rev. Sphing. : 469. Material examined: 1 ex. : 24.iii.81 AH (Coli. H.). Length of Forewing: 29 mm. SMETACEK: The hawkmothl of Kumaon 25

Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Tamil Nadu: Nilgiris; Madhya Pradesh: Mhow; Maharashtra: Bombay, Pune.)~ Pakistan, Bangladesh to China to Australia and the Marshall Is. Remarks: Not as frequently met with as the last species.

45. Sataspes scotti Jordan 1926. Sataspes scotti Jordan, Nov;t. Zool. 33: 381. Material examined: Nil. Forewing Length: Not measured. DlstributiDn: India (Uttar Pradesh : Dehra Dun.) Remarks: Not recorded from the Bhimtal area. Probably occurs in the Terai belt at lower elevation.

46. DaphDis nerii Linnaeus 1758. Sphinx ner;; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10: 490. 18S7. ner;;, Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. E.I.C., 1 : 272, pl. x. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: Throughout India, Sri Lanka, Britain through France to Saudi Arabia, Pakistan to Sumatra, , the Afrotropical Regi.n. Remarks: Appears to be restricted to low elevation. I have unconfirmed reports that it is not rare in the Terai belt. Not recorded so far from BhimtaJ, although its larval foodplants. Ne,ium, Vinca, etc. thrive.

47. Dapbnis hypothoos Cramer

1780. Sphinx hypothous Cramer, Pap. Exot., 3 : 165, pl. 285, fig. d. 1882. , Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 2 : 15, pl. 83. Material examined: 2 exs.: S.iv.73 FS; 17.vi.74 FS (CoIl. S.).

Length of Forewing: 41·47 DllD. HKl4 26 REC. ZOOL. SORv. INDIA, Oec. PAPER No.. 15.6,

Distribution: India (Sikkim; Assam: Sibsagar; W. Bengal: Calcutta; Andamans), Bhutan, China to Australia (Queensland) and the Solomons. Remarks: Not recorded since 1974. Probably a low elevation species which strays up occasionally. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

48. Dabira rubiginosa Moore 1888. Dahira rubiginos" Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 391. Material Examined: 5 exs. : 7.iv.7S FS; 19.iv.83 PS (Coli. S.) ; 23.iv.79 AH; 19.iv.79 AH ; 2S.iv.79 S. Ihle (Coil. H.). Length of Forewing: 33-39 mm. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh: Mandi.), South China, Japan. Remarks: A single annual brood, usually emerging rather early in the season. Not a common insect.

49. Ampelopbaga rubiginosa Bremer & Grey

1852. Ampeiophaga rubiginosa Bremer & Grey J in Moutsbcoulsky# Etudes ent. 1: 61. Material examined: 11 exs.: 26.vi.83 PS; 28.vi.81 FS (Coli. S.) ; 7.vi.82 FS; l.vii.83 FS; 2.vi.84 FS; 1.vi.84 FS I 27.vi.87 FS, 8.vii.S7 FS ; 26.vi.80 AH; 2.v.79 AH; 24.vi.79 AH (Co]l. H.). Length of Forewing: 35-42 Mm. Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Himachal Pradesh: Simla, Kulu, Dharmsala, Bukleh; MeghaJaya; Assam: Margherita), China, E. Siberia, Japan. Remarks: The subspecies /asciosa Moore occurs in Kumaon. Is attracted to over... ripe fruit. A rather common insect during the monsoon. SMETACEK : rrhe hawkmoths 0/ Kumaon 27

SO. Ampelopbaga kbasian8 Rothschild

189S. Ampelophaga khasiana Rothschild, Novit. Zool. 2 : 482. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. DlltributlDn: India ["Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986) Megha­ lay a ; Sikkim.] to China and Peninsular Malaya. Remarks: The larval foodpJant, 8aurauja nepaulensis DC,oocurs in Kumaon, throughout the hills between 3.000 and 6,000 feet. This moth has probably been overlooked, mistaken for the very similar AmpelDphaga rubiginosa /asciosa Moore.

5 1. Elibia dolichos Westwood

1848. Sphinx (Chaerocampa) dolichus Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. : 61, pl. 30.

1892. Elibia dolichus, HampsoD1 Faun. Brit. Ind., Moths, 1 : 100. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: India ["Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986) ; Sikkim ; Megbalaya: Khasi Hills.], Bhutan to Java and Palawan. Remarks: This is a low elevation species, ascending to 4,000 feet in Sikkim and Bhutan. It probably occurs in the Terai belt bordering the foothills. Not recorded from Jones Estate.

52. Acosmerycoides leococraspis Hampson 1910. Acosmerycoides leucocraspis HampsoD, Jou. B. N. H. S. 20: 88. Material examined: Nil. Length DJ Forewing: Not measured. DistrlbutiDn: India ["Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986); Assam: Dibrugarh.] to Vietnam, Taiwan.

Remarks : D'-~prera (pers. comm.) observes t~a~ Kumaon is well within the area denoted-by the term "Northern India". This species has.no~ ~n re90rded from lones :astate. Probably a low elevation species, 28 REC. ZCXJL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

53. Acosmeryx Daga Moore 18S7. Philampelus naga Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C., 1: 271. 1887. Acosmeryx naga, Cotes & Swinhoe, Cat. Mo. Ind., 1 : 9. Material examined: 12 exs.: 17.iii.91 PS ; 17.iii.83 PS; 26.iv.92 PS. ; 22.iv.91 PS; 17.vii.90 PS; lS.vii.90 PS (CoIl.S.) ; 20.vii.76 AH; 22.v.90 Maheskhan AH; 31.v.90 Kibury AH; 20.vii.85 FS; S.vii.83 FS ; 3.v.83 FS (Coli. H.). Length of Forewing: 45-47 mm. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh: Simla; Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Sikkim; W. Bengal: Darjeeling; Meghalaya: Khasi Hil1s), China and Japan. Remarks: Common throughout the hills in forests above 3.000 feet. The moth is attracted to light, contrary to Bell and Scott's (1937) observation.

54. Acosmeryx aDceus Stoll

1781. Sphinx onceus Stoll, in Cramer, Pap. Exot. 4: 124. 1887. Acosmeryx anceus, Cotes & SWinhoe. Cat. Mo. Ind., 1 : 8. Material examined: 18 exs. : 1.vii.90 PS; 2S.vi.90 PS; 27.vi.90 PS; 22.vi.8S PS; 24.vi.90 PS; 1.viii.92 PS; 3.vii.83 PS ; 9.ix.83 PS (ColI. S.); 8.viii.81 FS; 1.vii.82 FS; 24.viii.80 AH; 3.viii.89 FS J 19.vi.80 PS I II.viii.77 AH ; 5.vii.81 AH ; 4.viii.77 (~) AH; 30.v.90 ( ~) AH (Coil. H.); 16.viii.91 PS (Coli. J. M. C.). Length of Forewing: 32-36 Mm. Distribution: India ["Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986); Sikkim; W. Bengal; Karnataka: N. KanaraJ, Bhutan, Bangladesh, to the Philippines, Moluccas, New Guinea and Australia (Queensland). Remarks: The sub-species subdentQIQ Roths. & Jord. occurs in India. Two forms occur, one with a pinkish-cinnamon, and one with a browner ground colour. Appears to be generally a low elevation species, well established in the Bhimtal valley. Not recorded. by- Bell &. Scott (1937) from the Western Himalay~. SMErACEK: 'Ihe hawkmoths of KnmDon 29

S5. Acolmer~ sericeus Walker 1856. Philampelus sericeus Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., 8: 181. 1881. Acosmeryx sericeus, Butler, III. Typ. Spec. Lep. B. M., 2: 1. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: India [-Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986) ; Sikkim], Bhutan to the Philippines. Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate. Appears to a low elevation species.

