BOOK REVIEWS

Quakers and the Atlantic Culture. By FREDERICK B. TOLLES. (New York: The Macmillan Company, i960, xvi, 160 p. Index. $3.95.) The publication of occasional essays is a notoriously dangerous enter- prise, only successful, even where the author is well-established, if the collection has an inner unity which transforms miscellany into book. Dr. Tolles's success, and it is a brilliant success, is due not only to the fact that all the essays genuinely relate to Quakerism in Atlantic culture, but to the informing spirit which the author's mind and talent as a writer impart to the whole. Dr. Tolles is steeped, one might say marinated, in Quaker history and culture, both American and English; but, to change the metaphor, he wears his learning lightly and indeed were it not an un- Friendly adjective, elegantly. He has the gift, all too rare these days when reputations are rated by avoirdupois book weight, of economy of means. Pound for pound, you are likely to learn more about the Society of Friends and about broader issues from this book than from many others. It is a model of how to treat a limited theme in a way which opens up imaginative vistas, in this case into the entire panorama of Anglo-American Protestant- ism. Though largely concerned with origins in seventeenth-century "enthu- siasm" and consolidation in eighteenth-century quietism, it helps to restore one's bearings amid the confusions of the later twentieth century. Dr. Tolles is sure in his judgment when he is describing both the essential homogeneity of Anglo-American Quakerism and the diversity of the Quaker experience in the two countries. By describing the ubiquitous communities of Friends in Britain, the West Indies, and North America (as distinct from the Continent where the Quaker seed was less fertile) and the re- markable seventeenth-century organization which sent hundreds of travel- ing ministers voyaging to and fro across the hazardous Atlantic, he re- minds us that in these early days there was a genuine "Atlantic commu- nity" of Friends drawn together by that peculiar discipline of corporate worship which at the same time has set them, in a measure, apart from society and has kept them a single community across half the world. He reminds us, also, of the special ethical problems posed by Quaker doctrine in relation to the State, of the failure of the Society, even in Pennsylvania where it had a free hand, to solve the problem of political participation, and of the withdrawal of Friends in different degrees on both sides of the Atlantic into quietist attitudes from which they only emerged in the twentieth century. He illuminates the degree to which colonial Quakerism had achieved a settled maturity, doctrinally and socially, by mid-eighteenth

210 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 211 century by analyzing the sophisticated response of impervious Philadelphia Quakers to the enthusiasm of Whitefield in 1740. He isolates for us con- vincingly the Quaker mind, the special qualities of which derive from the synchronous development of Quakerism with Newtonian science and modern entrepreneurial capitalism. Experimental, pragmatic, concerned with fact, with the natural world, not with abstractions, ideas, dogmas, the developing Quaker mind, which has made so disproportionate a contribu- tion to natural science, is shown to be modern, avant garde, in relation to western culture as a whole. He has new and important things to say about Quakerism and capitalism. It is refreshing that at the present moment when historians are beginning to blow cold upon the Weberian thesis which links capitalism to the Protestant ethic, Professor Tolles should analyze for us so convincingly the precise ways in which the Quaker way of life at any rate encouraged business enterprise and capital accumulation. This was not because Quakers were denied other outlets for their energies, at least in the professions, so much as that Quaker discipline, always Puritan in its view of the world, emphasized not merely the simple, and the frugal, but the practical, the ordered, and the rational. In these and other ways, Dr. Tolles reveals himself to be much more than a religious or social historian. Within the limited compass of these essays he handles major historical themes with mastery.

