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Heritage and Continuity in the Bazaar Erbe Und Kontinuität Im Basar

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Heritage and Continuity in the Bazaar The case of Religious Association of the Drapers’ Guild of the Tehran Bazaar Erbe und Kontinuität im Basar Eine Fallstudie religiöser Versammlungen der Tuchhändler-Gilde des Teheran Basar A thesis approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in World Heritage Studies Ali Haj Khan Mirzai Sarraf 3643200 BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg Under the Supervision of Prof Anna Amelina Chair of Intercultural Studies Brandenburg University of Technology Prof Arang Keshavarzian Department of Middle Eastern & Islamic Studies New York University 2019 HERITAGE AND CONTIUITY IN THE BAZAAR Keywords: Bazaar, Guilds, Hey’at, Muharram, Iran, Tehran, Collective Identity, Trauma, Heritage Preservation. i HERITAGE AND CONTIUITY IN THE BAZAAR Summary Tehran Bazaar has been the most influential marketplace in Iran, over the last two hundred years, since Tehran became the capital of the country. The Bazaar has been a significant socio-political agent in Iranian society. Nevertheless, less attention has been given to its internal atmosphere, where the bazaaris, have tried to conserve their traditions and preserve their heritage. One of these heritages are “hey’ats”, religious formations for holding mourning sessions in Muharram month, as a ritual in Shi’a Islam. “Hey’ats” give the guilds a sense of collective identity, they represent them, and also build a shared heritage for them. The Drapers’ Guild was the first guild in Tehran Bazaar, founding a hey’at. They founded this hey’at in 1883 and named it “the Drapers’ Hey’at”. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the Drapers faced difficulties preserving their heritage. They were forced to displace the Mirza Mousa Mosque in the Bazaar. The Mosque was their center for holding religious sessions and was publicly known as “the Drapers’ Mosque”. Since they were attached to the Mosque, their displacement was perceived a loss of heritage. Later, they decided to build a new home, “the Drapers’ Hosseinieh”. They decided to implement the interior design of their lost Mosque in the new place. This strategy enabled them overcome “the traumatic experience of displacement and heritage loss.” Also, to safeguard their new place, they legally registered their hey’at as an institution, and they wrote a constitution for it. The attempts for modernization, led them to develop beneficiary activities, as well. In this research, a qualitative approach is applied, benefiting from multiple methodologies, including; ethnography, secondary sources, and visual methods. The researcher has attempted to outline the story of the Drapers in preserving their heritage. This study hopefully would be useful for similar traditional organizations, showing how continuity and heritage preservation are possible to achieve for communities having experienced a troubled past. ii HERITAGE AND CONTIUITY IN THE BAZAAR Zusammenfassung Der Basar in Teheran gilt seit zweihundert Jahren als der einflussreichste Markt im Iran und ist ebenfalls ein wichtiger soziopolitischer Wirkungsort der iranischen Gesellschaft. Bisher wurde jedoch nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit auf die innere Atmosphäre des Ortes gerichtet, in welchem die bazaaris ihre Traditionen und ihr gemeinsames Erbe pflegen. Teil dieses Erbes sind sogenannte Hey’ats, religiöse Zusammenkünfte, bei denen als Teil der schiitischen Tradition gemeinsam während des Muharram Monats getrauert wird. Diese Hey’ats stehen repräsentativ für die Gilden und verleihen den Gildenangehörigen einen Sinn kollektiver Identität und eines gemeinsamen Erbes. Die Tuchmacher Gilde war die erste des Teheran Basars, die Hey’at praktizierte. 1883 gründeten die Mitglieder gemeinsam das „Tuchmacher-Hey’at“. Nach der Islamischen Revolution im Jahr 1979 wurden die Tuchmacher jedoch zunehmend mit Schwierigkeiten bei der Erhaltung ihres Erbes konfrontiert. So musste die Mirza Mousa Moschee, welche das Zentrum der religiösen Zusammenkünfte bildete und in der Öffentlichkeit als „Tuchmacher-Moschee“ bekannt geworden war, aufgelöst werden. Der Verlust dieses Ortes wurde als Erbe-Verlust empfunden. Später baute die Gilde einen neuen Ort, die „Tuchmacher Hosseinieh“, welche innenarchitektonisch der Mirza Mousa Moschee angeglichen wurde. Diese Strategie half den Gildenangehörigen, über den „traumatischen Verlust und die Entwurzelung des Erbes“ hinweg zu kommen. Darüber hinaus wurde das neue Hey’at als offizielle Institution registriert und mit einer Satzung ausgestattet. Auch Modernisierungsbemühungen stellten sich als hilfreich heraus. In dieser Arbeit werden qualitative Methoden benutzt wie beispielswiese Ethnografie, Sekundärliteratur und Visuelle Methoden. Der Autor hat sich mit dieser Arbeit zum Ziel gesetzt, die Geschichte gemeinschaftlicher Bemühungen zur Erhaltung des Erbes darzustellen, in der Hoffnung, dass diese Studie hilfreich für die Erforschung ähnlicher traditioneller Organisationen ist. Die Arbeit zeigt die Möglichkeit der Kontinuität der Erbe-Erhaltung und Pflege einer Gemeinschaft trotz problembeladener Vergangenheit. iii HERITAGE AND CONTIUITY IN THE BAZAAR Table of Contents Keywords: ..................................................................................................................................................... i Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... ii Zusammenfassung...................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... iv Content of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... vii Content of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... ix Note on abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. x Statement of Authentication ..................................................................................................................... xi Dedication .................................................................................................................................................. xii Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research area .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Problem ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.5 Structure of the Report..................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Religion in Bazaar: The Role of Hey’ats in Attaching Asnaf to Bazaar’s Structure .................. 7 2.1.1 The Religious identity of the Bazaar: How have the Bazaar and Religion been linked together? .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2 Understanding Muharram Rituals: Why Is Muharram Important for the Bazaaris? ..... 14 2.1.3 Hey’ats of Guilds of Bazaar: How Are Mosques and Hey’ats Related to Each Other? .... 22 iv HERITAGE AND CONTIUITY IN THE BAZAAR 2.2 State and Bazaar: The Engagement of Tehran Bazaar in Politics ............................................. 26 2.2.1 The Bazaar in Qajar era (1796–1925) .................................................................................... 27 2.2.2 Bazaar in Pahlavi Era (1925-1979) ......................................................................................... 29 2.2.3 Bazaar in the Islamic Republic Era (1979-) ........................................................................... 30 2.3 Heritage and Collective Identity in Communities: A Theoretical Approach ............................ 33 2.3.1 Maurice Halbwachs’s Mémoire Collective ............................................................................. 35 2.3.2 Cultural trauma and collective identity ................................................................................. 38 2.3.3 Active forgetfulness .................................................................................................................. 39 2.4 Conclusion: ...................................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 3: Methodology ..........................................................................................................................
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