REVISED CURRICULUM NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 0 of 50 Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona REVISED CURRICULUM NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 0 of 50 REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 THEME 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM. Timeline showing important events in Namibia Liberation Struggle 1884 Namibia become a Germany Colony after the Berlin Africa Conference 1918 End of WWI, Germany was defeated 1920 Namibia is given to South Africa as a Mandate by the League of Nations 1945 End of WWII, UNO formed and declared that all countries have the right to govern themselves 1948 The National Party comes to power in SA and introduced Apartheid in Namibia 1958 OPC was founded in Cape Town 1959 OPC changed to OPO 1959 Windhoek Massacre 1960 OPO was changed to SWAPO as suggested by Hosea Kutako 1966 The first Armed Clash between SWAPO ad South Africa Defense Force at Omugulugoombashe 1978 Cassinga Massacre 1978 The UNO recognized SWAPO as the sole representative of Namibia people 1990 Namibia become independent 1.1. Define the term Namibian Nationalism? Is a system whereby people express their feelings of love, pride and loyalty towards their country or a desire of our first leaders to form an independent country? Three factors that contributed to the rise of Namibian nationalism: Colonial Oppression The Namibian people became tired of the unfair treatment that they received from colonizers. These included, racial discrimination, the contract labor system and being forced to live in reserve areas (homelands). Urbanization. Indigenous moved to town searching for better life, in town were put in areas known as locations, they experienced poor living conditions, poverty, harassments. Under these conditions new attitude of solidarity began to develop. Education. Schools were built by missionaries, and blacks began to learn how to read and write, and gained access to ideas such as Negritude and Pan Africanism, information printed in the newspapers, books and journals. Educated Namibia began to write letters (petitions) of complaint to South African government and to the UNO. United Nations Organization. The UNO believed that all people had the rights to govern themselves and choose their own form of government, many Namibia realized this applied to them as well. Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona Explain the nationalist activities with reference to role players and movements. Chief Hosea Kutako and the Herero Chiefs’ council He was born in 1870 at Okahurimehi near Kalkfeld, and he was a leading commander during the war of National resistance against Germans in 1904. was hailed as the father of the Namibian nationalism, He was the first chief to express the vision of an independent Namibian nation. He worked actively to free his country from foreign rule. Today, the international airport in Windhoek is named in his honor. He was the first chief to send the petition on 26 August 1964 to the UNO through the Michael Scott, the Anglican priest and he formed the Herero chief council. After the petition did not bring any change, he continued to press for Namibia’s case to be taken to the international Court of Justice, accusing SA of violating the rights of Namibian people with Apartheid laws. He spends many years pressuring the UNO to grant Namibia independence, until he passed away on 18 July 1970. Uatja W Kaukuetu and South West Africa Progressive Association. (SWAPA) It was the movement formed by the students who went for further studies in SA, They watched and seeing how ANC organized their protests. Uatja W Kaukuetu was its leader. It encouraged blacks in SWA to work hard at their studies, it offered scholarships to students. They formed the newspaper called South West News. Andimba Toivo yaToivo and OPO. Herman Andimba Toivo yaToivo was born on 22 August 1924 at Omangundu. During WWI he fought on the side of the allied power. He was a teacher, a contract worker, a police officer and he worked in SA as a mine and railway worker, he became recognized leader of the contract workers in SA. He worked hard to make his countrymen aware of SA injustices in the contract labor system. In 1957 he with other Owambo contract workers on Cape Town founded OPC He was detained several times by the SA authorities In 1958 he sent a tape-recorded message to the UNO and the tape was smuggled out of the country inside the copy of the book treasure island. Due to his political activities he was arrested together with 44 other prominent SWAPO and tried for terrorism, on 26 January 1968 he was sent to prison for 20 years at Robben Island, near Cape town, he spends 16 years there and was released on 1 March 1984. He become an active politician until his death on 09 June 