A REGIONAL A$ ECOg.~ntdC GEOGRAPHY

BY L. DUDLEY STAMP, C.B.E., D.Sc., B.A. PROF&SSOR OP GEOGRAPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON; POR)I!RLY PROP!SSOR OP GEOGRAPHY ANll GEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OP RANGOON; MEDALLIST OP THE MINING AND GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OP , 19:2:2; HONORARY MEMBER OP THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES OP MADRAS AND CALCUTTA; SPECIAL LEC111JtER, UNt\'ERSITIKS OP BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA, 1938; DIRECTOR OP THE LAND UTILISATION SURVEY OF fiRITAIN

WITH 372 MAPS AND DIAGRAMS

SEVENTH EDITION, REVISED

METHUEN & CO, LTD. LONDON 36 Essex Street, Strand, W.C.2 FintPubtisluiJ' Od.oblt 3ZII 19.19 ~Ed•W.,~~ •• july Z9JF Tl&lnl A1lliotrt Enkural .,i4 JNfrtly ,.riUm. Mtudt 1936 Foou1lo Ed•W.. RMud · July '939 Fift" Editiolo • s~ '9" Sin/~ Etliliort • J•ru 1946 s.w.lll E4i1W., R....,_ 1941

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ASIA-THE MOUNTAIN-HEARTED UNIQUE AYONG CONTINI!NTS - NOTE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION HE Fifth and Sixth Editions of this work appeared · during the Second World War, at a time when Japanese T forces had overrun much of South-eastern Asia. That unhappy period came to an abrupt end in 1945, but the aftermath is still dominating the Asian scene. Both the present and future are obscure for many parts of Asia and many countries are on the eve of great and far-reaching changes. Consequently much of the detail of this book must still refer to the pre-1939 era. The dedication of this book is a reminder of the leisurely days of twenty years ago when I first explored for myself the byways of the East. . It is perhaps symbolical of the rapidity of change that on my last journey to Asia in January 1947 as British Delegate to the Indian Science Congress under the presidency of Pandit Jaharwhal Nehru, I landed on Indian soil precisely forty­ four hours after stepping out of my London flat. L. D. S. LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS May, I947

vii PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION LTHOUGH it is only six years since the appearance of· the first edition of this book-followed eighteen months A later by the second-so much has. happened in the intervening time that it has proved essential to rewrite com­ pletely many sections. In the first place events in , Man­ churia and Japan have considerably altered the picture of the Far East and the passage of what will probably in the future be called the Great Depression has affected in very different ways the progress of development in Asiatic countries. In the second place the results of many detailed geographical studies have been published in the last decade. American geographers have been the outstanding leaders in this work-G. T. Trewartha, R. B. Hall, D. H. Davis and J. E. Orchard in the case of Japan; J. W. Coulter and J. W. Baylor in Korea; E. E. Ahnert, Owen Lattimore, and G. T. Trewartha in Manchuria; G. B. Cressey in China. The study of geogr;; phy has assumed an ever-increasing importance in both Japan and China and the wealth of material is gradually being made available to non-Oriental readers. In the third place it has been d<'..sirable to alter somewhat the balance of the book. It was natural that, in the first edition, India should bulk largely as being the scene of my own work during five years of residence and as being of paramount impor- . tance to British readers. But Japan has become increasingly significant in world affairs and has now been accorded a fuller treatment. America is even more intimately concerned with the development of Japanese and Far Eastern affairs and the popu­ larity of this book in America affords a further justification for the complete recasting of this section. Twelve months in America in 1933-4 enabled me to discuss many of the problems at first hand with those who have undertaken their investigation, and I gratefully acknowledge all the help thus received during the most stimulating and delightful year of my geographical education. The selection of material and its presentation in this book have resulted in interesting discussions on several occasions ~egarding the nature, content and scope of geography. In a world which is of necessity becoming increasingly international viii P;REFACE ix we are inevitably forced to learn something of the life of the other man in the other country. It must be the function of a geographical training to enable disconnected fragments of knowledge to be put into their proper plflces in a connected and intelligible picture of the whole. Geography is thus a -discipline and a point of view or mode of thought. In content it deals with the natural environment, the earth viewed as the home of man, the stage on which man plays his part and with the inter­ actions between man and his environment considered dynamically and not statically-that is with the sequence of human occupancy. Whilst the environment is a living and connected whole it can be analysed.into its component parts, and each of those parts may be considered per se or as they influence the life of man. In the latter sense they may be called the geographical factors, and in the consideration of any area large or small the geographical factors group themselves into (a) those which are related to the position of the area relative to the world as a whole and to neighbouring areas ; (b) those which are related to the physical build of the area-the influence of land and sea, mountain and plain ; (c) those which are related to the geological structure of which physical features are but the outward visible evidence ; (d) those which are related to weather and ; (e) those which are related to vegetation, itself an index of the interaction of the preceding factors ; and (/) those which are related to animal life, so largely dependent upon vegetation. In a primitive world the influence of each of these factors upon the life of man could be considered in sequence, but man has himself so altered his environment that each geographical factor is more appropriately considered not only as it influences human life but as man has reacted to and altered that influence. Thus the occurrence of minerals and their ·exploitation is appropriately considered with geological structure ; the influence of natural vegetation cannot be divorced from a consideration of the vegetation as altered by man. In an area so vast and so diverse as Asia no apology is needed for taking the great political units-which are, in so many cases, geographical entities also-as the basis of description in the second and larger part of this book. In each case the treatment, varied according to special requirements, follows the scheme already outlined. Introductory details are followed in order by a consideration of physical features; geology, structure and • minerals ; climate ; vegetation and agriculture. Then comes the consideration of man himself, his activities, his industries and trade. In all the larger political units of Asia, the environment varies X ASIA greatly from one part to another. Hence the necessity for the division into regions. I have called my regions ' natural regions • because they are in the main delineated by natural features of topography, structure, climate and vegetation. . But each, in the course of the long occupation by man, has been changed, some in small measure, others very greatly. Features, such as the character of agriculture, which are the result of man's activities in many cases have become the obvious or outstanding ones of the region, but in so much as these secondary characteristics have been made possible by the fundamental or natural ones the regions remain ' natural •. Others prefer the term ' geo­ graphical region·. My regions are, in fact, environmental regions and I make no apology for the fact that the outstanding charac­ teristics of some of them to-day are the direct results of human occupance. I contend, however, that they are fundamentally important in helping us to understand the life of man under conditions different from those of our own home environment. In the preparation of this edition I have been helped by Mrs. E. Beaver, B.A., whose work I gratefully acknowledge. I have again followed in the spelling of place-names the lists issued by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names of the Royal Geographical Society. I have continued to follow the course of selecting references which are intended mainly as a guide to the student and general reader seeking further sources of information. They are, therefore, almost restricted to books and periodicals likely to be readily available ; as far as possible they are to works in the English language except where French or German publications fill a gap which could not otherwise be occupied. My special thanks are due to the American Geo­ graphical Society of New York for permission to reproduce a number of maps from the pages of the Geographical Review. L. D. S. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON : LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS December, I935 CONTENTS

PART I-THE CONTINENT OF ASIA

. CHAP, PAGif I lim OROGRAPHY oF AsiA I • .' II THE STRUCTURE oF AsiA 10 III THE CUMATES oF AsiA • 19 IV THE VEGETATION OF AsiA 41 V THE PoPULATION oF AsiA 49 VI THE EuRoPEAN ExPLORATION oF AsiA 54 VII AsiA's PosiTION IN THE WoRLD 66

PART II-THE COUNTRIES OF ASIA I TuRKEY-THE THRESHOLD oF AsiA • 69 II ARAB AsiA 106

III THE IRANIAN PLAlJ!AU 150

' IV INDIA AND PAKISTAN 170 v CEYLON. l70 VI SouTH-EAsTERN AsiA AND THE EAsT INDIES 391 VII CHINA 463 VIII MANCHURIA • 54°• IX THE DEAD HEART OF AstA 559 X THE JAPANESE EMPIRE .. 579

XI AsiATIC RussiA 6so INDEX • • . 689 • MAPS AND DIAGRAMS AsiA-THE MouNTAIN-HEARTED • • • Frontispiece FIG. PAGE I. STRUCTURAL SKETCH-MAP OF AsiA • 2 2. THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN COMPLEX • • • 5 3· MAP SHOWING TREND OF MOUNTAIN RANGES. (From C. P. Berkey and F. K. Morris, Publications of the Asiatic Expedi­ tions of the American Museum of Natural Histary, No. 29) 6 4• KROPOTKIN'S CoNCEPTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF ASIA , 7 S· SECTION ACRoss AsiA FROM SouTH TO NoRTH , 8 6, STRUCTURE OF ASIA , • • 1· DIAGRAM OF GRANITIC MAss ON BASALT 8, OLD ELEMENTS IN STRUCTURE OF ASIA , g. OLD MASSII'S BEFORE DISRUPTION • 10. DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE INFILLING OF A GEOSYNCLINAL TROUGH II. SECTIONS THROUGH FOLD MoUNTAIN CHAINS I2. DIAGRAM OF THE STRUCTURE OF TERTIARY FOLD MOUNTAINS ACCORDING TO ARGAND 17 13. THE TERTIARY FoLDED BELTS oF AsiA 18 14. WINTER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN ASIA 20 I5. WINTER RAINFALL AND WINDS IN ASIA 22 16. SuMMER CLIMATIC CoNDITioNs IN AsiA • 23 17. SuMMER RAINFALL AND WINDS IN AsiA 24 18. THE CLIMATIC REGIONS oF AsiA 26 18A. KoPPEN's CLIMATIC DIVISIONS oF AsiA •. 36 18B. THORNTHWAITE'S CLIMATIC DIVISIONS OF ASIA 39 19. THE NATURAL VEGETATION OF ASIA 42 20. THE FoRESTS OF AsiA 44 21. THE POPULATION OF ASIA , 49 22. THE RELIGIONS OF AsiA sr 23. MEDI}EVAL TRADE RouTES. 55 24. THE PoLITICAL DIVISIONS OF AsiA 57 25. THE AREA AND PoPULATION OF AsiA • • 66 26. DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE PRODUCTION OF STAPLE FoODSTUFFS IN AsiA • , • • , 66 27. DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE PRODUCTION OF STAPLE TEXTILE MATERIALS IN AsiA • • 28. DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE PRODUCTION OF METALS IN ASIA 29. THE POSITION OF ASIA IN CONNECTION WITH 30, THE PRESENT EXTENT OF TuRKEY • • • 31, THE EXTENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1566 32. THE EXTENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN 1910 • 33· PHYsiCAL MAP OF TURKEY IN AsiA. (Based on ' The Times' Survey A llas) . ~ • • 75 3 4 • THE WEsT CoAST VALLEYS OF TuRKEY 77 35• THE -JANUARY AND JuLY IsoTHERMS, 79 xiii xiv ASIA