St. John's College, Cambridge FRANK THISTLETHWAITE

The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volumes 7-15. JULIAN P. BOYD, Editor. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1953-1958. Illustrations. Each, $10.00.) The reader of Volumes 7 through 15 of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson finds in them if anything an expansion of the superb scholarship that distinguished the editing of the earlier volumes. The notes following the letters, while often long, are always compact and illuminating. The far- ranging, accurate learning needed to produce notes of this quality is staggering. It testifies to a day-in, day-out assiduity, along with imagina- tion, on the part of the editor and his small band of associates that is worthy of the ingenious labors of Jefferson himself. Volume 13 introduces an innovation. Instead of being included in a chronological table of contents, letters are henceforth placed in an alpha- betical list of writers and recipients. By this means, readers, knowing in a general way what subjects were discussed with given correspondents, may readily follow a particular theme throughout the volume. In addition, page numbers are supplied for a few special subjects, and for documents so important as to need a prefatory editorial note in large type. These two 212, BOOK REVIEWS April deceptively slight changes make each volume more convenient to read. If a foolish consistency be the hobgoblin of little minds, it is surely the mark of an enlightened editorial policy to dare to give up such consistency, even after work is well along, in favor of greatly helping a reader. The virtues that characterize the notes have also been devoted to the search for and the final choice of illustrations. As one example, Volume 10 shows Trumbull's miniatures of Jefferson painted for Maria Cosway and Angelica Schuyler Church. Whereas Mrs. Church's painting had been willed by a descendant of hers to the Metropolitan Museum, the location of Mrs. Cosway's remained unknown until 1952 when it was rediscovered by Miss Elizabeth Cometti at the Collegio di Maria SS. Bambina, at Lodi, Italy. Both portraits show Jefferson with a heavy-boned, fair-skinned, Celtic type of physique, and both lay claim on us for the possible answers they give to the one constant question that recurs throughout the immense diversity of these thousands of pages. We cannot help ourselves, we are bound to contrast and compare him with the men of our own time, as we keep asking—What manner of man was he? Volume 7 opens with Jefferson at Annapolis in the month of March, 1784, attending a Continental Congress that was enfeebled by the desultory representation of but nine of the thirteen states. To Washington he wrote on March 15 about the advantages of the Potomac River through which channel Nature "offers to pour into our lap the whole commerce of the Western world" (p. 26). He later appeared no more than politely interested in Madison's long consideration, dated August 20, of the navigation of the Mississippi and the opening of New Orleans as a free port. In this same spring of 1784, probably, Jefferson drew up his Thoughts on a Coinage (here published for the first time) and his Notes on Coinage. The latter paper exemplified his power to reduce a complex matter to such brilliant clarity as eventually induced Congress to apply to coinage the decimal system of reckoning, for the first time in history. This suggestion formed only a part of a larger plan of Jefferson's to extend the decimal system to weights and measures—an excellent idea that to this day has remained abortive. Coinage questions were still on his mind when he received his appoint- ment as a commissioner in Europe to execute treaties of &mity and com- merce. While waiting for a passage, he visited New York and four New England states, subsequently writing out the answers to his minute in- quiries into their commerce. He had no sooner met with his fellow com- missioners Franklin and Adams than he set about reforming the principles, as well as the language, style, and structure, that ought to prevail in treaties. As the editor makes clear, throughout his foreign tour of duty it was Jefferson's policy to see that treaties should "strengthen the band of Union" between the several states. Volume 7, covering the time from March 2, 1784, through February 25, 1785, ends one phase of Jefferson's public career and starts the next. It shows the last of his activity as a lawmaker in the United States and the 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 213 beginning of his life as a diplomat in Europe. Volumes 8 through 15, for which the materials are extraordinarily plentiful, include the period from February 25, 1785, through November 30, 1789. All the time, until October 23, 1789, he was in Europe, and the main part of the fifteenth volume ends with his arrival in Norfolk, Virginia. At the last, it is true, we are awarded some premiums of great interest in the shape of supplementary documents, dated 1772—1790, discovered too late to be inserted chronologically in their proper places. It was no slackening of his habitual conscientiousness that caused the commissioner, later the minister plenipotentiary, to accomplish relatively little in his official capacity. Among Jefferson's positive achievements may be counted the treaty with Prussia, in which all three American com- missioners had a hand during the summer of 1785, an act of the king's council of state to encourage commerce between France and the United States, passed December 29, 1787, and the treaty with Morocco negotiated by Thomas Barclay on behalf of the commissioners, and signed by them in January, 1787. Not the least of Jefferson's successes occurred in March, 1788, when, without Congressional authorization or any hope of obtaining it in time, he joined with John Adams in shoring up the tottering American credit by refunding their country's debt in Holland. On the other hand, the mission of John Lamb to procure a treaty with Algiers and other efforts to deal with the piratical Barbary states, and the minister's attempt, ably assisted by Lafayette, to break the monopoly of the tobacco trade held by the French farmers-general—all these failed. The treaty with Portugal after being signed by Adams and Jefferson was not ratified by Portugal, while the two American diplomats found that in Great Britain there was not "the smallest symptom of an Inclination to treat at all."1 Clearly, the results of Jefferson's activities in Europe were not only incommensurate with his efforts; his public performances then and there were disproportionately small compared with his accomplishments in America before and afterward. It was not his fault, but it was his fate, that on the scene of Europe he should stand often in the wings during the entr'acte between great wars, while the orchestra was tuning up to play the Marseillaise. Indeed, it testified to his persuasiveness and integrity that this representative of the newly confederated United States should not have been openly disregarded by contemptuous statesmen and distrustful financiers. A man of less sunny temperament, and less sensitive curiosity might have been embittered. That Jefferson did not become so during this inter- lude may be attributed to the success of his private ventures and the happiness of his varied friendships. In the course of his journeys, his pre- hensile observation seized and he kept accurate records of such matters as roads, soil, crops and wages. He made rude sketches of mechanical devices

