REVISED CURRICULUM NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 0 of 50
Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona
Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona REVISED CURRICULUM NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 0 of 50 REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018
THEME 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM.
Timeline showing important events in Namibia Liberation Struggle 1884 Namibia become a Germany Colony after the Berlin Africa Conference 1918 End of WWI, Germany was defeated 1920 Namibia is given to South Africa as a Mandate by the League of Nations 1945 End of WWII, UNO formed and declared that all countries have the right to govern themselves 1948 The National Party comes to power in SA and introduced Apartheid in Namibia 1958 OPC was founded in Cape Town 1959 OPC changed to OPO 1959 Windhoek Massacre 1960 OPO was changed to SWAPO as suggested by Hosea Kutako 1966 The first Armed Clash between SWAPO ad South Africa Defense Force at Omugulugoombashe 1978 Cassinga Massacre 1978 The UNO recognized SWAPO as the sole representative of Namibia people 1990 Namibia become independent
1.1. Define the term Namibian Nationalism? Is a system whereby people express their feelings of love, pride and loyalty towards their country or a desire of our first leaders to form an independent country?
Three factors that contributed to the rise of Namibian nationalism:
Colonial Oppression The Namibian people became tired of the unfair treatment that they received from colonizers. These included, racial discrimination, the contract labor system and being forced to live in reserve areas (homelands).
Urbanization. Indigenous moved to town searching for better life, in town were put in areas known as locations, they experienced poor living conditions, poverty, harassments. Under these conditions new attitude of solidarity began to develop.
Education. Schools were built by missionaries, and blacks began to learn how to read and write, and gained access to ideas such as Negritude and Pan Africanism, information printed in the newspapers, books and journals. Educated Namibia began to write letters (petitions) of complaint to South African government and to the UNO.
United Nations Organization. The UNO believed that all people had the rights to govern themselves and choose their own form of government, many Namibia realized this applied to them as well.
Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona
Explain the nationalist activities with reference to role players and movements.
Chief Hosea Kutako and the Herero Chiefs’ council He was born in 1870 at Okahurimehi near Kalkfeld, and he was a leading commander during the war of National resistance against Germans in 1904. was hailed as the father of the Namibian nationalism, He was the first chief to express the vision of an independent Namibian nation. He worked actively to free his country from foreign rule. Today, the international airport in Windhoek is named in his honor. He was the first chief to send the petition on 26 August 1964 to the UNO through the Michael Scott, the Anglican priest and he formed the Herero chief council. After the petition did not bring any change, he continued to press for Namibia’s case to be taken to the international Court of Justice, accusing SA of violating the rights of Namibian people with Apartheid laws. He spends many years pressuring the UNO to grant Namibia independence, until he passed away on 18 July 1970.
Uatja W Kaukuetu and South West Africa Progressive Association. (SWAPA) It was the movement formed by the students who went for further studies in SA, They watched and seeing how ANC organized their protests. Uatja W Kaukuetu was its leader. It encouraged blacks in SWA to work hard at their studies, it offered scholarships to students. They formed the newspaper called South West News.
Andimba Toivo yaToivo and OPO. Herman Andimba Toivo yaToivo was born on 22 August 1924 at Omangundu. During WWI he fought on the side of the allied power. He was a teacher, a contract worker, a police officer and he worked in SA as a mine and railway worker, he became recognized leader of the contract workers in SA. He worked hard to make his countrymen aware of SA injustices in the contract labor system. In 1957 he with other Owambo contract workers on Cape Town founded OPC He was detained several times by the SA authorities In 1958 he sent a tape-recorded message to the UNO and the tape was smuggled out of the country inside the copy of the book treasure island. Due to his political activities he was arrested together with 44 other prominent SWAPO and tried for terrorism, on 26 January 1968 he was sent to prison for 20 years at Robben Island, near Cape town, he spends 16 years there and was released on 1 March 1984. He become an active politician until his death on 09 June 2017.
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Reverend Michael Guthrie Scott Scott was born on 30 July 1907 in Sussex, England. He as an Anglican priest since 1930, and on 1943 went to South Africa as a missionary. After learning about the Apartheid system and its discriminatory policies in SA, he set up a campaign for Rights and Justice to represent all people of the country in all sectors of the country, to abolish any law that discriminate, and to provide land to the landless people. He drafted the first petition with Hosea Kutako He also represented Namibian at the UNO and spoke on our behalf when he delivered the petition In 1951 because of his activities in assisting Namibia, he was declared a prohibited immigrant and was not allowed to enter South Africa. He promoted SWAPO to be recognized by the UN as the sole representative of Namibian.
1.2 The Ovambo People’s Organization (OPO) OPO was changed from OPC in 1959, OPC was formed in 1957.
List the reasons for the establishment of OPO. To fight the Apartheid Policies that SA introduced in Namibia To oppose South African to make Namibia part of South Africa To improve the life and conditions of the contract workers. To remove the racial discrimination and division in the territory. To bring Namibia under the direct protection of the UN.
Mention the founding members of OPO.
Andimba Toivo ya Toivo Fanuel Kozonguizi Andreas Shipanga Sam Nujoma.
Discuss the role of Sam Nujoma played in the formation of OPO. In 1957 he resigned from South Africa railways to spend all his time in politic. He was the first president of OPO. As a president of the party he continued to inform the contract workers on the aims of the party, as such he was sacked out as a railway worker, blacklisted and became only involved in the political activities of OPO. He organized meetings, raised funds for the party and opened offices in town and cities.
How OPO helped to organize strikes. In 1959, he organized the strike among workers at Ocean Fish Cannery in Walvis bay. The workers were forced to clean the machinery while in motion, a dangerous condition, however, after the strike the condition of workers at Ocean Fish improved.
Describe the contract labor system. Contract labor system also known as migrant labour system, was introduced by Germany authorities to solve the problems created by the labour shortage in the country. In order to encourage workers to do the hard labour, the Germany authority paid headmen and chiefs a fee for every worker they recruited.
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Discuss how men were recruited by SWANLA. SWANLA was a combination of all organizations that recruited blacks as contract workers and its purpose was to regulate the contract labour system.
Explain how the contract labour system affected people’s family life and living standard. The contract workers were not allowed to bring their family with them. Workers had no physical contact with their family; it caused estrangement and a breakdown of family ties. Without the love and support of their wives and children, the men were homesick and lonely, and women were left without enough money to care for their children.
Effect on the contract laborer Effect on the family of the contract laborer . Pay was very low . Women had to do the work of men as . Stayed in crowded, harsh condition of well as their own work. Farming suffered compounds and many families went hungry. . Worked in dangerous conditions without . Children grew up without their fathers protective clothing . Very often families broke down as men . Ha to be away from home for 9-18 would start new families near their work months places . Had to live without their families
1.3 South West Africa National Union (SWANU)
Name SWANU’s founding members. Fanuel Jariretundu Kozonguizi Uatja Kaukuetu and SWAPA students Hosea Kutako of the Herero Chief’s Council Describe its aims and establishment and why it failed?
The aims of SWANU To unite all SWA people in the struggle for freedom and independence. Fight for self determination Promote the advancement of the Namibian people Work with Allied movements to promote African unity Work with Allied movements all over the world to abolish imperialism, tribalism and Racism The establishment of SWANU.
It was formed in 1959 by members of SWAPA and Herero Chief’s Council.
Why SWANU failed to become a national movement.
There was a lack of consensus between SWANU’s young members and older members of the Herero Chief Council. SWANU did not have the backing of the mass of contract workers like SWAPO. SWAPO’s aim to take up the armed struggle.
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1.4 Other political organizations
Lists the founding members of NUDO ( 25 Septembers 1964), CANU (1963) and Damara Tribal Council (1971)
Founding members of NUDO.
Chief Hosea Kutako of the Herero chief council. Clemens Kapuuo
Aim of NUDO.
To unite black communities into one organization To awaken political consciousness as a unified nation To remove all forms of oppression and exploitation It put strong emphasis on land redistribution founding members of CANU.
Mishake Muyongo Mason Mamili George Mutwa
Aim of CANU
To fight common enemy (South Africa) After receiving independence, people of Caprivi area should decide if they want to independent of Namibia,
Founding members of Damara Tribal council.
Justus Garoeb Josephat Gawanab
Aims of DTC
To advocate a mixed economy system To guarantee the right of private ownership To enable local authorities to have much more say over their own people.
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1.5 The Windhoek Massacre (10 December 1959)
Discuss the causes, course of events and the consequences of the Windhoek Massacre.
What is Windhoek Massacre: it was the killing of the defenseless people that took place in Windhoek’s Old Location now Hochland park on 10 December 1959. A massacre is an incident where many people are killed indiscriminately and deliberately without reason and without mercy.
Causes of the Massacre The causes of the massacre: the massacre was caused by the segregation policy of SA authority, the white authority created the white residential area (Hochland Park) at the site of the old location and in 1959 the municipality decided to move all the indigenous tribes out of the old location to new suburb of Katutura. The course of events.
On 2nd Nov 1959, people were ordered not to cooperate with the authority. People of the old location gathered and agreed to boycott the municipality services such as Bus Service, Cinema and Beer Hall and the tension grew between the residents and municipality officials. 4th Dec the residents matched to the administrator but were sent away. 9th Dec residents threw stones at the officials and forced them to close the beer hall. 10th Dec two residents were arrested for throwing stones at officials including the mayor 10th Dec residents gathered at mayor’s office to demand the release of two prisoners, as more residents arrived; the police were also brought and demanded the demonstrators to leave the place but refused and fired at the crowd, killing and wound many people.
The consequences of the massacre.
Nationalists left to exile, e.g. Sam Nujoma People were forced permanently to stay in Katutura. Resistance to South African authorities increased. 54 people were killed including Kakurukaze Mungunda and many were wounded. Houses were destroyed. Members of OPO, and SWANU were arrested and put in prison. The desire for independence was increased. The Old Location was officially closed on 31 August 1968 Today the 10 December is commemorated as International Human Right’s day and Namibian Women’s Day in Namibia
Why people did not want to move to Katutura? They lived in old location for many years. They built homes and gardens in the old location. In Katutura they would pay rents for the houses. Katutura was far from the centre of Windhoek and this would means travelling long distances to and from work. Their forefathers were lying buried in the old location cemetery. REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona
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1.6 South West Africa People’s Organizational (SWAPO) and the Liberation Struggle
List the reason for the formation of SWAPO.
