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Lilih Rahmawati 0813033008 1 PERJUANGAN GAJAH MADA DALAM PERLUASAN WILAYAH KEKUASAAN MAJAPAHIT DI NUSANTARA TAHUN 1336-1364 Lilih Rahmawati, Tontowi Amsia, Wakidi FKIP Unila Jalan. Prof. Dr. Soemantri Brojonegoro No. 1 Bandar Lampung 35145 Telepon (0721) 704 947 faximile (0721) 704 624 e-mail : [email protected] Telp 085758610441 ABSTRACT Gajah Mada was a character who was instrumental in the expansion of Majapahit empire in the archipelago. Formulation of the problem in this study, namely "whether the forms of struggle Gajah Mada in expansion territory of Majapahit in the archipelago in 1336-1364?". Purpose of this study was to determine the form of the struggle Gajah Mada in expansion territory of Majapahit in the archipelago in 1336-1364. Methods used in this study is matode historical research. Data collection techniques used were technical literature and documentation, while the techniques of data analysis is the analysis of qualitative data. The results of data analysis showed that the shape of struggle Gajah Mada in expansion territory of Majapahit the archipelago in 1336-1364 through conquest by military offensives and diplomacy. Conquest by way of a military strike Dharmasraya conquered kingdoms, Sultanates Aru-Barumun, empire kuntu-Kampar, Pasai ocean empire, kingdom Tumasik (Singapore), a kingdom in the homeland Tanjungnegara (Borneo), Selaparang kingdom, and the kingdom Dompo to the surrounding islands. While the conquest by way of diplomacy conducted by Galuh Sunda kingdom. Keyword: struggle Gajah Mada ABSTRAK Gajah Mada adalah tokoh yang sangat berperan dalam perluasan wilayah kekuasaan Majapahit di Nusantara. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini, yaitu “Apakah bentuk perjuangan Gajah Mada tahun 1336-1364 ?”. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bentuk perjuangan Gajah Mada dalam perluasan Wilayah kekuasaan Majapahit di Nusantara tahun 1336-1364. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian historis. Tehnik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah tehnik kepustakaan dan dokumentasi, sedangkan tehnik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis data kualitatif. Hasil dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa bentuk perjuangan Gajah Mada dalam perluasan wilayah Majapahit di Nusantara tahun 1336-1364 yakni melalui penaklukan dengan cara Serangan Militer dan diplomasi. Pernaklukan dengan cara serangan militer berhasil menaklukan Kerajaan Dharmasraya, Kesultanan Aru-Barumun, Kesultanan Kantu-Kampar, Kesultanan Samudera Pasai, Kerajaan Tumasik (Singapura), Kerajaan di Nusa Tanjung Negara (Kalimantan), Kerajaan Selaparang dan Kerajaan Dompo hingga Pulau-pulau disekitarnya, sedangkan penaklukan dengan cara Diplomasi dilakukan dengan Kerajaan Sunda Galuh. Kata kunci: Perjuangan Gajah Mada 2 PENDAHULUAN berusaha meluaskan hegemoninya diantaranya di Thailand (Kerajaan Majapahit adalah salah satu Kerajaan di Syangkaayudhyapura dan Darmmanagari), di Indonesia yang pernah berdiri pada tahun Myanmar (Kerajaan Marutma dan Rajapura), 1293-1478 Masehi dengan Raden Wijaya di Kamboja dan di wilayah Vietnam sekarang sebagai pendirinya, yang memerintah dari (Champa dan Yawana). Semua Kerajaan tahun 1293-1309 Masehi. Wilayah Kerajaan tersebut berkembang bersamaan dengan Majapahit pada awal pemerintahan Raden Kerajaan Majapahit di Jawa bagian Timur. Wijaya mencangkup Kediri, Singasari, dan Gajah Mada menyadari hal itu berupaya Madura. Sejak awal berdirinya Kerajaan membendung pengaruh kerajaan- kerajaan di Majapahit, sudah diwarnai dengan banyak Asia Tenggara tersebut agar tidak sampai pemberontakan yang dilakukan oleh Pejabat menyebar di kepulauan Nusantara. Karena Kerajaan. sebab itu, Gajah Mada yakin Majapahit yang Pada saat terjadi pemberontakan yang pantas mengembangkan pengaruhnya di dilakukan Ra Kuti, Gajah Mada yang pulau-pulau Nusantara, bukan kerajaan- menjabat sebagai komando pasukan khusus kerajaan di Asia Tenggara. Bhayangkara sedang memimpin pasukannya Atas dorongan situasi yang demikian, untuk menjaga keamanan di Kerajaan. Gajah Gajah Mada membuktikan sumpahnya Mada tampil untuk mengatasi pemberontakan dengan cara melakukan ekspedisi angkatan tersebut dan berhasil menyelamatkan Prabu laut. Mengandalkan kekuatan Militer pasukan Jayanegara. tentara Majapahit, Gajah Mada memimpin Atas jasanya, Gajah Mada diangkat pasukannya melakukan penaklukan yang sebagai Patih Kahuripan dan dua tahun dilakukan dalam bentuk serangan Militer kemudian ia diangkat sebagai Patih di untuk menaklukkan daerah-daerah yang Kerajaan Kediri (Daha). Perjalanan karier berada di luar Jawa demi memperkuat Gajah Mada tidak hanya berhenti menjadi kekuasaan Majapahit di Nusantara. Gajah Patih Kediri (Daha), bahkan berkat jasanya Mada tidak hanya melakukan penaklukan menumpas pemberontakan di Sadeng dan melalui serangan Militer, akan tetapi juga Keta yang hendak merebut kekuasaan terlibat