Appendix 1: Kabul Forces Order of Battle

(as at 1 January 1988)

1st (Central) Corps: HQ Kabul 2nd Corps: HQ Kandahar 3rd Corps: HQ Gardez

2nd Division: Jabal-os-Saraj, Parwan Province 1 64th Regiment: Tanbana, Panjsher lOth Brigade: Panjsher 444th Commando Battalion: Panjsher 7th Division: Moqor2 65th Brigade

8th Division: Kargha garrison, Kabul3 4th Regiment: Kabul 5th Regiment: Kabul 72nd Brigade: Kabul

9th Division: Chugha Serai (also called Asadabad), Kunar Province4 31st Mountain Brigade: Asmar 55th Brigade: Barikot 69th Brigade: Chugha Serai 46th Artillery Regiment: Chugha Serai

II th Division: Jallalabad, Nangrahar Province5 32nd Brigade: Jallalabad 8lst Brigade: Hadda 71 st Brigade: Ganikhel 9lst Artillery Regiment: Jallalabad 12th Division: Gardez, Paktia Province 67th Brigade: Gardez 36th (?) Regiment: Ali Khel Qaji) 22nd Guard Brigade: Chamkani 15th Brigade: Urgun, Paktika Province 14th Division: Ghazni, Ghazni Province 3rd Brigade: Ghazni u/i regiment: Bamiyan, Bamiyan Province 40th Regiment: Paktia Province

306 Appendix I 307

15th Division: Kandahar, Kandahar Province 36th Brigade: Kandahar 43rd Mountain Regiment: Kalat, Zabol Province u/i Brigade: Girishk, Helmand Province

17th Division: Herat, Herat Province6 28th Brigade: Herat 33rd Brigade: Qala Yi-Naw, Badghis Province 2nd Regiment: Chakhcharan, Ghowr Province

18th Division: Mazar-e-Shariff, Balkh Province 62nd Mechanised Regiment: Mazar-e-Shariff 35th Regiment: Shebarghan, Fariab Province u/i Mountain Battalion: Mazar-e-Shariff

20th Division: Baghlan Province 7 23rd Brigade: Baghlan Province 75th Brigade: Eshkamish, Takhar Province

25th Division: Khost (also called Matun), Paktia Province 19th Brigade: Khost 59th Brigade: Nadershah Kot 23rd Brigade: Khost 6th Artillery Regiment: Khost

Non-Divisional Units

4th Armoured Brigades: Pol-e-Charkhi garrison, Kabul 7th Armoured Brigade9: Kandahar 15th Armoured Brigades: Pol-e-Charkhi garrison, Kabul 21st Mechanised Brigade 10: Farah, Farah Province Presidential Guard Brigade 11 : Kabul 37th Commando Brigades: Rishkoor garrison, Kabul 38th Commando Brigades: Kabul u/i Paratroop Regiment 12: Bagram, Parwan Province 466th Commando Battalion 13 : Kandahar 57th Training Regiment: Pol-e-Charkhi garrison, Kabul 88th Artillery Brigade 14: Rishkoor camp, Kabul lOth Engineer Regiment: Hussein Kut, Parwan Province 5th Transport Regiment: Siah Sang garrison, Kabul !19th Transport Regiment 15 : Sherpur barracks, Kabul 52nd Independent Signals Regiment: Kabul 235th Independent Signals Battalion: Kabul 203rd Reconnaissance Battalions: Kabul 212th Reconnaissance Battalion 16 : Gardez u/i Reconnaissance Battalion9: Kandahar 308 Appendix I

AIR FORCE

322nd Air Regiment: Bagram Air Base 3 Fighter squadrons (with 30 Mig-2ls)

32lst Air Regiment: Bagram Air Base 17 3 Fighter-Bomber squadrons (with 40 Su-7, Su-22)

393rd Air Regiment: Dehdadi Air Base, Balkh Province 3 Fighter-Bomber squadrons (with 30 Mig-17)

380th Air Battalion: Dehdadi Air Base, Balkh Province 18 1 Helicopter Squadron (with 10 Mil-8/17)

Air Force Academy: HQ Kabul 19

At Mazar-e-Shariff airport, Balkh Province I Weapons Conversion Squadron (with 18 Mig-21) I Advanced Training Squadron (with 18 L-39 Delfin)

Basic Training Squadron with Yak-18 believed to be at Dehdadi

335th Air Regiment: Shindand Air Base, Herat Province20 3 Bomber squadrons (with 50 Su-7, Su-22) I Fighter-Bomber squadron (with Mig-17)

375th Air Regiment: Shindand Air Base, Herat Province21 2 Helicopter Squadrons (with 25 Mil-8/17) 1 Helicopter Squadron (with 8 Mil-25)

377th Air Regiment: Kabul Airport22 4 Helicopters squadrons (with 6 Mil-25, 25 Mil-17) u/i Air Regiment: Kabul Airport 23 3 Transport Squadrons (with 40 An-26/32)

Air Defence Forces24 99th SAM Regiment: Kabul 92nd (?) SAM Regiment: Kabul 66th AAA Battalion: Kandahar u/i Radar Regiment: Kabul

Border Command25 1st Border Brigade: Jallalabad, Nagrahar Province 2nd Border Brigade: Khost, Paktia Province 3rd Border Brigade: Konduz (?) Badakhshan Province 4th Border Brigade: Nimroz Province 5th Border Brigade: Herat, Herat Province Appendix I 309

7th Border Brigade: Kandahar Province 8th Border Brigade: Paktika Province 9th Border (Training) Brigade: Kabul lOth Border Brigade: Asadabad, Kunar Province

GUARD CORPS/SPECIAL GUARD

As part of the 'Afghanisation' process prior to the Soviet withdrawal, a new military organisation was set up early in 1988. Three new brigades were formed, tasked with the defence of Kabul. Some units were to take up fixed positions, others to be mobile. The new units were set up with a high percentage of party members and given more pay. Initially they were known as Guard Corps units. However, late in 1988, the organisation was expanded and its name changed to the Special Guard. The Special Guard included the three guard brigades, Presidential Guard Brigade, 37th Commando Brigade, 38th Commando Brigade and some artillery units. Some Sarandoy mobile units may also have been included in the new organisation. A Special Guard headquarters and training unit was established at Balar Hissar. In all, by early 1989, about 10000 men were in the Special Guard.

UNIT STRENGTHS

The terms 'brigade' or 'division' need to be used with caution with the Afghan forces. During the nadir of 1979-81 average divisional strength may have been as low as 1500, with some below 1000. Since then the army has had more success in keeping men in the ranks. Some divisions remain small, probably around 1500 men- the 7th and 14th Divisions for example. Others such as the 25th and lith Divisions may number around 4500 men each. In 1985-8 some mujahadeen accounts indicate that battalions, for example the one overrun at Pechgur in the Panjsher, were up to strength at 400-500 men. The brigade which vacated a garrison in Paktia early in 1988 also seems to have been a strong formation, with about 2000 troops. Even during these later years there seems to have been a wide variation in unit strength.