1 American Commissioners to John Jay, Apr. 25, 1786, Volume 9, p. 407. 214 BOOK REVIEWS April that caught his fancy, such as a gate, a flagstaff, or a wheelbarrow. (Did this architectural draftsman and performer on the violin, this careful callig- rapher lack the manual dexterity to execute himself the contrivances he drew? Or was it rather that in the slave economy that had nurtured him no white master, save in extremity, would expect to fry an egg, hammer a nail, or saddle a horse?) His notes on travel in the south of France and the north of Italy, in England and Germany are a reproach to more frivolous, careless tourists even today. His beloved secretary, William Short, could forget things; if Jefferson ever did, he knew where to find his jottings on the subject. Examples of this traveler's multiple interests were his quick and thorough acquaintance with French wines, his study of rice and of the processes of making Parmesan cheese, his appreciation of architecture, statuary, and silverware. From the sculptor Houdon he commissioned for himself a number of busts of his great contemporaries, arranging on behalf of the state of Virginia for Lafayette's bust to be given to the city of Paris, and he ordered from him Washington's statue for the capitol at Richmond. Indeed, that capitol was built from Jefferson's adaptation of the design of the Maison Carree at Nimes. Having consulted Charles Burney on the subject, he went to great pains to secure a harpsichord from London; always and everywhere, of course, he was on the lookout for books. A like discrimination and variety of taste marked the minister's choice of friends. As his biographer Dumas Malone has pointed out, Jefferson was at his best with younger men. James Monroe, John Trumbull, William Short, John Banister, Jr., Nathaniel and John Brown Cutting, and William Stephens Smith were but a sampling of those from whom he won gratitude and affectionate admiration. Aside from the intrinsic interest of the matter in hand, much of the fascination of these volumes comes from following other friendships, such as those with Madison, with John and Abigail Adams, with Lafayette, with Mazzei, Tom Paine, or Richard Price. His residence in France, however, enabled this Virginian to appreciate two new categories of friends. Through John Adams he came to know a trio of French abbes, whose inquiring minds were not solely or even chiefly absorbed by their religious offices or pastoral cares. A fourth priest, the Abbe Morellet, undertook the French translation of the Notes on Virginia that Jefferson had had printed in France. In the persons of the old Duchesse d'Anveille and of her daughter-in-law (and great-niece) the young Duchesse de la Rochefoucauld, of Madame de Tesse and Madame de Tott, Jefferson met women somehow emancipated from the child-bearing and household management that preoccupied many ladies of his Virginia acquaintance. In such French circles, conversational grace had been promoted to a level it has rarely reached at any time or in any city either before or since. On Jefferson, with his locksmith's mind that enjoyed fitting a complimentary phrase neatly into an intricate paragraph, this art was not lost. (To Abigail Adams, after choosing at her request some classical figurines, he wrote, mindful of her handsome daughter, "They offered me a fine Venus; but I 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 215 thought it out of taste to have two at table at the same time."2) It was another art, or rather a common delight in the several arts of painting, music, and horticulture, that drew him to the lovely Maria Cosway. In accompanying this Italianate English beauty about Paris during the late summer of 1786, his heart won a brief victory over his head. If his head shortly regained its accustomed control, he nevertheless continued to admire this gifted woman of softness and sensibility, whose pretty ways concealed both artistic and administrative ability. In the end the insistent question returns—what was Thomas Jefferson like? Will the youth of the electronic age say of the electric age that is passing, "They had more leisure"? This highly doubtful remark is repeated tiresomely often, by the uninformed, about the eighteenth century. Had Jefferson really more leisure than we? And supposing he had, why? Some water power, some whimsical force from the winds—these comprised the outside help men in his age could depend upon, most labor being performed by the muscles of men and brutes. Or is it not all a matter of power? With the multiplicity of communications have we forgotten the ferment in being alone? In this search, every step we take stirs a new swarm of stinging questions. Thomas Jefferson was very close to Americans of our time in that he was forever curious about what made machinery work. With a benevo- lent concern over the combinations of wood, or metal, or men that could be made to function efficiently, he examined as many as he could. He was not afraid to consult the brilliant experts who, of course, existed in his day as they do in ours. But as we think of him and his works, we wonder where, O where are now the amateurs?