Nujoma and YaToivo felt that OPO, because of its name, excluded Namibian poepl who were not Owambo, so they founded SWAPO to include all Namibian people. To take up arms to fight for independence To fight for the equal rights for all Namibian people.
Discuss how Sam Nujoma actively kept Namibia at the centre of international attention.
He asked for assistance from OAU and UNO to help SWAPO to start its activities, he formed SWAPO movement; He raised funds for SWAPO in the eastern blocks; he offices all over the world. And lastly, he gets SWAPO recognized nationally and internationally.
Explain when and why SWAPO launched the war of the national liberation?
In 1966, SA refused the demand of the UN to withdraw from SWA; this refusal marked the end of SWAPO’s peaceful negotiation with SA and the beginning of the liberation struggle.
Because the UNO failed to persuade SA to withdrew from the territory. War was the only option to end the illegal occupation of the SA in the territory. Several discussions had failed to persuade SA to withdraw. International court of justice failed to declare SA as illegal in the territory.
Lists the conditions on which SWAPO received assistance from the OAU?
They had to demonstrate that they had support of the majority people in the country. They had to be willing to participate in an armed struggle, if necessary They had to produce effective program of action.
The first major clash between SWAPO and SWADF in 1966.
This clash took place at Omgulugoombashe on 26 august 1966, that morning the SA police fired and attached the camp. Two guerrillas died and about 9-27 guerrilla fighters were captured and the camp was destroyed. 26 August has become a public holiday called Heroes day.
Give an account of Ya Toivo’s Pretoria speech.
On trial in Pretoria ya Toivo mentioned the following: He did not recognize the right of SA to govern SWA; he has regarded SA as an intruder inside the territory. He is a loyal Namibian and he will never betray his people to their enemies, he admitted that he decided to help those who had taken up arms and the struggle will be long and bitter but they will wage the war at whatever cost.
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Describe how an independent Angola favored the armed struggle in Namibia. In 1975 Angola got independence and Dr. Augustino Neto as its president.
The new independent state:
Opened its borders to the Namibians who wished to continue with the struggle, SWAPO movement was allowed to open its camp in Angola. Angolans gave help to the victims of war. It provided tents, food and education to the Namibians in exile.
1.7 Refugees Camps
Mention why Namibian refugee camps were established in other countries during the armed struggle
. To house people fleeing from war zone in Namibia temporarily . To provide basic services like education, offer clinic to provide health care . Provide facilities where people could work like sewing factories or workshop . To protect people from further attacks by enemies.
Refugee camps that were established in other countries during the armed struggle.
Nyango was built in 1975 in the Western province of Zambia. Cassinga was built in Angola. Ndjamba was also built in Angola in Huila Province it offered the technical and training facilities to the Namibians. Namibia Seco School was opened in Loudima, Congo in 1986. Hendricks Witbooi Seco School and Hosea Kutako was built in 1978 in Cuba to keep the survivors of Cassinga.
Explain the Cassinga Massacre.
Cassinga massacre took place on the 04 may 1978. Cassinga was a home for 4000 people. On this date 700 people were killed of whom 300 were children. 600 were wounded and 200 were captured as prisoners. Today 4 may is celebrated as Cassinga day. The survivors of Cassinga were offered asylum in Cuba, Congo, Czechoslovakia and Germany.
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THEME 2: SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION 1945-1979.
Timeline showing some important dates during SA rule of Namibia from 1945 to 1990 1945 The UNO replaced League of Nations 1945 South Africa tried to persuade UNO to allow them to make Namibia part of SA 1948 NP comes to power in SA and introduce Apartheid 1960 Ethiopia and Liberia request the ICJ to declare SA rule in Namibia illegal 1964 Finding and recommendation of Odendaal plan published 1966 SWAPO starts Armed Liberation Struggle 1971 ICJ rules SA presence in Namibia as illegal 1974 UNO recognize SWAPO as sole representatives of Namibia people 1975 Turnhalle Constitutional Conference 1977 Administrator General appointed in Namibia 1978 The UNO resolution 435 adopted 1983 MPC replaces the DTA 1985 TGNU replaces the MPC 1989 UNO Implement resolution 435, UNTAG came to Namibia 1989 Democratic election in Namibia 1990 Namibia Becomes Independence
2.1 South Africa Colonial Rule and The Mandate
What is a colony and a Mandate?
Colony Mandate A colony is a territory that is ruled by A mandate was a German or Turkish colony another country with the aim that it should administered by another country on behalf benefit the ruling country or colonizer. of the League of Nation.
Describe the inheritance of Namibia as a mandate by the UN.
In 1919 Germany lost the WWI, and all its colonies including Namibia was taken away from it and given to the LON to control it. Then LON placed Namibia (SWA) as a mandated territory under SA to prepare it for independence.
The UNO.
The LON was dissolved in 1945 after the WWII. The responsibilities of the LON were taken by the UNO. Under the UN all the mandated territories were placed into the Trusteeship council of the UN which were expected to control and prepare them towards independence. From this period onwards, Namibians such as Hosea Kutako through Michael Scot began to send petitions to the UN complaining the manner in which SA was controlling the territory. UN proposed that SWA be placed under its control but SA refused.
Why SA wanted to annex (confiscate) SWA?
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SA and UNO over SWA.
SA refused to place SWA under the UN control, SA claimed that they were given the power by the traditional leaders to control the territory but the UNO refused their claim as false. Hosea Kutako was against the confiscation of the territory and wanted to send his people to the UN but the authority did not allow them leaving the country. He sent Michael Scot instead to deliver the petition and in 1948 NP won the election in SA and its new leader Dr. D. F Malan stopped the idea of incorporating SWA as its 5th Province instead he gave SWA 2 political parties to represent it in the SA parliament.
Name the two main political parties in the SA parliament.
United Nation South West Party (UNSWP) National Party of South West Africa (SWANP)
Explain why these parties were the only two representing Namibia in the S African parliament.
There were no black parties in 1940s as people could not vote for them in an election and Blacks were not allowed to vote. SA government did not allow many parties as they would interrupt their activities in the territory. They were both supporting the idea of making SWA as part of SA.
2.2 Apartheid in Namibia
The apartheid.
Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning Separateness. The idea of apartheid was that each race had different needs therefore they need to live separately from one another. Therefore, many laws were introduced to make the apartheid work.
Some Apartheid Laws implemented in Namibia
The Group Area Act People from different races were not allowed to live together The Native Passes and Document Black people had to carry a pass wherever they Act (Pass Law) went. Without Pass, they could be arrested and jailed. Separate Amenities Act White and Black people should not share the same facilities. Bantu education Act White and Black people should not share the same schools. They were also taught different syllabi at school.
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Discuss the Odendaal Plan.
It was a plan that was introduced by Dr. H.F. Verwoerd, who became the Prime minister of SA from 1958-1966. He was known as the father of homeland policy. The plan was made to work out a system of homelands to force blacks into reserves.
Name and explain the economic and political recommendation made by the Odendaal plan.
Land The reserves that were created in the past covered only 25% of the total land of Namibia This area of land should increase to 40% The reserves should be developed into self-governing and later independent homelands.
Economic recommendation.
Water and electricity: - they planned to build a hydro-electric scheme at Cunene and build a canal to provide water to communities. Transport: - gravel roads were upgraded. Mining: - they opened mines in Tsumeb and Orangemund. Educational Facilities: - more schools for blacks were built. Health Centers: - training centers for nurses were built in Oshakati and Windhoek.
Political recommendation.
Homelands; - the country was divided into ten homelands. Land: - the homelands covered only 40 % of land. Government property: - certain areas were set aside as government property. Minerals and farms: - all these areas were occupied by white authority only. Unreserved area for coloreds; No homeland was set aside for colored people.
The ten homelands were;
1. Kaokoland 2. Ovamboland 3. Kavangoland 4. Damaraland 5. East Caprivi 6. Bushmanland 7. Hereroland 8. Twanaland 9. Basterland 10. Namaland
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Evaluate the impact of the Odendaal plan with specific reference to human rights
The communities were divided into small groups; the land that was given to the blacks was dry and barren; homelands were enlarged; homelands were too small for people to farm in a traditional way; many people were moved out of their land where they stayed for many years.
2.3 United Nations and Namibia
Describe the reasons why the UN and SA clashed over Namibia.
From 1946 – 1960s SA had refused to hand over the territory in the hands of the UN; and SA indicated that it would no longer sending reports to the UN on how it was controlling the territory; in 1950s the court indicated that the mandate of SA over Namibia has not ended and continued to ask SA to hand it over to the UN.
Why UNO clashed with SA over Namibia 1945 South Africa ask UNO to allow SA to incorporate Namibia as a fifth province of SA. The UNO refused. 1948 D. F. Malan announces that SA does not accept the UN authority over Namibia and they will no longer send reports on Namibia. 1949 The General Assembly of the UN investigates the position of Namibia to determine if SA has the right to rule Namibia without the UNO supervision. 1950 The ICJ rules that SA does not have the right to incorporate Namibia into its territory. It also rules that SA must send annual reports to the UN. 1952 The UN calls SA to put Namibia under its control
2.7.1. Ethiopia and Liberia.
Were two African countries who took the case of Namibia to the International Court of Justice in 1960s, but the court responded by saying that the two countries do not have the legal right to take the case to the Court.
2.8. Discuss how International Court of Justice tried to stop SA administration over Namibia.
In 1960 UN general assembly passed a resolution to calling over SA to withdraw its administration in Namibia; in 1967 the UN set up a council for SWA which was given the power to administer the country, and was never allowed to enter the country, its commissioner was Sean MC Bride. Dr. Kurt Waldheim, the UN secretary general held talks with John Voster in 1971, but the talks failed.
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2.4 South Africa Changes Directions
Why SA decided not to incorporate the territory as its 5th province?