MINISTRY OF INTERIOR

These forces are divided into gendarmerie (Sarandoy), made up of conscripts and organised along coventionallines, and Revolution Defence Group militias. By 1985 there were 20 identified Sarandoy Operational Battalions and Mountain Battalions. They were attached to provincial Sarandoy commands and include armoured vehicles and light artillery. The Kabul Security Command deployed two mobile regiments (1st and 2nd) and controlled a system of 12 security wards with observation posts, check points etc. A further four Sarandoy brigades/regiments have been identified in Badakhshan (24th Sarandoy Brigade), Kandahar, Baghlan, and Parwan. During 1988-9 Kabul 310 Appendix I

Security Command was reorganised into II security wards and Sarandoy forces around the city, boosted by re-called reservists, became 4th Division.

MILITIAS

The term 'militia' was used by the Afghan government to describe irregular units ranging from detachments of party members to bands of mercenaries. Much of the militia force (those called Revolution Defence Groups) fell under Ministry of Interior control. In Kabul, their activities were closely integrated with the Security Command. Other militias were hired by different agencies. In 1984-6 there were at least six tribal regiments (in Kandahar, Zabol, Paktia, Kunar, Herat, and the Andarab valley), made up of locals who were basically tribal mercenaries. These elements are normally paid by the Ministry of Frontier and Tribes, and often cooperate with the border troops. Other local militias have been hired by the KHAD. Like many guerrillas these militiamen are militarily effective for intermittent short periods, and their loyalties are often questionable. One exception to this rule was the so-called Jowzjani militia which appeared in Kandahar and Helmand provinces in 1988. These men were described as fighting with the ferocity of mujahadeen but also of being ideologically committed in a way which most rural militias were not. Youth militia forces have been raised by the Democratic Youth Organisation of Afghanistan. Although there are reports of them fighting, they are a lightly armed force designed primarily to prepare men for military service. A strongly Parchami party militia called the Revolutionary Guards operates on a similar principle (although it did send men to fight in the 1982 Panjsher campaign, with poor results). The Revolutionary Guards are very much a Kabul-based youth militia. From 1988 onwards Najeebollah stepped up PDPA efforts to train members for militia service in their spare time. About 10 000 party militia men and women paraded through Kabul the day after Soviet troops completed their road evacuation from the city.

TOTAL STRENGTHS

At the time of the April Revolution the Ministry of Defence controlled 80- 90 000 troops, the Ministry of the Interior about 15 000 gendarmes, and there was a small frontier force of a few thousand. By 1979, shortly before the Soviet intervention, the army had dwindled drastically. The Sarandoy was heavily purged following the installation ofBabrak Karma!. By mid-1980 the Ministry of Defence may have had as few as 35 000 troops, with another 10 000 in other paramilitary bodies. During 1981-4 attempts were made to build up the army's strength. But much effort was also put into the expansion of the Border Command, Sarandoy and the recruitment of militias in rural areas. This resulted in a growth to about 75 000 soldiers and paramilitaries by 1984-5. By 1988 it is likely that N ajeebollah could call on a full time security force of about 150 000. This included about 55 000 Army and Air Force, 10 000 Border Command, 35 000 Appendix I 311

WAD (Secret Police), 30000 Sarandoy and 20000 milita mercenaries. Early in 1989 strength had been further boosted by the formation of the Special Guard, re-call of reservists and Afghans studying at Soviet academies - total security forces may have climbed from 150000 to 200000. In addition, by 1989, party part-time militias totalled about 15-20000, most of whom were in the Kabul area.

Notes

1. The 2nd Division was formed in 1984 following the Panjsher 7 operation. The lOth Brigade came from the 20th Division, another from the 8th Division. In 1988-9 its units were progressively withdrawn from the Panjsher and concentrated around the lower Salang highway. 2. Based at Rishkoor garrison south of Kabul until April 1981. It was moved to Kandahar where it took up positions around the airport which had been relinquished by the Soviet 70th Motor Rifle Brigade. 3. One of the brigades listed here may have been transferred to the 2nd Division. The 8th Division was considerably re-organised by in 1980-1 forming new brigades (4th and 5th) to replace others (69th and 32nd) sent to the provinces. The 72nd Brigade has units in Maidan Shah, capital ofWardak province. Another unit which is possibly assigned to 8th Division was in Pul-e-Alam, capital of Logar province. 4. The 9th Division had to be rebuilt after the mass desertions of 1979-80. Two entire brigades (38th and 30th Mountain) joined the mujahadeen. The 69th Brigade was detached from the 8th Division in 1980. Another unit, 17th Brigade, may also have been assigned to this division. 55th Brigade evacuated Barikot in April 1988. In September 1988 the 31st Brigade was evicted from Asmar. The entire 9th Division abandoned its positions in November 1988, moving to defend northernJallalabad. 5. The 32nd Brigade was identified as fighting under the II th Division HQ in 1982. Ghanikhel was lost to the mujahadeen in November 1988. 6. Until the April 1979 Herat Revolt the 17th Division also included the 70th and II th Brigades. However no report has been found of them since, and it is believed that they were not reformed. 7. Included lOth Brigade until it was sent to the Panjsher in May 1984. The unit was re-deployed late in 1987 to give better protection to the provincial capital and north Salang highway. 8. Central Corps assigned. 9. 2nd Corps assigned. 10. In the 1940s the 7th Division was based in Farah. Its designation changed to the 16th Division during reorganisation in the 1950s. This division may have existed until Daouds' time, but I have found no evidence to support its existence since the April Revolution. II. The Presidential Guard Brigade may have been designated the 21st Guard Regiment until 1988. The guards regiment (also sometimes referred to as mountain units or commandos) were formed in the early 312 Appendix I