FIG. PAGE 36. Tmt RAINFALL OF ASIATIC TURKEY • So 37· Tmt POPULATION OF TURKEY 84 3 8. HELLENISM IN ASIA-ISO B.C. • , , 85 39· SKETCH-MAP SHOWING RAILWAYS IN TURKEY IN 1932, 87 40. THE RoAD SYsTEM OF AsiATIC TuRKEY 88 41. EXPORTS OF TURKEY·, 8g 42. IMPORTS OF TURKEY , • , • , 89 43· DIRECTION OF FOREIGN TRAPE OF TURKEY. , • , 8g 44· MERRIAM's NATURAL REGIONS OF AsiA MINOR (F•om Economic Geography, Vol. II, 1926) 90 45· THE NATURAL REGIONS OF TURKEY , , • • • 90 45A. RECENT INPUSTRIAL ANP RAILWAY DEVELOPMENTS (IN 1939) 103 46. CYPRUS • • • • • • • • • • 104 47· BANsE's NATURAL REGIONS OF SYRIA AND MEsoPOTAMIA (Based on the map published by E. C. Semple, Geog•aphical Review, Vol. XI). • • • 107 48. THE STRUCTURAL UNITS OF SouTH-WESTERN AsiA 108 49· THE DESERT RouTES OF SouTH-WESTERN AsiA • II4 so. THE NATURAL REGIONS OF PALESTINE II6 51. jEWISH LANP IN PALESTINE • 120 52. THE PREsENT SYSTEM OF RAIL ANP ROAD COMMUNICATIONS IN PALESTINE • , , , • • , , • IZ2 53· THE PROPOSEP NEW SYSTEM OF TRUNK ROADS FOR PALESTINE. (From Stamp, Highway Devrlopmtt~t in Palestine, Modern Transport, 1928) • 123 54· GENERAL MAP OF SYRIA • !26 55· THE POSITION OF DAMASCUS 131 5 6. GENERAL MAP OF ARABIA • 13 6 57· GENERAL MAP OF 'IRAQ • • • • • • 141 5 8. LOWER 'IRAQ, SHOWING THE AREAS TO BE IRRIGATEP • r 44 59· DATE.CULTIVATION IN 'IRAQ , 145 6o. THE CULTIVATEP LAND OF LOWER 'IRAQ 146 61. THE RAILWAYS OF 'IRAQ, 1928 • 148 62. THE FOREIGN TRAPE OF 'IRAQ • • • • 149 63. THE DIRECTION OF THE FoREIGN TRAPE oF 'IRAQ • 149 64. THE IRANIAN PLATEAU OF PERSIA AND • , 152 65. THE MAIN RoUTES OF PERSIA. (From a map published in the Repo•t on the Economic Conditions of Persia, Dept. of Overseas Trade, U.K.) • • • 158 66. THE FOREIGN TRAPE OF PERSIA • • 159 67. THE DIRECTION OF FOREIGN TRAPE OF PERSIA 159 68. THE NATURAL REGIONS OF AFGHANISTAN ; 162 6g. THE RAcEs oF AFGHANISTAN 164 70. THE RouTES OF AFGHANISTAN • • • • • 167 71. RUSSIAN EXPANSION AGAINST THE NORTHERN FRONTIER OF AFGHANISTAN , 168 72. THE POSITION OF INDIA • , , , , 171 73· THE PRINCIPAL PROVINCES AND STATES OF INDIA 172 74· A SIMPLE PHYsiCAL MAP oF INDIA • • • • • 173 75· THE CHIEF RoUTES ACROSS THE MOUNTAIN WALL OF INDIA 175 ?6t THE EssENTIAL FEATURES IN THE PHYSICAL GIWGRAPHY OF THE INDIAN PLATEAU. (From Stamp, Intermediate Com­ mercial Geography, by permission of Longmans, Green c!>- Co., Ltd.) . . • 177 77· GEOLOGICAL MAP OF INDIA • !So ILLUSTRATIONS XV

FIG. PAGE 7S. SECTION THROUGH THE FOOTHILLS OF THE 1>1 nm PuNJAB • • • • • IS2 7g. THE MINERAL PRODUCTION OF INDIA • IS3 So. ] ANUARY ISOTHERMS • • • • rR9 St. ACTUAL TEMPERATURES IN JANUARY • rH9 S2. THE -]ULY IsoTHERMS • • 191 S3. THE CLIMATE OF INDIA-ACTUAL TEMPERATURES IN JULY • 191 84. DIAGRA>< OF MoNsOON CoNDITIONS. (From Kendrew, Climates of the Continents, by permission of the 'Clarend

FIG. PAGE III. GRAPH SHOWING TUB FLUCTUATIONS IN TRB VALUE. 01' TRB IMPORTS 01' INDIA 256 n2. THE IMPORTS ol' INDIA • • • • • 2 56 II3. THE DIRECTION 01' FOREIGN TRADE 01' INDIA • 257 II4. THE OVERLAND FOREIGN TRADE 01' INDIA • 258 II5. THE NATURAL REGIONS 01' INDIA 259 116. THE EASTERN HILLS REGION • • • • • • 264 117. THE CLASsiFICATION 01' LAND IN TRB EASTERN HILLS REGION 265 n8. SECTION THROUGH THE EASTERN HIMALAYAS. (From Stamp, Intennediate Commercial Geog.-aphy, by permission of Long- mans, Green cS- Co., Ltd.) • • • • • • 267 II9. THE VEGE'IATION BELTS Ol' nm EASTERN HI>LU.AYAS. (From Stamp, Intermediale Commercial Geography, by permission of Longmans, Green cS- Co., Ltd.) • • • 267 ~~~:} SECTIONS THROUGH TRB WESTERN HIMALAYAS • 270 122. THE WESTERN PART 01' THE HIMALAYAN REGION AND KASHMIR 271 123. THE DRY HILLS REGION 01' THE NORTH-WEST • • • 274 124. THECLASSIPICATIONOl' LAND IN nm NoRTH-WEsT DRY HrLLS REGION • • • • . 275 125. THE CROPS 01' TRB SETTLED PARTS 01' THE NORTH-WEST DRY HILLS. 126. BALUCHISTAN ·• • • • • • • • 127. POLITICAL MAP 01' NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 128. LoWER INDUS VALLEY • • • • •. 129. THE SuKKUR oR LLOYD IRRIGATION ScHEME • • • 130. THE PROPORTION Ol' THE CuLTIVATED LAND Ol' SIND WHICH IS IRRIGATED • • • 284 131. THE CLASSIPICATION 01' THE LAND IN SIND • 284 132. THE CROPS 01' SIND • 284 133. PosiTrON Ol' KARACHI 285 134· THE PuNJAB PLAINS • • • • • • 286 135· THE THREEl'OLD DIVISION 01' TRB PuNJAB PLAINS • 287 136. DIAGRAMS SHOWING PROPORTION 01' CROPPED LAND IRRIGATED IN THE PuNJAB PLAINS 288 137· THE PUNJAB CANALS • • • • • • • 289. 138. FRAGMENT 01' CANAL MAP 01' PART 01' THE GANGES-jUMNA . • • • • • • • 291 139· THE CLASSil'ICATION 01' LAND IN THE PUNJAB PLAINS 292 140. THE" CROPS 01' THE PUNJAB PLAINS • 292 141. THE PosiTION Ol' DELHI • • • • • • • 294 142. THE PROPORTION 01' CROPPED LAND IRRIGATED IN THE UPPER GANGES VALLEY • • • • • • 295 143· THE IRRIGATION CANALS 01' THE UPPER GANGES VALLEY • 296 144· THE CLASSIPICATION 01' LAND IN THE UPPER GANGES PLAIN 296 145· THE GANGES PLAIN • • • • • • • 297 146. THE CLASSil'ICATION 01' LAND IN MIDDLE GANGES PLAIN 299 147· THE CROPS 01' THE GANGES VALLEY • 300 J48. THE DELTA REGION • • • • • • • • 303 149. THE CLASsiPICATION Ol' LAND IN THE REmoN 304 150. THE WATERWAYS 01' THE DELTA 305 15t. THE BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY • • • • • • 307 1,52. THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY 307 1.53· THE CROPS 01' THE BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY 308 ILLUSTRATIONS xvii