56. Acosmeryx socrates Boisduval

1875. Acosmeryx socrates BoisduvaJ. Spec. Gen. Lep. 1: 219. Material examined: 5 exs. : 23.vi.90 PS; 19.vi.83 PS; 7.vi.92 PS : (Coil. S.) ; 7.iv.80 AH ; 24.vi.78 AH (CoIl. H.). Length of Forewing: 39-41 mm. Distribution: Sri Lanka, India (Karnataka: Kanaka; Sikkim) Bhutan, Bangledesh, Burma to Malaya and the Philippines. Remarks: 1)te form cinerea Butler (1875) has been recorded infrequently from Jones Estate. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

57. Acosmer~ omissa Rothschild & Jordan

1903. Acosmeryx omissa Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : S30. Material examined: 1 specimen, not seen. Length of Forewing: Not measured. DistributiDn: India (Sikkim); Bhutan;? Nepal. Rtma,ks: J. M. Cadiou (pe,s. comm.) notes that he obtained a specimen from Jones Estate, collected by FS. The presence of this species in Kumaon presupposed its presence in Nepal. Not recordQd b1 Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya, REC. zeOL, SURV. INDIA, OcC. PAPER No. lS6

58. Eopanaera metalliea Butler 1875. Panacra melattica Butler, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. Lond. : 6. 1989, Eupanacra melattica, Cadiou & Holloway Lamb. 89, 9·12: 139. Material examined: 7 exs.: 19.vi.90 Jageshwar PS; (Coil. S.) ; lO.ix.86 AH; 4.ix.81 AH; 17.ix.79 AH; 2.vii.82 FS (Coli. H.); 16.vi.90 Sarna PS x 2 exs. (Coli. B. M.). Length of Forewing: 28-30 em. Distribution: India (Himacbal Pradesh: Simla; Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Sikkim); Nepal, Bhutan, 7 Burma. Remarks: Gehlen (1930) described sub-species anfracta from the Simla population. The Sama (and Jones Estate) populations appear to be somewhat intermediate between ssp. anfracta Gehlen and the Dominate sub-species from Sikkim (Kitching, pers. comm.).

59. Eopanacra variolosa Walker 18S6. Panacra var;olosa Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., 8 : 156. 1989. Eupanacra variolosa, Cadiou & Holloway, Lamb. 9-12: 139. Material examined: 1 ex. : 20.iv.79 AH (CoIl. H.). Length B.f_Forewing: 27 mm. Distribution: India [MegbaJaya : Khasi Hills; "Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986)], Bangladesh (Sylbet), Nepal, Bhutan, to Borneo. Remarks: A rare-species. Not recorded by Bell &. Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya. 60. EopaDacra siDoata Rothschild & Jordan.

1903. Panacra sinuata, Roths. &. Jord., Rev. Sphing. ; 539, pI. 6, liS. 13. 1989. Eupanacra sinuata, Cadiou & Holloway, Lamb. 9-12: 139. Material examined: 3 exs. : July 83 FS; lO.x.74 FS (CoIl. S.); 24.viii. 80 S. Ihle (Coli. H.). Length Df Forewing: 29 mm. DlstrlbutlDn: India (Sikkim, MeghaJaya: Khasi HilIs)~? Nepal,? Burma, 7 Thailand, 7 lndo-Cbina. SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 31

Remarks: Little is known about this insect. Not as uncommon as the last species. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

61. Eopanacra radians Gehlen 1930. Panacra radians Gehlen, Ent. ZeUs. Frank/urt 44 : 174. 1989. Eupanacra radians, Cadiou & Holloway, Lamb. 9-12: 139. }4aterial examined: 2 exs.: 19.x.Sl FS x 2 exs. (ColI. H.). Length of Forewing: 27 mm. Distribution: Sumatra. 7 Java. Remarks: The two specimens have tentatively been placed as E. radians, pending genitalic confirmation. They could also be from an unusually late brood of E. sinuata, with slightly unusual markings. If these two specimens do turn out to be E. radians, it will be aO most unusual new record for India.

62. Eupanacra mydon Walker 1856. Panacra mydon Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M. 8: ISS. 1989. Eupanacra mydon, Cadiou & Holloway, Lamb. 9·12: 139. Material examined: 2S exs. : 20_vi.83 PS ; 2S.viii.84 PS ; 17.iv.91 PS; 31.vii.92 PS x 4 exs.; 1.viii.92 PS (CoIl. S.); S.vi.82 FS; l.viii.76 AH; 12.viii.76 AH; 20.vi.82 FS; 16.vi.83 FS; 2.vii.86 FS; IS.viii.76 AH; 9.vii.76 AH; 2S.iv.83. AH; 14.viii.Sl AH; 27. v.8t FS I 30.vii.80 AH (CoIl. H.); 4.viii.91 PS (Coli. Ox.); 19.vi.9t PS; 10.viii.91 PS; 15.viii.91 PS ; 8.ix.91 PS (Coil. J. M. C.). Length of forewing: 21-27 mm. Distribution: India (W. Bengal: Barrackpore), Bangladesh, Burma to Sundaland and the Philippines. Remarks: The most frequently met Eupanacra Cad. &. Holl. in Jones Estate. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya. 32 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 1~6

63. Eupanacra automedon Walker

1856. Panacra automedon, Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M. 8 : 154. 1989. Eupanacra automedon, Cadiou & Ho~loway, Lamb. 9-12: 139. Material examined: Nil. Length of forewing: Not measured. Distribution: India ["Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986) ; Sikkim; ? Assam], Burma to Sumatra, Nias, Java, Borneo, Bangladesh. Remarks: Appears to be a low elevation species, occuring in the Terai belt. Not recorded from Jones Estate.

64. AngonyXi testacea Walker

1856. Perigonia testacea Walker. List. Lep. Ins. B. M. 8: 102. 1882. Angonyx testacea, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 2 : 26 pl. 89, 6g. 1. Distribution: India ["Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986); Megba­ laya : Khasi Hills; Karnataka: N. Kanara], Sri Lanka to Sundaland, Tanimbar, New Guinea, Australia and the Solomon Is. Remarks: The species ascends to 6,000 feet in Kanara (Bell & Scott 1937). It has not been recorded from Kumaon but might occur at low elevation.