1970s. They were probably dissolved during 1979-80, perhaps to provide manpower for the 8th Division's new brigades. With the growth in army strength during 1983-4 they were reformed. The 22nd Guards Regiment was identified in Paktia during the 1986 Zhawar operation. A third such regiment, the 44th existed until 1979, and may have been reformed. 12. A unit designated 26th Airborne Regiment (which was upgraded from the 262nd Airborne Battalion) was at Balar Hissar fort untill980. It was subsequently moved and reformed at Bagram. 13. Formed late 1984. 14. The brigade included one gun battalion (with M-1946 130mm guns), two Howitzer battalions (with 152mm M-1937s), one anti-tank battalion (with Snapper guided missiles), and a multiple rocket launcher battalion (with BM-13 MRLs). The MRL unit (880th Battalion) was re-equipped with BM-21 and may have been up-graded to an independent brigade around 1984. 15. Formed in late 1980-early 1981. 16. 3rd Corps assigned. 17. 32lst Air Regiment was formed in 1984-5 to provide improved bombing capability. Two Su-22s shot down over Pakistan in 1986 came from this regiment. 18. Formed 1985-6, also has a training role. 19. Air Force cadets receive theoretical training for three years at the academy in Kabul. Pilot training is done in the north at Dehdadi and Mazar-e-Shariff which are only a short distance apart. 20. Until 1980-82, 335th Regiment included three squadrons of ancient IL-28 bombers. They were replaced with Sukhois. The fourth squadron, with Mig-17s, was converted to Mig-27s in the summer of 1988. Its old aircraft were sent to Herat airport where, by August 1988, when I visited, most appeared to be unserviceable. 21. This unit seems to have been formed after 1984. Before then a battalion of the 232nd Air Regiment is believed to have been at Shindand. 22. Formed in 1984 with the supply of 70 Mil-17s to the DRA Air Force. It replaced the smaller 232nd Air Regiment. According to a captured pilot from this regiment 26 of these Mil-17s had been lost in combat by June 1986. 23. This regiment was equipped with a motley collection of transport types until the early 1980s, when newer Antonovs were delivered in large numbers. It provided daily flights to many besieged garrisons around the country. Its pilots continued flying regular sorties after the introduction of Stinger missiles. In 1988 a fourth squadron was formed with 12 An-12 heavy, four-engined, transports. 24. The Air Defence Forces are part of the Air Force. Until 1979-80 there was an anti-aircraft gun division- the 77th, based at Kabul. It had 100 85mm KS-12 guns, and 75 lOOmm KS-19 weapons. The division was 'mothballed' during this period of acute manpower shortages. However the SAM units have been retained, albeit below strength. Why they have bothered with them at all, given the nature of their war against the mujahadeen, remains something of a mystery. Appendix I 313

25. The border troops were under Ministry of Frontiers and Tribes control in the mid-1980s but seem to have reverted to the Ministry of Defence. There were also independent border battalions in Helmand, Farah and probably Baghlan provinces. The 7th, 8th and lOth Border Brigades were re-deployed in 1988. Appendix II: Soviet Forces in Afghanistan

(as at 1 January 1988)

40th Army/Turkestan Military District Forward: Tari-Tajbeg camp, Kabul

103rd Guards Air Assault Division 1: Darulaman camp, Kabul

5th Guards Motor Rifle Division2: Shindand, Herat Province

108th Motor Rifle Division3: Bagram, Parwan Province

20lst Motor Rifle Division4: Konduz, Konduz Province

66th Motor Rifle Brigade5: Jallalabad, Nangrahar Province 70th Motor Rifle Brigade6: Kandahar, Kandahar Province 56th (?) Air Assault Brigade7: Gardez, Paktia Province 22nd Brigade8: Lashkar Gah, Helmand Province 375th Independent Guards Assault Regiment: Bagram, Parwan Province 19lst Independent Motor Rifle Regiment9: Ghazni, Ghazni Province 866th Independent Motor Rifle Regiment9: Feyzabad, Badakhshan Province I 87th Motor Rifle Regiment 10: Mazar-e-Shariff, Balkh Province 15th (?) Special Designation (spetsna<;) Brigade: Jallalabad 11 u/i Special Designation (spetsna<:.) Brigade: Kabul 11 u/i Special Designation (spetsna<;) Brif.ade: Shindand 11 u/i Independent Artillery Regiment 1 : Kabul u/i Independent Guards Artillery Regiment 12: Shindand, Herat Province 40th (?) Airfield Defence Battalion: Bagram, Parwan Province u/i Independent Guards Commandant's Service {military police) Battalion: Kelagai, Baghlan Province (?) u/i Motor Transport Regiment: Khair Khana camp, Kabul u/i Independent Engineer Sapper Regiment 13: Charikar, Parwan Province u/i Engineer Construction Battalion: Bagram, Parwan Province u/i Engineer Construction Battalion: Shindand, Farah Province 40th (?) Signal Regiment 14: Tari Tajbeg camp, Kabul u/i Signal Battalion: Shindand and Mir Daoud, Herat Province u/i Radio Electronic Combat {Electronic warfare) Battalion 14: Kabul u/i Artillery Locating Battalion 15: Kabul u/i Pipelaying Battalion 16: Bagram, Parwan Province u/i Pipelaying Battalion 16: Shindand, Herat Province u/i Engineer Battalion: Jallalabad, Nangrahar Province

314 Appendix II 315 u/i Repair and Technical Battalion: Khair Khana, Kabul u/i Logistic Regiment: Kabul Airport Central Military Hospital: Kabul

AIR FORCE

Bagram u/i Fighter Aviation Regiment u/i Fighter Aviation Regiment 50th Independent Composite Aviation Regiment 262nd Independent Reconnaissance Helicopter Squadron

Kabul 263rd (?) Independent Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron 17 u/i Independent Composite Aviation Regiment

Shindand u/i Fighter Aviation Regiment 200th Independent Guards Attack Squadron u/i Independent Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron u/i Independent Helicopter Regiment

Kandahar u/i Fighter Aviation Regiment 280th Independent Helicopter Regiment 18

Jallalabad 355th Independent Helicopter Regiment 18

Konduz 18lst Independent Helicopter Regiment. (A squadron sized detachment served at Feyzabad)

Aircraft 40 Mig-21 (Bagram, Shindand) 80 Mig-23/27 (Bagram, Shindand) 80 Su-17 (Shindand and Kandahar) 50 Su-25 (Bagram, Shindand, Kabul) 12 Mig-25 (recce at Shindand) 140 Mil-24 (at Bagram, Shindand, Jallalabad, Konduz, Kabul) 105 Mil-8/17 (Bagram, Shindand, Jallalabad, Konduz, Feyzabad, Kabul) 40 Mil-6 (Shindand, Kandahar, Konduz) 25 An-26/32 (Bagram, Kabul)

INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES

In addition to these Soviet Ministry of Defence elements there were also several regiment-sized internal security forces in use. There were two border guard 316 Appendix II mobile detachments (one at Torghundi in Herat Province, the other in Hairatan in the north-east) which fell under KGB control. Their main task was to prevent infiltration into the Soviet Union, but they conducted aggressive patrolling some miles inside the DRA. Also under KGB control was a Security Troops Brigade. This unit was stationed in Kabul where it guarded key installations, regulated traffic, and maintained discipline - a form of military police. The USSR Ministry oflnternal Affairs was reported by some American analysts to have had a regiment serving in Afghanistan, but I can find no evidence to support this.