North Andover, Mass. JANE WHITEHILL

The Eighteenth-Century Houses of Williamsburg. A Study of Architecture and Building in the Colonial Capital of Virginia. By MARCUS WHIFFEN. (New York: Published by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., for Colo- nial Williamsburg, i960, xx, 224 p. Illustrations, appendices, notes, index. % 10.00.) This, the second volume of the Williamsburg Architectural Studies (we hope there will be many more) is as scholarly and informative as the first of the series. It is also readable, which is an achievement in a technical book. Conscientious restoration inevitably assembles a mass of information which cannot always be made available to others because of the time, labor, and expense involved in preparing a publication. It is gratifying that Colonial Williamsburg has decided to use its great resources to sift, appraise, and present to the growing number of students of Americana the impressive data accumulated during this remarkable restoration. It is even more 2 Volume 8, p. 548. 2l6 BOOK REVIEWS April

gratifying that the task should have been undertaken while the men who conducted the research at the buildings and sites are still living, active, and able to review the manuscript. Mr. Whiffen is a most happy choice as the author, not only because he is a scholar and an entertaining writer, but because his early architectural studies were carried out in England. Unlike some American colonies, Virginia escaped the "melting pot" influence of a cosmopolitan society. Virginia was strongly English from the start. Mr. Whiffen's firsthand knowledge of contemporary work in England enables him to recognize the source of Virginia forms and details. There is more than academic interest in relating early American buildings to their European archetypes. There is something of pathos in the choice of flat, coastal plains by Dutch settlers, rolling hill country by the Welsh, limestone valleys by German Palatines, and tidewater sites by the maritime English. Even place names in the American colonies reveal that the brave adventurers in a new world were not immune to nostalgia. Bergen, Arthur Kill, Gwynedd, Merion, Man- heim, Hamburg, New Castle, Salisbury—all are tokens of poignant mem- ories. Architecture, ever sensitive to emotion, records these background attachments. Doubtless, Mr. Whiffen's task was difficult, involving much selectivity and cutting to avoid too thick a volume. He tells us that his assistant made "more drafts than she probably cares to remember." We should like to have seen more of the deleted material. At first glance, this reviewer was inclined to be critical of the book's format. Part I seemed too brief and Part II seemed a mere catalogue of stereotyped comment on individual houses. A careful reading quickly dispelled this impression. A wealth of information lies hidden in these comments and in the footnotes, which prompts an observation, more personal and literary than specific. By grouping the footnotes in a separate section at the end of the text (a presently popular practice) the continuity of the account is broken for the serious student. This is particularly true when, for numerical brevity, the notes are grouped under chapter headings, and the chapter number does not appear at the head of each page. We prefer the older technique of footnotes at the foot of the page to which they apply. If any further comment might be made, it would be to urge greater length in future volumes, and, perhaps, more interpretation of forms in terms of historical attitudes of mind. Interpretation is frowned upon by professional historians, yet all interpret to a degree, and this philosophical analysis is the province of those who have really familiarized themselves with historical factors. Reluctance to interpret can rob history of its practical usefulness and most of its appeal. Mr. Whiffen has not restricted himself to this degree, but his writing indicates that he feels more than he dares to express. Being observers of the present scene, we cannot resist complimenting Ernest M. Frank for his delightful comment in the foreword of the book. He observes that Williamsburg's public structures "are not arrogant 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 217 intrusions on an otherwise harmonious architectural scene/' and adds, "From this attitude of mutual respect comes the architectural unity of Williamsburg." We might add that Colonial Williamsburg, by its graphic teaching of respect for America's heritage, is promoting that national unity which will some day be expressed in a more harmonious American architectural scene.

