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KEPENTINGAN RUSIA MELALUI ASTANA PEACE TALKS DI SURIAH PERIODE 2017-2019 Skripsi Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos)

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KEPENTINGAN RUSIA MELALUI ASTANA PEACE TALKS DI SURIAH PERIODE 2017-2019 Skripsi Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) KEPENTINGAN RUSIA MELALUI ASTANA PEACE TALKS DI SURIAH PERIODE 2017-2019 Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Oleh: Adila Febianto Soewarno 11161130000110 PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1441 H/2020 M PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME Skripsi yang berjudul: KEPENTINGAN RUSIA MELALUI ASTANA PEACE TALKS DI SURIAH PERIODE 2017-2019 1. Merupakan karya asli saya yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar Strata 1 di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Semua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam tulisan ini telah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Jika di kemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya saya ini bukan hasil karya asli saya atau merupakan hasil jiplakan dari karya orang lain, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jakarta, 16 November 2020 Adila Febianto Soewarno PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING SKRIPSI Dengan ini, Pembimbing Skripsi menyatakan bahwa mahasiswa: Nama : Adila Febianto Soewarno NIM : 11161130000110 Program Studi : Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Telah menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi dengan judul: KEPENTINGAN RUSIA MELALUI ASTANA PEACE TALKS DI SURIAH PERIODE 2017-2019 dan telah memenuhi persyaratan untuk diuji. Jakarta, 27 November 2020 Mengetahui, Menyetujui, Ketua Program Studi Pembimbing M. Adian Firnas, S.IP, M.Si Ahmad Alfajri, MA. NIP. NIP. 198507022019031005 ABSTRAK Skripsi ini menganalisis kepentingan nasional Rusia melalui Astana Peace Talks periode 2017 – 2019. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan orientasi kepentingan nasional Rusia sehubungan dengan kerja sama politik yang dibangun Rusia dengan aktor-aktor kunci di Suriah. Pada dasarnya Astana Peace Talks adalah katalisator bagi terlaksananya Intra-Syrian Talks yang dilaksanakan oleh PBB, yang sempat berhenti berjalan karena kebuntuan politik antara pihak oposisi dan pihak pemerintah Suriah. Astana Peace Talks mengundang pihak eksternal Syria untuk terlibat dan mengurai kebuntuan tersebut. Keterlibatan Rusia sebagai peace broker pada proses perdamaian Astana sebenarnya memiliki sejumlah tantangan, antara lain: pertumbuhan ekonomi Rusia yang tidak stabil; hubungan sesama rekan sponsor Astana yang penuh ambivalensi; dan partisipasi pihak oposisi yang tidak menentu. Meskipun demikian, Rusia tetap bertekad untuk menjadi negara penjamin pada proses perdamaian Astana dan berpartisipasi aktif selama tiga tahun pembicaraan ini berlangsung. Adanya kesediaan Rusia mengambil peran peace broker di tengah kesulitan- kesulitan yang dihadapinnya menjadi suatu fenomena ingin skripsi ini pahami. Kerangka pemikiran yang digunakan adalah teori Realisme Klasik oleh Hans J. Morgenthau dan konsep turunannya yaitu kepentingan nasional yang juga dikemukakan oleh Hans J. Morgenthau dan dilengkapi oleh literatur karya Michael G. Roskin dan P. H. Liotta. Sedangkan metode yang penulis gunakan adalah metode kualitatif yang berjenis deskriptif analitik. Analisis menggunakan teori dan konsep tersebut menghasilkan temuan bahwa sejak awal keterlibatan Rusia di Suriah, Rusia selalu memiliki kepentingan nasional yang lebih besar daripada sekedar dominasi di Suriah. Orientasi utama Rusia adalah dominasi Kawasan. Rusia memainkan peran peace broker pada tahun 2017 – 2019 untuk mencapai kepentingan nasionalnya yang bersifat vital dan secondary. Kata kunci: Kepentingan nasional, Realisme, peace broker, Astana Peace Talks, Rusia, Suriah. v KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘Alamin, puji serta syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah Subhanallahu Wa Ta’ala, atas segala rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian untuk skripsi ini. Shalawat serta salam tak lupa penulis haturkan kepada Nabi Muhammad Sallalahu ‘Alaihi Wassalam yang telah membawa ummatnya dari zaman kegelapan menuju zaman yang terang benderang seperti saat ini. Rasa Syukur penulis ucapkan karena akhirnya penulis telah menyelesaikan skripsi dengan judul “Kepentingan Rusia melalui Astana Peace Talks di Suriah Periode 2017 – 2019”. Penulis juga ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang turut membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini, terutama bagi peneliti yang literaturnya penulis jadikan sumber dalam pembuatan skripsi ini. Pada kesempatan kali ini, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada beberapa pihak yang sudah memberikan dukungan selama penulisan skripsi ini. Terima kasih penulis ucapkan kepada: 1. Orang tua yang selalu memberikan dukungan selama penulisan skripsi. Untuk mama, Marini, dan papa, Febianto Soewarno, yang selalu mengirimkan do’a serta memenuhi kebutuhan penulis baik secara moril ataupun materil. 