Culture As a Factor for Economic and Social Innovation
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tome 01 Culture as a faCtor for eConomiC and soCial innovation Projet cofinancé par le Fonds Européen de Développement Régional et l’Instrument d’Aide de Pré-Adhésion Project cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund and the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Scientific coordination: Pau Rausell Köster Editorial coordination: Raúl Abeledo Sanchis Contributors: Blanco Sierra, Óscar (Econcult, UV) Boix Doménech, Rafael (Economic Structure Department, UV) De Miguel Molina, Blanca (UPV) Hervás Oliver, José Luis (UPV) Marco-Serrano, Francisco (K|P|K, UV) Pérez-Bustamante Yábar, Diana (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos) Pérez Vázquez, Pedro (MC2, UV) Vila Lladosa, Luis (MC2, UV) Graphics: Priska Vigo Translation: Redactalia, Gabriela Harsulescu, Annabel Kay Proofreading: Júlia Sorribes Printing: Relais Graphique Acknowledgements: we would like to thank the contributors and the project partners, who provided us with invaluable insight and information to carry out our research. This report was elaborated by the Cultural and Tourism Economics Research Unit (Econcult) - Interuniversity Institute for Local Development (IIDL) - University of Valencia, within the framework of the Sostenuto project, co-financed by the European Union programme Interreg IV B Med. this book is published under Creative Commons license (Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivative Works 3.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Notice Sostenuto, which brought together seven partners of a very different nature, aimed to encourage reflection on social and economic innovation in the Med space. It enabled the experimentation, modeling and dissemination of new management and organizational models in the cultural sector. With the intent of making a significant contribution and participating in the ongoing mutations, all the partners made consistent efforts to open the debate, confronting opinions, widening the thematic and geographical scope and taking a stance. The recent crises have only reinforced the need for public discussion and alternative views on development. The publication that puts the final note to the Sostenuto project, based on two complementary volumes, was also written from this perspective. This first volume, elaborated by the Cultural Economics Research Unit (Econcult) - University of Valencia (Spain), proposes an economic analysis of the relationships between culture, innovation and development in Europe and particularly in the Med space. The results of Econcult’s research are put into perspective in the second volume: “Culture & Innovation(s), Europe seen from the South”, coordinated by Relais Culture Europe. 3 Chapter 01 introduCtion............................................................................................................................. 6 »..Culture as a factor for economic and social innovation: a very current topic...................................................................................................................... 7 »..the centrality of “cultural and creative activities”............................................................... 8 »..Bibliographic.references...........................................................................................................15 Chapter 02 innovation, Creativity and Culture: deepening and broadening their sCheme of relations...............................................................16 »..some notes on creativity and development..........................................................................18 »..the economic concept of innovation......................................................................................20 »..systematizing the production of innovation: from knowledge as a resource to corporate management................................................23 »..broadening the sphere of innovation production to incorporate the social dimension.......................................................................................27 »..institutional and political innovation: the agenda 21 for Culture....................................30 »..Conclusions: innovation, creativity and culture..................................................................34 »..Bibliographic.references...........................................................................................................35 Chapter 03 a miCroeConomiC approaCh: main CharaCteristiCs of the produCtion funCtion in a Cultural organization........................40 »..introduction................................................................................................................................41 »..the production function of cultural organizations..............................................................47 »..innovation processes in cultural organizations: main factors for change............................................................................................................81 »..Bibliographic.references...........................................................................................................91 Chapter 04 the Contribution of Cultural and Creative aCtivities to the shaping of the european soCio-eConomiC spaCe ...........................96 »..the noticeable dimensions of connection between cultural and creative activity and the rest of the socio-economic space......................................97 »..Culture and development in the european regions...........................................................111 »..the dynamics of the med space in the framework of cultural and creative activities.........................................................................................124 »..some final considerations: Culture as a factor for economic and social innovation...................................................133 »..Bibliographic.references.........................................................................................................136. »..Appendixes................................................................................................................................143 addendum. innovation laboratories: the eXperienCe of the sostenuto partners....................................................156 »..introduction: Characterization of the sostenuto partnership.........................................157 »..ami, Centre de développement pour les musiques actuelles: Cultural and creative business incubator...........................................................................161 »..bunker........................................................................................................................................168 »..expeditio....................................................................................................................................179 »..Citema, la Città europea dei mestieri d’arte........................................................................187 »..List.of.figures............................................................................................................................196 »..List.of.tables..............................................................................................................................198 ChApter IntroductIon 01 » Culture as a factor for economic and social innovation: A very current topic The aim of this paper is to deepen our understanding of the relationships between culture and the evolution of communities in Europe. It stems from a theoretical need to develop and reflect upon a plausible model that defines the effects and relationships between culture and the other dimensions of a the socio-economic reality of a given region but also responds to a more practical need to classify the specific actions of the cultural agents that have been participating for the last three years in the European project Sostenuto while running their daily activities and trying to cope with all the financial, administrative and manage- ment difficulties associated to their own projects. The research conclusions and reflections presented here result from the moni- toring of an emerging and lively debate that is currently installing itself in the academic arena and among the think tanks, but also from the interactions with specific projects and organizations, dialogue, forums and conversations with cultural agents. In the framework of the project, those spaces for interac- tion were established in Paris, Marseille, Valencia, Tuscany, Liguria and Kotor (Montenegro) and adopted various formats, including professional meetings, academic discussions, open forums, seminars, work meetings and interviews. Our mission was to “modelize”, that is, to find a model that demonstrated the significant role that culture plays in economic and social innovation pro- cesses. When the project began, in spring 2009, the forest of related publica- tions, articles and reports was not as dense as it is today. A significant por- tion of the materials included in the bibliographic references were produced in the last three years and some of them are even dated next year. Given this sudden flurry of published works, some of the research objectives established at the start of the project were soon surpassed by the findings presented in various articles and reports. Therefore, we were forced to constantly redefine these objectives. Initially, we focused on capturing with greater precision delicate concepts like creativity and innovation and understanding what form these processes and attributes take within cultural organizations. The emphasis lay on conceptual