65. NepbeJe didyma Fabricius

1775. Sphinx didyma Fabricius, Syst. Ent.: 543. 1903. Nephe/e didyma, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing., : 554. Material examined: 2S exs.: 19.iii.76 AH; 20.vi.77 AH; 13.ix.77 AH; 20.iv.82 FS; 29.v.90 Kilbury AH; l.iv.83 FS; 9.iv.82 FS; l.v.Sl FS ; 3.iv.83 FS ; 31.iii.79 AH; 19.iii.76 AH (ColI. H.); 4.iv.91 PS; 19.iii.91 PS; 6.ix.83 PS; IS.vi.81 FS ; 23.iii.81 FS; 20.iv.83 PS; 6.iv.82 FS: 4. vi.84 PS; 7.viii.83 PS; l.iv.82 FS; 26.iv. 92 PS ; 10.iv.82 PS; 28.iii.82 FS; lO.iv.83 PS (CoIl. S.). Length of Forewing: 27-30 mm. Distribution: India [Maharashtra: Pune, Bombay, Satara; Sikkim ; Himachal Pradesh: Landour; ctCoromandel" (Cramer 1777) I SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 33

Madhya Pradesh: Mhow; Karnataka: N. Kanara; Andamans, Nicobars; Gujerat : Dangs]; Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Burma to Java. Remarks: A rather variable insect, with many grades between the extreme forms, hespera Fabricius and didyma Fabricius. Swarms around flowering trees of Bauhinia vareigata and at Quisqualis and Lonlcera at d us1<:.

66. Gurelca hyas Walker 18S6. Lophura hyas Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., 8 : 107. 1880. Gurelca hyas, Kirby, Proc. R. Dub. Soc., (2) ii : 330.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution : Throughout India to Sundaland, Philippines, Taiwan. Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate although it ascends to 5,000 feet in Sikkim and Bhutan (Dudgeon 1898).

67. Gurelca masurieusis Butler

I 87S. Lophura masuriensis Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 244" pl. 36. 1892. Gur~lca maruriensis, Swinhoe, Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. 1 : 8.

Material examined: 1 ex.: 1.vii.77 FS (ColI. S.) Length of Forewing: 20 mm.

Distribution: India [Himachal Pradesh: Simla, Bukloh i Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie ; Sikkim; "Assam" (D' Abrera 1986)J, Nepal, Burma. Remarks: Not frequently met with, although Bell & Scott (1937) observe that the larvae are fairly common.

68. Gurelca himacbala Kirby

1892. Gurelca himachala KirbYlI Cat. Lep. Het., 1 : 643.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing; Not measured. 8Kl S 34 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No~ 156

Distribution: India [Megbalaya: Khasi Hills; "North Western India" (D' Abrera 1986)] to China, Korea and Japan. Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate, nor from the Western Himalaya by Bell & Scott (1937).

69. Euryptery~ bbaga Moore 1865. Darapsa bhaga Moore, Proc, Zoo/. Soc. Lond. : 794. 1903. Eurypteryx bhaga, Roths, & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 594. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: India [Sikkim; Meghalaya: Shillong, Cherrapunji ; "Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986)], Bhutan to Sumatra, Nias. Remarks: Not recorded from Jones Estate, although it may occur at lower elevation or inhabitats not covered under the present study.

70. Hayesiana triopus Westwood 1848. Macrog/ossa triopus Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. : 14. 1986. Hayesiana triopus, D'Abrera, Sphing. Mundi: 154, pl. ISS. Material examined: 1 ex.: 12.x.78 AH (ColI. H.). Length of Forewing: 28 mm. Distribution:? Nepal, Bhutan, India (Sikkim ; Assam.),? Burma. Remarks: An unusual record. The appearance of this moth in Kumaon would confirm its presence in Nepal.

71. MacroglossDID bombylans Boisduval 187S. Macrog/ossa b,mby/ans Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. Het. 1 : 334. 1903. Macroglossum bomby/ans, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 632. Material examined: 7 exs.: 18. x.8S PS (Coli. S.) ; 12.x.78 AH; 17.iii.82 FS J 30.vi.81 AH i S.xii.88 PS i 23.iii.80 (~) AH; 29.iv.82 ( ~ ) FS (Coli. H.). Length of Forewing: 18-21 mm. SMETACRK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 35

Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh: Debra Dun; Sikkim.), Burma to China and Taiwan. Remarks: Several annual broods. A low to medium elevation species.

72. Macroglossum gyrans Walker 1856. Macroglossa gyrans Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., 8 : 91. 1903. Macroglossum gyrans. Roths. & Jord., Rer. Sphing. : 634. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: Pakistan, India (Maharashtra: Pune, Bombay; Madhya Pradesh: Mhow; Himachal Pradesh: Simla; Tamil Nadu: Madras; Assam: Silchar; Karnataka: N. Kanara.), Sri Lanka, Burma to Sundaland, 5umba, Leti and Kissar Is. (Timor Sea). Remarks: Not recorded from the present study area, although it ought to occur here.

73. Macroglossom belis Linnaeus

1758. Sphinx be/is LioDaeus, Syst. Nat. 10: 493. 1903. Macroglossum be/is, Roths, & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 637. Material Examined: 10 exs. : IS. vii.88 PS ; 28.ix.84 PS (CdII. S.) ; Il.vii.80 AH ; 26.vii.89 PS ; 29.vii.83 FS ; II.vi. 85 FS; IS.vi.82 FS; 3.x.81 AH; 24.viii.80 AH; 21.ix.83 FS (Coli. H.).

Length of Forewing: 25-27 mm. Distribution: Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India (Maharashtra : BeIgaum, Satara, Bombay ~ Karnataka: N. ~anara; Madbya Pradesh: Mbow; W. Bengal: Darjeeling; Sikkim ; Uttar Pradesh: Dehra Dun; Gujerat : Cutch; Assam: Silchar.) to China and Riu Kiu Is. Remarks: Bell & Scott (1937) note that they have bred this moth in Debra Dun up to an elevation of 3,000 feet. The moths recorded in the present study are from ca. 5-6,000· feet. They appear regularly, in small numbers, a~d the recorded larval foodplant, HamillDnia ~uaveolens Roxb. (), occurs in the area~ 36 REe. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, Oce. PAPER No. 156

74. Macroglossum saga Butler

1878. Macroglossa saga Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 14: 206. 1903. Macroglossum soga, Roths. &, lord., Rev. Sphing. : 653.

Material examined: 1 ex. : 20.xi.78 AH (Coli. H.), Length of Forewing: 27 mm. Distribution: India [Sikkim ; "Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986)] to China and Japan. Remarks: The single specimen is probably only a straggler from further east. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

75. Macroglossom pyrrhosticta Butler

1875. Macroglossa pyrrhosticta Butler. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 242. 1903. Macroglossum pyrrhosticta, Rotbs. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 641.

Material examiNed: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: India: "Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986); Sikkim; Assam: Silchar; Bhutan to Japan, Riu Kiu Is., Sundaland (to Lombok). Remarks: Dudgeon (1898) notes that this moth occurs between 2,000 to 5,000 feet. Not recorded from the Bhimtal Valley so far.