Gwynedd Valley G. EDWIN BRUMBAUGH

Indian Life in the Upper Great Lakes, u>ooo B.C. to A.D. 1800. By GEORGE IRVING QUIMBY. (Chicago, 111.: University of Chicago Press, i960, xvi, 182 p. Illustrations, glossary, bibliography, index. $5.95.) Quimby's book is primarily intended for the general reader, hence, the story he has so interestingly unfolded appears more straightforward than, in fact, is warranted by some of the data. The professional will, however, understand this, and find the work a useful areal synthesis. The author has organized his material from an ecological viewpoint, tracing the changing cultural patterns of the successive Indian groups in response to the alterations in local geography as conditioned by hydro- graphic fluctuations due to the climatic variations of late glacial and post- glacial times. The area covered by his survey comprises over 200,000 square miles, including the drainage basins of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, most of the state of Michigan, much of Ontario, and various size portions of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana and Illinois. During the course of some thirteen millennia, various groups of Indians entered the area, chiefly from the south and east, bringing with them char- acteristic cultural equipment, most of which can be identified with similar peripheral groups. The interactions of contemporary peoples and the modifications in their patterns of living, material possessions, and even, in certain instances, of their religious beliefs, as inferred from burial customs, are outlined by the author, insofar as the known archeological evidence will permit. The first and least well-known inhabitants Quimby believes "must have been elephant (mastodon) hunters" (p-3o), although direct evidence for this assertion is lacking not only in the region under discussion, but every- where in the eastern United States. Of the cultural relationship of these Indians to the Clovis hunters, who did kill mammoths in the American Southwest, there is, however, no doubt. Only about one hundred fluted Clovis points have been reported for the Upper Great Lakes area, the find- spots of many of these are unknown, and none can be directly dated, but the author is convinced from scanty topographic data that they belong to the period of the Two Creeks interglacial and the Valders glacial advance which terminated it, or between 10,000 and 7000 B.C. 218 BOOK REVIEWS April The paleo-Indian big game hunters were followed by what Quimby rather facetiously terms the "Aqua-Piano" group, from the association of Piano type points of the West with the beach lines of ancient water stages of the Upper Great Lakes. This category of dart points is distinguished by weak shoulders or none at all, and by finely executed parallel flaking of the blades. While in the West such points are associated with bison remains, often of extinct species, Quimby rather inconsistently postulates that the chief game animals of this period (around 7000-4500 B.C.) were caribou, elk, and deer. Between the Aqua-Piano period and the Archaic (or Boreal Archaic as Quimby calls it, although he states that "This archaic assemblage of wood- working tools was confined to the pine and hardwood [deciduous] forest zones" [p. 43], hardly the type of forest properly to be classed as "boreal"), there is an inexplicable lack of cultural continuity, not confined to the region in question, despite the overlapping dates of 5000 to 500 B.C. assigned by Quimby to the Boreal Archaic. The most impressive accomplishment of Boreal Archaic times was the creation, apparently within the Upper Great Lakes area where the neces- sary native ore is found, of an Old Copper Culture. This seems to have been a unique specialization, and although not a true metallurgy, since the native metal was worked only by pounding and annealing (softening by heating) rather than by smelting, it constitutes the earliest known use of metal tools in the New World. The authors of this remarkable industry were preagricultural, pre- pottery hunters and fishermen, many of whose specialized tools and weap- ons seem to have been translated from bone or stone prototypes into copper spear points, knives, fishhooks, harpoons, ice spuds, adzes, gouges, celts, awls, needles, etc. Contrary to later times, very few ornaments—confined to beads and crude bracelets—were fashioned of this material. The cultural climax of the Upper Great Lakes area was reached between about 500 and 100 B.C., or in Early and Middle Woodland times, when geographical and climatic conditions approximated those of the present. Agriculture was now introduced, and pottery of two major traditions ap- peared successively, along with burial mounds and other evidences of mortuary ritualism. The Hopewellian complex, diffused from primary cultural centers in southern Ohio and the Illinois Valley, marked the golden age of prehistoric cultural development here, as in other regions of the eastern United States. Considerable diversity marked the relatively prosaic cultures of the Late Woodland period (A.D. 800-1600). Certain of these cultures can be identified with the historic tribes of the following period (A.D. 1600-1760), the Miami, Fox, Sauk, Winnebago, Menomini, Chippewa, Huron, Ottawa and Potawatomi, referable to three linguistic families, the Algonkian, Siouan, and Iroquoian. For each of these tribal entities Quimby has given a 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 219 brief but adequate ethnohistorical vignette. The book logically concludes with a concise discussion of the factors contributing to the breakdown of tribal culture, which here took place between A.D. 1760 and 1820.