EIG, PAGE 154· CUTCH, KATHIAWAR AND GUJARAT • • 309 155· THE WEST COAST REGION (NORTH) • • • • • 311 156. THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE WEsT· CoAsT REGION 312 157· THE CROPS OF THE WEST COAST REGION 3I2 I58. THE PosiTION oF BoMBAY • 313 159. PoLITICAL MAP OF SoUTHERN INDIA 315 I6o. THE WEST CoAsT REGION (SouTH) 3I6 I6I. SOUTHERN INDIA , , , 318 162. THE CARNATIC OR TAMIL REGION • • • • • 319 163. THE CLASSIFICATION oF THE LAND IN CoASTAL PARTS oF THE CARNATIC REGION • • , , , , , 322 164. THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN WESTERN PARTS OF THE CARNATIC REGION • • • • • • • 322 165. THE CROPS OF THE CoASTAL PARTS OF THE CARNATIC REGION 322 J66. THE CROPS OF THE WESTERN PARTS OF THE CARNATIC REGION 322 167. THE NORTHERN CIRCARS REGION , , , 324 I68. THE CRoPs oF THE NoRTHERN CIRCARs REGioN • • 325 169. THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE NORTHERN CIRCARS REGION • 325 170. THE SOUTHERN DECCAN • • • • • • 327 171. SECTION ACROSS THE . (From Stamp, Inter­ mediate Commercial Geography, by permission of Longmans, Green 0- Co., Ltd.) • • . . 328 172. CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE SOUTHERN DECCAN • 328 I73· THE CROPS OF THE DECCAN PLATEAU. • • 329 174· .CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE DECCAN LtVAS REGION' 331 I75· THE CROPS OF THE DECCAN LAVAS REGION , , 331 • 176. THE NORTH-EASTERN PART OF THE INDIAN PLATEAU • • 333 177. THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE , 334 178, THE IRRIGATED AREA OF THE CHHATTISGARH PLAIN. (From French and Stamp, Peninsular India, by permission of Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 335 179· THE CENTRAL INDIAN FORELAND 337 18o. THE RAJPUT UPLANDS • • • • • • • 338 I8I. THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE RAJPUT UPLAND REGION 339 I82. THE CROPS OF THE RAJPUT UPLANDS 339 183. GENERAL MAP OF BURMA • • • • 342 184. THE STRUCTURAL UNITS IN EASTERN INDIA AND BURMA. (From Stamp, The Connexion between M aior Structural Features and Commercial Oil Deposits, Jour. Inst. Petr. Tech., 1928) • • • • 344 185. THE OILFIELDS oF BURMA. (From the Geographical Review, Amer. Geog. Soc., New York) 345 186. SECTION ACROSS BURMA • • • • 346 187. THE POSITION OF THE YENANGYAUNG OILFIELD OF BURMA. (From Chhibber and Stamp, The Mineral Resources of Burma, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., I935) • • • • • 347 J88. THE CLIMATE OF BURMA • • • • • • 348 189. THE NATURAL VEGETATION OF BURMA. (From Stamp, Geogra- phical journal, I924) • • • • • • 350 190. THE RESERVED FoRESTS . OF BuRMA. (From Stamp, The Vegetation of Burma. Calcutta, I925) • • • §51 I9I. THB UsEs OF THB LAND IN BuRMA AND THE CHIEF CROPS • 352 I92. THE PoPULATION OF BuRMA 356 xviii ASIA

FIG. PAGE 192A. TnE DJSTRIBOTION OF RICE IN B11RMA. (From the Geol!raph. ical Review, A mer. Geog. Soc., New York) • : • 359 192B. THE FouR CHIEF DRY. ZoNE CROPS OF BURMA. (From the Geographical Review, Amer. Geog. Soc., New York) , ._ 36o 193. THE FoREIGN TRADE OF THE SEAPORTS OF BuRMA 361 194- THE NATURAL REGIONS OF BURMA 364 195- PHYSICAL MAP OF CEYLON • • • 370 196. THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF CEYLON 373 197. THE PoPULATION OF CEYLON • 375 197A. THE NATURAL REGIONS OF CEYLON 378 198. THE CROPS OF CEYLON 379 198A. TANKS IN CEYLON • • • 381 198B. MALARIAL DISTRICTS OF CEYLON 382 198C. THE RICE l.ANDS OF CEYLON • 383 199- THE RAILWAYS OF CEYLON • • • • • 384 2oo-3. THE DisTRIBUTION OF FouR LEADING CAsH CRoPs oF CEYLON 387 204. THE FoREIGN TRADE oF CEYLON • • • • 389 205- THE DIRECTION OF THE FOREIGN TRADE OF CEYLON • 389 206. THE ARTIFICIAL ILuulouR oF CoLOMBO , • • 390 207- THE MAJOR TECTONIC FEATURES OF THE EAsT INDIES • 392 . 208. THE PREVAILING WINDS OF THE EAST INDIES. (From Kendrew, Climates of the Continents, by permission of the Clarendon Press, Oxford) • • 393 209. A PHYsiCAL IIIAP oF MALAYA • 396 210. CULTIVATED !.AND IN MALAYA • • • 399 2II. THE SHARES OF BRITISH AND DuTCH AsiA IN THE RuBBER PRODUCTION OF THE WORLD 402 212. POLITICAL MAP OF MALAYA • 406 213. THE PosiTION OF SINGAPORE • • 408 214- THE CoMMUNICATIONS OF MALAYA • • • • 4I2 215- THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS • 4I3 216. THE FoREIGN TRADE OF BRITISH MALAYA • • • • 413 217. THE DIRECTION OF FOREIGN TRADE OF BRITISH MALAYA 413 218. PoLITICAL MAP oF THE EAsT INDIES • • • 414 219. CHANGES IN THE DENSITY OF POPULATION IN jAVA 416 220. THE POPULATION OF jAVA: DENSITY IN 1920 4I6 221. PHYSICAL MAP oF jAvA AND MADuRA • • • • 41 7 222. SKETCH-MAP SHOWING THE LARGE AREA OF VOLCANIC RocKS IN jAVA • • 419 223- THE RAINFALL OF jAVA • • • • 420 224-227- THE CHIEF PLANTATION CROPS OF jAVA 423 228. THE RAILWAYS OF jAVA 425 229. SuMATRA • • • • • 426 230- THE FOREIGN TRADE OF jAVA' AND MADURA 427 2JI. AND CELEBES • • 428 232- THE TRADE OF THE DUTCH EAST INDIES • • • 433 2J3· THE DIRECTION oF THE TRADE OF THE DuTcH EAsT INDIES 433 234. THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs-PHYSICAL MAP • 438 235. THE CLIMATE oF THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDS • • • 439 236. THE PRODUCTION OF COPRA IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 443 231• THE POSITION OF THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDS IN WORLD PRODUC• TION OF CoPRA AND COCONUT OIL. • • • • 444 238. GRAPHS SHOWING FLUCTUATIONS IN VALUE OF TRADE OF THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs 445 ILLUSTRATIONS xix nc;, PAGI! 23<). THE FoREIGN TRADE OF THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs • • 45 4 240. THE DIRECTION OF THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS • • 445 241. GENERAL MAP OF SIAM , • , 447 242- THE NATURAL REGIONS OF SIAM 448 243. THE FoREIGN TRADE OF SIAM • • •• 453 244. THE DIRECTION OF THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SIAM 453 245· PHYSICAL MAP OF FRENCH INDO-CHINA 455 246. CocHIN-CHINA • • • • • 457 247· THE RAILWAYS OF FRENCH INDO-CHINA • 400 248. THE FoREIGN TRADE oF FRENCH INDo-CHINA • • • 4 61 249. THE DIRECTION OF THE FoREIGN TRADE OF FRENCH INDO-CHINA -461 250. THE PROVINCES OF CHINA , • • , • , • 464 251. THE PARTITION OF CHINA BETWEEN THE PRINCIPAL RIVER BASINS 465 252- THE NATURAL REGIONS OF CHINA • • • 467 252A. THE NATURAL REGIONS OF CHINA ACCORDING TO CRESSEY 468 253· PHYSICAL MAP OF CHINA • 469 254· THE ·STRUCTURE OF CHINA • 472 255. LoESs OF NoRTH-WEsT CHINA • • 473 '255A. THE COALFIELDS ()p CHINA • 476 255B- SIMPLIFIED SOIL MAP OF CHINA • • • • 479 256. THE CLIMATE OF CHINA-JANUARY AND JULY ISOTHERMS 4 So 257- THE CLIMATE OF CHINA-ANNUAL RAINFALL 481 257A- CYCLONIC STORMS, 1893-1924 • 482 257B. TYPHOONS, 1893-1924 • • 483 258. THE CLIMATIC REGIONS OF CHINA • • , 484 259- TEMPERATURE GRAPHS OF TYPICAL CHINESE TOWNS 485 259A- RAINFALL GRAPHS OF TYPICAL CHINESE TOWNS 486 259B. CLIMATIC REGIONS • • • , , 487 26o. AREAS OccuPIED BY PRINCIPAL CRoPs oF CHINA 489 · 261. THE DISTRIBUTION OF RICE IN CHINA 490 262. THE DISTRIBUTION OF WHEAT IN CHINA , 491 263. THE DISTRIBUTION OF MILLET IN CHINA 492 264. THE PoPULATION OF CHINA 498 264A. THE AGRICULTURAL REGIONS OF CH!,NA. (After J. L, Buck, Land Utilization in China) • . • • • • 500 265. THE FAMINE REGION OF CHINA. (After Mallory, Famine in China) 500 266. THE COMMUNICATIONS OF CHINA. • • • • 507 267. GRAPHS SHOWING FLUCTUATIONS OF THE TRADE OF CHINA 508 267A. ANCIENT HIGHWAYS , . 510 268. THE FoREIGN TRADE OF CHINA • 5II 269. THE LOESS PLATEAU OF NORTH-WEST CHINA • • 513 270. THE GRF.AT PLAIN OF NORTH CHINA AND THE SHANTUNG PENINSULA, 517 271. THE RED BASIN • • • 522. ~72. PHYSICAL MAP OF THE CENTRAL BASINS OF THE YANGTZE , 526 273: THE REGION OF THE YANGTZE DELTA • , , . , 528 274• !\lAP OF A SMALL PORTION OF THE. YANGTZE DELTA REGION 529 275· THE PLATEAU OF YUNNAN, , • • • 532 276. THE BASIN OF THE SI KIANG AND SouTH CHINA 534 277. • • 538 27!1. THE FoREIGN TRADE OF HoNG KoNG 5.~8 279· THE RELIEF OF MANCHURIA • . • • • 544 280. THE GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF .MANCHURIA, (From Pioneer Settlement, Amer. Geog. Soc., New York) • • 545 XX ASIA