76. Macroglossum cory thus Walker 1856. Macroglossa cory thus Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., 8 : 92. 1903. Macroglossum cory thus ,Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphlng.: 641.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: Sri Lanka, Bhutan, India [CfNorthern India­ (0' Abrera 1986); Kamataka: Kanara; Assam: Silchar; Andamans.],

Bangladesh to Cocos & Keeling Is.~ Sundaland, Sulawesi, the PhilippinesI SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 31

Taiwan, China, Riu Kiu Is., New Guinea, Australia, Tanimbar, Duke of York Is., Solomon Is., New Caledonia and Lifu. Remarks: D' Abrera notes that the sub-species luteata Butler (1875) occurs in the Andamans and Northern India, while the sub­ species cory thus Walker 1856 occurs in S. India. Not recorded from the present study area. Dudgeon (1898) observed that it is a low elevation species, ascending to 2,000 feet.

77. Macroglossum aquila Boisduval 1875. Macrog/ossa aquila Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., t : 340. 1903. Macroglossum aquila, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing.: 657.

Distribution: India: "Northern India (0' Abrera 1986); Darjeeling: W. Bengal; Sikkim. To Sundaland and the Philippines.

Remarks: Bell & Scott (1937) observe that the species is rather rare. Not recorded from the study area.

78. Macroglossum hemichroma Butler 1875. Macroglossa hemiclzroma Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. : 243. 1903. Macroglossum hemichroma, Roths., & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 664.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: India: "Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986); Bangladesh: Sylhet; to Sundaland and the Philippines. Remarks: Not recorded from the study area. Bell & Scott observe that it is rather rare. Probably a low elevation species.

79. Rhopalopsyche nycteris Kollar

1848. Macroglossa nycteris Kollar, In Hiigel's Kaschmir iv : 458. 1877. Rhopalopsyche nycteris, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix : 523.

Material examined: 21 exs.: 3.xii.81 AH; 18.x.78 AH; 3.iii82 FS; lS.i.82 FS; 28.vii.78 AH; lS.xi.82 FS ; 22.x.78 AS ; 3.iii.82 FS; 7 ,viii. 82 FS; 2S.vii.87 PS Khiron Vly.~ Garhwal 4200 m. (ColI. H.) ; ~8 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

IS.i.89 PS; 23.ix.72 FS; 7.ix.88 PS; 19.xii.72 FS; 10.vi.84 PS; 5.i.82 FS; 27.vii.87 PS. Khiron Vly., Garhwal 4000 m.; 26.v.92 PS ; 4.iii.88 PS Okbalkanda j 14.vi.90 PS Binsar 2400m. x2; 31.iii.81 FS; (Call. S.). FDrewlng Length: 15-19 Mm. Distribution: Pakistan, India: Kashmir I Khasi Hills, Megbalaya ; Himachal Pradesh: Kulu; Sikkim. Bhutan, Bangladesh to Burma and China, Riu Kiu Islands, 7 Taiwan. Remarks: Appears to be the hawkmoth occuring at the highest elevation, where it is active even on overcast, foggy days, visiting tiny flowers belonging to Labiateae. On the wing throughout the year at lower elevation, around 1500 m.

80. Byles eophorbiae Linnaeus

1758. Sphinx euphorb;ae Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. x: 1 : 492. (1819) 1816. Hyles euphorbiae, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmell. 137.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: Algeria, Tunisia, Europe to Turkey; Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India: Ladakh, foot of Zoji La, Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh: Changla Gali, Sabathu. Remarks: Not recorded so far from Kumaon, although ssp. IJervola Roths. & Jord. (1903) probably occurs along the inner ranges.

81. Ryles gallii Rottemburg 1775. Sphinx gallii Rottemburg, Nalurf., Halle vii : 107. (1819) 1816. Hyles gallii, Hubner, Verz. Bek. Schmelt. 137. Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: Temperate Europe, Northern Turkey to Japan, Northern North America to Colorad"o and California. Nepal. India.: Kashmil': Gurais Valley 6000 feet; Bhutan: Ch"mbi valley 13,000 feet, SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 39

Remarks: Not recorded so far from KumaoD, but almost certainly occurs in the drier inner ranges. Ebert (1966) observes that these moths are not attracted to light.

82. Hyles oicaea De Prunner 1798. Sphinx n;caea De Prunner, Lep. Pedem. : 86. (1819) 1816. Hyles nicaeo, HUbner, Verz. Bekan. Schmett. 137.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: Southern Europe to Tibet, Algeria, Morocco. India: t'W Himalaya as far east as Nainital "(Bell & Scott 1937), U. P., Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir. Remarks: The sUb-species lathy rus Walker has been recorded from Nainital according to Bell & Scott (1937). Not recorded recently from several locations around Nainital. This species is probably established in the drier inner ranges and has shifted westward of Nainital, which is in the outermost hill range, during the last century.

83. Hyles livornica Esper 1779. Sphinx livornica Esper, Schmett., ii : 88. (1819) 1816. Hyles livornica, Habner, Verz. Bekann. Schmett. 137.

Material examined: 2 exs. : 25.iv.81 AH (Coll. H.); 16.iv.89 PS (ColI. S.)

Forewing Length: 34 mm. Distribution: The Afrotropical Region (excluding the equatorial forest belt of the Congo in W. Africa), Southern Europe to China, N. Africa, India: Maharasthra: Bombay; Madhya Pradesh: Mhow; W. Bengal: Calcutta. Pakistan. Remarks: Breeding status in Jones Estate uncertain. Appears sporadically. 40 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

84. DeiJepbiJa elpenor Linnaeus

1758. Sphinx elpenor Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. : x: i : 491.

1881. Dei/ephi/a elpenor # Butler, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. v : 613.

Material examined: Nil. Length of Forewing: Not measured. Distribution: Europe to Japan, India: Megbalaya: Shillong; "Northern India" (0' Abera 1986). Bangladesh. Remarks: The sub-species macromera Butler 1875 occurs in India. I am not certain that this species oocurs in Kumaon but have included it provisionally.

85. DeilepbiJa rivolaris Boisduval

187S. Chaerocampa rivularis Boisduval, Spec. Gen, Lep. i : 280. 1881. Deilephi/a rivularis , Butler, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.: 613.

Material examined: 9 exs. : 8.vii.80 AH; 2.vii.81 AH; 8.vii.78 AH (ColI. H.); 8.vii.77 FS; 3.vii.83 FS; 19.vi.90 PS Jagesb\\'ar x4 (ColI. S.). Forewing Length: 33-36 Mm. Distribution: Pakistan. India : Himachal Pradesh: Simla; Uttar­ Pradesh: MUssoorie; W. Bengal: Darjeeling; Sikkim. Remarks: Appears occasionally in Jones Estate. Abundant in Jageshwar, although this moth did not seem to be present in Sarna, Binsar, Maheshkhan and locations around Nainital.

86. eelerio Linnaeus

1758. Sphinx celerio Linoaeus, Sysl. Nal., x : 491. 1882. Hippotion celerio. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii : 16.