New York State Museum and Science Service WILLIAM A. RITCHIE

The British Isles and the American Colonies: The Northern Plantations', IJ48-1754. By LAWRENCE HENRY GIPSON. [The British Empire before the American Revolution, Vol. III.] (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., i960, xlviii, 294, lxi p. Maps, index. $8.50.) This is the third and last of the volumes, long out of print and now thoroughly revised, which constitute the foundation of Professor Gipson's monumental work. A careful collation with the original edition reveals how what was excellent has been made much more excellent. The literary style is tighter and smoother. More important is the enrichment of the subject matter. In both text and footnotes, Gipson has incorporated a mass of new material gathered by his own continuing research into sources and culled from the considerable publications of other scholars since he produced the first edition. Whole paragraphs and pages have been changed or added, a chapter on the inchoate colony of Delaware has been inserted, and an entirely new concluding chapter has been substituted for the old one. Glancing through the table of contents, one may be surprised that Nova Scotia is still without a chapter, but there is a reason now, as is explained in the preface, that colony having been given "particular consider- ation in a later volume of the series." Instead of the ten maps bound to- gether at the end of the original volume, there are now fourteen others scattered through the text at their appropriate places. These are all eight- eenth-century maps and are an improvement, with one possible exception— the 1752 map of Hudson Bay that replaces the only modern map, which was specially drawn for the first edition. Gipson accepts Robert E. Brown's recent study showing that Mass- achusetts Bay was a "middle-class democracy," but he qualifies it by ob- serving how a small number of eastern merchants and lawyers in the House of Representatives "were repeatedly appointed to key positions that went far to determine the character of the laws and resolves." These men, he says, "may not inaccurately be called an elite." In revising the chapter on New York, he reveals more clearly than before the extent to which the great families of the period, though split into two hostile factions, dom- inated the political, social, and economic life of that province. Despite the broad franchise, the landed and commercial aristocracy controlled the elections and monopolized the chief administrative offices. Huge estates (a heritage from the Dutch regime), trifling quitrents, the lack of taxes on 22O BOOK REVIEWS April unimproved lands, and the establishment of primogeniture and entail consolidated the position of this small ruling group and retarded the development of the colony. "A Nondescript Colony on the Delaware" is an interesting chapter on the so-called Three Lower Counties on the Delaware, which were rarely "referred to as Delaware in the middle of the eighteenth century" and frequently in official dispatches as "The Territories." By 1750, this re- stricted region, first colonized by Swedes and Finns, later by Dutch, and still later by English, had become English in character and was a thriving agricultural community in which there were no extremes of wealth or poverty. Having survived the rival claims of the Penn and Baltimore families, its farmers paid no quitrents and its official status was uncertain. It fitted into no known category of a British colony—royal, proprietary, corporate, or even trusteeship. Yet it had evolved a well-managed govern- ment of its own, based on traditional British principles except that it was never required to submit its legislative enactments for review in London. Because of its exposed position, its assembly had contributed generously to the war in 1740; and because of its history, its population was not marked by the "intense local pride and loyalty which characterized the inhabitants of some of the other British colonies by this time." The concluding chapter is a masterly analysis of the British colonial system as it existed in 1750. Here Gipson brings out the striking contrast with the French, Spanish, and Portuguese empires in the New World, which were ruled by royal absolutism in the sole interest of the metropol- itan state. The important prerogative powers of the British Crown over the colonies "had either entirely ceased or been narrowly circumscribed" by Parliament, whose sovereignty was still unchallenged by any colonial assembly or other representative group and was exercised in the interest of the Empire as a whole. He also stresses the dynamic quality of British colonial civilization, the vitality of its institutions, and its remarkable attraction of countless non-British immigrants "seeking greater liberty of thought or a better way of life than was possible under existing circum- stances either in their ancestral homes in the Old World or in colonies of other European powers in the New World."