FIG, PAGR 281~. CLIMATIC CoNDITIONS IN MANCHURIA. (From the Gtograph- ical Review, A mer. Geog.' Sor., Ntw York) • . . 547· 283. CuLTIVATED LAND IN MANCHURIA. (From the Geographical Review, Amer. Geog. Soc., New Yoik) • • • • 549 284. BEANS IN MANCHURIA. (From the Geographical Review, Amer. Geog. Soc., New York) • • • 551 285. WHEAT IN MANCHURIA. (From the Geographical Review, Amer. Geog. Soc., New York) 551 286. KAoLIANG IN MANCHURIA. (From the Geograpln'cal Review, Amer. Geog. Soc., New York) 552 287. THR COMMUNICATIONS OF MANCHURIA 556 288. THE FoREIGN TRADE OF MANcHURIA • 557 28g. TIBET , , 561 290. THE TARIM. BASIN • • • • 565 291. THE SuLo Ho AND ETSIN GoL BASINS 569 292. THE BASINS OF MoNGOLIA • • • • • • 573 293- CRoss-SECTION OF A TYPICAL MoNGOLIAN BASIN. (From C. P. Berkey and F. K. Moms, Basin Structures in Mongolia, Publ. Asiah'c Exped. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 29) • 574 294· THE PRINCIPAL ROUTES OF MONGOLIA AND CHINESE TURKISTAN 577 295- THE jAPANESE EMPIRE. PoLITICAL 580 296. A PHYSICAL MAP OF JAPAN , • , 581 297· THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ZONES OF jAPAN , ' 583 298. THE ACTIVE VoLCANoEs oF JAPAN • • • 585 299. THE CHIEF' METALLIFERous DEPosiTs o .. JAPAN • • 587 300. THE CLIMATE OF' jAPAN-JANUARY AND }ULY IsoTHERMS 590 301. THE WINTER RAINFALL OF' jAPAN. (Based on E. M. Sanders, The Climate of]apan and Formosa, ] ournal of Geography, September, 1921) • • • • • • 591 302. THE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF jAPAN. (From Barlhowmew's Meteorowgical Atlas) • • • 592 303- THE MAIN CLIMATIC REGIONS OF ]APAN • • • 594 304. THE CLIMATIC REGIONS OF' JAPAN ACCORDING TO THORNTHWAITE. (From Geograpln'cal Review, Vol. XXIV, 1934, A mer. Geog. Soc., New York) • • • 595 305. FoREST AND SOIL BELTS OF' ]APAN • • • • • 596 306. PRINCIPAL HYDRO-ELECTRIC ScHEMES IN MIDDLE ]APAN. (From the Japan Year Book, 1926) • ~5 307. 'THE MANUFACTURING BELT ·oF' jAPAN , . 6o6 308. THE TOWNS AND CITIES OF' jAPAN •' 610 309. THE PoPULATION OF' ]APAN • • • 611 310. THE RAILWAYS OF' jAPAN. (Based on a map in the japan Year Book, 1926) • 615 3II. THE RisE IN THE ExPORTS OF ]APAN 616 312. THE RISE IN THE IMPORTS OF' JAPAN 616 313, THE EXPORTS OF' }APAN 6I8 314. THE IMPORTS OF JAPAN • • • • 6r8 315. THE DIRECTION OF' THE FoREIGN TRADE OF' ]APAN 6r8 316. NATURAL REGIONS OF' NORTHERN HONSHU , 621 317. NATURAL REGIONS OF' CENTRAL HONSHU 624 318. NATURAL REGIONS OF' SouTH-WEsT JAPAN. 630 319. FORMOSA • , , , 632. 320. THE TRADE OF' FORMOSA • • • 633. 321. SETTLEMENT IN HoKKAIDO, 1910 636 ILLUSTRATIONS xxi

FIG, PAGB. 322. SETTLEMENT IN .HOKKAIDO, 1930 637 323. ·PHYSICAL MAP OF KoREA • 6 4 o 324. THE PoPULATION OF KoREA. (Fro"! Ge~graphical Review: A me;. Geog. Soc., New York) • . 643 325. THE CHIEF CROPS OF KoREA. (From Geographical Review, Amer. Geog. Soc., New York) • 645 326. THE NATURAL REGIONS OF KOREA 647 327. THE TRADE OF KOREA • • 648 328. A PHYSICAL MAP OF RussiA IN AsiA 651 329. THE PHYSICAL DIVISIONS OF SIBERIA , 652 330. THE STRUCTURE OF SIBERIA • . • • . . 655 331. LINES SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS THE RIVERS ARE leE­ BOUND EACH YEAR IN AsiATIC RussiA. (From Kendnw, Climates of the Continents, by permission of the Clarendon Press, Oxford) • • • • 656 332. THE CLIMATIC DIVISIONS OF SIBERIA • • • , 657 333· THE MAJOR CLIMATIC REGIONS oF AsiATIC RussiA. (From Kendrew, Climates of the Continents, by permission of the Clarendon Press, Oxford) 658 334· THE SOILS OF SIBERIA • • • 66o 335· THE NATURAL VEGETATION OF SIBERIA • • , 662 336. SIBERIA-DENSITY oF PoPULATION AND CHIEF TowNs. • 666 337· THE DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SIBERIA. (From Economic Geography, Vol. III,· I927) • • • • 667 338. CROP LAND IN SIBERIA. · (From The Pioneer Fringe, A mer. Geog. Soc., New York) • • . • • • • . 668 339· THE CoAL REsouRcEs OF SIBERIA. (After P. P. Goudkoff, Geographical Review, Vol. XIII, I923) • • • 672 340. THE MINERAL DEPOSITS OF SIBERIA (EXCLUDING COAL) • 673 3·P· THE COALFIELDS AND NEW INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF WESTERN SIBERIA • • • 675 342. SIBERIA-METHODS OF TRANSPORT 677 343· AIR RouTEs OF SIBERIA • • 678 344· PHYSICAL MAP OF RUSSIAN TURKISTAN , • • , 679 345· THE OLD PoLITICAL DIVISIONS OF RussiAN • 68o 346. THE PRESENT POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF RUSSIAN CENTRAL ASIA • 68I 347• RUSSIAN TURKISTAN, SHOWING DESERT AREAS, ETC. 683 348. THE MouNTAIN BoRDER OF RussiAN TuRKISTAN. 684 349· IRRIGATION CANALS OF THE KHOIJAND OASIS • • , 687 350. THE ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF ASIATIC RusSIA, 1933· (After B. Semenov-Tian-Shansky, Russia, Territory and Population, Geographical Review, October, 1928) • 688 Figs. 81, 83, 86, 95, g6, 99, 100, 103, 106, 116, 121 (adapted), 124 (adapted), 128 (adapted), 129, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 155, 158, 16o, 162, 170 and 193 are reproduced from Stamp, The Indian Empire, by permission of Longmans, Green c;. Co., Ltd. Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 72, 74• 75, So, 82, 94 (adapted), 114, 145, 161, 168, 183, 192 and 194 are reproduced from Stamp, The World (Indian Edition), sy permission of Longmans, Green cSo Co., Ltd. . Figs. 10, 11, 13, 48, 78, 184 and 222 are reproduced from Stamp, jour. lnst. Petr. Tech., 1928. INDEX

· The numbers in black type refer to passages that contain an important men­ tion of the subject of reference. Conventional abbreviations are used to save spa~, as, e.g. Mts. = Mountains; Penin. = Peninsula; Ry. = Railway, &c. ABADAN, I., 157 Altai Mts., 4 Abu, 340 Altai Railway, 676 Abukuma, 620 Altai-Takbagatai, 654, 672 Acre, 59, 122 Altyn Tagh, 5, 6, 567 Adalia, 76, 89, 99 Amakusa Is., 628 Adam's Bridge, 372 Amanus Range, 108, 127 Adam's Peak, 371 Amasia, 87, 102 Adana,82,83,86 Ambala, 293, 294 Aden, 140 Amboina, 27 Adrianople, 7 4 Amman, 123, 124 Aerial communication, 65 Amoy, 62 Afghanistan, 3, 7. II, 21, 24, 31, Amritsar, 248, 293 150, 160-169, 277 , 68o, 682, 685, 688 Afyon Karahisar, 78, 82, 94, 102 Amur Basin, 672 Ago Bay, 602 Amur Forests, 663 Agra, 248, 298, 299 Amur R., 8, 9, 541, 543, 545, 556 Agra Canal, 295, 296, 298 Amuria, 29 Agricultural Regions of Asia, 68 Anadyr Mts., 653 Ahmadabad, 248, 310, 311 Anatolia, 3, 8, 48, 78, 81, 82, Ahmadnagar, 248 99-102 Aidin (Aydin), '78, 82, 83, 86, 95 Andaman Is., 365-367 Ainu, 635, 637 Aneizah, I 3 7 Airways, 65, 615, 678, 679 Angaraland, II, 12, 15, 6s3. 654 Ajanta Range, 176 Anglo-Iranian (Anglo-Persian) Oil Ajmer, 340 Co., 156. 159 Ak-hissar, 78 Anhwei, 469, soB, 518 Akita,. 588, 589, 621 Ankara (Angora), 72, 73. 74• 79, 82, Akmolinsk, 68o 86, 88, 101 Ak-Robat Pass, 161 Anking, 517, SI8 Akyab, 359, 361 Annam, so, 459-461 Alai, valley, 684 Annamite Cordillera, 4S5 Ala-Shehr, 78 An Pass, 17S Alaya, 76, 99 Anshan, 478, 546, S57 Albumen, 494 Anthracite (Japan), s86 Aldan Plateau, 6, 7 Anti·Lebanon, 107, 129 Aleppo, 61, 86, 112, 129 Antioch, II2, 128 Alexandretta, 65 Antung, 554, S57 Aligarh, 298, 299 Aomori, 621 Allahabad, 295,298,299 Aqsu, 56, s68, 570 Alleppey, 317 Arabia, 3. 8, 12, 14, 24, 47, 107, Alpine folds of Japan, 585 133-139 44 689 6go .ASIA