Diplomasi. Majapahit, Gajah Mada diangkat menjadi Dengan demikian, berdasarkan uraian di Patih Amangkubhumi di Majapahit. Pada saat atas penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih pelantikan Gajah Mada sebagai Patih terkait mengenai bentuk perjuangan Gajah Amangkubhumi di Majapahit, Ia Mada dalam perluasan wilayah kekuasaan mengucapkan sumpah yang terkenal dengan Majapahit di Nusantara. nama Sumpah Palapa yang berbunyi: “Jika telah berhasil menundukkan Nusantara, saya METODE PENELITIAN baru akan istirahat. Jika Gurun, Seran, Tanjungpura, Haru, Pahang, Dompo, Bali, Metode merupakan jalan yang berkaitan Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, telah tunduk, dengan cara kerja dalam mencapai sasaran saya baru akan istirahat” (Slamet Muljana, yang diperlukan bagi penggunanya, sehingga 2005: 249). dapat memahami objek sasaran yang Sumpah yang berisikan tentang dikehendaki dalam upaya mencapai sasaran penaklukkan daerah-daerah di luar Jawa atau tujuan pemecahan permasalahan (Joko untuk digabungkan dengan Kerajaan Subagyo, 2006: Halaman 1). Majapahit. Program politik Nusantara Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian dimaksudkan untuk memupuk keagungan ini adalah metode penelitian historis, karena Kerajaan Majapahit. Kerajaan Majapahit penelitian ini mengambil objek dari peristiwa- diidentifikasikan dengan Kerajaan Jawa. peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa lalu. Maka dari itu politik Nusantara dimaksudkan Menurut Louis Gottschalk, metode historis untuk pengagungan Kerajaan Jawa. adalah proses menguji dan menganalisa Pada masa itu di wilayah Asia Tenggara secara kritis rekaman dan peninggalan masa bermunculan beberapa Kerajaan yang lalu (Louis Gottschalk, 1986: 32). 3 Variabel sebagai segala sesuatu yang akan Teknik analisis data yang digunakan menjadi objek pengamatan penelitian, adalah teknik analisis data data kualitatif. sedangkan variabel penelitian sebagai faktor- Karena dalam penelitian ini, data-data yang faktor yang berperanan dalam peristiwa atau bersifat kualitatif dideskripsikan dalam gejala yang akan diteliti (Sumadi Suryabrata, bentuk kalimat atau kata-kata, untuk 2000: 72). Variabel penelitian ini adalah selanjutnya dianalisis sesuai dengan merupakan konsep dari gejala yang bervariasi permasalahan yang diteliti. Tujuan dari yaitu objek penelitian. Variabel adalah penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sesuatu yang menjadi objek penelitian atau Bentuk Perjuangan Gajah Mada dalam faktor-faktor yang berperan dalam peristiwa Perluasan Wilayah Kekuasaan Majapahit di atau gejala yang akan diteliti (Suharsimi Nusantara tahun 1336-1364. Arikunto, 1989: 78). Berdasarkan pendapat di atas dapat HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN disimpulkan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan variabel penelitian adalah sebuah objek yang Pada abad ke-14 M Kerajaan Majapahit mempunyai nilai dan menjadi pusat perhatian merupakan kekuasaan besar di Asia dalam sebuah penelitian. Dalam penelitian ini Tenggara, menggantikan posisi Kerajaan variabel yang digunakan adalah variabel Mataram sebagai Negara Pertanian dan juga tunggal dengan fokus penelitian pada menggantikan posisi Kerajaan Sriwijaya perjuangan Gajah Mada dalam perluasan sebagai Negara Maritim. Kerajaan Majapahit wilayah kekuasaan Majapahit di Nusantara mencapai puncak kejayaan pada abad ke-14 tahun 1336- 1364. M, ketika Majapahit berhasil menguasai Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan seluruh Nusantara bahkan pengaruhnya teknik pengumpulan data dengan meluas sampai ke Negara-negara tetangga. menggunakan teknik kepustakaan dan Kerajaan Majapahit di bawah Raden Wijaya, dokumentasi. Teknik Kepustakaan adalah Hayam Wuruk, dan Gajah Mada telah suatu cara untuk mendapatkan informasi berkembang pesat menjadi Kerajaan besar secara lengkap serta untuk menentukan yang mampu memberikan jaminan bagi tindakan yang akan diambil sebagai langkah keamanan perdagangan di wilayah Nusantara. penting dalam kegiatan ilmiah (Joko Terungkap dalam catatan sejarah bahwa Subagyo,2006: 109). pengaruh Kerajaan Majapahit telah sampai Menurut Koentjaraningrat, studi pustaka ke beberapa wilayah Negara asing, adalah suatu cara pengumpulan data dan diantaranya: Siam, Ayuthia, Lagor, Campa informasi dengan bantuan bermacam-macam (Kamboja), Anam, India, Filipina, China. materi yang terdapat diruangan perpustakaan, Keberhasilan Kerajaan Majapahit misalnya koran, catatan-catatan, kisah-kisah mewujudkan isi Sumpah Palapa, selain karena sejarah, dokumen, dan sebagainya yang semangat kebangsaan patriotik di bawah relevan dengan penelitian (Koentjaraningrat, komando Mahapatih Gajah Mada, juga 1997: 8). didukung oleh keberhasilan Majapahit dalam Tehnik dokumentasi yaitu mencari data mengembangkan teknologi bahari berupa mengenai hal-hal atau variable yang berupa kapal bercadik yang menjadi pendukung catatan,
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