2017. REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona 1 of 50 Reverend Michael Guthrie Scott Scott was born on 30 July 1907 in Sussex, England. He as an Anglican priest since 1930, and on 1943 went to South Africa as a missionary. After learning about the Apartheid system and its discriminatory policies in SA, he set up a campaign for Rights and Justice to represent all people of the country in all sectors of the country, to abolish any law that discriminate, and to provide land to the landless people. He drafted the first petition with Hosea Kutako He also represented Namibian at the UNO and spoke on our behalf when he delivered the petition In 1951 because of his activities in assisting Namibia, he was declared a prohibited immigrant and was not allowed to enter South Africa. He promoted SWAPO to be recognized by the UN as the sole representative of Namibian. 1.2 The Ovambo People’s Organization (OPO) OPO was changed from OPC in 1959, OPC was formed in 1957. List the reasons for the establishment of OPO. To fight the Apartheid Policies that SA introduced in Namibia To oppose South African to make Namibia part of South Africa To improve the life and conditions of the contract workers. To remove the racial discrimination and division in the territory. To bring Namibia under the direct protection of the UN. Mention the founding members of OPO. Andimba Toivo ya Toivo Fanuel Kozonguizi Andreas Shipanga Sam Nujoma. Discuss the role of Sam Nujoma played in the formation of OPO. In 1957 he resigned from South Africa railways to spend all his time in politic. He was the first president of OPO. As a president of the party he continued to inform the contract workers on the aims of the party, as such he was sacked out as a railway worker, blacklisted and became only involved in the political activities of OPO. He organized meetings, raised funds for the party and opened offices in town and cities. How OPO helped to organize strikes. In 1959, he organized the strike among workers at Ocean Fish Cannery in Walvis bay. The workers were forced to clean the machinery while in motion, a dangerous condition, however, after the strike the condition of workers at Ocean Fish improved. Describe the contract labor system. Contract labor system also known as migrant labour system, was introduced by Germany authorities to solve the problems created by the labour shortage in the country. In order to encourage workers to do the hard labour, the Germany authority paid headmen and chiefs a fee for every worker they recruited. REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona 2 of 50 Discuss how men were recruited by SWANLA. SWANLA was a combination of all organizations that recruited blacks as contract workers and its purpose was to regulate the contract labour system. Explain how the contract labour system affected people’s family life and living standard. The contract workers were not allowed to bring their family with them. Workers had no physical contact with their family; it caused estrangement and a breakdown of family ties. Without the love and support of their wives and children, the men were homesick and lonely, and women were left without enough money to care for their children. Effect on the contract laborer Effect on the family of the contract laborer . Pay was very low . Women had to do the work of men as . Stayed in crowded, harsh condition of well as their own work. Farming suffered compounds and many families went hungry. Worked in dangerous conditions without . Children grew up without their fathers protective clothing . Very often families broke down as men . Ha to be away from home for 9-18 would start new families near their work months places . Had to live without their families 1.3 South West Africa National Union (SWANU) Name SWANU’s founding members. Fanuel Jariretundu Kozonguizi Uatja Kaukuetu and SWAPA students Hosea Kutako of the Herero Chief’s Council Describe its aims and establishment and why it failed? The aims of SWANU To unite all SWA people in the struggle for freedom and independence. Fight for self determination Promote the advancement of the Namibian people Work with Allied movements to promote African unity Work with Allied movements all over the world to abolish imperialism, tribalism and Racism The establishment of SWANU. It was formed in 1959 by members of SWAPA and Herero Chief’s Council. Why SWANU failed to become a national movement. There was a lack of consensus between SWANU’s young members and older members of the Herero Chief Council. SWANU did not have the backing of the mass of contract workers like SWAPO. SWAPO’s aim to take up the armed struggle. REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona 3 of 50 1.4 Other political organizations Lists the founding members of NUDO ( 25 Septembers 1964), CANU (1963) and Damara Tribal Council (1971) Founding members of NUDO.