Arabian Desert, 109 Baluchistan, 8, rr, 21, 22, 24, 150, Arakan,361 170,261,277-280,281 Arakan Yoma, so. 343 et seq., 362 Bamboo (China), 488 , 68o, 682 Bangkok, 451, 452 Aralo-Caspian depression, 8 Banka, 427 Ararat, Mt., 76 Bannu Plain, 274, 275, 276, 277 ; ~ras, R., 151 (town), 275, 277 Aravalti Hills, 177 . Barada, R., 129 Arctic Desert Climate, 3~5 Barail Range, 174 Argand, 11-12, 14, 15 Bareilly, 299 Arghana, 88, 102 Barguzin Mts., 4 • Arisan, 632 Bari Doab Canal, Upper and Lower, Arita, 628 290, 293 Armenia, II, 71, 75 Barind, 302, 304 Armenian Knot, s. 76, 102 Barko! Dahan, 568 Arsenic, 523 .Barley, 66, 28o, 292, 297, 300, 304, Artificial Silk, 6oS 493. 505, 517, 553. 559. 599. Artrek, R., 151 6oo Asahigawa, 638 Barmdeo, 296 Asansol, 302, 306 Barnaul, 33. 665, 666, 674, 675 Ashio, 588 Baroda (state), 309, 310; (town), Ashio Mts., 623 310 Asia Minor, s. 8, II, 19, 21, 32, 52, Barren 1., 366 54. 56 Basra, 65, 148 Asiatic Russia, 650-688 Bassein, 249, 358 et seq. Asosan, 628 Batang, 562 Asparagus, 599 Batavia, 27, 64, 424 , 225, 261, 265, 301, 302, Bawdwin Mines, 184, 186, 344, 306-308, 572 353. 363 Ataturk, Kcmal, 74 Beans. See Soya Attock, 277 Beebe-de-mer, 6o2 Attock (Dist.), 274, 276 Beilan Pass, 112 Augaur Is., 649 Beirut, 114, 115, 125, 127, 132, 133 Ayasuluk, 78 Belitong, 427 Aydin, 78, 82, 83, 86, 95 Bellary, 330 Ayrshire Cattle, 6o2 Belur, 246 Benares, 248, 301 BAB-EL-MANnED, Straits of, 112 Bengal, 44, 62, 268, 26g, 299, 301, Babylon, 112 302, 307 Backergunge, 304 Bengal Iron Company, 24 6 Badakhshan, 161, 687 Berezov, 34 Bafra Plains, 76, 82, 86, 91 Bergama, 78 Baghdad,3o,s8,59,65, 142,147-8 Bering Sea, 65o Baghdad Ry., 76, 86, 88, 127 Berlin-Baghdad Ry., 113 Bagh Mati, R., 369 Besshi, 588 Bahraich, 269 Beyshehr, L., 101 Bahrein Is., 139, 140 Bhagapur, 301 Bai-u, 592, 641 Bhamo, 523 Baikal, Lake, 656, 657, 672 Bhatpara, 306 Baku, 91 Bhutan, 268, 559 Bali, 427 Bias, R., 54, 286, 290 Balikesir, 82 Bihar, 268, 299, 300 Balkash Lake, 68o Bihar and Orissa, 301 Balkh, 566 Bikanir, 341 Balkhan Mts., 684 Biwa Basin, 626, Lake, 614 INDEX 6gi Black Earths, 66o · Caucasus, 5, So, 684 Black Soil Belt, 665 Cauvery, R., 321 Blag:.vyeshchensk, 665 Cawnpore, 298 Boga~ Ula, s68 Cayster, R., 78, 83 Bogtche Pass, nz, 127 Celebes, 52, 427-428 Bolan Pass, 174, 271, 274 Ceylon, 21, 22, 25, 43, so, 52, 6.t, ~'Xlmbay, 28, 6o, 62, 252 et seq., 171, 370-390 286, 310, 3II, 312, 313, 314 Chamdo, 562 Bombay Presidency, 280, 309; 3II Chamorros, 649 Bombyx mori, 6oo Chanak, 88, 92 Boracite, 8 3 Chang Tang, 559,560,562 Boreidah, 137 Ch'ang-chun, 542, 554 Borneo, 40, 43 ; , Chaoking, 527 433-437 ; Dutch, 429 Chapra, 301 Bosphorus, So Charshembe, 76, 82, 87, 91 Brahmaputra, 9, 178, 301, 302, Chefoo, sn 306-308 Chekiang, 470, 520, 521 Broach, 310 Cheling Pass, 526 Bromo, Mt., 418 · Chelynskin, Cape, 657 , 435-4.36 Chenab Canal, Upper and Lower, Brusa. See Bursa 290 Buckingham Navigation Canal, Chenab, R., 286, 290 252, 323 Chenchow, 526 Buckwheat, 272, 276, 553, 599 Chengtu Plain, 5II, 513, 515-516 Bugti Hills, 174 Chernozem, 66o Bukbara, 56, 61, 68o Cherries, 599 Bulgar Maden, 82 Cheshme, 93 Bureinsk Coalfield, 673 Cheyyar, R., 321 Burma, 4. 9, II, 43, 45, 50, 171, Chhattisgarh Plain, 335 341-365, 522, 523; oil, Chihli, so6, 507, soB, 509 346 Chikugo, 588, 628 Bursa (Brusa), 78, 82, 89, 91, 92 Chikuzen, 588 Bushire, 159 , 174. 263 Buzen, 588 China, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, II, 46, 47. 52, I 67, 463-539 ; agriculture, CACAO, 377, 386 488.,.496 ; 512-515; cli­ Caicus, R., 78, 93 mate. 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, · Calcutta, 252 et seq., 271, 274, 301, 31, 480-488 ; man£., 496 ; . 304. 305-306, 308, 3'4 minerals, 474-478 ; pop., Calcutta and Eastern Canal, 252, 49. so. 55. 56, 5s. 496-500; ' 305 rys., 505 el seq.; soils, Caiicut, 61, 317 478-480 r:ambay, 310 China grass, 634 kambodia, so, 69, 458-459 China type of climate, 28-29, 50 Camphor, 596, 633 Chinese Eastern Railway, 555-556, · Camphor trees, 488 676 Canada,656 Chinese Turkistan, 463 · Canton, 6o, 62, 63, 525-526, 527 Ching-Cheng Shan, 5 u . Canton, R., 526, 527 Chinkiang, 519, 520 , 177, 319, 320 Chishima, 557 el seq., 639 Carmel, Mt., II7 Chita (Tschita), 665, 676 ,Carnatic Region, 317-323 Chittagong Hills, 263, 301 ; Caroline Is., 649 · Cholon, 458 , 56, 150, 151, 682 Chosen, 557 et seq., 639-649 Catl.ay, 61 Chota Nagpur, 176, 302, 306, 334 6g:z ASIA