In 1974 Portugal withdrew from Angola. The MPLA, one of the main political parties in Angola, supported SWAPO and opened borders for SWAPO member to hide after guerrilla attacks on SA troops Thousands of Namibia people who crossed border into Angola become guerrilla fighters PLAN fighters become more active and put a lot of pressure on the SADF SWAPO was becoming more popular among the people. An economic sanction by the UN was threatening the SA economy. In 1974 the UN recognized SWAPO as the sole representative of Namibia In 1974 the UN asked SA to recognize Namibia as a separate nation and to withdraw their administration
Describe how Turnhalle conference was formed and its main features.
It was organized by the NP in Namibia to organize a constitutional conference. More than 150 people were invited to attend and they met on 1 Sept 1975 in the Turnhalle building. Only people who held big posts in the homelands were allowed to attend.
The Features of the Turnhalle Constitution. The Turnhalle committee was formed in 1976 and met to draft the constitution for Namibian independence and its features were the following: The 1st level (central government or national assembly): it was elected based on tribal group and it was responsible with defense and foreign affairs. 2nd level government (Bantustans or homelands) was formed for every tribal group, and it was responsible for health and education. 3rd level government (municipalities in all homelands) was responsible for municipal services in the homelands.
List reasons why SWAPO, UN and OAU did not recognize the Turnhalle constitution.
The constitution did not represent the wishes of the Namibian people. People who attended the meeting were not elected but nominated. NP organized the meeting but not under the UN supervision. It was dominated by whites.
Discuss the setting up of the Turnhalle Conference, its constitution and reasons for its failure.
The Turnhalle conference set 31 Dec 1978 as the target date for Namibian independence. In march 1977 it produced its constitution which was consisted of three levels; national assembly, Bantustans and municipalities. The national assembly was represented by people from all the 10 homelands. It failed because it did not receive a majority support from indigenous people, SWAPO, UN and OAU.
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2.5 United Nations and Western Contact Group
Name the members of the Western Contact Group.
Britain, USA, France, Canada and West Germany.
Describe how they persuaded the SA to grant independence to Namibia.
They convinced SA to suspend the Turnhalle constitution and allow constituent assembly election under the UNO supervision; They both agreed that SA should appoint the Administrator General to control the territory.
Evaluate the success and failure of the Western Contact Group.
Successes Failures It led to the agreed proposal to suspend the SA continued to control the territory, held Turnhalle constitution, and appoint the election under its supervision, and AG Administrator General controlled the territory under SA rules. The agreement was reached with various Members of the WCG could not resolve players which laid the foundation for UN- their differences as Britain had much supervised election interests in the territory. South Africa Accepted resolution 435 South Africa demanded the withdrawal of Cuban troops in Angola Independence was delayed for10 years South African troops remained in Namibia An AG who represented SA in Namibia ensured that SA interest in Nambia were favored.
2.6 Namibia During the 1980: Government Structures before Independence
Describe the first, second and third tier government.
The 1st tier government.
This government was consisted of the National assembly and Executive council. Dirk Mudge the leader of DTA was appointed as its chairperson. It could make laws in the territory but the AG had the right to veto the decision of the assembly. In 1979, AG in Namibia was Marthinus T Steyn and was succeeded by Dr. Gerrit Viljoen. The executive council was formed by Dr. Viljoen and it was consisted of 12 members of the national assembly and Dirk Mudge was appointed as a prime minister.
The 2nd tier government.
It was also set up for individual class groups and each ethnic group had the right to make laws in its homeland with power to carry them in the homelands. This government was responsible for health, education, agriculture and housing.
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The 3rd tier government.
This government was under the white authority and blacks were not allowed to have power in the municipalities. All municipalities in towns, cities and villages were under the white authority.
Name the groups representing the MPC.
SWANU [Herereo dominated] DTA Damara Tribal Council SWAPO-Democrats led by Andreas Shipanga National Party of South Africa (SWANP) Rehoboth Liberation Front
Give the reasons for the establishment of MPC and its failure.
The aims of MPC.
To draw the constitution of Namibia; to write the laws that would be recognized internationally and to lead Namibia towards independence.
The failure of the MPC.
It was supported by the white authority; it was not recognized by SWAPO; it was accused as being SA tool delaying the independence of Namibia.
Why SWAPO refused to join the MPC?
It indicated that it was used as a tool by SA authority to delay Namibian independence; and MPC served the white interests and not people they claimed to represent.
Give the reasons why the TGNU was formed and the problems it encountered.
It was formed by P.W. Botha in 1985, most of the members who were serving in the Transitional Government of National Unity were leaders of the MPC; it consisted of 62 cabinet members; were mainly responsible for: controlling Namibia until independence.
What problems were encountered by the TGNU?
The TGNU was not a representative body; it was not truly multi-racial and its ministers were not elected and SWAPO did not participate in it. Within TGNU, members were failing to reform the apartheid laws. The UN did not recognize the legitimacy of TGNU.
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Explain the role played by SWAPO to liberate Namibia.
SWAPO remained active inside and outside the country; in 1984 SWAPO held talks with Namibian political groups in Lusaka and after talks the supports from Namibian people increased; many Namibian people began to join the liberation struggle.
Describe and discuss the talks SWAPO held with SA.
SA realized it would not win the war; it decided to held talks with SWAPO in exile, and talks were held in Lusaka and Cape Verde in 1984; and the talks failed because SA refused to accept the demands of SWAPO.
THEME 3: THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH ON THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE.
Timeline showing some important dates 1889 First Lutheran Mission church built in Namibia 1946 Establishment of the first independent church in Namibia 1954 Evangelican Lutheran Ovambo-Kavango Church (ELOC) established 1955 Oruuano Church established 1957 Evangelican Lutherna Church (ELC) formed 1971 Churches send an open letter to the SA government 1971 General Strike began 1972 General Strike end, state of emergency declared 1973 Bombing of Oniipa Printing Press 1974 Founding of Ecmenical Crhistian Centre (ECC) 1978 Council of Churches in Namibia (CCN) formed 1986 /Ai-//Gams Declaration 1990 Namibia become independent
3.1 Independent Churches
List the names of the independent churches and their leaders.
AMEC (African Methodist Episcal Church) – Pastor Hedrick Witbooi. Oruauno Church – led by Bishop Assaria Kamburona ELOC (Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo- Okavango Church) – Bishop Leonard Auala. ELC (Evangelical Lutheran Church) – led by Moderator and Pastor Paulus Gowaseb
Give reasons why these churches were established? People wanted to adapt Christianity to suit the needs of Namibians They wanted to counter racial inequality that was often part of the established Christian churches In 1950s Namibia started political parties, some church leaders were members, and they altogether wanted to oppose SA policies in Namibia They did not take African values and needs well into account. They taught obedience to colonial authority and supported Apartheid It would allow black pastors and priests to hold position of authority. Some church members wanted to be more actively involved in ending Apartheid
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3.2 The Church and the Liberation Struggle
List reasons why churches could not remain silent on the issue of the liberation struggle
Because SA kept Namibia under the apartheid laws. They introduced bad laws that made lives of the blacks so bad. Churches had taken notice of how they were treating black Namibians. The cruelty of the white authority.
What were roles of the churches towards the liberation struggle? Churches worked hard to make Namibians know their rights. Churches called for better education. It helped the blacks to develop their sense of worth. Churches became more responsible to the needs of the blacks. They questioned the SA government’s rights to rule Namibia. They attacked SA authority on the issue of apartheid.
List the reasons why the church neither support nor condemned the armed struggle.
The SA continued to oppress the Namibian people. The Churches believed that war was the only way to bring independence to Namibia even though they could not support or condemn the struggle.
3.3 Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo-Kavango Church (ELOC) Referendum
Define the term “referendum”?
A referendum is about voting, but done in a way where people are asked a question and they answer by ticking ‘yes’ or ‘no’. It is used when the government want to find out how the people feel about something.
Describe what is meant by the ELOC referendum.
It was a questionnaire that was given to the ELOC church members to see whether the Namibian people were supporting the SA authority in Namibia or not, Bishop Leonard Auala was approached for the task, he accepted the plan and he continued to distribute the questionnaire among his church members.
List the aims of the referendum.
To determine the feelings of the Namibian people about SA rule. Bishop Leonard Auala saw it as an opportunity to let the world know about the feelings of the Namibians against SA.
Explain why the SA Prime Minister John B. Voster agreed to the referendum. He believed that he will use Bishop Leonard Auala and his church to get a favorable answer and support his claim to the court. He thought the church would force its members to vote for SA.
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Evaluate the outcome of the ELOC referendum.
The result was an embarrassment for the SA government; most of the members rejected the SA rule and the message was sound and clear that SA rule was no longer in the territory.
3.4 Open and Pastoral Letters
List the reasons for the Pastoral and Open letters.
Pastoral Letter This was the letter that was written by the Bishop Leonard Auala to all the congregations of ELOC churches in which he gave his opinion against the SA rule in Namibia; this letter received the strong support from Anglican and Catholic churches, with Anglican Bishop Colin Winter openly criticizing the apartheid policy as unacceptable before god.
Open Letter This was the letter that was written by Bishop Leonard of ELOC and Pastor Paulus Gowaseb of ELCIN to Prime Minister John Voster. The letter criticized the SA government with its policy of apartheid, colonial occupation and its human rights abuses in Namibia.
Describe the main criticism of SA rule in the Open letter. An end to intimidation and violence; abolition of the Group Area Act; An end to the contract labour system; people are denied rights to free movement and rights to publish their thoughts freely.
Explain why the churches confronted the SA Prime Minister John Voster. Because the churches were tired of watching their people being abused by the colonial authority; they wanted to indicate their stand against the South African rule and stressing commitment towards the liberation struggle.
3.5 General Strike and State of Emergency, 1972
Lists the reasons for the general strike. The international court of justice that indicated that South African rule was illegal in Namibia. The open letter that condemned the contract labour system, and encouraged the workers to continue with the strike. The speech of Bishop Auala to the contract workers in 1971.
What were the demands of the workers?
The abolition of the contract labour system. Freedom to select the place and type of employment. Better wages and permission to bring their families.
Describe the extent of the strike and the state of emergency as consequences. The strike started in December 1971 and ended at the end of January 1972; almost 13000 workers went on the strike and received support from black Namibians; the business closed down and companies tried to get workers outside Namibia.
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The state of emergency.