Material examined: 12 exs.: 7.iv.82 FS; 9.iv.85 FS; 28.iv.83 FS; 24.viii.80 AH ; 7.iv.82 FS; 9.iv.85 FS ; (ColI. H.): 23.vi.90 PS; 13.iv.91 PS x2; 20.iii.91 PS.; 2S.iv.82 FS; 9.iv.8S FS (Coil. S.). FtJrewing Length: 33 ... 36 mm. SMEtACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumao11, 41

Distribution: Moderate to high evevations throughout the Afro­ tropical, Oriental and Australian Regions (visitor to New Zealand), also Japan, 7 Korea and Southern Europe. India: Maharashtra: Pune, Bombay; Madhya Pradesh: Mhow; Gujerat : Kutch; Sikkim; Karnataka: Kanara. Remarks: Not recorded from other locations in Kumaon, probably due to the early appearance of the main brood, when observations were restricted to the main study area.

87. HippotioD rosetta Swinhoe 1892. Hippotion r05etta Swinhoe, Cat. Aust. Lep. Het. i: 16.

Material examined: 4 exs. : 26.vii.77 AH ; 2.vii.86 FS; 23.vi.79 AH; 31.iii.81 AH (ColI. H.). FDrelving Length: 23-26 nun. Distribution: Java, Sumatra, 7 Borneo, ? Peninsular Malaya. Remarks: May be distinguished from Hippotion boerhaviae: Fabricius 1775 by the comparitively uniform ground colour on the underside, whieh is "spotty" in H. boerhaviae Fab., and the shorter and fainter dark bars bordering the collection of medial lines on the upper side of the forewing, in specimens from Jones Estate.

88. HippotioD boerhaviae Fabricus 1775. Sphinx boerhaviae Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 542. 1903. Hippotion boerhaviae, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 756.

Material examined: 3 exs.: 6.vii.80 AH c ; 24.iv.85 FS ~ (Coli. H.) ; 7. viii.83 FS (Coll.S.). Forewing Length: 25-26 mm. Distribution: The Oriental Region, the Australian Region to the Solomon Is., New Caledonia (excluding New Zealand and Southern and Central Australia). India: Madhya Pradesh: Mhow; Gujerat: Kutch; Maharashtra; Pune; Bombay ; Sikkim; Karnataka: Kanara.

HKl6 42 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, Oce. PAPER No. Is6 Remarks: Appears sporadically in smaJl batches. More fre­ quently met than Hippotion rosetta Swinhoe.

89. Theretra nessus Drury 1773. Sphinx ness us Drury, II/us. Exot. Ins., ii : 46. 1882. Theretra nessus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i_ : 22. Material examined: 9 exs.: 14.iv.76 AH; 24.viii.80 AH; 17.vii.78 E. Bauer; 16.viii.80 AH; 3.vii.83 FS (CoIl. H.) I 22.vii.82 FS; 1. vii. 83 FS; 27.i~.83 FS; 26.ix.83 FS (CoIl. S.). FDrewing Length: SO-53 mm. Distribution: The Oriental Region, Australian Region to New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. and the Solomons. Aden. India: Karnataka: Kanara; Andamans; Maharashtra: BeIgaum ; Tamil Nadu: Madras; Sikkim; Gujerat: Dangs; Uttar Pradesh : Mussoorie. Remarks: This moth is a abundant in years of heavy rainfall.

90. Theretra boisduvali Bugnion

1839. Sphinx boisduvali Bugnion. Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr., viii: lIS. 1903. Theretra boisduvali, Roths. & Jord .• Rev. Sphing. 767.

Material examined: 2 exs.: 8. vil.S 7 FS (ColI. H.); 1 ex. data lost (Coli. S.). Forewing Length: 38 ... 4S mm. Distribution: Sri Lanka, westward to Turkey (as a straggler) and eastward to Sundaland. India: Maharashtra: Bombay; Gujerat: Dangs ; Uttar Pradesh : Mussoorie ; Megbalaya: Khasi Hills: Sikkim. Remarks: Never abundant. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

91. Theretra clotho Drury 1773. Sphinx clotho Drury, Illus. Exot. Ins., Ii : 48. 1903. Theretra clotho, Roths. & Jord •• Rev. Sphing.: 769. SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 43

Material examined: 10 exs.: 30.ix.SO AH; 24.ix.90 AH; 2.viii.80 AH; (ColI. H.); 24.vi. 92 PS; 30.vi.90 PS; 6.iv.91 PS ; 4.iv.91 PS ; 26.vi.90 PS ; 7.v.81 FS; (ColI. S.); 29.vi.90 PS (CoIl. B.M.); Forewing Length: 38-44 mm. Distribution: The Oriental Region to Australia. Solomon Is., Vanatu and Lifu. India: Tamil Nadu: Madras; W. Bengal; Sikkim; Maharashtra: Bombay, Belgaum; Andamans; Karnataka: Kanara ; Gujerat: Dangs; Uttar Pradesh: ~lussoorie. Remarks: The pale and dark (greenish) forms occur together. A common insect.

92. Theretra alecto Linnaeus 1758. Sphinx alec to Linoaeus, Syst. Nat. x: 492. 1898. Theretra alecto, Dudgeon, Journ. Bom. Nat. His. Soc. ix: 412.

Material examin~d : 11 exs. : 7. vi.81 AH; 25. vii.80 AH ; 25.ix.77 AH ; 24.viii.80 AH (Colt H.); 9.viii.83 FS; 30.viii.83 FS; 27.ix.83 FS; 13.iv.91 PS; 15.vii.89 PS ; S.ix.89 PS; 8.x.S3 FS (ColI. S.). Forewing Length: 38-45 mm. Distribution: Greece, Egypt to Taiwan. Kai and Tanimbar Is. Remarks: Pale and dark forms have been recorded. Generally a common insect.

93. Theretra Iycetus Cramer

177S. Sphinx lycetus Cramer, Pap. Exot. i: 96. 1898. Theretra lycetus. Dudgeon, JOIl. Bom. Nat. His. Soc., ix: 412.

Material examined: Nil. Distribution: Sri Lanka to Java. India: "Bengal"; "Coroman- del"; Sikkim; Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Gujerat: Dangs; Karnataka : Kanara. Remarks: Occurs in the area but appears to have been overlooked fUJlong Theretra Dldenlandiae Fab. 44 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

94. Theretra oldeDlaDdiae Fabricius 1775. Sphinx oldenlandiae Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 542. 1898. Theretra oldenlandiae, Dudgeon, Bourn. Bom. Nat. His. Soc., ix : 412.

Material examined: 13 exs.: 24.viii.80 AH x 6 (Coli. H.); 10.vii.90 PS; 14.vii.83 FS ; 24.v.81 FS ;. 2S.ix.83 FS , 31. vii. 92 PS; 16.viii.91 PS; 31.vii.92 PS (Coll. S.). Forewing Length: 28-33 mm. Distribution: The Oriental Region to New Guinea. India: Madhya Pradesh: Mhow; Maharashtra: Pune, Bombay, BeIgaum; Sikkim ; Gujerat: Cutch, Dangs ; Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie. Remarks: Among the commonest Hawkmoths in the Bhimtal valley. Also recorded from Katarmal, Almora on July 4; Binsar, Aug. 27.

95. Theretra griseomarginata Hampson

1898. Chaerocampa griseomarginala Hampson, Journ. Bomb. Nal. Hisi. Soc•• xi : 281. 1903. Theretra griseomarginala, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing., 786.

