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US Space Flight Experience: Physical Exertion and Metabolic Demand Of U.S. Space Flight Experience: Physical Exertion and Metabolic Demand of Extravehicular Activity - Past, Present, and Future Thomas P Moore, M.D. Department of Medical Research Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana Extravehicular activity (EVA) has been part of recorded. Table1 is a summary of the Gemini EVA the US. space program, since the Gemini Program, missions and heart rates of the crewmen. The when astronaut Edward White took the first space problems encountered with the Gemini EVA's led to walk on Gemini IV in June of 1965 (ref.1). During the considerable concern regarding future EVA's. It was Gemini Program, five astronauts performed EVA's on realized that adequate body restraints, realistic five separate missions. Considerable difficu!ty was preflight zero-g simulation training in a water tank, experienced by the crewmembers in performance of and detailed preplanning of activity were essential to their EVA tasks. In fact, two of the EVA's had to be ensure task performance and to reduce fatigue (ref. terminated before accomplishment of the EVA 5). The Gemini experience also led to the develop- objectives because of overexertion and overheating ment of what IS called the liquid-cooling garment problems. The crewmembers experienced elevated heart rates that peaked above 170 bpm, and, because TABLE 1.- GEMINI EVA EXPERIENCE of exhaustion and overheating, the astronauts could [From ref. 41 not complete their tasks (ref. 2). Some of the problems experienced could be attributed to the Gemini suit design. The Gemini space suit was Flight Experience 3uration. hr ieart rate, bpm designed to control astronaut body temperature with - a cooling system that consisted of only a circulating Mean Peak . .. -I 4. iiiciam. in- Qrrhznno cf n=c nc nusinan nainn 3-d *,.,.%<*.. 18,- %,\.,,",,yb yua "I "AJyb." "b'"'.J - pumped into the suit was the only micnanism Semini IV 3verheating during 0.60 155 175 available to dissipate the heat produced by the hatch closing; astronaut. Although metabolic rates were not objectives measured directly, it was obvious on several occasions completed that metabolic rates exceeded the thermal control Gemini IX Visor fogging; hot 2.1 1 155 180 and carbon dioxide washout capacities of the suit life- at ingress; support system (ref. 3). With overheating, water objectives not vapor condensed on the inside of the helmet visor and completed there'.;. !imiterj +iLi!it;. 2nd fc:th=7 2.-lrjcd tc the problems and frustration of the Gemini EVA crewmen. Gemini X No problem with .65 125 165 heat or work The suit was also found to be very stiff and rate; objectives cumbersome with limited flexibility about normal com pleted anatomical joint areas such as the elbow, the wrists, and the hands. Some of the Gemini EVA problems Gemini XI Exhausting work; .55 140 170 could also be attributed to the limited one-g EVA no specific men- tion of heat; training provided the Gemini astronauts. No under- objectives not water training was available until prior to Gemini XII, completed the last Gemini EVA mission. Physiologic monitoring of the Gemini EVA Gemini XI1 Good restraints; no 2.10 110 155 astronauts was by way of a one-lead electro- problems; objec- cardiograph with heart rate being the only parameter tives completed 3 b 1 * (LCG). The LCG is a set of full-body long underwear to the 150- to 160-bpm range during especially with a closed system of flexible tubes sewn into it. The strenuous activity such as lunar core sampling and tubes are part of a circulating system that allows Moon rock collection. None of the EVA crewmen had liquid to flow through the underwear, providing a significant complaints about the difficulty of cooling mechanism. The astronaut can control the performing lunar EVA. On a couple of occasions, relative temperature of the garment and his Mission Control had to tell the astronauts to slow their temperature by controlling the flow of this cooling work rates because of increasing heart rates. Other liquid. than these minor precautionary measures, there were In planning ahead for Apollo, the primary essentially no complaints or problems with the objective was to land safely on the Moon and explore crewmembers' ability to perform, nor with their its surface during a series of lunar EVA's. During the performance of, the Apollo lunar EVA's. Apollo Program, 6 lunar surface missions and 14 EVA's Crewmembers also performed zero-g EVA's were accomplished (ref. 6). The metabolic rates from during Apollo missions. The metabolic rates from the lunar EVA's are shown in table It. The metabolic Apollo zero-g EVA's (ref. 7) are listed in table Ill. The rates are presented for four different