FORCES IN THE USSR

There were several divisions in the Turkestan Military District bordering the DRA. Their likely designations and locations are:

54th Motor Rifle Division 19: Termez 346th (or 357th) Motor Rifle Division 19: Kushka 66th Motor Rifle Division: Samarkand 84th Guards Motor Rifle Division: Kizyl Arvat 280th Training Division: Ashkabad

Some of these formations took part in the intervention and were subsequently reformed. None of them is at full strength, the 280th, and to a lesser degree the Termez based division had a role in pre-Afghanistan training for recruits. Elements from these divisions (not usually exceeding battalion strength) were sometimes used for operations inside the DRA. It was also practice to use air assault units for particular operations. Some of these were flown in from European Russia for a few weeks at a time. Aircraft operating from the Soviet Union included heavy bombers. In 1984 Tu-16s were used to bomb the Panjsher valley. In 1988-9 Tu-22M 'Backfire', Su-24 'Fencer' and Mig-27 aircraft were reported to have made many missions from bases inside the USSR.

SOVIET TROOP LEVELS

Prior to beginning its withdrawals, the Soviet Army informed the United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGO MAP) that it had 100 300 personnel in Afghanistan. UN officers endorsed the figure. In the first edition ofthis book I calculated the strength of Soviet forces at 88 370. The US State Department put it at ll6000. While both were wrong, it is worth noting that the US government was out by a greater margin. The actual total of soldiers may have been below 100 300 because one Soviet general implied that the figure included 'military servants' such as the civilian women who worked in camps as cooks, waitresses and librarians. Early in the 1980s American estimates put the number of Soviet troops at 85 000. It is therefore evident that there was no major escalation in the number based in Afghanistan. During big offensives in the period 1985-7 Soviet Appendix II 317 numbers were boosted by bringing in troops from neighbouring military districts or further afield for limited periods. Even so it is unlikely that the total ever exceeded 110 000.

SOVIET LOSSES

On 17 August 1989, Pravda published a breakdown of Soviet deaths in Afghanistan. It said 13 833 troops had died there, 13 136 in action, the others in accidents and from diseases. Another 330 were listed as missing. The low total killed in accidents and from diseases may reflect some statistical trickery. I was told by Soviet officers in Afghanistan that victims of road traffic and other accidents were often listed as killed in action as a means of protecting the careers of their commanders. The Soviet daily provided an annual breakdown of the losses 1979: 86 1985: 1868 1980: 1484 1986: 1333 1981: 1298 1987: 1215 1982: 1948 1988: 759 1983: 1446 1989: 53 1984: 2343

Notes

I. The 103rd Guards was reorganised in 1986-7, with a greater proportion of its forces assigned to the defence of Kabul. One regiment manned outposts around the city. An air assault regiment together with divisional artillery and other support units remained at Darulaman. The third regiment was based at Kabul airport. 2. This division included a regiment at Mir Daoud, just south ofHerat city. Divisional tank and anti-aircraft regiments were withdrawn in October 1986. However a new artillery unit was introduced into western Afghan• istan at around this time (see note 12). A re-drawing of provincial boundaries, probably in 1987, changed the Shindand base from Farah to Herat province. 3. The HQ of this division was moved during reorganisation from Khair Khana to Bagram, probably in 1985-6. At least one regiment of the I 08th, probably based at Kelagai in Baghlan, manned outposts around the Salang pass including the 'Pamir' battalion which guarded the Salang tunnel. The !80th Regiment was stationed at Khair Khana in Kabul, this unit may have been re-designated the 350th Motor Rifle Regiment after 1985-6. The third regiment (the 18lst) was stationed at Bagram and garrisoned the base of the Panjsher valley. The division was withdrawn in February 1989. 4. This division included the 5th 'Pushchin' Artillery Regiment. A Guards Motor Rifle Regiment belonging to the formation was included in the 318 Appendix II

October 1986 withdrawals. Either it returned or was replaced by a similar unit. The division was withdrawn in August 1988. 5. This brigade probably included a battalion based at Mehtar Lam, Laghman province, until summer 1987. It is believed to have had five motor rifle battalions under command. It was withdrawn in May 1988. 6. This brigade had four motor rifle and one assault storm battalion. One of the former, the 2nd Motor Rifle Battalion, was moved to Helmand province and placed under the command of22nd Brigade in late 1987 or early 1988. The 70th brigade was withdrawn in August 1988. 7. It included a battalion in Logar province. This brigade was withdrawn from Gardez before the August 15th withdrawal milestone. 8. The existence of this brigade was unknown to Western analysts until 1988. It is believed to have consisted of one assault storm battalion, one spetsnaz battalion, one motor rifle battalion detached from the neigh• bouring 70th brigade and supporting elements. It was smaller than the other brigades and held positions in Helmand and Farah provinces. 22nd Brigade was withdrawn in August 1988. 9. The 19lst Independent Motor Rifle Regiment was withdrawn from Afghanistan in June/July 1988. The 866th Independent Motor Rifle Regiment was withdrawn late in July 1988. 10. Believed to have been subordinate to the 20lst Division. This regiment reorganised some time after 1985, leaving a single battalion around Mazar-e-Shariff. The bulk probably moved to neighbouring Fariab province. 11. Considerable uncertainty surrounds the disposition of spetsnaz 'brigades' - battalions in reality. The Kabul unit, based at the airport, was believed to have been the first. It was still operating there in Autumn 1988, when visited by two Western film makers. There were reports of a spetsnaz unit in Kandahar in 1985-6, but it does not seem to have been among the units withdrawn from the city in August 1988. It may have been the spetsnaz unit in the neighbouring Helmand province, believed to be under command of the 22nd Brigade. 12. Although an army level artillery brigade was withdrawn in June 1980 there was evidence of l30mm guns and BM-27 rocket launchers in use during 1984. A regiment, probabaly with a battalion of each type of weapon was formed in 1984. The 130mm guns were replaced, in early 1987 with 2S5 l52mm self-propelled guns. The unit was a regiment rather than a brigade as previously listed, according to Soviet officers. Another regiment, equipped with two battalions of 2S5s and one of BM-27s, was located in western Afghanistan in 1987. Its units were deployed to Kandahar during the withdrawal, under fire, of the 70th Motor Rifle Brigade. It is believed that this Independent Guards Artillery regiment left in August 1988. 13. This regiment was an army-level unit the main task of which was keeping the Salang road open. It also sent its battalions to escort major convoys on other highways and take part in offensive operations. 14. Army level signals units were at various locations around Kabul, but centred on Tari Tajbeg and the airport. Some signallers including electronic warfare elements, were withdrawn in August 1988. Appendix II 319

15. This unit manned locating radars fixed on the mountains around Kabul. Their mission was to locate guerrilla rocket and mortar firing points. 16. These battalions maintained fuel pipelines from the Soviet border to Shindand and Bagram. They manned several pumping stations along each route. 17. In the early 1980s this unit was equipped with Mig-21 reconnaissance aircraft. It does not seem to have operated from Kabul from 1985 to mid-1987. Towards the end of 1987, however, a unit returned with 8-10 Su-25 Frogfoot aircraft. 18. The Jallalabad and Kandahar-based helicopter regiments withdrew prior to August 1988. One regiment was subsequently re-deployed to Sakhalin in the Soviet Far East. 19. The American analyst David Isby believes that the Termez-based division may have been the 4th Guards Motor Rifle and the Kushka one the 88th.