Material examined: 9 exs. : 21.vii.80 AH; 19.vi.82 AH; 23.vi.78 AH; 7.vii.77 AH; 17.vii.89 PS; 19.vi.78 AH; 17.vi.81 AH (~) (Coll. H.) ; 28.vi.80 FS j 11.vii.89 PS (CoIl. S.). Forewing Length: 26.27 mm. Distribution: India: Sikkim (1,800 feet). Remarks: This rare moth oocurs sporadically during the rainy season, Usually visits light in the early hours of the morning, between 1 and 3 a.m.. New record for the Western Himalaya.

96. Tberetra pallicosta Walker

1856. Chaerocampa pall/costa Walker. List. Lep. Ins. B. M. viii 2 145. 1903. Theretra pallicosta, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphlng. 788. Material examined: 2 exs.: 2.v.74 FS; 1 ex. data lost (Coli. S.).

Forewing Lenqth: 36-38 DUD, SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 4S

Distribution: Sri Lanka, India: Karnataka: Kanara; Tamil Nadu : Top Slip, Anaimalais (PS); Meghalaya: Khasi Hills. Burma to South Eastern China, ? Taiwan. Remarks: Not recorded since 1974. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

97. Rbyncbolaba acteus Cramer 1779. Sphinx acteus Cramer, Pap. Exot., iii. 93. 1903. Rhyncholaba aCleus, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. : 789.

Material examined: 8 exs.: 24.viii.80 AH x 5; 28.viii.76 AH (CoIl. H.) ; 6.vi.81 FS ; 2S.vii. 90 PS (Coli. S.) Forewing Length: 30-33 Mm. Distribution: Sri Lanka, India: "Bengal"; Andamans; Maha­ rashtra: Pune, Bombay, BeJgaum; Sikkim; Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Karnataka : Kanara. Remarks: Abundant in years of heavy rainfall.

98. Rbagastis velata Walker

1866. Pergesa velata 'ValkerJ List. Lep. Ins. B. M. xxxv: 1853. 1903. Rhagastis velata, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 793.

lllaterial examined: 27 exs.: 29.viii. 79 AH; 3.vii.76 AH; 7.vi.80 AH; 27.vii.8S FS; 4.vi.81 FS; 20.vi.81 AH; 17.vii.87 FS; 24.vi.89 PS; 8.vi.80 AH; 1.vii.89 PS; 7.vii.87 FS; 23.vii.8S FS; 27.viii.87 FS; 29.viii.79 AH; 13.viii.87 FS ; 19.viii.80 AH (ColI. H.) ; 9.viii.83 FS; l.vii.83 FS x 2; 28.viii.90 PS; 12.viii.91 PS ; 29.iv.92 PS ; 2.x.83 FS; 27.vi.92 PS; 16.viii.90 PS ; 26.vi.90 PS x 2 (ColI. S.).

Forewing Length: 26-30 mm. Distribution: India: "Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986) ; Sikkim ; W. Bengal: Darjeeling; "Assam" (Bell & Scott 1937).? Burma. Remarks: The commonest Rhagastis Roths. & Jord. and among the commoner Hawkmoths in the Bhimtal valley. Also at Kilbury, May 28. A variable insect. Unusual that it was not recorded by Bell ~ 46 REe. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

Scott (1937). It has perhaps established itself in the area during the past half century.

99. Rhagastis Bcota Walker 1856. Zonilia QcutQ Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., viii: 195. 1903. Rhagastis acula, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 794.

Material examined: 16 exs.: 13.viii.76 AH; 28.vii.77 AH j 2.vi.84 FS; 7.viii.77 AH; 6.iv.85 FS; 26.vii.85 FS (ColI. H.); S.vii.83 FS ; 8.v.92 PS; 13.vii.90 PS; 12.vii.90 PS; 17.vii.90 PS; 24.vi.90 PS ; 14.vii.83 PS ; 20.ix.73 FS; 19.vii.88 PS 15.vii.88 PS (Coli. S.) Forewing Length: 23-29 mm. Distribution: India: "Northern India" (D' Abrera 1986); Sikkim; "Assam» (Bell & Scott 1937). To Java and Sumatra. Remarks: Appears to be well established in the Bhimtal valley. Difficult to distinguish from the next species, Rhagastis hayesi DiehJ, which might account for the apparent abundance of this species. Appears to have two or three annual broods. Also recorded from Okhalkanda on July 3. Not recorded by Bell & Scott flom the Western Himalaya.

100. Rhagastis hayesi Diehl 1980. Rhagastis hayesi Diehl, Het. Sumatrana 11 71.

Material examined: Nil. Forewing Length: Not measured. Distribution: India: Sikkim ; "Assam" (D' Abrera 1986). Burma, Sumatra, Java. Remarks: The groundcolour on the forewing recto, particularly in fresh specimens, differs from R. acuta Walker in being olivaceous brown, rather than the reddish brown characteristic of R. acuta. Other­ wise indistinguishable from R. acuta except in the genitalia. Although there are no definite records of this insect from Kumaon, it has been included as there is every likelihood that it occurs here b~t has beQQ overlooked so far, I SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 47

101. Rhagastis castor Walker 1856. Zoni/ia castor Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M. viii: 153. 1903. Rhagastis castor, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 795. Material examined: 14 exs.: 17.viii.77 AH; 16.vi.90 PS Sarna (CoIl. H.); 17.ix.84 PS; 17 .ix. 73 FS; 20.ix.84 FS; 26.iv.89 PS; 19.vi.90 PS Jageshwar; 7.ix.83 FS; 23.vi.90 PS (Coli. S.); 24.vi.90 PS x 2 ; 23. vi.90 PS x 2 ; 20. viii.90 PS \CoIl. B. M.). Forewing Length: 30-33 mm. Distribution: India: "Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986); Sikkim ; Megbalaya : Khasi Hills. To Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Remarks: The sub-species aurifera Butler 1875 occurs in this area. Not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) from the Western Himalaya.

102. Rhagastis confosa Rothschild & Jordan

1903. Rhagastis con/usa Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 795.

Material examined: 6 exs. : IS.v.90 AH x 5 (ColI. H.); 13.vi.90 PS Binsar (Coli. B. M.). Forewing Length: 30-3S mm. Distribution: India: Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Sikkim; Meghalaya: Khasi Hills. To Southern China. Remarks: Not as frequently met as R. castor, R. velata and R. acuta.

103. Rhagastis olivacea Moore 1872. Pergesa olivacea Moore, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 566. 1903. Rhagastis olivacea, :Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 797.

Material examined: 9 exs: 9.iv.8S FS; 19.vi.90 PS Jageshwar; 16.vi.90 PS Sarna x 2 (CoIl. H.) ;' 19.vi.90 PS Jageshwar x 2 ; 16.vi.90 PS Sarna; 22.vii.90 PS (Coli. S.) ; 22.vi.91 PS (ColI. Cadiou). Forewing Length: 31-35 mm. 48 REC. iOOL. SuaVe INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh: Simla; to Sikkim and -Assam", (D' Abrera 1986). ? Burma, 7 S. China. Remarks: Rarely met at Jones Estate although it appears to be commoner at slightly higber el~vation.

104. Cechenena mirabiUs Butler 187S. Chaerocampa mirabi!is Butler, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 248. 1903. Cechenena mirabilis, Roths. Jord., Rev. Sphing. 800.