State of emergency is when the army and police are given special power to arrest people on suspicions without having to respect people’s rights; police and soldiers were brought from SA to stop the strike in Namibia; many works were put in prison and tortured.
During the state of emergency, the following came into effect:
Gathering of more than 5 people were not allowed; detention without trial was allowed. Freedom of political organization and expression was not allowed.
The positive of the state of emergency.
The government entered into negotiation with workers and salaries increased; workers gained more rights and workers condition of employment improved.
The response of the church leaders against the state of emergency.
Church members accompanied by Bishop Leonard Auala met with PM John Voster in April 1973, complained about the restrictions of movement on the church members by SA police.
3.6 Attempts to Repress the Church
Describe the measures taken by the SA authority against the church leaders including the destruction of church properties (e.g. Oniipa, Omuulukila, Oshandi and other)
The SA government expelled Anglican Bishop Colin Winter and Richard Wood for supporting the strike; church leaders and missionaries were expelled; church movements were not allowed to move; church members were refused visas to travel abroad; more church leaders and missionaries were closely watched and their movement restricted, Soth African agents tried to cause disunity amongst the churches, ELOC printing press at Oniipa was destroyed; buildings, and church equipment were destroyed.
Destruction of ELOC Printing press at Oniipa In 1973 the ELOC printing press was destroyed in a bomb blast. This press was used to publish pastoral letters and all other correspondence sent to Lutheran churches in Namibia. The police investigated the blast but did not identify the culprits. In 1980 the same thing happened. Its likely the South African forces were responsible.
The Roman Catholic Church at Omuulukila On 17 September 1978, the Roman Catholic Church at Omuulukila was blown up. It was a Sunday evening and nobody was in the church, so nobody was injured. The SADF accused SWAPO of the blast but SWAPO denied this.
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3.7 Ecumenical Christian Centre (ECC) 1974 Lists the reasons why the ECC was formed. ECC was standing for; Ecumenical Christian Center. It was formed to: To bring different churches together To strengthen the resistance against apartheid. To serve as a place where people can meet and discuss about the struggle for independence. To oppose against the death penalties and unfairness of the SA rule. Churches felt the unity will strengthen the opposition to apartheid
3.8 Council of Church in Namibia (CCN)
Lists the member churches of CCN in Namibia. AMEC; ELC Anglican church; ELOC Roman Catholic Church. Evangelical Church
Describe the reasons for the establishment of the CCN. To stand against the SA injustices; to represent the black churches in Namibia
Give reasons for the exclusion of some churches from CCN. Some believed that CCN was too much concerned with politics. Because some churches were supporting the apartheid policy in Namibia.
Churches who were not members of the CCN. Dutch reformed church; Afrikaans medium reformed church. Germany Evangelical Lutheran church withdrew from CCN in 1987.
3.9 The /Ai-//Gams Declaration
Describe the Ai-Gams Declaration.
It was a joint and agreed resolution signed by all the political parties in Namibia, this meeting was organized by the CCN in and published on 1 May1986 in Windhoek.
The following were the resolutions of the Ai-Gams conference.
To reject the South African rule in Namibia; to reject the illegal occupation of the South African army; to condemn the oppressive and inhumane laws in Namibia.
The political parties that participated in the Ai-Gams conference. SWAPO, DTC and Namibian Independent party. Mbanderu Council; NUDO progressive Party SWANU progressive party; CCN Church members Namibian Women’s Voice. NANSO Young Women’s Christian Association
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THEME 4: NAMIBIA BECOMES A REPUBLIC.
Timeline showing some important dates 1978 UN adopts Resolution 435 1982 WCG sets guidelines for resolution 435 1988 22 August South Africa, Cuba and Angola sign ceasefire agreement 1988 Cuba starts to withdraw from Angola 1988 Brazzaville Protocol signed 13 December 1988 South Africa agrees to conditions of resolution 435 1989 1 April set as date for the implementation of resolution 435 1989 UNTAG arrives in Namibia 1989 Voter registration 1989 SWAPO wins first general election 1990 Namibia constitution is drawn up and Namibia gains independence
4.1 United Nations Resolution 435
Explain the purpose of the resolution 435. A ceasefire binding to all both SWAPO and SA forces in their bases. The release of all Namibian political prisoners. The return of all the political prisoners. Free and fair election under the control of the UN.
Describe the agreements in 1988 between the SA, Angola and Cuba.
The UN assistant secretary of state for African affairs, Chester Crocker, succeeded at getting Angola, Cuba and SWAPO to the withdrawal of the Cuban forces. On august 1988 both parties signed the agreement at Ruacana, and agreed to withdrew its troops by the 1st of September 1989. On 13th Dec 1988 agreement, both parties agreed that the 1st April 1989 was the start for the transitional period of the Namibian people.
The reasons why it took longer before the resolution was implemented.
The inclusion of Walvisbay in an independent Namibia; the date set for the election and independence. The recognition of SWAPO as the majority party by the UNO. The size of the UN task force; the authority of the SA administrator general.
4.2 United Nations Transition Assistance Group
Define the term UNTAG.
This was the UN peace – keeping force, called United Nations Transition Assistance Group; it came to Namibia by April 1989; with the purpose to monitor the independence process, and ensuring that the free and fair election in Namibia is taking place.
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Name the leading personalities who were in charge of UNTAG operations in Namibia. Martti Ahtisaari was the special representative of the UN secretary general; he was a diplomat from Finland and a Nobel peace prize winner for maintaining the peace process in Namibia. Joseph Legwaila Legwaila from Botswana was Martti Ahtisaari’s deputy. Lieutenant general Dewan Prem Chand of India was the commander of the UNTAG forces in Namibia.
Describe the purpose of UNTAG. It supervised the repatriation of refugees the registration process of the voters; to monitor the withdrawal of the SA and Cuban troops from Namibia and Angola respectively; Educate voters, register voters, advertise the voting process, to supervise the 1989 general election, ensure all people votes and to manage the independence process in Namibia.
4.3 Repatriation of People from Exile and Political Prisoners
Defining of the terms: Exiles, Repatriation, Refugees and political prisoner. Exile: are people who were forced to leave the country Repatriation: is a returning of all the refugees and political prisoners to their country of his birth. Political prisoner: is someone who is put in jail for opposing a government or a political group. Refugee: is a person who escaped or ran away from his home country because of war.
Lists the major important reasons for the repatriation of Exiles and the release of the political prisoners.
Thousands of the Exiles returned home in 1989, so that they could vote in the election and live in their home country again, together with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNCHR) they helped in the organizing the safe return of the Namibians. On the 2nd June 1989 the special representative of the UN and Administrator General of SA agreed to forgive (pardon) all political prisoners, and many of them were released and they finally participated in the election, lastly to comply with the demand of the resolution 435.
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4.4 Election Process
Explain what is meant by the following:
Voter and voting. Vote; is an expression of opinion or a will for or against someone. While Voting is a process of expressing an opinion for something. To vote a person need to; . Had 18 years or older . Had to be born in Namibia . Be living in Namibia for at least 4 years before independence . Be a close relative of a person who was born in Namibia
Elections: is a process whereby leaders are chosen by the people. International supervision: Is when an election process is being supervised by people from outside with experience in running elections.
Describe the process of informing the voters:
The UNTAG set up the registration points all over the country; many had no identity cards but were all registered through their representatives; a ten – week campaign was taken through the radio, TVs and in the newspapers to inform the voters about the election process. People were taught how to register, and their rights to vote without anyone intimidating them.
4.5 The Election of 1989
The election was held as from 7 to 11 November 1989 all over the country under the supervision of the United Nation and South Africa. 10 political parties participated in the 1989 election and only 7 political parties were able to get seats in the Namibian parliament.
Name the parties and number of seats they have won in the constituent assembly.
Political parties Votes Seats CAN Aksie Christelik Nationaal 23728 3 CDA Christian Democratic Action for Social Justice 4495 0 DTA 191532 21 FCN Federal Convention of Namibia 10452 1 NNDP Namibia National Democratic Party 984 0 NNF Namibia National Front 5344 1 NPF National Patriotic Front 10693 1 SWAP-D (South West Africa People’s Organization Democrats 3161 0 SWAPO 384567 41 UDF United Democratic Front 37874 4 Total seats 72
The results of the election were announced on the 14 November 1989, and the election was declared valid by Martti Ahtisaari, the UN special representative for Namibia.
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4.6 The Constitution
Describe the main features of the Namibian Constitution.
The constitution of Namibia provided three branches of government such as the following:
The Legislative branch.
Parliament is the body that makes or changes the laws for the country, the law-making body in our country. The parliament consist of two houses where laws are made, is National assembly with 72 members and National council with 26 members elected from 13 regions of Namibia. Every region has two representatives in the National council.
Two houses of the Namibian parliament in full are;
National assembly It makes or changes laws. Consists of 72 members Are elected for the period of 5 years, and the president adds other 6 members to the national assembly Number of votes during election determines the number of seats for each party.
National council Two representatives from each region Consists of 26 members taken 13 regions, each region has 2 representatives. Are elected for the period of 6 years. It reviews bills (proposed laws) passed by the National Assembly.
The Executive branch. It carries out the plans of the government according to the acts passed by the parliament. It is being headed by the president and the cabinet ministers. President and the cabinet ministers make up the Executive branch of the Central government. The president serves for five years, after that the next election should take place. A president can only serve for two terms, like 10 years.
The Cabinet The Cabinet is a group of people. It consists: The president The prime minister, who is appointed by the president The ministers, who are in charge of government departments.
The Judiciary Branch
It consists of the Judges and Courts; its function is to ensure that justice is maintained in Namibia. The judges listen to cases in courts, interprets laws and on the way to apply them. They give punishments to citizens who break the laws of the country. Nobody can interfere with a judge’s interpretation of the law. There are three levels of the courts in Namibia; The Supreme Court, The High Court, The Magistrate Court.
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There are three courts of the Judiciary branch.
1. The Supreme Court; Is the highest legal court in Namibia, its head is the Chief Justice. 2. The high court; is the second highest court in Namibia, its head is the Judge President. 3. Magistrate Court or Lower Court; its head is the magistrate.
All the three courts complete the Judiciary of the Republic of Namibia.
Regional and Local authority.