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Mohammed Mohammed

Najeebollah Najeebollah

Amin Amin

Mohammed Mohammed

Asadullah Asadullah

Aziz Aziz

Asadullah Asadullah

Sarwari Sarwari

Secret Secret

1979 1979

1980 1980

1978 1978

1979 1979

1981 1981

1983 1983

1982 1982

1978 1978

1979 1979

1980 1980

December December

March March

September September

August August

April April

July July

October October

February February

14 14

August August

September September

27 27

17 17

27 27

January January

31 31

June June 30 30 '-"' ...,.

]'.,:)

...... ~

:::::: ;::! "' 1:::-:

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(K)

Cult.

(P)

lnf. Malek La'eq Suleiman

Katawazi

Sarboland Abdolmajid

Educ

(K)

gal

Higher Suma Mahmud

Go! Dad Burhanuddin

Man Sarwar

Ghaisi

Commerce

Mohammed

Jallalar

(P)

Qader

(P)

Misaq Finance Abdol

Abdol Wakil

(P)

(K)

Samad

(K)

Education

Panjsheri Abdorashid

Distagir Ratzebad

Anahita Abdol

Qayumi

Jalili

1979

1980

1978

1979

1981

1978

1983

1982

1979

1980

March

April December

August

September

July

17 14

31 February 27 August 27 September October

June January Justice Planning Mines & Ind. Transport 30 April 1978 Abdolkarim Soltan Ali Mohammed Ismail Shara'i Keshtmand (P) Danesh (K) 17 August 1978 Shah Wali (K) 31 March 1979 Sadiq Hussein Mubarak Alemghir (K) Shafi (K) 27 July 1979 ~ 14 September 1979 '15- 27 December 1979 Abdorashid So1tani Ali Sherjan "';::; ~ Arian (K) Keshtmand (P) Mazduryar (K) ~ June 1980 ::::: August 1980 ...... September 1980 Abdol Qarizada February 1981 Abdol Wahad So1tan Ali Safi Keshtmand (P) January 1982 October 1983 Mohammed Bashir Baghlani

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Welfare

Social Ratzebad

Anahita

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Trade

Ghorbandi

Abdol

Water

Mohammed

Mahmud Hashemi Raz Power

Paktin

(K)

(P)

Works

(P)

Mohammed Rafi Pub. Mohammed Distagir Nazar Panjsheri

1979

1980

1978

1979

1981

1978

1983

1982

1979

1980

March December August April September

July

17 14

30 31 27 27 February August September October

June January Appendix III 327

NOTES

Under Babrak Karma! the cabinet was expanded. In January 1982 additional posts for Irrigation, Light Industry, Public Works and Local Government were created. A Ministry for Islamic Affairs was started two years later. Under Karma! the use of the cabinet as central decision-making body declined. The PDPA Central Committee gained greater power. During the period 1983-87 increasing use was made of a Politburo and the Central Committee expanded. In mid-1986 Politburo membership was as follows: Mohammed Najeebullah (P), Babrak Karma! (P), Nur Ahmed Nur (P), Soltan Ali Keshtmand (P), Mohammed Ziray (K), Anahita Ratzebad (P), Mohammed Watanjar (K), Suleiman La'eq (P), Candidate (non-voting) members were: Mohammed Baryalai, Nazar Mohammed (K), A. Razmjo (Kabul PDPA chief), Mir Sahib Karwal, Gulam Faruq Yaqubi (P). Appendix IV: Resistance Parties

ISLAMIC SOCIETY OF AFGHANISTAN Qamiat Islami Afghanistan)

Leader: Burhanuddin Rabbani Estimated strength: 5000 (cadre); 30000 (all supporters) Ideology: Sunni Islamic fundamentalist. In favour of a theocratic republic. Membership mainly Tajik with some other Dari speakers (Turkmens, Aimaks). From the mid-1980s intensive efforts were made to extend the party's influence in Pushtun regions. Main fronts: Ahmad Shah Massud; Panjsher valley Ismael Khan; Herat, Farah, Badghis provinces Zabiullah Khan (killed Dec. 1984); Balkh, Samangan provinces Mullah Naquib; Arghandab, Kandahar Province Basir Khaled; Feyzabad Other areas of operation: Badakhshan, Baghlan, Konduz, Takhar, Kabul, Fariab, Jowzjan provinces Notes: Probably the most efficient party in the resistance. They have received arms from China, Pakistan and conservative Arab governments (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait). Their northern, Turkic power base is solid, but prevented a large Pushtun following for much of the war. Mullah Naquib, ISA's most successful commander in a Pushtun area, spread the party's influence in the south, but most Pushtuns remained loyal to other groups, notably NIFA, IRM and IP.

ISLAMIC PARTY OF YUNIS KHALIS (Hezbe lslami)

Leader: Yunis Khalis Estimated strength: 2500 (cadre); 17000 (all supporters) Ideology: Sunni Islamic fundamentalist. In favour of a theocratic republic. Membership almost entirely Pushtun, mainly from tribal groups. Main fronts: Jallaladin Haqqani; Paktia and Paktika provinces Abdol Haq; Kabul area Abdol Qadir; N angrahar Province Qari Samad (killed Jan. 1985); Logar Province Mullah Malang; Kandahar Other areas of operation: Kunar, Konduz (many eliminated in spring 1984), Ghazni, Zabol Notes: An effective organisation by Afghan standards, receiving help from the Chinese, Pakistanis and certain Arab countries. Their power is limited to eastern Afghanistan and was damaged during the border offensives of August

328 Appendix IV 329

1985 and April 1986. Following this, Khalis recouped some strength by recruiting Engineer Mahmood and Amin Wardak from other parties.

ISLAMIC PARTY (Hezbe Islami)

Leader: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Estimated strength: 2500 (cadre); 20000 (all supporters) Ideology: Conservative Sunni Islam. In favour of a centralised Islamic republic. Leaders have also proposed Islamic federation with Pakistan. Main fronts: Farid; Kapisa and Parwan provinces Mahmood; Nangrahar Province (switched to Khalis cl986) Unknown: Laghman Province Abdol Ghayour; Baghlan Other areas of operation: Kabul (Paghman hills), Bamiyan, Konduz, Balkh, Fariab, Paktika, Farah, Helmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan. Notes: The most controversial party, widely despised by other groups. Mainly Pushtun, with support in northern areas (mainly in pockets of Pushtun settlement). Heavily backed by the lSI, Pakistani military intelligence.