Material examined: 5 exs.: 18.v.90 AH Kilbury; 29.v.90 AU Nainital (ColI. H.) ; 16.vi.90 PS Sama x 2; 22.v.74 FS (Coli. S.). Forewing Length: 39-42mm. Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh: Simla; Kashmir; Megbalaya: Khasi Hills. Afghanistan, Pakistan. Remarks: Commoner in dense forests of Himalayan Oak (Q. lanata and Q. floribunda). Rare in Jones Estate. The specimens recorded from Jones Estate are probably stragglers from higher elevation.

lOS. Cechenena aegrota Butler 187S. Pergesa aegrota Butler, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 246. 1903. Cechenena aegrota, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 800.

Material examined: Nil. Forewing Length: Not measured. Distribution: India: "Northern India" (0' Abrera 1986). Bangla­ desh to Sundaland and the Philippines. Remarks: I am not certain that thIs insect occurs in Kumaon. It is included tentatively on the basis of D' Abrera (1986).

106. Cechenena minor Butler

187S. Chaerocampa minor Butler, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 249. 1903. Cechenena minor, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 802. SMETACEK: rJ'he hawkmoths of Kumaon 49

Material examined: 12 exs.: lS.v.90 AH; 30.v.90 AH (CoIl. H.); lS.v.91 PS; (Coil. Ox. U. M.); 24.vii.90 PS; 12.vii.90 PS; 25.ix.82 FS ; 4.v.92 PS ; 9.viii.83 PS ; 3.vii.S3 FS (CoIl. S.); 6.vi.91 PS ; 4.v~i.91 PS; 10.vii.91 PS (ColI. Cadiou). , Forewing Length: 37-39 mm. Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh: Dharamsala, Simla I Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie; Sikkim; Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. Bhutan to Thailand, China, Taiwan and Japan. Remarks: There appear to be two or three annual broods of this moth in Jones Estate. Common in years of heavy rainfall.

107. Walker 1856. - Chaerocampa /ineosa Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M. viii: 144. 1903. Cechenena lineosa, Roths. & Jord., Rev. Sphing. 803.

Material examined: 2 exs. : 16.vi.90 PS Sarna (CoIl. S.); 19.vi.90 PS Jageshwar (ColI. Cadiou). Forewing Length: 46 mm. Distribution: India: Sikkim; Meghalaya: Cherrapunji, Khasi Hills; W. Bengal: Darjeeling. Bhutan to Sumatra, ? Borneo. Remarks: Occurs in areas slightly higher than Jones Estate. Some stragglers have been recorded from Jones Estate. Not recorded

II from the Western Himalaya by Bell & Scott (1937).

108. Cechenena scotti Rothschild 1920. Cechenena scolli Rothschild, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hisl. (9) v: 481.

Material examined: 21 exs.: 9.vii.83 FS; S.vii.84 FS ; 14.vi.82 FS; 13.vii.8S FS; 4. viii.83 FS; 11.vii.8S FS; 2.v.76 AH; 22.viii.89 PS; IS.v.90 AH Kilbury; 2.vii.86 FS (CoIl. H.); 26.vi.90 PS; 16.vi.90 PS Sarna x 4; 13.vi.90 PS Binsar x 2; 19.vi.90 PS Jageshwar x 3 ; 22. vi.8S FS (Coli. S.). ,. forewing Length: 37-42 mm. 1m7 so REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh: Simla, Dharamsala; Uttar Pradesh: Mussoorie. Nepal. Remarks: Among the commonest Hawkmoths in forests of Himalayan Oak (Quercus f/Dribunda). This species was separated from Oechenena lineosa Walker by Dierl, W., (J970) in Khumbu Himal Ergebn. FDrsch.-Unternehmens Nepal Himalaya 3; 3~S.

DISCUSSION

There has been only,a little work carried out on Indian Hawkmoths since the publication of Bell & Scott's work in 1937. With reference to the Himalayan range, most of their work was carried out around Mussoorie in Tehri Garhwal, west of Kumaon. On the basis' of data that emerged there, and from Sikkim and the Khasi Hills, they divided the Himalaya into an eastern and western faunal zone, with Nepal appearing to be the dividing line between these two zones, although little data had been collected from Nepal at that time. Thus, speaking broadly, the Himalaya east of central Nepal was considered to be the western limit of typical Malayan fauna, while the drier western Hima­ laya, with fewer species, predominantly supported a temperate zone fauna, with only a sprinkling of typically sub-tropical species. This division, again speaking broadly, was supported by floral data, since many groups of plants, such as Rhododendron Linnaeus (Erlcaceae) and members of Primulaceae have speciated profusely east of Central Nepal, From their work with Hawkmoths, groups such as Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, Marumba Moore and Acosmeryx Boisduval appeared to be, in general, restricted to the eastern zone, while typically Palaearctic groups, such as Ryles HUbner and Hemarls Dalman were generally restricted to the Western Zone.

Work on the other moth families (except the Saturnids and Bomby.. cids) was and is still too sketchy , (most of the known species being represented by only a handful of specimens) to draw geographical dematcations as clearly as Bell & Scott were able, for the distribution SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 51 of Indian hawkmoths appears to be governed to a large extent by climatic factors, such as soil humidity, temperature and seasons and by environmental factors, such as topography; the condition of the floral canopy; or the total area of background relevant to the camou­ flaging pattern on the larva and adult moth, and predator pressure. Hence, a stable population of a rare, local species in an area is directly related to the re1ative stability of diverse components of the energy flow system in that area, acting as a means of monitoring environmental changes. A stable population would imply not a popula­ tion that remains the same from year (0 year, but one that is resilient enough to survive years of drought and other natural calamities and capable of rapidly taking advantage of favourable years. In other words, a population capable of withstanding the extremes of its chosen habitat. The Bhimtal valley is a particularly rich faunal 10caHty. There are probably other sites in I(umaon which, if consistently monitored, would be found to support an equally varied representation of hawkmotbs as well as other fauna. In species-rich locations, the application of the concept of ecologi­ cal niches implies the existence of a plethora of species-specific environ­ mental pre-requisites. High soil humidity appears to be a rather general one, as does the corollary of high soil moisture levels in the hills, that is, dense forests. Kumaon is a relatively rich area in terms of species, wiih over a hundred species and stands roughly between the Himalaya west of Mussorie, which has approximately sixty two species (Ben & Scott 1937) and the Himalaya east of Nepal, with over one hundred and thirty five species, (Bell & Scott 1937). It is stressed that little work has been carried out in the Terai belt and low riverine forest types, where, doubtlessly, there exist popula­ tions of species included in this list on the basis of information in Sphingidae Mundi (0' Abrera 1986), and perhaps even some not recorded from this area, such, as Marumba indicus Walker, Po[yptychus dentatus Cramer and Theretra pinastrina Martyn, which would increase the total number of species recorded from Kumaon. Mussoorie is situated near the western most tributary of the Ganga river system. Further west lies the headwaters of the Indus river system, 52 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, OCC. PAPER No. 156

Although, as the crow flies, it is merely approximately 120 miles (192 km.) from Jones Estate to Mussoorie, this zone is apparently the transition zone between typicaI1y Indo-Malayan and dry temperate zone hawkmoth fauna. It is possible that species not recorded by Bell & Scott from Mussoorie and Dehra Dun during the second quarter of the century, such as Marumba eristata Butler, Ambulyx liturata Butler, Marumba speetabilis Butler, Cypa decolor yvalker, Anambulyx elwesi Druce, members of the Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway group as well as several Theretras Hubner have moved into this area recently and bad, in fact, not colonised Kumaon half a century ago, when Bell & Scott completed their studies. This would seem probable, considering the relative abun­ dance of M. cristata and the Ambulyx species in Kumaon and Eupanacra mydon Walker and CYpa decolor in Jones Estate. In tbe context of these two latter species, it is reasonable to assume that they occur in wellforested areas at a similar elevation in other parts of Kumaon.