Christmas I., 409, 598 Dango, 562 Chubu,61g,622-625 Darbhanga, 301 Chukotsk, 653 Dardanelles, 72, BB Chumbi Valley, 562 Darjeeling, 267, 26B, 559, 562 Ch'ungchow, 6o Darjeeling (Dist.), 268, 301 Chung Kiang, 513 Dates, 146-147 Chungking, 513 . Davis, D. H:, 635-637 l:hurla Gbati Hills, 268 Dead Sea, 117, 118 Chusan Is., 62 Deccan, 326-330 Cicilian Plains, 72, 75, 78, B7, 94-95 Deccan Lavas Region, 330-332 Cinnamon, 365 Delhi, 2B, 273. 277, 293, 294-295,- Climate, 19--40 305 Coal, 67. IB2, 302, 474-478. 505, Denizli, 94 514, 522, 5B7. 672-673 Dera Ismail Khan, 275, 276, 277 Cochin, 63 Devon Cattle, 6o2 Cochin-Cbina, 457--458 Dewa Hills, 621 Cocoa,66, 377• 3B6 Dhari, 309 Coconuts, 220, 36B, 3B5-6, 442--444 Dhanlagiri, Mt., 174 Cocos Is., 409 Digboi,. 30B Coffee, 61, 225, 423, 431 Dimapur, 3oB Collective farms, 669 Diu, 62, 310 Colombo, 373 et seq., 390 Diyarbekir, BB, 102 Colossae, 7B Doldrums:25 Compagnie de Chine, 64 Drainage of Asia, 9 Compost, 495 Dryandra Oil, 523 Constantinople (Istanl>ul), 59, 6o, Duars, 26B, 301 71, 72, 73, 74• 77, 7B, B3, B5, Dun Hills, 26B BB, Bg Dushambe, 6B7 Continental Drift, Theory of, 14 Dutch East Indies, 414-437 , 67. 474• 523, 5BB Duzdap, 15B, 159, 2Bo Cossacks,664, 666 Dzelep La, 562 Cotton 67. 220-222, 2B5, 2B6, 292, Dzungarian Basin, 71 ; Gate, 6B1 29B, JOO, JIO, 493, 505, 517, 519, 521, 599, 6B5 , 585-586 Cotton manufactures, 496 East India Co., 61, 62, 63, 310 Cressey, G. B., 37. 470 East Indies, 4, 10, 21, 22, 25, 51, 52, Cuddalore, 323 . 56, 521. Su Dutch East Culture pearls, 603 Indies Cutch, 308--309, 355 Ecbatana, 54 Cuttack, 326 Echigo, sBB, 621 Cyclonic Storms, 4B2 Edremid, 92 · Cyprus, 104-105 Eggs, 494 Cyzicus Penin, 7B Egypt, 56, 6o, 2B4 Ehime, sBB DACCA, 306 Elburz Mts., 5, 150, 153, 155 Daimyo towns, 613 Ephesus, 7B Dairen, 541, 554 et seq., 556, 612 Equatorial climate, 25-27 Dakusui Valley, 633 Equatorial regions, 41--43 Dalny. See Dairen Eregli, B2, BB, 102 Dalton, Mt., 631 Erzerum, 76, 81, B3, B9, 102 Daman, 275, 310 Esdraclon, Plain of, IIi, IZI Damascus, 1 13, 114, 130 Eskishehr, 102 Damavand, Mt., 151 Etsin Gol, 566, 567, 56B, 571 Dammagar, 309 Euphrates, R., 9, 55, 56, roB, 113, Damodar, R., 302 114 INDEX ~' European exploration of Asia, 5-l-- Gilgit, 4• 270 65 Ginseng, 646 Everest, Mt., 174, 267 Giran, 633 , Gir Forest, 2g8 .FAMAGUSTA, 104 Goa, 63, 64, 3II Far Eastern Region, 667 Goalpara, 307 Farrukhabad, 298 Gobi Desert, 21, 31, 65, 71, 57-l--57§ Federated Malay States, 409-411 Godavari, R., 285, 336 • • Fen, R., 507 Godwin Austen, Mt., 269 Fengtien, 543, 548 Gogra, R., 301 Ferghana, Plain of, 68o, 684 Gold, 67. 440, 523, 545· 662, 674 Five Year Plan, First, 652, 657, Golodnaia Steppe, 683 674 ; Second, 657 et seq., Gomal Pass, r 75 674 Gondwanaland, 10, 14, 17 Foochow, 494 et seq., 521 Gorakhpur, 301 Formosa. See Taiwan Gram, 273. 276, 297 Fort St. David, 63 .Grand Canal, 509, 519 Fort St. George, 62 Great Andaman, 366 Fossa Magna, 583, 584, 622 G~eat Gorge, 468 ' France, 6o, 65, 510 Great Plain (China), 507-509, 5n, French East India Co., 61 515 French Indo-China, 454-462 Great Wall of China, 506, soB, 540, Fuji Silk, 6o8 . 543 et seq. Fujiyama, 582 Ground-nuts, 219,493 Fu Kiang, 513 Goeller, 88 Fukien, 6o, 470, szo, 521 Gujarat, 308-311 Fukui, 6o8, 623 Gujranwala, 293, 294 Fukuoka, 6r4 Gulmarg, 271 Fur Trade, 664, 671 Gyangtse, 56o, 562 Fusan, 644, 647, 649 Fushiki, 623 l!ABBANIYA Escape, 144 Fushun, 478, 543 et seq., 557 Haifa, 33. II3, II7, 121, 123 Fyzabad, 295, 301 Ha'il, 137, 139 Hainan, 523, 526 GALILEE, 117, 118 Haiphong, 462 Galle, 372, 375, 376, 381, 385, 390 Hakodate, 6r6 et seq., 621, 638 Gandak, R., 369 · Hall, R. B., 613 Ganges, 9, 176, 178, 26g, 273. 285, Halys, R., 91 287. 293. 294. 295-306 Hamamatsu, 625 Ganges-Brahmaputra Doab, 302 Rami, 56, 568 Ganges Canal, Upper and Lower, Hamkyong, 646 296 Han, R., 516, 517, 518; Basin, 648 Ganges-Jumna Doab, 296 Hanawa, 621 Gargan, R., 151 Hangchow, 520 ; 306 Hankow, 29, 468, 516, 517, 518, Gashun Nor, 571 525 Gauhati, 308 Hanoi, 462, 522, 525 Gaya, 299 Hanyang, 517, 518 Gaza, 115 Harbin, 30, 548, 554 Gemlik, 92 Hardwar, 273, 296 Gensan, Gulf, 639 Hari-Rud, R., 163 Genya, 599 Hassenzan, 633 Germany, 510 'Rata,' 599 , Ghats, 178, 314; \V., 308, 3II, 312 Hauran, Plateau of, 130, 132 Ghazni, 165 Haut Laos, Mts., 454 694 ASIA Hawaiian Is., 613 H upeh, 467, 468, 494, 495 Haydai Pasa, 86, 88 Hwaiyanghan, 466 Hazara, 162 Hwang Ho, 9, 465 et seq., 504, 505, Hebron, 118 506, 507, 508, SI9, · s6o, Heijo, 644 567 Heilungkiang, 543, 546 Hwangpu, R., 520 Heliopolis, 129 Hyderabad, 286, 330 'Heii11a{ld,valley, 162,163 Hemp, 442, 513 IsARAKI, 588 Heraclea, 82, 89, 102 !chang, 512, 516, 517 Herat, 165 · Ida, Mt., 78 Hermit Kingdom, 641 Ima~i, 628 Hermon, Mt., 130 lmbros, 7 Hermus, R., 78, 93, 95 Imperial Airways, 65 Hieh, Mt., 626 lnawashiro, 621 Hierapolis, 78 Indaing forests, 45 Hill Tippera, 301 India, 3, 4, 8, to, 12, 14, rg, 21, 41, Hilla, 144 44• 45. 52, 53, 58, 59, 6o, 66, Himalayas, 4, s. xx, 17, 21, 29, 51, 67, 170-365; agric., 275- 173-175,176, I8I,260,267- 276, 296-298. 300, 304 ; 273, 279. 286, 287, 290, 295. climate, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 299, 302, 307, 562 ; Eastern 29, 30, 187-199, 278-279. Region, 266-268 ; Western 288 ; manufactures, 246- Region, 269-272 249 ; pop., 44, 45, 268, Hindiya Barrage, 144 276-277, 298 , 4. 5, 54, 150, 161, 162 Indigo, 223-224, 599 Hinduism, 240-243 Indo-China, 3, 8, 21, 27, so, 341, Hindustan, 173, 175-176,261,294 522, 523. See French Indo­ Hinoki, 597 China Hiroshima, 614 Indo-Gangetic Plain, 261 Hissa~ Mts., 4, 5 Indos, 93 Hitachi," 588, 589, 620 Indus, 9, 30, 31, 54. 178, 270, 274, ~Hizen Peninsula, 628 275, 277, z8o, zBx, 282, Hokkaido (Yezo), S57 et seq., 283. 284, 28S. 286, 287. 294· 635--638 560 Hokoto, 557 et seq., 631 Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Plain, Holland, 496 3, IO • Holstein Cathedral, 602 Inland Sea (Setouchi), s82, 584, Roms, 129 6o6, 619, 625 Horns-Tripoli Pass, 127 International Geological Congress, Honan, 467 et seq., so6, soB II. Hondo, 582 et seq. Iran type of climate, 31, 151 Hong Kong, 28, 476, 477, 478, 480, Iranian Plateau, 150-169 520, 526 Iraq, 102, 140-149 Honshu, 582 et seq. Ireland, Alleyne, 643 Hooghly, R., 62, 302, 305, 306 Irkutsk, 665 et seq. , coalfield, 673 Hopei, 478 et seq. Iron, 185-186, 478, 523, 527, SB9 HoWTah, 301, 305, 306, 314 Irrawaddy, R., 2, 9, so, •8s, 352, Hsingan, 543 346 et seq. Hsinking, 542, 554 Irrigation, 153, 200-206, 276, 280, Hsintai, 546 282,283,28g,290-291,295- Hsuanhua, 478 296, 310, 320-321, SIS Hue, 28, 461 Irtysh, 650 Hunan, 516, 517, 525, 526 Ise Bay, 6o6, 625 Hun Ho, 543 Isfahan, I 53 INDEX 6gs Ishikari, 588 Jute, 62, 222-223; 303, 304, 305, Ishikari Plain (Ishikari-Yufutsu 306, 308 Lowland), 584·, 619, 635 Ishikawa, 6o8 K2, Mt., 269 Isinglass, 602 Kabul, 54, 165, 168, 277 Isker, 650 Kabul, R., 162, 163, 276 Ismid, 82, 92 Kabulistan, 162 Issyq Kol, 57 Kachhi, 280 .Istanbul. See Constantinople Kagawa, 589 Ito, Viscount, 643 Kagi, 632 Iwaki, 588, 622 Kailan Mining Syndicate, 477 Iwate, 589 Kaima Plateau, 647 Izmir. See Smyrna Kaiping coalfield, 477 Izu Peninsula, 625 Kaisarie (Kayseri), 78, 83, 86, 88 Kalat, 175. 277, 278 JACOBABAD, 30, 31 Kalgan, 506, 509, 576 Jade, 474 Kalimpong, 268, 562 Jaffa, II5, II7, 124 Kalkid, R., 76, 91 Jaffna, 372 el seq. Kalpin, 570 J aintia Hills, 306 Kamaishi, 489 Jaipur, 340 Kamgar, 31 J aisalmer, 341 Kamrup, 307 J alpaiguri, 269 Kamschatka, 653, 654, 663 el seq., Jamshedpur, 246 671 . Japan, 21, 23, 27, 29, 46, 47. 49-50, Kan, R., 517 53. 62, 63, 65, 510, 519, Kanakas, 649 579-649 ; natural regions, Kanara, N., 314 618-631 Kanat. See Qanat Japanese Alps, 582 Kana:mwa, 6oS, 623 J ap silk, 6o8 Kanazo forests, 43 Java,4,45, 6o, 62, 64,415-425 Kanchow, R., 5 67 Jaxartes, 57 Kandahar, 165 Jebel ed Dniz, 131, 132 Randy, 374 et seq. Jebel en Nuseiriye, 127 Kanetsukido, 586 Jech Doab, 290 Kansu,474.505,506 J ehol, 4 78, 543, 545 Kanze, 56.2 Jericho, II7 Kaoliang, 479, 550-552 Jerusalem, 58, n7, 119 Kara Sea, 671 Jhalakati, 306 Karachi, 28, 65, 247, 252 et seq., Jhansi, 337 285, 286, 293 Jhelum (Dist.), 274, 276; (town), Kara Darya, 684 277 Karafuto, 579 el seq., 638-639 Jhelum •. Canal, Upper and Lower, Karaganda coalfield, 673 290, 291 Kara-Kalpakia, 682 Jhelum, R., 270, 277, 286 Mts., 4, 5, II, 269, 270, Jherria, 246, 302 566 Jinsen, 644, 6~8, 649 Kara-kum Desert, 682 J oban coalfield, 620 Karaman, ror, 102 Johore, 411 Karatsu, 628 Jordan, R., 107, 108, II7, 118 Karez, 153. 280 J ubbulpore, 248, 335, 337 Karnali, R., 369 Judaea, II7 Karuizawa, 623 Jumna, R., 294, 295, 298 Karun, R., 151 Jumna Canal, Eastern, 295, 296; I{ashgar, 32, 56, 59, 566, 568, Western, 290 57° 6g6 ASIA