NATIONAL ISLAMIC FRONT OF AFGHANISTAN (Mahazi-Melli-i-Islamiye-Afghanistan)

Leader: Pir Sayed Gailani Estimated strength: 2500 (cadre); 18000 (all supporters) Ideology: Sunni, monarchist and pro pre-revolutionary Push tun establishment. Main fronts: Amin Wardak; Wardak Province (switched to Khalis 1988) Abdol Latif; Kandahar Province Rahmatullah Safi; Paktia Province Zaman; Nangrahar Province Other areas of operation: Ghazni, Uruzgan, Takhar, Paktika (Mohammed Nasim) Notes: A mainly Pushtun group run in the field by ex-army officers. Retained its grass roots support despite being given a smaller share of arms by the Pakistanis than the fundamentalist groups. NIFA came top of a 1987 poll of Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

ISLAMIC REVOLUTION MOVEMENT (Harakat-i-Enqelab-i-Islami)

Leader: Mohammed Nabi Mohammedi Estimated strength: 2000 (cadre); 20000 (all supporters) Ideology: Sunni, conservative, pro pre-revolutionary establishment Main fronts: Sayed Murtaza; Logar Province Mohammed Shah; Farah Province Shafiullah (killed Apr. 1985); Koh-e-Safi Qari Taj Mohammed; Ghazni Mohammed Nasim Akhundzada; Helmand 330 Appendix IV

Other areas of operation: Herat, Fariab, Kandahar, Paktia, Ghowr Notes: Strength mainly among Ahmadzai Pushtun tribal groups. A belt of support across southern and western Afghanistan with very little backing in the non-tribal, non-Pushtun areas. Said to have been the most popular group in the early years of the jihad because it was backed by many rural clerics. A 'moderate' alternative to the fundamentalist Sunni groups, receiving US backing.

ISLAMIC UNITY OF AFGHAN MUJAHADEEN {also Islamic Unity for Afghan Liberation)

Leader: Abdur-Rabbur Rasul Sayaf Estimated strength: 900 (cadre); 4000 {all supporters) Ideology: Sunni Wahabi, conservative, in favour of an Islamic republic Main fronts: Chakari; Kabul Abdol Hai; Kandahar Province Unknown; Paktia Province Other areas of operation: Paktia, Helmand, Farah Notes: This force grew out of various attempts to unify the Pakistani-based resistance, and its name has changed with these different alliances. It is largely Saudi backed and relies on Pushtun fighters.

NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT Uabha-i-Nejat-i-Melli)

Leader: Sibghatullah Mujaddidi Estimated strength: 1500 (cadre); 3500 {all supporters) Ideology: Sunni, monarchist, pro pre-revolutionary Pushtun establishment Main fronts: Mohammed Zarin; Kunar Abdol Bashir; Helmand Other areas of operation: Kandahar Notes: A small group of Pushtuns

COUNCIL OF THE UNION {Shura-ye-Ettefagh)

Leader: Sayed Ali Beheshti Estimated strength: 4000 (cadre); 8000 {all supporters) Ideology: Shia, in favour of autonomous Hazara region Main front: Sayed Jaglan; Wardak, Ghazni provinces Other areas of operation: Bamiyan, Baghlan, Balkh provinces Notes: The independent Shia front reached the peak of its strength in 1979-80. It remained a well-organised group but militarily inactive against the Soviets except in the Maidan valley, Wardak province and occasionally around Ghazni. Shura lost supporters to radical parties and also had little material help from Tehran during the later years of the war. It received some supplies through, and had close relationships with, NIFA and the IRM. Appendix IV 331

ISLAMIC MOVEMENT (Harakat Islami)

Leader: Sheikh Muhsini Estimated strength: 200 (cadre); 15000 (all supporters) Ideology: Shia, in favour of Islamic republic Main fronts: Mohammed Anwari; Bamiyan/Kabul Unknown; Uruzgan Other areas of operation: Fariab, Jowzjan, Balkh, Samangan Notes: Combines some Shia Hazara support with backing from Shia Dari speakers in northern Afghanistan. Able to exploit pockets ofHazaras in centres like Kabul. The IM became one of the alliance of 8 Iranian-backed groups, although for much of the war it was too independent-minded to receive much help from Iran. It is widely considered the most militarily effective of the Shia groups.

THE WORD (Nasr)

Leader: Leadership by committee Estimated strength: 1500 (cadre); 4000 (all supporters) Ideology: Shia Hazara seperatists Area of operations: Helmand, Ghowr, Bamiyan, Fariab Notes: Received Iranian backing during the early 1980s. Used to undermine Shura, but subsequently became too independent-minded. Nasr had small pockets of support among Sunni Uzbecks north of the Hazara Jat, but remained predominantly Shia.

REVOLUTIONARY GUARD CORPS (Sepha-e-Pasdaran)

Leader: Hojetoleslam Zahedi Estimated strength: 3000 (cadre); 8000 (all supporters) Ideology: Shia Hazara Khomeniite, in favour of union with Iran Area of operations: Ghowr, Helmand, Bamiyan, Herat. Notes: A strong Iranian-backed group. They have received the bulk of Tehran assistance since 1984.

PARTY OF GOD (Hezbollah)

Leader: Ali Zahedi Estimated strength: 1500 (cadre); 3000 (all supporters) Ideology: Shia Hazara Khomeniite, in favour of union with Iran Main front: Qari Yak-Desda: Herat province Other areas of operation: Ghowr, Helmand Notes: An Iranian-backed group linked to Hezbollah in other countries. This group was able to find some support among Farsiwan and Tajik people as well as Hazaras. 332 Appendix IV

The Alliance of 8

The Shia groups, particularly in the Hazara Jat, pursued bitter internecine struggles throughout the war. Two years before the Soviet withdrawal the authorities in Tehran formed eight parties into an alliance so that they might better put the case for the Shia minority. This alliance did not include the Council of the Union - the original Hazara Jat resistance movement. It embraced the Islamic Movement, The Word, Revolutionary Guard Corps, Party of God and four other very small parties. These were called Invitation (Da'wat), Progress (Nahozat), Islamic Strength (Nehro'i lslami) and the United Front Oabha Motahed).