When the central government makes laws, it ensures that the needs of the people in regions, towns and villages are taken into considerations. In every region, they are elected bodies that participate in the law-making process. Namibia is divided into 14 regions (areas). Each of these is governed locally. The division of labor at regional level is as follow;
Regional Authority
Regional Governor Chairperson of the regional council
Regional Council Consist of 6-10 members. Members are selected by people of the regions. Responsible for Social and economic development of the region
Local Authority Consist of all municipalities and councils in an area. The mayor is the head. Responsible for services such as water, electricity, sewerage, housing, etc. After independence the country was divided into 13 regions, every region elects its own regional council consists of 6 to 10 members.
4.7 The Post-Colonial Era Define the term “Democracy?” All adult had the right to vote in the first election. Since then, Namibia has had a democratic election every five year. During democratic election, people vote for the party of their choice. The party with more votes win the election. Democracy; is a system of government where population rules themselves through elected leaders.
List Namibian President since independence Sam Shafiishuna Nujoma was the first president of independent Namibia from 1990 to 2005, he served three terms, as his first was seen as a transition period.
Hifikepunye Lucas Pohamba become the second president of Namibia, he served two terms five years each from 2005 to 2015.
Hage Gottfried Geingob is Namibia’s third and current president of Namibia since 2015.
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Describe how Namibia preserve democracy? To ‘preserve’ something means to protect it or keep it safe. The government preserves democracy in Namibia in these ways; Every five years there are elections in Namibia where citizens can decide who they want to lead them. The Cabinet and Parliament (and other government institutions) do not interfere with the judiciary. This means that everybody has to adhere and respect the constitution and the laws of the country as the ultimate power of the country.
THEME 5: EQUAL TREATMENT FOR MEN AND WOMEN.
5.1 Human Rights
Discuss how the constitution protects human rights.
The constitution of Namibia indicates that human dignity and rights belong to all people. Human rights are all equal before the law, and human dignity is an inherent and no one can take them away. These rights belong in the same degree to each and every human.
Some of these rights are:
Protection of rights; no death penalty in Namibia. Protection of liberty; no person will be put in prison without being found guilty. Respect to human dignity; no one will be abused by the other. Right to equality and freedom from discrimination; no person will be discriminated, we are all equal by law. Right to family; men and women of full age have right to make a family. Right to fair trial; every person has a right to be heard in a court of law. Right to education; every child up to the age 16 years has a right to attend school and right to free and compulsory primary education.
5.2 Position of women
Describe the position of women in the family and society.
Married women did not have the same rights over children as their husbands; customary law in our communities gave men more rights than women. Education of girls was often considered less important than that of boys; women were expelled from taking part in certain occupation. Salaries of women on the same position were less than those of males.
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5.3 International conferences on Women’s Rights
Mexico conference (1975)
In 1975 the UN General Assembly organized the first world conference for women in Mexico City. The meeting reminded the world that the discrimination against women was still going on in most countries of the world. The meeting called on government to identify strategies to promote the equal participation of women.
Three achievements of the first world conference on women are: Men and women should have the same rights in marriage Men and women must receive equal pay for equal work A minimum marriage age should be determined so that girls can finish their education first Maternity leave must be granted to women Women must be promoted into leadership positions. Women’s participation in politics and government must increase.
Describe the other international conferences on women’s rights.
Copenhagen Conference, Denmark. 1980.
The conference was organized to review the progress of 1975 plan of action, and it indicated three areas that needed further action, which are education, employment and health.
At the meeting they agreed to call on governments to take actions to improve women’s rights to ownership and control of property; and increase women’s rights on inheritance, child custody and loss of nationality.
Men and women should have equal access to education. Men and women should have equal employment opportunities. Women’s rights to child custody an inheritance should be protected. Women’s rights to ownership and control of property should improve.
Nairobi Conference, Nigeria. 1985.
Members at the UN third World Conference on Women in Nairobi agreed that while important progress had been achieved since the first conference, there was still more to be done. Areas that needed attention were;
Acknowledged that aims set by previous conferences were not met, although significant progress had been made Searched for ways to end violence against women Encouraged governments to implement laws to end a discrimination against women.
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Beijing Conference, China 1995.
By, 1995 they agreed that much was done on promoting women’s rights but the issue of gender inequality remained fixed in many parts of the world and remained un-represented in all government structure.
On the conference they agreed that the government should take actions on the following areas;
The position of women in the world had not improved enough, even 20 years after the first conference. Women were still under-represented in all administrative structures. Poverty had increased almost everywhere Participation of women in decision making still had to improve.
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AFRICAN HISTORY: THEME1: THE STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE AND DEMOCRACY.
Timeline showing some important dates 1900 The beginning of Pan-Africanism 1957 Ghana become independent 1958 Accra conference 1963 Formation of the OAU 1963 Kenya become independent 1964 Zambia become independent
6.1African Nationalism
Define the term’ African Nationalism!
It was the desire of the African leaders to form independent states that were free from any forms of colonialism; or can be defined as the feelings of love and loyalty by Africans towards their own countries (continent) and people and the desire to govern them.
Describe the factors that contributed towards the rise of African Nationalism
Factor Explanation World War I African fought alongside European soldiers. They were treated as the equals of white soldiers and were inspired by seeing how people were willing to die for their countries. Britain and France These countries had many colonies in Africa. They were exhausted after the two world wars and did not have the energy or money to spend on resistance war in their colonies. Foundation of the UNO The UN was formed after World War II. It specified that any nation had the right to become independent if it wished to do so. Education African leaders who studied abroad started nationalist movements in their countries to fight for independence. Urbanization More and more African Africans moved to cities to search for work. Here they met with fellow countrymen who shared the same hardships and feelings about self-determination. Pan-Africanism Various Pan-African conferences were held. After the sixth Pan- African Congress in 1945, the movement for self-government gained momentum.
The reasons why the African nationalism was successful in obtaining the independence of African colonies
Leaders adopted the western political method for developing their countries towards self- rule. They coped the western life style and political value of democracy. They used feelings caused by anti-colonialism to further their aims of independence.
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6.2 Pan-Africanism
Define the Term “Pan-Africanism”
It means all Africanism.
Pan-Africanism is a belief that all people of African descent belong to one large family.
Describe the origin, aims and development of Pan-Africanism.
Describe the origin of Pan-Africanism.
It was originated among the black communities of North America and West Indies; all these people were the descended of African people who taken into slavery. They felt humiliated, inferior and discriminated after the end of slavery; they all believed that they will only be free once they return back to Africa.
The aims of Pan-Africanism.
The aim of pan-Africanism is to strengthen the bond between Africans origin all over the world. To unite all Africans in defense against their common interests and racism, and lastly was to promote the cultural heritage of people of African origin. Create as spirit of unity among Africans Draw the attention of the world to the discrimination against Africans in the USA. Encourage blacks people to fight for their rights Help black people all over the world to gain self-determination.
The development of Pan-Africanism.
Pan-Africanism conferences took place in Europe between 1900. Most of people from West Indies attended the meeting and few from Africa. The idea of searching for equality and freedom begun in the mid-1920s. This desire for equality and freedom grew into desire for autonomy and nationalism. Leaders who attended the sixth Pan-African congress are Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Leopold Seghor of Senegal and Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya.
Discuss the role of major figures within the Pan-Africanism movement.
William Burghardt Du Bois.
He was the student of African history and fought for the rights of all African people. He founded the National Association for the Advanced of colored people that fought for the rights of blacks and end of segregation in USA.
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Marcus Moziah Garvey.
He founded UNIA with his slogan Africa for Africans, and he demanded the total liberation of African people from colonialism. His work ended after he was arrested for fraud and later was sent back to Jamaica.
The following major African figures are also considered important in Pan-Africanism; Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Leopold Seghor, Haile Sellaise, Sir Abbubakar, Talawa Balewa and Sekou Toure etc.
6.3 The search for African Unity
Describe how Kwame Nkrumah contributed to pro-African unity. He was the first president of Ghana; he believed in total independence of Africa; in 1958, he organized the Pan-African conference of 8 independent countries in Accra, where he persuaded African leaders to work out the chance of having common, political, economic and social policies in Africa. He organized the other meeting in December 1958, where he formed AAPO that was made to achieve the independence of Africa and setting up a commonwealth of free African states. He believed in the United States of Africa, a vision of a single government for the whole African countries. Describe the events that led to the establishment of OAU.
African leaders did not agree at how the African unity as perceived by Kwame Nkrumah. During their discussions two views against the African unity emerged. The first group was Casablanca group that believed in using force to achieve single political union for Africa and they wanted the unification to happen fast. The second was Monrovia group it hoped to achieve the political union of Africa through economic cooperation. Haile Selassie, the leader of Ethiopia invited the two groups at the meeting in 1963 and all agreed to form OAU.
List the main aims of the OAU.
To eliminate colonialism from Africa. To settle disputes between member states. To support and defend the independence of member states. To promote unity, solidarity and mutual assistance from African states.
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Structure of the OAU.
Structure Composition Functions 1. General assembly All heads of states of Passing resolutions, 46-member countries each with one vote. Meet once a year Two third majority needed in a vote to pass a resolution 2. Council of ministers All ministers of To carry duties of the OAU, meet foreign affairs of twice. member countries Meet twice a year. Submit matter to discuss to the assembly. 3. Secretariat Secretary General of Administration of the OAU, draft the OAU budgets. Headquarters in Addis Ababa- Ethiopia. 4. Committee for mediation, 21nations, elected for To settle and monitor disputes, conciliation and arbitration 5 years by the general and prevent violence. Assembly 5. Specialized committee All member states Look after defense, social, education and health 6. African liberation committee Member countries Coordinate the programs of the liberation movements/armies. Member countries agree to allow the training of fighters in their countries.
Indicate in a table the success and failures of the OAU.
Aims Success Failures To achieve unity African nations stood together to Failed to achieve unity in Africa ensure that UN sort out problems of Africa To get rid of colonialism OAU supported groups that fought It was still difficult to remain against colonialism totally independent from former colonizer. Raising standard living of OAU and UN solved the problem of Did not solve the economic Africans refugees in Africa problems and poverty It set up African development bank Did not stop wars in Africa, more money used to pay wars and less paid on improving lives To ensure all human are OAU tried to prevent human abuses in OAU did not stop the human respected Africa rights abuse in Africa i.e. in Uganda under Idi Amin, took non-interference policy Settling disputes Settled disputes between Somalia and Unable to stop many wars in Ethiopia Africa i.e. Nigerian civil war, Angola and DRC
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6.4 Democratization in Africa
Describe the origin and main features of apartheid.