Of the 108 species, 77 have been recorded in the present study. Of the remaining species, 17 are included on the basis of information in Sphingidae Mundi (D' Abrera 1986). I have further tentatively added five species, four of which probably do occur .in Kumaon but have not been recorded, while the identity of one (Eupanaera radians Gehlen) pends confiramation. The four are Hemaris fuciformis Linnaeus, Hyles euphorbiae L .. Dei/ephila elpenor L. ,and Rhagastis hayesi Diehl. Fifty three species on this list were not recorded by Bell & Scott (1937) and 12 were not recorded from this area by D' Abrera (1-986). Some of these, such as Sphinx ligustri L. and Hayesiana triop"' Westwood, are probably stragglers, but others such as Marumba eristata are well established.

Of relevance is the fact that Hampson (1892) notes that Hyles nlcaea lothyrus Walker, a typically drier zone species, occurs as far east as Nainital. Recent field work around Nainital has failed to locate this insect, although its larval host p1ant, belonging to the genus Euphorbia L., was present at -several of the locations. Since this is the only hawk moth for which a definite eastern limit of its range had been established, it is worthy of note tha~ there SMETACEK: The hawkmoths of Kumaon 53 are no recent records of its capture from this area. This possibly indicates that this species has actually moved out of the area, conforming to the apparent faunal drift westwards. which causes not only the introduction of Indo-Malayan species but also the moving out of species associated with the drier climate of the western Himalaya. The only hawkmoth species previously recorded west of Kumaon which oceurs in the outer ranges is Thamnoecha uniform's Butler which has only been recorded from three locations, i.e. Subathu near Simla, Jones Estate and K.atarmal. It is a very rare, local species and appears to have been established in Kumaon for some time. for females from the Jones Estate population are slightly different from the Simla popula­ tion, and males from Jones Estate differ from the male specimen from Katarmal. The larvae of this species have been bred on Pinus roxburghii Sarge (Chir Pine). However, P. roxburghii occurs from Afghanistan to Bhutan, where this hawkmoth has not been recorded.

CJimati~ models indicate that among the impacts of global warming, soil humidity along the Himalaya may be expected to increase with an increase in global temperature, (Myers 1985). In birds, a vertical faunal drift has been observed in the Bhimtal and Sattal valleys over the past forty years, with typically low elevation species such as the Cattle Egret (Bulbulcus ibis), the Paddybird (Ardeola grayii), the Crow Pheasant (Centropus sinensis) among others having taken up residence near lakes in the area, as opposed to their previous status as mere summer visitors from the plains (Smetacek, V 1975). Of relevance in this context is the apparent withdrawal of the Western Tragopan (Tragopana melanocephalus) from KumaoD, where it was observed to be "abundant about Almorah" (Murray 1889) a century ago, to its presently acknowledged range westward of Garhwal (Ali, 1983). This bird is known to prefer the drier ecotype characteristic of the western Himalaya. \ In butterflies, distributional records compiled a century ago by Hannyngton (PeiIe 1937) are still relevant, with only a few new records, such as Pazala glycerion garlzwalica Katayama 1988 from the main rynge, Neptis cartica Moore from Sattal, Polyura agraria Swinhoe and flebejus eversmanni Stgr.. The former two species had previously be~n S4 REC. ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, Oce. PAPER No. 156 recorded from the Eastern Himalaya, the Polyura from South India and the Plebejus is from the rainshadow area of Garhwal, an area which has still not been comprehensively covered. Taking into consideration the possibility that, in the case of birds and hawkmoths at least, the observed distributional changes are in fact recent phenomena rather than the· result of incomplete data compilation between 50-150 years ago, it would seem that the climate of the hills of Uttar Pradesh has undergone a change which has encouraged low elevation bird species to colonise suitable habitats at higher elevation as well as species of such as hawkmoths, which occured in the sub-tropical Eastern Himalaya to colonise parts of the Western Himalaya, at least as far west as the location of the main study site in Jones Estate. Faunal drift is usually a precursor to changes in floral regimes and long term climatic changes in a region. The projected increase in global temperature and soil humidity in certain regions of the globe caused by global warming seems to be apparent in this faunal drift in the region during this cen tury. It would therefore seem that the western hills of Uttar Pradesh, which constitute the headwaters of the Ganga river system, are probably in the process of developing an ecotype closer to the moist Indo-Mala­ yan type. This is relevant to re-afforesting the region as part of efforts to stabilise groundwater systems and thereby reduce the magnitude of ffoods in the Gangetic plain.

CONCLUSION

The westward extension in the geographical distribution of nume­ rous hawkmoth species observed over the past twenty years in the hill districts of Uttar Pradesh seems to be indicative of a modification of the general climatic pattern of the region. Since the region under consideration is part of the headwaters of tbe Ganga river system, a long term climatic drift towards a wet, SQb- SMETACEK; The hawkmoths of Kumaon ss tropical ecotype might possibly influence the pattern of seasonal release of the annual water budget of the Ganga river system. The changes in floral regimes towards a wet sub-tropical ecotype suggested by the influx and colonisation of the region by hawkmoth species characteristic of a wet sub-tropical biotype will probably affect productiveness of traditional land-use patterns in the hill districts of Uttar Pradesh.

SUMMARY

This list extends the known range of a numb~r of Hawkmoth (Sphlngidae) species to Kumaon, all except one of which have previously been recorded east of Kumaon. The possibility and implications of faunal drift during the past half-century are examined.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Data collected by the late Fred Smetacek Sr. and Armin Hauens­ tein forms an invaluable part of this paper. I am indebted to Rev. Alan Bean S.S.J.E., Professor David Spencer Smith and Dr. George McGavin at the Hope Entomological CoI1ections at the University Museum, Oxford, U. K. ; to Armin Hauenstein BDLA, Untermunkheim­ Schanenberg, Germany; Dr. Ian Kitching and Dr. Bernard D' Abrera at the Natural History Museum, London, U. K.; to Dr. Jean-Marie Cadiou at Saint... Cloud, France and to Toshihiko Katayama, Tochigi.. Ken, Japan for advice, information, logistics and encouragement; and to Tsering Namsay and Rajni Verma for patient help with the manuscript. A part of the work was carried out under a Times Fellowship 1991; during the summer of 1992 and early 1993, for which the author is grateful.