Note on Mujahadeen Numbers

The figures compiled in 1988 and listed above represent, in places, educated guesswork. The cadre figure represents the residual minimum number of men under arms, in-country. In well organised parties like the ISA most of these men are actual cadre fighters; i.e. the 5000 will for the most part be made up of the same men throughout the year. In other organisations (e.g. IUAM) there is constant movement across the border, and the cadre figure is the minimum number that can be counted on to be in-country at any given time. The 'all supporters' figure represents the total who would take up arms for the party if, hypothetically, all its forces and villages came under attack at the same time. It does not include villagers who may provide food, who may even carry a party card, but who would not be prepared to take up arms if the Soviet Army appeared in their valley. It is the maximum number the party could call to arms. The total figures for the parties listed above add up to about 30 000 cadre and 150 000 all comers. To them should be added several thousand men who are part of unaffiliated local organisations, or fight merely for reward or pleasure. The total of guerrillas that would be operating on any given day would therefore not be below 35 000 and not above 175 000. This represents a reduction on the period 1980-2 when the total number fighting for the resistance may have reached 250 000. Index

Afghan army Badakhshan province, 18, 27, 41, 55, 'Afghanisation' process, 190, 143,186,202 219-20 Badghis province, 95, 187 Guard Corps, 244, 309 Baghlan province, 100, 117, 202 Special Guard, 273, 275, 309 Bagram airbase, 7, 14, 34, 42, 44, 68, attitude to April Revolution, 7-14 75, 100-1, 107, 131, 144,281 attitude to Soviet intervention, Balar Hissar fort, Kabul, 21, 34, 54, 68-9 125-6,153,284 armoured brigades, 7, 12, 21, 30-1, Balkh city and province, 76, 86, 117, 33, 41, 44, 68, 106 143, 171 problem of desertion, 22, 30-3, Bamiyan province, 18-19, 63, 154, 36-7,55,69-70,75-6,105-6, 221 117 Blowpipe missile, 193, 195-6, 214, political control, 84, 106, 113, 278 230,270-71,296-7,302-3 political factionalism, 20-2, 68-9, Border guards (Afghan), 18, 81, 78-9,137,141-2,282 167--8,308-9 early operations with Soviet army, Brezhnev, Leonid, 32, 48, 58, Ill 86-8,91 improvements in performance, 97, Central Asian Military District, 106,134, 138, 177 38-41,68, 176 units, 306-7 China (relations with Afghanistan), Afghan air force 16,25,32,123 political attitude, 14-22, 171-2 Chugha Serai (also called Asadabad), operations, 30, 37, 86,90-1 27,33-6,60,220,257 units, 308 CIA, programme of assistance to AGSA (secret police), 21, 23, 34, 38, guerrillas, 187, 206, 225,244-6, 40,47 271,297,303 Akhundzada, Mohammed Nasim, 240 Daoud, Mohammed, 3, 4, 5, 7--8, 16 Alawoddin, Lieutenant-Colonel, Dehdadi, airbase, 14, 86 44 Democratic Youth Organisation of Alishang pass, 47 Afghanistan, 53, 75-6, 182 Allaladin (alsoAllahadin), 30-1, 97; Democratic Women's Organisation of 155 Afghanistan, 53 Amin, Hafizullah Dost, Mohammed, 47, 197 role in April Revolution, 7-11 growth in power, 23, 31, 36-7 Economic consequences of war, 61-2, conflict with Taraki, 29, 37--8 76-7, 109-13, 118, 160, 163 rule and overthrow, 40-4,47, 52, 280-1 Farah city and province, 42, 59, 85, Andropov, Yuri, 111-12 88,95,187,221 Aqa, Brigadier Go!, 96, 106 Fariab province, 112, 196-7,212, 221 Avalanche, Operation, 224-5 Feyzabad city, 67, 251

333 334 Index

Gafur, Brigadier Abdol, 191-5, 197 Islamic Unity of Mghan Mujahadeen Geneva Accords, 242-3, 250, 251, (also Islamic Unity for Afghan 255 Liberation), 122, 124-5, 170, 324 Ghazniprovince,67,69,82 Ghowr province, 19, 95, 221 Jaji city, 216-18 Golovanov, Colonel Alexander, Jallalabad city, 10, 55, 60, 67, 128, 270 147,168,177,223,244,262-3, Gorbachev, Mikhail, 184, 189-90, 274--6,286 199,203,299-304 Jowzjan province, 171 Gromov, Lieutenant-General Boris, 208,230,233,247-8,251,255, Kabul city and province, 7-12, 33-4, 271, 272, 273 53,59-61,63,113,117-19, Gul, General Hameed, 255, 151-3,156,164-5,174,249-51, 276 268,293 Gulabzoi, Major General KAM (secret police), 40 Mohammed,47,86, 182,258-9 Kandahar city and province, 42, 53, 67-8,70, 78,81-2,88,97, 127, Haq, Abdol, 80, 90, 152-3 180,218-20,244,252-4,255-6, Haqqani,Jallaladin, 90, 122, 125, 286 179, 191-5 Kapisa province (see also Panjsher), Helmand province, 19, 171, 240-1, 97,257,258 252,254,258 Karmal, Babrak Herat city and province, 30--1,42, 53, early career, 7, 10--12 59, 70,82,85-6,88,95-6,105, disputes with Taraki, 19-20 113, 121, 150, 159, 180, 188-9, forms new government, 42, 46-8, 221,286,295 51-3 Highway, Operation, 229-34, 239, fight against factionalism, 83, 141-3 288 campaign to broaden base of revolution, 76, 165-8, 182 Inter-Services Intelligence removal from power, 189-90, Department (lSI), 206, 218, 224, 197-8,201 225,241,244-6,251,255,271, confinement and exile, 216 274,276 Islamic Movement, 62, 143, 156, KGB 322 covert operations, 29-46 Islamic Party ofGulbuddin opposition to intervention, Hekmatyar, 15-17, 36, 59, 62, 112 72,83,95,118-19,124-5,131, view ofHafizullah Amin., 40-1, 139,170,179,294,323 280 Islamic Party ofYunis Khalis, 17, 59, KHAD (secret police) general, 80, 80,83,90, 122,125,152,164, 182, 198 170,191-5,323 formation, 4 7, 70 Islamic Revolutionary Movement, development, 112-13, 181 59, 72,80,83,85,89,95, 119, role of informers, 112, 181 170,324 Khan, lsmael, 30--1,86,95-7, 155, Islamic Society of Afghanistan, 15, 172,221-2,295-6 17,36,62,64, 70,83,86,95-7, Khan,Jom'a, 139, 144, 167 118-19, 144, 155-6, 172, 188-9, Khan, Zabiullah, 86, 90, 111, 126, 196,201-2,294,323 143,155-6,160,171,201 Index 335