task categories - zero-g EVA's were primarily to obtain film canisters (1) scientific package deployment, (2) geological from the lunar module before it was released and the station activity, (3) overhead activity such as working crew returned to Earth in the Apollo entry vehicle. On around the lunar module and ingress and egress these EVA's, one person basically stood in the hatch activity, (4) lunar roving vehicle (LRV) operations - and and observed while the other EVA crewmember for all activities, which is an overall average for the obtained the film canisters. The consistent entire EVA. The average metabolic rate in kilocalories differential in the metabolic rates of the two per hour for the scientific deployment was 244; for crewmembers reflects the different activity levels as geological station activity, 244; for overhead activity, can be noted from the table. The zero-g EVA 270; for LRV operations, 123; and for all activities, an metabolic rates were also well within comfortable average of 234 (ref. 7). As can be noted, driving metabolic working limits, and there were no around the lunar surface in the LRV was by far the complaints nor any reported difficulty in performing least stressful activity. the EVA's. The Apollo zero-g EVA's were of relatively There are basically three methods for short duration, lasting an average of 63 minutes. obtaining metabolic rates during EVA. The first In 1973, the United States launched the Skylab method utilized was that of the liquid-cooling orbital workshop (OWS), a man-tended orbiting garment, which provided essentially a calorimeter to scientific laboratory. To date, it has been our only measure heat production. By knowing the amount of experience in long-duration space flight. On the three body heat produced by an astronaut and taken up by Skylab missions, SL-2, SL-3, and SL-4, astronauts the suit LCG, one can then convert the heat to a manned the OWS for a duration of 28, 59, and 84 metabolic rate. Secondly, there were the oxygen days, respectively. During the Skylab Program, 10 bottle pressure gauge readings. They allowed EVA's were performed. A number of the EVA's were determination of oxygen utilization from the pressure for film canister retrieval, similar to those on Apollo differentials recorded during the time the astronaut However, a few were performed for unexpected was breathing oxygen on the EVA suit system. manual repair of the spacecraft and experiments; for Astronauts would also do space-suit familiarization example, deploying jammed solar array panels, runs on the ground in one g prior to the mission in erecting a solar umbrella, and repairing an Earth which a graph of the relationship between oxygen resources antenna. Some of the Skylab EVA's occurred uptake and heart rate would be plotted. Investigators very late in the mission just prior to the crew's return. could then look at the EVA heart rate and get some Table IV contains an overview of the metabolic rates estimation of the corresponding metabolic rate. For from the Skylab EVA's. Again, a number were film the tables illustrated, a combination of the retrieval EVA's, wherein one person would stand in temperature and the oxygen pressure differential the hatch and watch the other person retrieve film. methods was used. This activity difference is readily apparent from the It should be noted that the overall average table by the dlfferential in metabolic rates between lunar EVA metabolic rate of 234 kcal/hr is actually paired EVA crewmen; as, for example, EVA's 2, 3, and lower than that anticipated by investigators on the 4 on SL-4. basis of Gemini experience. The EVA crewmembers' In discussions with Skylab EVA astronauts heart rates generally ran in the 100- to 110-bpm range Joseph Kerwin, science pilot on SL-2, Owen Garriott, for normal activities and would occasionally increase 4 1 TABLE 11.- METABOLIC EXPENDITURES DURING APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EVA'S Apollo EVA no. Crewmen Metabolic rate, kcallhr EVA mission duration, 1hr Experiment ieological 'Overhead" LRV All deployment station iperations activities activity 11 1 CDRa 195 2 44 214 None 227 2.43 LM Pb 302 351 303 None 302 2.43 12 CDR 206 243 294 None 246 3.90 LMP 240 245 267 None 252 3.90 CDR None 218 215 None 221 3.78 LMP None 253 248 None 252 3.78 14 CDR 182 294 219 None 202 4.80 LM P 226 174 2 59 None 234 4.80 CDR 118 238 213 None 229 3.58 71 $ LMP , 202 267 La I None 252 3.58 ~~ 15 CDR 282 275 338 152 277 6 53 LMP 327 186 293 104 247 6.53 CDR 243 293 287 149 252 7.22 LM P 265 189 266 99 204 7.22 CDR 261 242 31 1 138 260 4.83 LMP 230 188 234 106 204 4.83 16 CDR 207 216 273 173 219 7.18 LM P 258 268 275 159 255 7.18 CDR None 223 249 7.38 LMP None 244 236 7.38 C"C h:,...
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