Kashmir, 31, 17I, 248, 269, 270 Kobe, 584 el seq., 614 271-272, 273· 559 Kochin, 523 Kashoryo, 63I Kofu, 623 Kastamuni, I02 Kobat, 275, 276, 277 Kathiawar, 308--310 Kokand (Kboqand), 56, 686 Kannandu,268, 369 Kokchetav, 676 Kayseri, 78, 83, 86, 88 Koko Nor, 56 I, 562 Kazaks 68I Kokura, 628 Ka2ak S.S.R., 682 Kolar, 328 Keelung, 63I, 633, 634 Kolyma, Mts., 653 Keijo (Seoul), 643 Konam, Mts., 4 Kemal Pasha, 69, 71, 72, 74 Konya, 82, 86, Ioi, 102 Kenidjegiz, 103 Kopet Dagh, ISO, 683 Kerman Desert, 59 Koppen, W., 35. 594 Kerynia-Karpass, 104 Korea. See Chosen Kbanaqin, 145 Koreans, 555 Kbanki, 290 Kosaka, 588, 589 , 306 Kosi, R., 369 Khaur, 274 Koustar industries, 674 Kbawak Pass, 161 Kowloon, 526, 528, 529 Kheri, 269 Krasnoyarsk, 665, 670, 671 ; region, Khingan Mts., 4, 543 el seq., 572 667, 675 Khiva,68o, 686 Kropotkin, I, 3, 6, 7. 8, 51 n., 65 Khoqand (Kokand), 56, 686 Kuala Lumpur, 4II Khotan, 56, 567, 570 Kucha, 568, 570 Khotan, R., 570 Kulti, 246 Khulna, 304 Kumamoto, 6I4 Khur Musa, 157 Kunlun, Mts., 4, 5, 6; 56, 560, 565, Khyber Pass, 161, 174, 277 s66, 567, s68, 569, 570, Kiakhta, 676 57 I Kialing, R., 5I3 Kurdistan, 142, 147 Kiangsi, 5I7, SIB Kurdistan, Mts., 32, 106, 107 Kiangsu, 469, soB, 509, SIS, 519- Kurile festoon, 582 520 Kuriles, 639 Kiaochow Bay, 5IO Kumool, 330 Kii Peninsula, 6Ig, 630 Kuro Siwo, 579, 590, 593 Kiirun, 632 Kurram, R., 275, 277 Kimchi, 644 Kushiro, 638 Kinahalu, Mt., 434 Kiitahya, 82 Kinabatangan, R., 434 Kuznetzk coalfield, 673 Kinchinjunga, I74• 267 Kwangchow-wan Bay, 499 King-yang, 505 Kwangsi, 523, 525 Kinki, 6Ig, 626-(,27 ; plains, 584 Kwangtung, 477 el seq., 520, S2I, · Kino Graben, 626, 627 S23,525 Kinsha, R., sn, 5I3, 5I5 Kwan-bien, SIS Kirghiz Uplands, 653, 672, 674, Kwanto Plain, s84, 6o6, 6Ig, 620, - 68o, 681-682 622, 623 Kirghizia, 682 Kweichow, 5I2, 516, 517, 527 Kirin, 543. 553, 554 Kwei Kiang, 525 Kirthar Hills, 5, 174, 281 Kweilin, 525 Kishiwada, 627 Kykko, 105 Kistna, R., 285, 324 Kyoto, 584 el seq., 614, 626 Kitakami, 62o, 621 Kysyl Kum Desert, 683 Kiuk1ang, 518 Kythraea, lOS Kizil, R., 76 Kyushu, S79 el seq. INDEX

LABUAN 409 _ , Maize, 6t, 272, 273, 292, 304, sz~, Lacquer. 488, 609 527 , 559 Makalu, Mt., 174 Lahore, 293 . Coast, 175, 277, 28o Laichow, 5 II Malabar Coast, 56, 59, 314 Lanchow, 505, so6 Malacca, 63, 406, 409 Langson, 525 Malatya, 88 Lanywa, 345 Malaya, 25, 43, 52, 59, 64, 3.94>-41~, Laodicea, 78 521 Laos, 459 Maldive Islands, 390 Latakia, Plain of, 125 Man, early, 2, 51 Laterite, 371-372 Manasarowar, L., 560 Lebanon, 107, 109, 127, 128 Manchukuo, 540-558 Leh, J1, J2, 270, 272, 562 Manchuli Plain, 638 Lemmings, 662 Manchuria, 8, II, 46, 47, 463, Lena, R., 9, 653 540-558, 599. 612. Lena Goldfields, 674 Manchurian type of climate, 29-30, Levant Co., 61 31 Lhasa,6o,268, 559,560,562 Manchus, 540 Lhatse, 560 Mandalay, 28, 354, 355, 363 Liangshan, 5 II Mrtndalay Canal, 352 Liao Ho, 543, 556 Mandarin oranges, 625 Liao Plain, 544 Manganese, 184 Liaotung Penin., 510, 543 Manila, 63, 446 Litang, 562 , 174, 308 Litani, R., 128 Manisa, 78 Lo, R., 507 Mannar Peninsula, 372 ~.473-474· 503-506,660 Marbut, C. F., 669 ~ Plateau, 503-506 Marco Polo, 59, 566 Lombok, 427 Mardine, 88 Loo Choo Is., 630 Mariana Is., 649 Lop Nor, 56, 566, 567, 571 Marmagao, 314 Lucknow, 296, 298 Marmara, Sea of, 78, So, 83, 91, 92 Ludhiana, 293 Marshall Is., 649 Lukchun, 31, 32 Martaban, Gulf of, 366 Lungchow, 525 Matsue, 628 Lungkuan,478 Matsumoto, 623 Lushai Hills, 174, 263, 301 Matsushima Bay, 620 Luzon Is., 63 Matsuyama, 627 Lyallpur, 293 Mawchi, 345 Mazar-i-Sharif, 161, 165 MACAO, 62, 63; 527 Meander, R., 78, 93, 95 Macassar, 428 Meboli, 82 Madaripur, 306 Mecca, 138, 139 Madhapur, 290, 303, 304 Medina, 138, 139 Madras, 62, 247, 252 el seq., 317, Mediterranean climate, 32-33 323, 326 Meerut, 295, 298, 299 Madras Presidency, 314, 317 Meiling, 526 Madura (India), 323; (Java), 415 Mekong, R., 8, 9, 455, 459, 521, 539 Magnesia ad Meandrum, 78, 95 Menam ChaoPhaya,R., 8, 449,451 Mahadeo Hills, 176, 335 Menderes Valley, 82, 83 Mahanadi, R., 285, 324 Mengtsz, 523 Mahe, 62 Merala, 290 Mahommedans, 243 , 523 Maifuchi Plain, 638 Mergui, 359, 362 Maika! Hills, 335 Mergui Archipelago, 353, 362 6g8 ASIA

~ersina, 89, 99 , 174, 26~ Merv, 58, 683 Nagano, 623 Mesaoria, 104 Nagasaki, 588 el seq., 616, 628 Meshed, 153 Nagchuka, 562 Mesopotamia, 30, 107, 113, 142 Nagoya, 584 el seq., 614, 625 Miao Islands, 510 Nagpur, 248, 336 Mica, 185 Naini Tal, 272 Midian, 134 Naktong Basin, 647 Miiki c&alfield, 628 Nanchang, 63 Mikimoto, 603 Nancowry Harbour, 368 Miletus, 78 Nanking, 59, 509, 516, 517, 519, Millet, 217, 273. 276, 285, 292, 297, 520, 525, 542 300, 304, 310, 491-492, sos. Nanling Range, 46, 474 soB, 552 Nan Shan, 5. 46, 487, 565, 567, 571 ' Min, R., 511 Nara, 626; basin, 626 . Minusinsk Coalfield, 673, 674 Narayanganj, _306 Miri, 437· 513, 515, 521, 523 Narbada, R., 177, 311, 339 Miizapur, 301 Narcondam, 366 Miyazaki, 629 Narora, 296 Mogami, 622 Naryn, 684 Mogok, 344 Nazareth, 117, 118 Mohair, 101 Negapatam, 323 Mohammerah, 158 Nejd, 137 Moji, 616, 628 Nepal, 171, 268, 368-369 Moluccas, 62, 64, 439 Netherlands, 64 Momeim, 523 Netherlands East Indies, 64 Mon Canal, 352 New Guinea, 52, 439 Mongolia, 16, 33, 463, 505, 506, 542, Nicobar Is., 4, 367-368 572-578, 681 Nicosia, 105 Mongolo-Buriat Republic, 688 Niigata, 588, 62o, 622 Monsoons, 21, 22, 23, 24-25 Niitaka Mt., 631 Monsoon lands, 27, 43-46 Nikko, 623 Moradabad, 298, 299 Nikolayevsk, 657, 679 Morphou Bay, 104 Nilgiri Hills, 177, 321, 327 Moscow, 687, 688 Ningpo, 62, 521 Mosul, 147. 148 Nippon. See Japan Motihari, 269 Nisibin, 88 Moukden (Mukden), 30, 543 el seq., Nobi Plain, 584, 622, 625 554 Nonni, R., 556 Moulmein, 359, 362 North Atlantic Drift, 20 Mudania, 89, 92 ; convention, 72 North Manchuria Railway, 555-556, Mughla, 94 676 Multan, 293 North Muya Mts.', 4 ·~ M urgab, 683 Northern Circars, 323-326 Murghab, R., 163 North-West Frontier, Prov., 261, ~I uroran, 638 274· 277 Murree, 272 Noshiro, 622 Murshidabad, 304 Noto Peninsula, 623 Muscat, 109 Novo-Sibirsk, 665, 670, 675 Mussoorie, 272 Nuksan Pass, 161 Mutsu Plain. 620 Nuwara Eliya, 372 el seq. Muttra, 298 Muzaffarpur, 301 OATS, 66, 599 llluztagh Range, 269 , Ob, R., 9 ; basin, 653 Mysore, 177, 328, 329, 330 Odate, 621 . 6gg