The origin of apartheid. It started in 1948 when NP came to power; the apartheid was based racism and built on the idea that white people were superior to blacks. It was made to separate blacks into racial group. The leader of NP D.F. Malan was the father of apartheid.
The main features of apartheid. Under the apartheid government blacks in South Africa suffered under the rule of the SA colonial authority. They were humiliated, they regarded blacks as second-class citizens and were treated as sub-human.
The following laws were passed by the parliament in SA to control the blacks.
The Acts Year Purpose 1. Prohibition of mixed marriage Act 1949 It made illegal for whites to marry Asian or coloreds. 2. Immorality Act 1950 It made the sexual contact between blacks and non-whites. 3. Population Registration Act 1950 It classified every individual according to race. 4. Group Area Act 1950 It kept a separate area for each race 5. Prevention of illegal squatter Act 1950 It was made to remove blacks to emergency camps. 6. Native abolition of passes Act 1952 It introduced passbooks that were carried by blacks at all times. 7. Bantu Education Act 1953 It was a law that allocated funds, schools and materials for each race.
E.g. the schools for blacks were given less money than for whites, it also specified which race should learn to what type of the school. White children were sent to better schools than blacks. Blacks used bantu education syllabuses that were different from whites.
Distinguish between the military rule and civilian rule?
Military rule; is when the country is under the control of the armed forces. This happens when the members of the Defense force capture the country.
While Civilian rule; is a country which is under the control of the ordinary citizen and the president, is elected by the people to become the head of state the country.
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What is Dictatorship?
A dictatorship is country that is ruled by one person. This person is often (although not always) the head of the defense force.
In Dictatorship or one-party system; One person, usually the leader of a political party, rules the country. There is no democracy. The Dictator and the ruling party have total control over every aspect of the lives of the citizens. No opposition parties are allowed. The is no individual freedom and everyone has to obey the dictator and his party. Anyone who does not obey is silenced, by being put into jail or executed.
Lists the example of dictatorships.
. Mobutu Seseseko of Congo, [DRC] 1965-1997 for 32 years In 1965 Mobutu Sese Seko (real name Josepf-Desire Mobutu) took over the governemnet through a military coup. He ruled for 32 years and in 1971 renamed the country Zaire from Congo. He destroyed the economy of a previous rich country by enriching himself and his small group of supporters who kept him in power. In 1997 he fled the country when Kabila Laurent took over in another military coup.
Idi-Amin of Uganda, was a worst ever Africa leader, a despot leader (1971-1979) The first president of Uganda was Milton Obote. Idi Amin was the army commander. While Obote was out of the country on official duties, Amin seized power in a military coup. No one knows exactly how many Ugandans were killed under his rule, but estimates range from 100 000 to half a million. The cruelty gained him the name “the Butcher of Uganda”. Amin deported 700 000 members of the Asian community and gave their businesses to his supporters. The economy collapsed. When Amin’s army invaded Tanzania, Julius Nyerere retaliated. Amin’s army surrendered. He fled to Libya and later to Saudi Arabia where he died. Muammar Gaddafi of Libya. 1969-2012. Muammar Gaddafi was 27 years old captain in the army in Libya when he took power in military coup in 1969. He ruled as an autocratic dictator for more than 40 years. During his time, he sponsored several terrorist groups. He controlled all media in Libya and criticism of him was not tolerated. In 2012 he was killed during a bloody revolution.
Laurent Kabila of DRC. 1997-2001 In 1997 Kabila took over the country, he renamed Zaire the Democratic republic of Congo (DRC). During his four-year rule, more than 3 million people were killed in DRC. In January 2001, he was assassinated by one of his soldiers. His son, Joseph, become the new leader of DRC.
Other African Dictators
Charles Tylor of Liberia Jean Bedid Bokasa of the Central Africa Republic Hissence Habre of Chad Haile Mariam Mengiste of Ethiopia REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona
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Describe the measures to promote democratizations in Africa, with reference to Namibian examples.
Namibia became an independent country on the 21st March 1990. Several political parties participated in the election. Doctor Sam Safishuna Nujoma was elected as the founding president of the Republic of Namibia. Under the supervision of the UNTAG all citizens above the age of 18 were allowed to vote. The elections are held every after 5 years.
THEME 7: THE STRUGGLE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
Timeline showing some important dates 1944 Establishment of the World Bank 1945 Establishment of the international Monetary Fund 1961 Tanganyika becomes independent 1964 Kenya Become independent 1964 Tanganyika changes its name to Tanzania 1975 Formation of ECOWAS 1980 Lagos Plan
7.1 Economic System in Africa.
In this chapter you will learn three economic systems that were commonly used by some countries in Africa that you will learn later.
Three economic systems are the following:
. Capitalism: it is a system that is based on the private ownership of production, distribution and exchange. Private ownership it means an individual can own a means of a farm, land or a business and cultivate it to get a profit. The state only issue laws that control the operations of the businesses. . Socialism: is an economic system in which the means of production such as land, capital [money] and industries are under the control of the state. Under this system people cannot have their own land or business. Goods are produced for consumption than a profit and there is no competition. . Mixed Economy: It contains the elements of capitalism and socialism. It means that the industries or land can be owned by the state and some are owned by the people [individual]. Both contribute to the economy and the state provides services such as education, health and transport.
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Capitalism ❖ Capitalism refers to wealth or things that money can buy, such as land, machines and factories. In capitalist economy, people can make money and become rich. ❖ In a capitalist economy, any person has the right to open private business, work very hard to make a profit and become rich. ❖ A person can decide what business he or she wants to run ❖ Capitalism supports the private ownership of wealth and individuals making private profits. ❖ Capitalism is against government interference in the economy. Capitalists believe the role of the government is to maintain individual freedom, peace and security and not to make money. Advantages of capitalism Disadvantages of capitalism ❖ People can open private businesses ❖ People need money to open a business- ❖ People are motivated to work hard the people who already have money because they can become rich. become richer. The poor become poorer. ❖ The government gets tax from ❖ Poor people cannot afford houses-shanty businesses. town develop. ❖ The government can develop the country ❖ Crime and corruption will increase. with tax money. ❖ Low wages for workers and long hours ❖ The country can become rich. for work. ❖ More tourists are likely to visit the country
Socialism ❖ In socialism economy, wealthy is shared among people. Socialists believe that individuals should not be allowed to make profits. ❖ In socialist systems, everything belongs to the government n behalf of the people of the country. There is no private ownership. ❖ The government employs civilians in all businesses. People work for a salry. ❖ Although salaries a re low, most services (education, healthy, transport and housing) are free. ❖ Civilians earn more or less the same-people are fairly equal. ❖ A person who works hard and a person who does not work hard will receive the same salary. This means that motivation levels are low because people are not motivated to work hard for a salary. ❖ In socialist systems, people produce less, leading to country as a whole also producing less. ❖ People tend not to maintain infrastructures, such as schools, clinics, because people believe it’s the government duty to provide. ❖ In a socialist economy, the government owns all the factories, mines, etc. Advantages Disadvantages ❖ All people are equal ❖ People are lazy because they know the ❖ Most people are employed by the government will look after them. government. ❖ The country produces less and become ❖ Services (education, healthy etc.) are poor. free. ❖ Infrastructure is not well maintained, ❖ Most people will have basic education because it belongs to the government. skills. ❖ There is more pressure on government to replace the damaged infrastructure. ❖ Often government officials are corrupt. REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona
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Mixed Economy A mixed economy is when a government has economic policies that have some capitalist features and some socialist features. ❖ Some things belong to the government and some belongs to individuals. (private) ❖ The government can decide if they want more socialist or more capitalist features.
Discuss the Harambee concept of economic development in Kenya.
Harambee was a Capitalist economic policy that was used by Jomo Kenyatta which was calling for dedication, hard work and unity among the Kenyan people. He called for political stability and working together in harmony if the country was to attract the foreign investments. He did not want to lose the experience and knowledge of the whites and that is why he encouraged people to work together to make Kenya a developed nation.
Achievements of Harambee Failures of Harambee 1. Blacks were resettled on land previously The gap between the rich and poor owned by whites. widened. 2. Urban cities grew rapidly Many blacks became poor and the land became dry, and people moved to cities and overcrowded the cities. 3. The economy developed and tourism As the economy begun to collapse many expanded as tourists visited the country. investors left Kenya and unemployment increased. 4. Foreign investors opened business in Hospitals and schools stopped function Kenya. as Kenya lacked funds to pay staffs. 5. The production of coffee and tea created The markets became saturated and jobs. people were unable to sell their food and people became poor and poverty increased. 6. Communities chose to work on projects Local politicians became involved in that brought economic and social running the projects but only for their benefits such as health, building own use. schools, health centers and water projects.
Discuss the Ujamaa concept of Socialistic economic development in Tanzania. Julius Nyerere was the founding president of Tanzania. Julius Nyerere’s economic policy was called Ujamaa. Ujamaa meant family hood and togetherness. He believed that he can able to achieve his aim when there is cooperation, harmony among the tribes and unity. The president Julius Nyerere replaced small and isolated villages into larger and more effective villages, that he called Ujamaa villages. The government provided water, roads, clinics and educations to the villages. Experts were employed to advice the villages on technology and agriculture. His aim was to achieve the agricultural independence in Tanzania. As part of national planning, the government took over the banks, large factories and business [nationalization of private property]
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Achievements of Ujamaa The failures of Ujamaa 1. Education expanded and literacy rate The production at commercial farming increased to 91% declined and farmers relied on government for financial support. 2. Small farms joined together into larger Many people were forced to leave their farms. homes by police, at times they destroyed their homes and food reserves this caused famines in some cases. 3. Farmers worked together and shared The forced removal of people from their everything. homes caused hunger because they had start from the scratch again. The food production dropped and was worsened by drought. 4. Roads, clinics and schools were built; The socialist economy that was previously water tapes were provided to villages. enjoyed in Tanzania ceased to exist and mixed economy was embraced. 5. Many doctors, engineers and teachers The state was forced to borrow money were trained and sent to work at centers from the IMF and World Bank to help the built in the villages. country to recover.