Konduz city and province, 68, 143, Nasr, Ill, 124, 154-5, 170-l, 298, 186,215,252,254-5 325 Kunar province, 18, 23, 27-8, 33--6, National Fatherland Front, 76, 83-4, 55, 62, 75, 118, 121, 139, 156, 167 159,168,220,244,245,257-8, National Islamic Front of 283,291 Afghanistan, 28, 33, 59, 62, 82-3, 122, 125, 165, 170, 174, 177, 192, Laghman province, 27 224-5,294,324 Latif, Abdol (Haji Latif), 82, 180 National Liberation Front, 59, 83, Logar province, 72, 75, 79, 89-90, 170,325 109,127,177,227,274 National Reconciliation, 213-14, Lushev, Army General Pyotr, 41, 226-7,242 175-6 Nangrahar province, 62, 80, 91, 139, 164, 187, 291 Magistral, Operation, see Highway Nimroz province, 19, 95 Magometov, Colonel GeneralS., 60 Nur, Nur Ahmed, 20, 78, 100, Maksimov, Army General Yuri, 41, 137 130,158-9,175-6,289 Marmou1 resistance front, 86, Ill, Paktia province, 14, 18, 23, 62, 71, 126, 155-6, 171, 201 124, 139, 154, 156, 159, 178-9, Massud, Ahmad Shah, 63-4,85-6, 191-5,284,291 100-5, 107-9, 118-19, 122, 126, Paktika province, 124, 139, 168, 244, 138-9,144-8,155,165,172-4, 257,258 201-2,228-9,268-9,295-6 Panjsher valley, 63-4, 80, 84, 110, Mayorov, General Alexander, 60, 113,118,133-4,143-4,201-2, 91 295 Mazar-e-Shariff city, 52, 60, 71, 86, 1st offensive, 70 88, III, 116, 126, 149, 171, 272, 2nd offensive, 72 286 3rd offensive, 75 Mikhailov, Lieutenant-General 4th offensive, 85 V.M.,66 5th offensive, I 00-5 Mines, 238-40,289,303 6th offensive, 107-9 Mohammed, Major-General Nazar, 7th offensive, 144-8, 159 137, 194 8th offensive, 155 Moslem, Esmatullah, 33, 82, 139-40, 9th offensive, 172-4 180,241 Panjsheri, Distagir, 40 Mukharam, Major-General Sayed, Paputin, General Viktor, 46 30-1 Parwan province (see Panjsher) Murtaza,Sayed, 72,89-90,151 People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan N ajeebollah, Major-General early history, 10-11 Mohammed political objectives, 16-18,51-2, as KHAD chief, 4 7 61,71-2,99-100,165-8,283--6 as Central Committee Secretary, factionalism, 20-2, 53-4, 71, 83, 167, 180-1, 183-4, 187, 195, 99-100,181-2,282 299 membership, 10-11, 72, 85, 100, as General Secretary ofPDPA, 278,283 197-9,213-14,226-7,258-60 Pol-e-Charki prison, 21, 41, 52-3 Naquib, Mullah, 219 Pol-e-Kuhmri, 54, 68 336 Index

Qader, Major-General Abdol, 7, II, use of USSR-based units, 80, 14,21, 70, 79,82,99, 105,137 120-1, 144-5 forward air controllers, 104, 159 Rafi, Brigadier Mohammed, II, 21, Soviet army 47,69, 78-9,99,201 air assault troops, 42,44-7, 54, 66, Ratzebad, Anahita, 20,47 72, 102, 133, 141, 144, 148-50, Refugees 154,192,202,288-9 in Pakistan, 23, 77, 113, 157, 181, convoy security, 119-20 222-3 engineers, 120, 186-7 in Iran, 77, 157 infantry,66-8, 104,131-2,288 internal refugees, 113, !58 officer corps and Afghan war, 65, relief efforts, 77-8, 15 7-8, 258 141,175-6,289-90 Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran), preparation for Afghan 124, 154-5, 170-1,325 intervention, 38-40,41--6 reorganisation of units, 66-8, 149 Sadequi, Major-General Yasin, 106, Spet::;naz operations, 150, 156 137, 147, 201 training, 129-31 Salang pass, 44, 54, 144-5, 260-2, units, 314 268-9 operations, see under province and Samarkhel, 246, 274-5 area names Saradov, Major-General, 144-8 use of helicopters, 63, 68, 72, 88, Sarandoy (Ministry oflnterior 102, 120-1, 145-7, 148-50, gendarmerie) 156,172,202,287 purging of Daoud supporters, withdrawal, 246-7, 251-4, 271-3 14-15 Spin Boldak, 241, 251, 254, 256, 262 use against army units, 34 Stinger missile, 195, 206-7, 214-15, security of Kabul, 79-81, 117-18, 218,223,225,230,233,234,239, 151, 165, 309-10 245,255,270-1,297,303 relations with army and Khad, 34, 113, 142, 181-3, 188, 284 Takhar province, 117, 186, 201-2 development of mobile forces, 81, Taraki, Nur Mohammed, 7-11, 16, 97,182,310 19-20,22,37-8 collaboration with guerrillas, 181-3 Tani, Major-General Shahnawaz, Sarwari, Assadullah, 21, 31, 47, 70 126, 137, 144, 188, 191, 212-13, Shafie, Bariq, 29 259,260 Shakadara valley, 131 Termez, USSR, 41, 68, 130 Shevardnadze, Edward, 237, 243 Tsagalov, Major-General Kim, Shindand airbase, 14, 30, 68, 85, 248-9,301 171-2,254,260,281 Turkestan Military District, 38-41, Shomali plain, 119, 127, 131, 144, 164 66,68, 120,129-31,145,156, Shura,34,55, 111,124,325 158-9,175,316 Sokolov, Marshal Sergei, 39,40-3, 59, 105, 175-6 UNGOMAP, 246 Sorokin, General M., 91, 163 United Nations mediation in conflict, Soviet air force (VVS) 121-2,203 airlift into Afghanistan, 34, 42, United States of America, relations 44 with, 28-9, 39,41-2, 56-7, 78, operations, 91, 102, 107, 121, 144, 97,122-3,140-1,162-3,283 155, 165, 192-3 Uruzgan province, 19, 27, 55 Index 337

Varennikov, Army General Valentin, Yazov, Colonel-General Dmitri, 41, 271, 301 175 Vorontsov, Yuli, 251 Yaqubi, Major-General Gulam Vostrotin, Lieutenant-Colonel Faruq, 182, 200 Valery, 218,221, 230, 233, 250, Yepishev, Army General Alexei, 272,273 31 Vostrov, Colonel-General Vladimir, Yevanov, Major-General 'Moussa', 2, 249 42,44,46,54

WAD (secret police), 223,230, 240, Zaitsev, Army General Mikhail, 175 241,274,286 Zia ul-Haq, General, 16-17, 58, 181, Wali,Shah,29 183-4,187,255,303 Wardak, Amin, 28 Ziray, Mohammed, 70, 78, 99,259 Watanjar, Colonel Aslam, 7-8, II, Zhawar (guerrilla fortress), 179--80, 21, 29,31 191-5