Oil. -See Petrolen.-~ Pekinez, 95 Oirat Republk, 6C::: Peking Syndicate, 477 · Oita, 588, 589 Penang, 27, 407, 409 Okaya, 623 Penhsihu, 546 Okayama, 627 Pepper, 431-432, 459 Okhotsk, current, 590, 593; jea, 65c. , Peradeniya, 377 Old Japan, 582 · ! Perill), no, 140 Olga District, 674 Poriyar, R., 320 . Olympus, Mt., 78, 92 Persia (Iran), 3. 5, 8, II, 21, 30, 31, Oman, Gulf of, xo6, 137 54, 56, 6o, 150-160, 280,281 Omi, 626 ; basin, 6z6 Persian Gulf, 56, 58, 59, xo6 Omono, 622 Pescadores, 631 Omsk, 665 et seq.; region, 667 Peshawar, 168, 277; (Dist.), 274, Omuta, 628 275, 276 Oolong tea, 634 Pethah Tiqva, 121 Opium, 94, 154, 224-225, 522, 527 Pctro-Aicxandrovsk, 31, 32 Oranges, 493 Petropavlovsk, 676 Orchard, J. E., 605 , 156-157, 184, 353 Bl Ordos, 6, 473-474, 505 seq., 432; 588, 633, 673 Orissa, 323 Phari, 562 Ormuz, 58, 59, 62 Philippines, 21, 52, 63, 437-446, Orography of Asia, 1-9, xo . 521, 583 Orontes, R., 107, ro8, 127, r28 Philistia, Plain of, IIS Osaka, 584, 6os, 614 Pilibhit, 269 Otaru, 638 Pir Panjal Range, 269 Ou, 619, 620-621 Plum rains, 592, 641 Oxus, R., 54, 56, 58, r6r, 163, 68o Pnom-Penh, 459 Po, s6o · PACHOW, 506 Podsols, 597, 660 Pahlevi, 159 Poini, R., 321 Pakistan, 170, 172, 242, 286, 3o6 Pondicherry, 63, 323 Palar, R, 321 · Pontian Mts., s. 75, 77-78, 102 Palestine, ro6, 115-124 Poona, 332 Palm oil, 431 Popa, Mt., 340 Pamirs, 3, 4, 6, 59, 65, 173, Population, 49-53 563-564, s6s, 566, 679 Port Arthur, 541, 556, 6o9 Panchnad, 286 PortBiru~365, 367,510,532 Panderma, 92 Port Cornwallis, 367 Pangi Range, 269 Port Swettenham, 4II, 412 Panjgur, 280 Portugal, 6o, 63 • Paoting, 509 Pose, 523, 525 Parganas, 304 Pottery, 609 Paropamisus Mts., 150 Poyang, L., 517 Pathans, 275, 279, 280 Priene, 78 Patiala, 294 Puket, 451, Patkai Hills, 174, 263 Punjab, 21, 28, 261, 270, 272, 273, Patna, 252, 299, 301 274· 282, 285, 286-294, 295. Pea-nuts. See Ground-nuts 299 Pearl River, 525 Puri, 326 Pechihli, Gulf of, 507, 508, sro Pumea District, 299 Pei Ho, 509 Pyong-yang (Heijo ), 644, 646 Peildang, 526 Pyramus, R., 127 Peiping (Peking), 29, 56, 59, 6o, 62, 64, 466 et sr.q., 509, 523, 525 QAN AT (Kanat or Karez), r 49 Pei Shan, 5, 567, 571 Qizil Su, 566 700 Quetta, 279, 280 iSal forest, 269 Quetta-Pishin, 28o Salmon, 661 Quilon, 317 ; Salt, 185, 514 Qurartu, 159 Salt Range, 274, 287 Saltpetre, 185 RABBIT, I., 75 .Salween, R., g, 362, 521, 56o Races of man, 51-53 ·Samaria, I 17 !l.ajJ'llt, Uplands, 308, 338-340 Samarqand (Samarkand), 55. 56, Ramie, 634 57. sB. 679. 68o, 685, 686 Rampur, 299 Samarra, 149 Rangoon, 28, 249, 252 el seq., Sammon, 586 348 et seq. Samsun, 82, 87, 8g, 91 Raniganj, 302, 306 Samurai, 613 Rann of Cutch, 284, 308 Sandakan,27 Rantau Panjang, 395 Sanders, E. M., 594 Rasul, 290 Sanin Littoral, 627-628 Ravi, R., 286, 290 Sapporo, 637 Rawalpindi, 272, 277; (Dist.), 274, Sara, 301 276 Sarawak, 436-437 Rayon, 6oS Sarda, R., 296 Rech Doab, 290 Sardis, 78 Red Basin, 467, 511, 512-516, 521 Sarigol, 566 Red River, 522 Sasebo, 628 Registan, 162 Satpura Line, 176 Reindeer, 661 Sayan Mts., 4 ; region, 653 Rhodes, 105 Scutari, 77 Rice, 66, 154, 212-215, 272, 28o, Seaweed, 603 285, 297, 300, 301, 303, 304, Sefid Rud, R., 151 306,307,310,314,352,359, Seismic disturbances, 585-586 386-7, 403, 421-422, 452, Seistan, 8, 151, 162 490, soB, 513, 517, 519, 521, Seistan-Iran Plateau, 5 522, 525, 527, 552-553. 599 Semarang, 424 Ritchie Archipelago, 365 Semipalatinsk, 669, 676 Rohri, 282 Semiretchensk, 68o Ruba el Khali, 47, 136 Sencha tea, 6oo Rubber, 314, 353, 386, 400-403, Sendai, 620, 621 423, 439-440 Seoul (Keijo), 641 el seq., 648 Russia, 41, 42, 61, 64, 510; Asiatic, Serampore, 306 650-688 Sericulture, 155, 496, 553, 600-602 Russo-Japanese War, 6o4 Serindian massif, I I, 12 Rye, 599 Sesamum, 219 Ryukyu Is., 582, 629, 630 Setouchi. See Inland Sea Settsu Plain, 626-627 SAGAING, 354, 355 Shachow, 571 Sagami Bay, 586 Shahabad,299 Saganoseki, 588, 589, 629 Shahjahanpur, 299 Sagar Doab, 290 Shahsi, 517 Saharanpur, 26g, 298 Shamshui, 527 Sahyadri Mts., 311 Shan Plateau, 343, 353, 362-363 Saigon, 458 Shan States, g, 341, 362-363 Saipan Is., 649 Shanghai, 29, 503, 511, 519, 520, Sajong, 480 525, 607 Sakai, 627 Shangtu, so6 Sakhalin, 537, 579 et seq., 654 et Shansi, 59, 6o, 466 et seq., 504, 505, seq. SY also Karafuto so6, 507, soB, 527 Shantung, · 466 el seq., 507, .~o&: Sorg!:um, 505 509-511, 533 &>:1t!. Manchuria Rtilway, 541, Shaochan,' §27 546, 555 Sharon, Pial., of, ns.• Soy, 6oo Shatt el-Arab, 145-:I48 Soya-be~.492-493.5I3,549-550, Sha·q, C. F., 4iB 6~8 Sheru>i, 59, 6o, 466 el seq., 504, 505 , 58, 6o, 63 Shigat·•, 56o Spring Sowing Plan, 667 ShilloJir 265, 266, 308 Srinagar, 271, 272 Shima,·Ou3 Stalinobad, 687 Shimizu, 6r6 Stanovoi Mts., 4, 653, 663 el seq. Shinjo, 621 Stein, Sir A., 564, 572 Shipki Pass, 272 Steppes, 659, 663 Shizuoka, 625 Stewart Sound, 367 Shonai, 622 Straits Settlements, 406-409 Shorthorn cattle, 602 • Strassendorf,' 624 Showa, 546 Structure of Asia, 10-18 Shwebo Canal, 352 Sturgeon, 661 Siam, 8,so,446-453,S22 Suchow, 56, 57' Si-an, 506 Suez, 6o, 65, xo6, 112 Siangyang, 5 I 7 Sugar, 66, 292, 298, 422, 513 Siberia, 3, 8, II, 15, 19, 21, 31, Sugi, 597 33. 46, 47· 48, 53. 59. 64, Suian mine, 646 66, 6], 650-679 ; tribes, Sui-fu, 513, 523 664 ; colonists, 665 Suiwha, 557 Sibi, 28o Sukkur, 283, 286 Sidon, Plain of, 125 Sulaiman Mts., 4, 5. 174, 287 Sikiang, 8, 9, 465 el seq., 520, Sulo Ho, 566, 567, 571 523-527 Sultanas, 95 , 268, 559, 562 Sumatra, 4, 52, 59, 6o, 425-426 Silk, 55. s6, s8, 67, 513, 519. , 302, 304 See also Sericulture Sun-en Littoral, 625. , 67, 527 Sungari, R., 543, 556 Simla, 272, 295, 562 Surabaya, 424 Simmenthal cattle, 6o2 Surat, 248, 310 Sinchula Hills, 268 Surkh Ab, 566 Sind, 261, 279, 280-286, 287, 308 Surma Valley, 302-303, 306 Singapore, 25, 27, 407,408-409,413 Sutlej, R., 54, 272, 286, 287, "290, Singhbbum, 246 560 Singkep; 427 Suwa Basin, 623 Sinldang, 463 el seq. Suzuya Plain, 638-639 Sinop, So, 82, 91 Swat, Canal (Upper and Lower), Sir Darya, 683, 685, 688 276 Sirhind Canal, 290 Swatow, 521 Sittang, R., 365 Sweet Potatoes, 599, 620, 634 Sivas, 83 Sylhet District, 302, 306 Siwalik Hills, 273 Sylvia, Mt., 631 • Skardu, 270 Syria, 30, 32, 54, 67, ro6, uo, 116, Smith, G.-H., 582 125-133 Smyrna (Izmir), 33, 78, 82, 83, 86, Syrian Desert, rog, 130, 134 91, 92-98 Syrian Saddle, II2, 113 Soils, 478-480, 597, 659-661 Szechwan, 59, 6o, 467 el seq., 511, Sokotra, I., 140 512-513, 515, 527 Son, R.,299 Szechwanese Alps, 466, 467, 511- Soochow, 520 512 ASIA_.

TABarz, 56, 153. 157. 159 "Tetmez, 687 Tachienlu, 562 Tethys, 17 1 Tadong, R., 639 · , 30, 282r' 284, 308, Taichu, 631, 632 340-341 Taiga forests, 662, 676-677 Thornthwaite, ~ "36, 594 . Taiholru, 631, 647 Tibet, s. 6, 22, 31, 6o, 65, 26o, 268, Taiku, 644 270, 272, 273· 463, SII, 521, 'i'aimy<; Peninsula, 657 522, 559-564, 565 Tainan, 631 Tien Shan, 4· 5, 6, 56-57, 65, 565, Taiwan (Formosa), 63, 64, 579etseq., 566, 568, 679 588 et seq., 631...034 Tientsin, 62, 64, 509 Tai-yuan, 505, 506 Tigris, R., 9, 54. 56, 1o8 , 686 Tigris-Euphrates, plain, 3, 9, 10, Takao, 634 140, 143 Takaoka, 623 Timor, 427 Takata, 62i Tin, 67, 354, 362, 404t.,.405, 451 Taklamakan, 568, 569, 570 Tinnevelly, 323 Takyrs, 683 Tista, R., 302 Talienwan, 499 Titagarh, 3o6 Ta!ifu, 523 Tiznaf, R., 569 Tallow Tree, 488 Toba (Shima), 603 Tamblegam, L., 388 Tobacco, 444, 505, 513, 553 Tamil Region, 317-323 Tobata, 628 Tana, 6o Tobolsk, 665 Tang H

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