6. Private companies were overtaken by the The state-owned companies were running state. at loss and forced the state to set up new businesses to replace those that were nationalized. The export declined. 7. The government provided tractors, seeds Self-reliance failed as there was no and all materials needed for farming. external support from the state to keep the production going.
Distinguish between Socialism in general and African Socialism in particular.
Socialism in general African Socialism 1. The state owns and controls the means of Was seen as a fundamental and pre- production. existing condition of traditional African societies. 2. The individual cannot own the business. The aim of socialism was seen as similar with those of African independent movements. 3. Land and the capital are owned by the state There was no class differences and on behalf of the nation. struggle among African societies. 4. The government decides what should be produced. 5. Socialism was seen as a reaction against Was seen as reaction against colonial capitalism. systems. 6. The state works out the economic plans according to which factories and businesses work.
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Define the term ‘Zambian Humanism’.
It was the economic policy that was based on considering human being as the basis and centre of production activity including the freedom and dignity of all human societies.
Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda of UNIP party was the first president of Zambia from 24 October 1964 until 1994 when he was overthrown by his excellence Dr. Fredrick Chiluba of MMD.
How Zambian Humanism was practiced in Zambia.
In his understanding he emphasized the importance of human that he should be at the centre of production. Therefore, he encouraged freedom and dignity of all man in Zambia. Under Humanism he encouraged fairness, non-exploitation and support of self-reliance. He rejected both capitalism and socialism. Both private and public sectors worked together as partners. He formed state-owned enterprises such as INDECO, to control the industries and commercial companies in Zambia.
The achievements and failure of Zambian Humanism
Achievements/success Failures 1. Number of owned business increased. The gap between the rich and the poor increased. 2. Demand for skilled workers increased the Poverty and class differences need for secondary and technical schools increased. 3. Railways lines built and manufacturing The state failed to develop the rural industries increased. areas, people moved into towns causing high unemployment. 4. Private and public sectors worked together The development became centralized as partners. and in the rural areas the development became stagnant. 5. By 1970s governments built fertilizer factory, The wealth black elite made up 80 % of textile mills, an explosive factory and oil all high-ranking officials in Zambia, products pipe lines. the human value they once professed as the value of the state stopped to exist. By 1970s the price of copper weakened and Zambian economy declined. Unrest broke out in some part of Zambia, officials and political leaders were accused of corruption.
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Discuss the operation of a mixed economy with reference to the situation in Namibia.
Mixed economy is a composition of capitalism and Socialism and in Namibia economy private sectors plays a major role in the economy and the state contributes as a major partner. Agriculture makes an important contribution to the economy and provide 40% of the labour force and 70% of the Namibian population depends on agriculture. Fishing industry gives 21% of the Namibian total income from export; Mining industry contributed 42 % of the country’s annual income; NAMDEB, is the diamond mining company was formed as a jointly partnership between the government and De Beers company. Tourism is the fastest growing industry and government plays a role by providing social services such as education, health, roads and transport.
7.2 The economic crisis in Africa
Factors that caused the economic crisis in Africa
Causes of underdevelopment in Africa before independence . Mineral resources-Colonial powers exported huge amounts of raw materials from Africa to their countries with little or no payment to the African colonies. . Raw Materials-European countries exported raw materials to their motherland where they were processed. Africans, therefore, did not have the opportunity to earn the required skills. . Conservation-Colonizers took as much as possible to enrich their countries without making effort to conserve natural resources such as forests and non-renewable minerals. . Communicating network-Railway lines and roads were only developed where needed to transport goods for export. Rural areas and places without resources were neglected. . Education-Education and training of Africans did not take place. Africans were used for unskilled labor. This resulted in Africa being unable to produce finished products.
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Causes of underdevelopment in Africa after independence
Civil wars-Wars have a disastrous effect on infrastructures and economy of any country. After independence, the number of civils wars in Africa increased significantly. Natural Disasters-Africa often experiences natural disaster such as droughts and floods. Africa does not produce enough extra food to counter these periods of difficulty. Oil crisis-During the 1970s, the demand for oil increased tremendously. African countries had to import oil at very high costs, which put pressure on economy. HIV and IDS-The AIDS epidemic puts tremendous pressure on the workforce in Africa. Many people between 18-40 years of age are infected and affected and cannot work productively. The provision of medicine, orphan’s grants adds pressure to the economy and government. Corruption-Manny African leaders use the economy of their countries to enrich themselves and their families, while their countrymen live in poverty. Lack of capital-Most African countries lack the capital to ensure they use their natural resources fully, such as mineral wealth. Some countries cannot afford to mine their mineral wealth and they rely on foreign companies to so. Foreign Debt-African leaders used foreign loans to finance different projects in Africa. These loans left their countries with huge debts. Many countries cannot pay the interest on these loans, let alone repay the loan itself. Raw materials-A lack of skills knowledge forces African countries to export raw materials. The country receives a low price for raw materials, which are then processed and resold to Africa at very high prices. Education-Poor education limits effective service delivery and maintenance of existing infrastructure.
List the measures taken by African countries to combat their economic problems.
Lagos plan: it was formed in 2001 in which they discussed solutions to problems affecting Africa. On this meeting African leaders agreed to sustain their economy, creating the national and sub-regional organizations to ensure self-reliance NEPAD: this was an initiative of the OAU, in which it encouraged the projects of economic development, promotion of democracy in Sub-Sahara Africa and making Africa attractive to foreign investors. IMF and World Bank: African countries are encouraged to borrow money from the banks to finance their projects of economic development, and encourage agriculture in Africa to promote self-reliance to avoid high interests from the banks. SADC: it was formed to allow independent states of the regions to develop independently of the powerful South African economy and avoid duplication of the development scheme, integrates transport network and improves infrastructure for all member states. SACU: the union was made to have one custom structure controlling imports and exports in the region. Member states are Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. ECOWAS: it was formed in Lagos, Nigeria in which member states agreed to integrate the economies of member states and to promote economic growth.
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List measures taken to overcome underdevelopment in Namibia.
Rural electrification from Kunene to Zambezi region by Northern electricity to install electricity lines in northern regions. NOLIPEP was established under the ministry of agriculture to help farmers in improving their production through animal husbandry. DFN offers financial and technical support to disadvantage entrepreneurs. The directorate of Veterinary services stated with compulsory vaccination of animals against foot and mouth diseases in western part of Zambezi region. NACP is run by Agri-Bank and is responsible with providing loans to small farmers in the communal farming areas.
WORLD HISTORY
THEME 8: SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
Timeline showing some important world events 1914-1918 World War I 1919 The Treaty of Versailles, and formation of the League of Nations 1922 Mussolini come to power in Italy 1933 Hitler comes to power in Germany 1939-1945 World War II 1944 IMF is formed 1945 UNO is formed 1945 Cold war starts 1949 Council of Mutual Assistance is formed (COMECON) 1949 China becomes a communist country 1957 European Economic Commission is formed 1965 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is formed 1980 Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) is formed 1990 Namibia joins SADC
8.1 Nationalism and fascism
Discuss how the allied nations tried to accommodate the nationalist aspirations of the people in Eastern Europe in 1919
Czechoslovakia was established from lands that were taken from Old Austria-Hungary Empire; Austria-Hungary was separated into two small nations; Poland became free nation; Romania was increased in size and received land from Austria-Hungary Empire; Serbia, Croatia, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia became independent nations.
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Explain the origin and development of fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany
The origin of fascism in Germany.
Fascism was the term which explains the methods that Germany, Italy and Japan used to achieve what they wanted. All of them used totalitarian or force against the other groups to get what they wanted for them to come on power.
Fascism started in Germany because people were unhappy about the decision of the leaders to sign the treaty of Versailles in 1919. Some of these political movements such as Germany Workers’ Party which was shortened to Nazi party by Adolf Hitler used excessive force or radical methods to get what they wanted. Within few years after joining the party Adolf Hitler became its prominent leader.
The development of fascism in Germany.
As a leader of the new party, Hitler tried to gain the support of the Germans by blaming the allied nations, the treaty of Versailles, the communists and Jews for the problems of Germans. The Social Democrats (the ruling party for President Fredrick Ebert) were blamed for failing to rebuild Germany into the powerful nation as it was before the WWI.
In November 1923, Hitler and party tried to overthrow the government in Bavaria, all the party leaders including Hitler were arrested, and sentence for the period of 5 years for treason. While in prison he wrote the book called Mein Kampf in which he wrote down aims of the Nazi party.
The following were written;
. National Socialism (the economic policy of the Nazi party) was equated with loyalty to the fatherland. . Strength lay in the total loyalty to one leader, the fuhrer . Aryans (non-Jews descent, the Nordic type) were genetically master race, all other races especially Jews were inferior. . The Jews were to blame for the surrender of the German army in the WWI. . Germany needed Lebensraum (living space), as the country was now too small.
How Hitler came to power.
. Nazi party became popular among the youth because of the use of force, intimidation and propaganda by the party supporters and the military wing of the Nazi Strmabterlung (SA) ‘’the Brownshirts’’. . The economic crisis that made New York stock exchange to collapse gave Hitler the chance to convince the Germans that strong leadership under Nazi Party needed was needed as the solution to the Germany’s problems. . In 1932, the Nazi party became the biggest party in Reichstag (Germany Parliament). . President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as a chancellor of Germany in 1933.
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How Hitler decided to rebuild Germany.
. All political parties were banned except the Nazi party. . The Youth organization was formed that changed the minds of the youth to suit Nazi system. . Gestapo (secret policy) was formed to Arrest people on suspicions and send them to prison. To round up Jews and send them to concentration camps. To suppress the opposition parties. . Strmabterlung (SA) was enlarged also known as Storm troopers it had the following purposes; To protect Hitler’s political meetings. To disturb meeting other parties. . New group called Schutszstafel (SS) was formed as a military organization that was loyal to Hitler. . Jews were rounded up and sent to camps and other Germans fled to other countries. . Concentration camps were built to keep political prisoners such as Jews, homosexuals, communists, Jehovah’s Witness, criminals and prostitutes. . The media was controlled by the Nazi party.
