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Issn: 2277–4998 IJBPAS, October, 2015, 4(10), Special Issue: 625-635 ISSN: 2277–4998 THE REASONS OF DECLINING TREND OF ISLAMIC-IRANIAN ARCHITECTURE ALIREZA KARIMI KOLOOR *1, HAMIDE FAZELI MANESH2, NAZANIN SADEGHI3 1 Graduate student of architecture, architecture department, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran, [email protected] 2 M.A student of architecture, architecture department, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran ABSTRACT Iran holds great architecturak legacy. It has been nearly 1250 years B.C. from the time Choghazanbil Zigurat, the most ancient architectural constuction was founded and there is more than a period of 3000 years behind us untill the threshold of the contemporary era. During all this long period, a powerful and significant activity has been existed constantly and continuously in the coyuntry and a number of valuable art works have been created at any parts of this land. These remarkable works have been played great roles in forming and promoting the global architecture in various historical periods of time. The history of Iran architecture is basically divided into two main parts incluidng the architecture before and after Islam. Islam which was settled roughly about 1400 years ago in Iran affect architectural works of after islam of iran based on its specific worldview and gives new quality to it, therefore a firm link has been created between these two parts of the architecture of Iran. Although the architecture of Iran couldn’t maintain its outstanding location in the architecture of the globe after Safavid era, namely around 400 years ago, it has in fact a declining process in this angle. However, in spite of this declining process, a number of valuable architectural artworks have been created in these years until the beginning of the contemporary architecture of Iran. The objective of this issue is not to mention the repetitive points, but also it is about revision and submission of new horizons in the field of bases of contermporary architecture design. The approach of the writing has been qualitative and data collection method was library studies and the historical interpretative strategy has been 625 IJBPAS, October, 2015, 4(10), Special Issue Alireza Karimi Koloor et al Research Article considered. Moreover, the changes of the next eras after the Safavid have been studied due to importance of the issue in this research. In addition, the works of Seyyed Hadi Mir Miran have been studied as case study due to their significance. The conclusion has been made by arranging the key factors next to each other and induction. The final section of the article includes certain proposals in order to achieve the form origin in the contemporary architectur eof Iran. Keywords: Architecture, Islamic Iranian, Decline reasons, Contemporary INTRODUCTION Iran holds great architecturak legacy. From to it therefore a firm link has been created the time of building Choghazanbil Zigurat, between these two parts of the architecture the most ancient architectural constuction of Iran. was founded and there is more than a Both parts of Iran architecture, whether for period of 3000 years behind us untill the before the Islam including two long golden threshold of the contemporary era. During times of Achaemenid and Sasanid or after all this long period, a powerful and Islam which has at least a continous significant activity has been existed evolution of thousand years until the constantly and continuously in the coyuntry Safavid era are known as the most and a number of valuable art works have remarkable sections of the architecture been created at any parts of this land. These history. remarkable works have been played great Although the architecture of Iran has been roles in forming and promoting the global able to maintain its place in the architecture architecture in various historical periods of of the globe after the Safavid Era, namely time. around four hundred years ago and it has The history of Iran architecture is basically actually a declining process, a number of divided into two main parts incluidng the valuable architectural artworks have been architecture before and after Islam. created through these years until the The history of Iran architecture is basically beginning of contemporary architecture of divided into two main parts incluidng the Iran. architecture before and after Islam. Islamic Evolution in the History of Iran worldview which was settled roughly about Contemporary Architecture: 1400 years ago in Iran affect architectural Usually, in the west, especially in Europe, works of after islam of iran based on its certain periods of the second parts of the specific worldview and gives new quality eigthteen century ( beginning of Industrial 626 IJBPAS, October, 2015, 4(10), Special Issue Alireza Karimi Koloor et al Research Article Revolution) by the early decades of the It is not possible to separate the architect twntieth century have been studied. Since from the society by this time, the architect then, it is considered the advent of has been one of the society memebers. Contemporary Architecture or Modern In the following, we could adhere to the Architecture in which modern movement typical method of art history to the modern takes global form.( the main reasons of architecture advent in which the main Modern Architecture creation are issues rae formal values considering mainly considered taste change, constructutional the quality and forms relations. On the developments in terms of science or other hand, from the mid Qajar era, the techniques as well as in the theories and relationship between architecture and new attitudes to the world). society has been gradually changed and Now, the process of the abovde mentioned reached to its highest level at Pahlavi era. study regarding Iran Contemporary Here, it is possible to study various forms Architecture was equal to the early twelfth the architecture in the passed eras and century, namely the Afsharid era, but by discuss various artists or specific styles by knowing our country history, nothing was these forms changes and evolution, but they heard of Industrial Revolution in this period all form a small section of architectural of time. events and contemporary culture because in In rsearch to choose a date and origin for addition of the social changes and this issue, we find the architecture has been evolutions, new issues are raised apart from understandable and analytical as a unified the old customs which are placed at the first colllection. Outlinde and implementation of level of importance. the buildings used to change by the Thus, we should extend the studies domain, employers and architects by various time the changes can be considered in various and place conditions, but rthe whole economic, social and technical fields and working process suggests a balance their effects on architecture can be between society and architecture and only evaluated. These factors have not tangible the details have been changed based on the effect on architecture, by raising new taste of the architects or employers. materialistic and spiritual requirements, Changes or differences have been at level new tools, a type of new architecture is of architecture explanation. raised as different from past architecture. 627 IJBPAS, October, 2015, 4(10), Special Issue Alireza Karimi Koloor et al Research Article Regarding Iranian contemporary returned to Iran in 1941 as engineer, doctor architecture, we can consider one sample and Teachers. and three time sections. The constructional and urban features of The samples with a turning point in the Tehran city at that time were: changes of Iran architecture and building of - The fence of Shah Tahmasebi with Karim Khan Zand Shirazi Divankhane, we four gates remained and the city didn’t can refer to three features not existing in need any development. Iranian architecture on that time: - The major materials of buildings First, stone masonry of walls, second were dried mud, brick and stone, the gilding in the ceiling and third, as important coverage was dome in specific and than two other features with the importance religious and public areas and also wooden of technical and executive changes in beam was used. practice, Shirvani coverage as prevalent in - Doors and windows are fully made Iranian architecture can be considered. of wood. The three period of time are as below, - Joinery works generally include respectively: plastering with decoration and painting on 1- The initial evolutions in Qajar era. it. 2- The evolutions of Nassereddin - Construction of nobles houses as Shah’s era. Andaruni or Biruni. 3- Reza Shah’s era. 1- Second, The Evolutions of The Initial Evolutions of Qajar Era: Nassereddin Shah’s Era Tehran of Shah Tahmasb is delegated to At that period, due to development of Aghamohammad Khan and he considers communications, some changes were made Tehran as the capital of Iran and then in all fields and architecture is also Fatalishah continued his kingdom. The considered. form relations with foreign countries and One of the first works of these changes is foreign trips were started. These relations development of Darolkhelafe to control led into the establishment of foreign Tehran city, determination of new domain, embassies with the architectural style of the establishment of squares, markets and new countries as effective on the changes of type of architecture, as motel. Also, we can Iranian architecture. The first group of refer to some factories in Tehran. Although students was sent to London and this group the buildings were established by the order of Shah, also the court authorities and 628 IJBPAS, October, 2015, 4(10), Special Issue Alireza Karimi Koloor et al Research Article merchants had major role. This growth semi-circle as repeated in Kolah Farhangi required more materials but the major house of Eshratabad. Other buildings in materials were soil as used like dried mud semi-European styles were the buildings and brick in building construction.
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