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Lymphatic System LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Associated with the Blood and Cardiovascular System http://www.lymphnotes.com/article.php/id/151/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTXTDqvPnRk http://www.scribd.com/doc/60675255/Handouts- Lymphatic-System-F11 http://www.learningace.com/doc/5949560/9178 e2f0064b410c8c8e9218bcc748e6/ama-180- course-handouts Lymphatic System Lymph Fluid Lymph Vessels Lymph Nodes Four Organs Tonsils Spleen Thymus Gland Peyer’s Patches Functions Drain from tissue spaces, protein-containing fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries Transport fats from the digestive tract to the blood Produce lymphocytes Develop Immunities Interstitial Fluid Blood pressure forces some of the blood plasma through the single-celled capillary walls Interstitial Fluid is in the spaces between cells Most is reabsorbed into the capillaries Some fluid is not and must be drained from the tissue spaces to prevent swelling or Edema. Lymphatic Capillaries – drain this fluid Lymph is the fluid when it is in the vessels Fat Absorption Lacteals – lymphatic vessels in the villi of the small intestine that absorb fats and transport them to the blood. Looks milky because of the fat content and is called chyle. Lymphatic Vessels Lymph Capillaries Larger and more permeable than blood capillaries Closed at one end Occur singly or in extensive plexuses Lymphatic Capillaries Lymphatics Combined capillaries Larger Beaded appearance Similar to veins, but thinner walls and more valves One way valves to prevent backflow Lymph goes in one direction only Have lymph nodes at various intervals All Lymphatics converge Thoracic Duct – the main collecting channel, Left Lymphatic Duct Right Lymphatic Duct Lymph Nodes or Lymph Glands Regions of aggregations – groin, armpits, neck Oval to bean-shaped structures found along the length of lymphatics 1 to 25 mm in length Look like small seeds or almonds Framework consists of the capsule, hilum and trabeculae Lymph Node Structure of a Node Hilum - Depression on one side of the node Efferent Lymphatic Vessels leave Nodal artery enters Nodal vein leaves Covered by a Capsule of fibrous connective tissue that extends into the node Trabeculae – divide the node internally into compartments that have lymphatic sinuses and tissue Afferent Lymphatic Vessels – enter the node ad various sites Lymphatic Tissue Cortical or Lymph Nodules 6 different kinds of lymphocytes Germinal Center – produces lymphocytes Lymph Sinuses – spaces between the lymphatic tissue Network of fibers and macrophage cells At the Node – a Sequence of Events 1. Lymph enters by an afferent lymphatic 2. Immune response is activated 3. Lymphocytes produced by germinal centers as a response to any microorganisms or foreign matter 4. Lymphocytes released into lymph 5. Eventually reach the blood and stimulate antibody production 6. Macrophages remove dead microorganisms and foreign substances by phagocytosis Lymph Circulation Blood to Lymph Blood plasma is filtered by blood capillaries Passes in-between cells to become interstitial fluid Passes into the lymph capillaries to become lymph Water, plasma solutes (ions & gases), nutrients, proteins, (hormones & enzymes), and waste products Lymph drains into lymph capillaries and lymph plexuses Drains to Lymph vessels Heads towards Lymph Nodes At the Node Afferent Vessels drain lymph into the node sinuses Microorganisms and foreign substances trigger lymphocytes to divide and activate immune response Macrophages engulf foreign bodies Efferent Vessels leave the node and go to other nodes or join with other vessels Unite to form Lymph Trunks Moving the Lymph Along…. Skeletal muscle contractions compress lymph vessels and force the lymph through the one-way vessels Normal movement helps circulate the lymph Breathing causes pressure changes in the thorax that help move the lymph Smooth muscle contraction in the lymph vessels Swelling or edema – a blockage in the vessels cause a back up interstitial fluid between the cells Efferent Vessels Unite Form Lymph Trunks Lumbar – lower extremities, walls and viscera of pelvis, kidneys, adrenals, abdominal wall Intestinal – stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, surface of liver Bronchomediastinal – thorax, lungs, heart, diaphragm, rest of liver Intercostal – portions of the thorax Subclavian – upper extremities Jugular – head and neck Trunks to Channels to Veins Thoracic Duct – empties into the left subclavian vein Right Lymphatic Duct – empties into the right subclavian vein Completing the Cycle Organs of the Lymphatic System Tonsils, Spleen, Thymus Gland, and Peyer’s patches Tonsils – three groups Palatine Tonsils – removed in a tonsillectomy, sides of the oral cavity Pharyngeal Tonsils – adenoids, near the nasal cavity, when swollen interfere with breathing Lingual Tonsils – back surface of the tongue at the base Ring of protection for the nose and oral cavity from microorganisms More functional in children Spleen Oval, 5 inches in length Left upper corner of the abdominal cavity Largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body Filters blood Phagocytizes bacteria, worn-out platelets, and RBCs Release hemoglobin to be recycled Produces lymphocytes and plasma cells Stores blood – blood reservoir Extra blood when a hemorrhage occurs Thymus Gland Bi-lobed mass of tissue along the trachea behind the sternum Also part of the Endocrine System Site for lymphocyte production and maturation in the fetus and infants Peyer’s Patches Aggregated Lymphatic Follicles Wall of small intestine Similar to tonsils Macrophages destroy bacteria to prevent infection in the walls of the intestine Resisting Infection Immunity, Antigens, Antibodies, Immune Response Cells Immunity The ability of the body to resist infection from disease causing microorganisms or pathogens, damage from foreign substances and harmful chemicals Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes – humoral (body fluids) immunity; produce antibodies; circulating bacteria and viral infections; attack the invading agents, become plasma cells in the tissues T Lymphocytes – cellular immunity; from the thymus gland; fungi, parasites, inside the cells viral infections, cancer cells and foreign tissue implants What Microorganisms ????? Protozoans Bacteria Virus Fungi Malaria Protozoa Antigens and Antibodies Antigens – foreign proteins that gain access to the body via an opening in the skin, or through the digestive, circulatory, urinary or reproductive systems. Cause immune system to produce Antibodies or Immunoglobulins to destroy this invader High molecular weight proteins Active Immunity B-Lymphocytes produce antibodies against an antigen that they came in contact with Naturally acquired when you come in contact with a bacterial or viral infection Vaccines are a killed or weakened pathogens that stimulate antibody production Measles, smallpox, polio, tetanus, chickenpox, pneumonia, diphtheria, and flu Passive Immunity Conferred naturally when a fetus receives mother’s antibodies through the placenta Artificially – gamma globulin, breast milk or immune serum Used after exposure to hepatitis Snakebite, botulism, or rabies Cells of the Immune Response B cells Plasma Cells Helper T Cells Killer T Cells – kill virus invaded body cells and cancerous body cells, graft rejections Suppressor T Cells Memory Cells – respond to future infections with the same pathogen Macrophages – engulf and digest antigens Monokines and lymphokines .
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