The Germany parliament
In 1933, the Reichstag (The Germany Parliament) was caught by fire that was started on purpose by Hitler’s party supporters, Hitler called it a political plot as the result he authorized the arrest of the president and Hindenburg was killed and then Hitler rose on the throne.
Fascism in Italy
The characteristics of fascism.
. Dictatorship . Totalitarian. . Militarism . Propaganda . Hatred for Jews . Opposition for communism . The use of force to obtain their goals.
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The Origin of Fascism.
. Italy suffered from the weak economy as the result of the WWI therefore Italy remained in huge debts, the economy situation made people unhappy, rebellions began and many arrest took place. . Italy was disappointed after being given only a small piece of land at the signing of the treaty of Versailles, as the result of these, the strong leadership was needed to restore order and peace in the country. . In 1922, Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist party, he demanded power and was refused and decided to match into Rome. . King Victor Immanuel was afraid of communism revolution and thought that the fascist party supporters were wicked. So, he dismissed the Prime minister and invited Mussolini to Rome to form a government
The development of fascism in Italy.
. Mussolini the title II Duce (the leader) by November 1922 he became a dictator. . After using intimidation of voters, the fascist party received 65 % of the votes in 1924 elections. . Matteotti, a socialist deputy leader was murdered for writing a book to denounce fascist acts of violence by gangs of fascists in 1924. . In 1929, he signed a Lateran Treaty with Roman Catholic Church, to make a Roman Catholic religion as a compulsory in Italian schools.
Evaluate the impact of Nazism on the Germans in particular.
. German people were controlled by the Nazi party, Joseph Goebbels was appointed as a minister of Public enlightenment and propaganda with the purpose to control the media, radio and newspapers. . Various propaganda methods were used to control the Germany youth about their duty to serve their fuhrer and the Nazi party. . Boys and Girls were forced to join the Hitler Youth and the League of German Maidens, repressive laws were issued that separated and segregated Jews from political, social and sporting life. . Nazi party was a male dominated organization; the place of Germany woman was that of a wife and mother and married couples received financial motivations to have more children so as to expand the Aryan race.
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Evaluate the impact of Nazism on the European society in general.
. When Hitler came on power, he was committed to unite all the Germany-speaking people and expanding Germany territories in order to gain Lebensraum. . He did so by annexing number of countries such as Rhineland in 1936, Austria in 1938 and Czechoslovakia in 1939. . Britain and France did not stop Hitler from taking away these countries, they believed that Germany was not treated fairly therefore it had the rights to take what- ever he wanted (policy of appeasement). . On 24th August 1939, Hitler signed Nazi-Soviet pact with Stalin (Russia), both promised not to attack each other but to help one another when one is attack. . On the 3rd September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany after Hitler invaded Poland.
Evaluate the impact of fascism on Italy in particular.
. The fascist government solved the unemployment problem by building the road, bridges, canals, hospitals and schools. . There was big increase in the production of hydroelectric power, iron, steel and wheat. . Beside the achievements, the standard of living had not improved greatly, many people lost jobs and fell into miserable living condition, and people began to blame Mussolini and fascist party government for their problems.
Evaluate the impact of fascism on the European society in general.
. Mussolini used the chance he got to get involved in politics in the world for example, when the Greek soldier shot an Italian general and four members on the border between Greece and Albania; . Mussolini attacked and occupied the Island of Corfu after the country refused to apology for the attack. . In 1935, he attacked Abyssinia; the LON was unable to stop Italy from occupying Ethiopia and used mustard gas to kill the people. . In the same year, Mussolini sent troops to help General Franco who wanted dictatorship in Spain, Italy together with Germany they signed Rome-Berlin Axis, and in May 1939, they signed a formal alliance called Pact of Steel, promising each other in disputes with other nations.
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8.2 Communism
Define Communism? It was an ideology that was based on Karl Marx’s writing; it was used to describe the social order or system of government established under a ruling communist party. It can also be known as an economic system, which refers to the way that a country generates nad share its wealth.
Lists the basic features of Communism.
The classes society; it means the end to the class oppression and exploitation. Communal or public ownership of economic assets; it means all the people must have the right to own property and equal distributions of resources. Political power to be held by a strong central government; it means the communist party will the one that controls the businesses of the state.
Economic features of Communism Political Features of communism 1. There is no private ownership-everything 1. It is a single party state. The theory belongs to the state. states that there is no opposition in an 2. It is a classless society-everyone is equal. ideal state. 3. All credit is centralized in hands of the 2. It is ruled by a single leader with state bank. dictatorial powers. 4. Education is free 3. There are no parliament-the top party 5. Jobs are assigned by the state members make decisions. 4. It promotes world revolution
Give examples of countries that practiced communism
. Russia was the first to become a communist country in 1917, but adopted Capitalist features since 1980 . China . Laos . North Korea . Vietnam . Cuba
8.3 Cold War
Define the term cold war.
. It was the period of suspicions and hostilities between USA and Russia; it was a time when both sides built up military weapons to protect themselves from one another in case of an attack from other side; . Even-though they were not physical at war but they were mutual antagonistic; each feared and mistrusted each other and each side began a propaganda against each other.
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Discuss the Origin and development of the Cold War. . USA, Britain and USSR met at Yalta conference to discuss about what will happen to Germany once is defeated and Eastern Europe countries; . Countries agreed to divide Germany into four zones and to be occupied by USA, Britain, France and Russia and they also agreed that Countries in Easter Europe should be granted independence. . They also agreed that Russia should withdraw from Eastern Europe, the Yalta Conference failed because USSR refused to withdraw from Eastern Europe but continued to keep them unwillingly as communist states (Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia). . USA accused USSR for using force in Eastern Europe and USSR argued that the people of Eastern Europe should support each other as one block. . The border between Eastern and Western Europe was called IRON CURTAIN. . All these led tensions between the two super -power countries.
8.4 The League of Nations and the United Nation Organization
The Aims and the function of the LON. The aims of the LON To discourage aggression from any nations. To encourage countries to cooperate in terms of business and trade To encourage countries to disarm. To promote the living and working condition of the people all over the world.
The function of the LON . To sort out international disputes by arranging meetings where countries could discuss issues. . To impose economic sanctions (restrictions) with countries who fail to follow the instructions of the LON. . To promote equality, development and social justice in the world.
The aims of the UNO To maintain peace and security. To promote friendly relationship between member states. To promote international cooperation. To respect the equal rights and self-determinations for all people.
What are the functions of the UNO? To impose decisions that is made by the UN Security Council. To conduct the research into areas of concern and need throughout the world. To make recommendations to the member states on matter of economic, political and social concerns through the Social and Economic council. To run and control the UN special agencies such as WHO, UNESCO, FAO, and World Bank.
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8.5 Regional and National Co-operation 1.1.1. Lists the reasons for the establishment of the following organizations;
Lists of Regional and Reasons for their formation. Members states for each National Co-operations. organization. EEC (European Economic 1. To integrate the economies of France, Belgium, Community) the European Countries Luxemburg, Was formed in 1957. It 2. To create common market in Netherland, West Germany, started with 6 members Europe. Italy. Joined later, Denmark, 3. Abolition of trade barriers Greece, Ireland, Portugal, between states Spain and UK. 4. Free movement of people and capitals within member states COMECON (Council of 1. It tied the economies of the Albania, Bulgaria, Cuba, Mutual Economic member states to that of the Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Assistance) USSR. USSR, Mongolia, Poland, Was formed in 1949 by 2. To increase the trade among Romania, Vietnam and USSR for countries in member states Yugoslavia. Eastern Europe. OPEC (Organizations of 1. To unite all Oil-Producing Algeria, Angola, Iran, Petroleum Exporting countries. Ecuador, Iraq, Kuwait, Countries) it was formed on 2. To protect the interests of the Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, 17 September 1960. member states. Saudi Arabia, 3. To stabilize the price of oil. United Arab Emirates,
SADC (Southern African 1. To coordinate national and Angola, Botswana, Development Community) regional policies. Lesotho, Malawi, was formed in 17 August 2. To reduce tariffs between Zambia, Tanzania, 1992, Windhoek, Namibia. member states. Swaziland, Zimbabwe, It was a forerunner of the 3. To have a complete Mauritius, DRC, SA, SADCC which was formed integration throughout the Madagascar, Namibia, in Zambia in 1980. whole region. Mozambique, Seychelles Joined in 1997 and left on 1 July 2004 and rejoined later in 2006.
8.6 The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Describe when and why the World Bank and IMF were established. When was the World Bank and IMF formed? The World Bank is also known as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Both the World Bank and IMF are agencies of the UN based in Washington DC and were formed in 1945 after the WWII. The World Bank’s largest sponsors are USA, Japan, Britain and France.
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Why was the World Bank formed? . To finance the economic development in developing countries. . Was formed as a developmental institution. . To provide loans to the poor nations so that they can reconstruct their economies. . To provide advice to the developing nations on how to develop their nations. . To promote the economic and social progress of the people in developing nations.
Why was the IMF formed? . Is a cooperative institution that seeks to maintain an orderly system of payments and collections of revenues between states . It administers money in which member states can borrow and pay with interests. . It supervises the spending of money and exchange- rate policies of member states. . It supervises the logical and stable growth of the world economy.
How the fund is made available to member states. Money is made available after the receiving countries have agreed to the economic policy reform in their countries. This means that to get fund, countries have to follow the policy designed by the World Bank and IMF. This plan is called a Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and this meant that; . The borrower nation is required to reduce imports and increase exports in order to get enough money to repay the loan. . The country has to sell state properties to the private companies to get profits. . To reduce the price of the country’s currency (devaluing the currency)
Discuss how the IMF and World Bank are often accused as being unfair in their lending policies by the Third World Countries . The lending policies of the two banks had created the wealth for the countries with already rich economies and keep the poor countries very poor. . The SAP has angered the poor nations claiming that IMF interferes with the way they run their economies/countries. . Heavily indebted nations argued that the Banks should be allowed to use money they pay annual for paying their debts to be used for development at home.
REVISED HISTORY NOTES FOR GRADE 9 2018 Author: Salomo Ndeyamunye yaNdeshimona
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