2. Bapak Ahmad Alfajri, MA. selaku dosen pembimbing. Terima kasih atas waktu, ilmu, dan bimbingan yang telah bapak berikan dalam penyusunan vi skripsi ini hingga selesai. Semoga bapak dan keluarga senantiasa diberi kesehatan, kebahagiaan, dan keberkahan oleh Allah SWT. 3. Seluruh dosen-dosen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional UIN Jakarta atas segala ilmu yang sangat bermanfaat bagi penulis. Semoga bapak dan ibu senantiasa diberi kesehatan, kebahagiaan, dan keberkahan oleh Allah SWT. 4. Kepada kakak-kakak yang penulis sayangi, Mba Ica dan Mas Andri. Terima kasih atas dukungan yang diberikan kepada penulis baik secara morill maupun materil. Kepada kakak-kakak ipar yang juga penulis sayangi, Mas Angga dan Kak Aza, terima kasih atas segala dukungan dan logistik yang mengenyangkan di akhir pekan. Tak lupa, keponakan yang selalu datang setiap minggu lengkap dengan tangis dan tawanya, Ameira. 5. Kepada Muhammad Fajrin Mubarok, yang selalu baik hati dan tidak pernah lelah menghadapi pesimisme penulis. Man, you’re my rock. 6. Sahabat-sahabat penulis selama perkuliahan, Muhammad Alifurrohman, Argista Wahyu Febriani, Hayasha Zuriati Robbani, Gaby Tiara, Farhatul Kamilah, Nida Fajriyatul Huda. It’s been such a roller coaster ride, isn’t it? All of you are my steady flames and bright burning stars, terima kasih ya, sudah selalu menjadi sahabat yang sangat baik. 7. Alya Nur Zurayya, for sticking up with me since high school… and counting! 8. Teman-teman AIESEC in UIN Jakarta, tim Organizing Committee Global Youthpreneur 2018, Faisal, Maya, Ghina, dan Vivi. Querencia 2019/2020, vii Kemal, Rizka, Velia. Terkhusus tim Endorphine Talent Management 2019/2020, Kak Evi, Hanafi, Monik. See you guys on top! 9. Teman-teman International Studies Club (ISC). Untuk BPH ISC 2019/2020, Alif, Farha, Rima, Ara, Alfi, Rizka, Ferin, I kind of miss our endless night of meeting. 10. Teman-teman HI. Terkhusus teman-teman HI C yang penulis sayangi dan tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu persatu. Penulis berharap semoga Allah SWT membalas semua amal baik, dukungan, do’a, serta bantuan yang telah diberikan semua pihak kepada penulis. Penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Oleh sebab itu, penulis menerima saran dan masukan untuk menyempurnakan skripsi ini. Masukan tersebut dapat disampaikan melalui [email protected]. Terima kasih. Jakarta, 18 November 2020 Adila Febianto Soewarno viii DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................................. ii KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................................ ix DAFTAR TABEL DAN GRAFIK ....................................................................................... xi DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................................... xii DAFTAR SINGKATAN .................................................................................................... xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................................. 1 A.Pernyataan Masalah ......................................................................................... 1 B.Pertanyaan Penelitian ....................................................................................... 8 C.Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................ 8 D.Tinjauan Pustaka .............................................................................................. 9 E.Kerangka Teoretis .......................................................................................... 16 1.Realisme Klasik ........................................................................................... 16 2.Konsep Kepentingan Nasional .................................................................... 18 F.Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................... 24 G.Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................... 25 BAB II KONFLIK SURIAH DAN PERJALANAN PROSES PERDAMAIAN SURIAH ............................................................................................................ 28 A.Profil Negara Suriah ...................................................................................... 28 B.Aktor Domestik dalam Konflik Suriah .......................................................... 30 C.Aktor Internasional dalam Konflik
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