University of Manitoba A. L. BURT

Journey to Pennsylvania. By GOTTLIEB MITTELBERGER. Edited and trans- lated by Oscar Handlin and John Clive. [The John Harvard Library.] (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, i960, xx, 102 p. Maps. #3.00.) Gottlieb Mittelberger left Wiirtemberg, Germany, in 1750 in order to bring an organ to the Lutheran Church in Philadelphia. He returned home in less than four years, and in 1756 brought out an account of his journey 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 2.21

in both directions and of his observations in Pennsylvania. An inadequate translation by Charles Eben appeared in 1898 and quickly went out of print. Oscar Handlin and John Clive have made the present translation directly from the first Frankfurt original, modernizing personal and place names but otherwise rendering it literally. A brief introduction sketches the life and character of Mittelberger, and describes the situation of the Ger- man population, reckoned at one third of the whole, in Pennsylvania when he arrived. The crossing was a terrible ordeal in which death from shipwreck, disease, or starvation frequently overcame the passengers. When these Dutch ships docked, all surviving males above the age of fifteen were hurried to the Court House in Philadelphia to take the oath of allegiance. They were then returned to the ship to await purchase as workmen and artisans on terms advantageous to the terrible entrepreneurs who lured these immigrants to the New World and who lurked at journey's end to prey on their ignorance. Indenture for these Germans was an indefinite slavery often separating members of families from each other forever. Mittelberger warned his countrymen to avoid the "Newlanders" in Europe who lived by the horrid traffic, and described the conditions they might face if they came. Mittelberger also recorded his appreciation of the natural beauties and phenomena of Pennsylvania. He found society paradisal for women, fair for men, and hellish for horses, and he observed with naive surprise the different customs with respect to baptism, funerals, hospitality and food. The colony contained people from all over the world; in the beautiful city of Philadelphia there were schools of language, and he noted printing presses there, at Germantown, and at Lancaster. Quaker pacifism convinced him that, in the event of French aggression, the country would soon succumb to force. Mittelberger was sometimes overcredulous about stories he heard, but on the whole he was a first-rate reporter of matters important to Ger- mans and to modern students of the Pennsylvania melting pot in the mid- eighteenth century.

Bryn Mawr College CAROLINE ROBBINS

The Reign of George III, 1760-1815. By J. STEVEN WATSON. [The Oxford History of England, Vol. XII.] (New York: Oxford University Press, i960, xviii, 637 p. Maps, bibliography, index. $8.00.) With the publication of The Reign of George III, the Oxford History of England lacks only one volume of being complete. Like others in the same series, Mr. Watson's study treats the economic and social conditions, the cultural life, and the political and military history of the period. As a note on the jacket suggests, the author has undertaken to present a complete history, synthesizing the results of recent scholarship, and weaving to- 222 BOOK REVIEWS April gether the multiple strands of his subject. Mr. Watson's undertaking is a formidable one, and should be judged accordingly. Naturally, the results are uneven in quality. The author appears most interested in political history in the narrow- sense. In treating parties and ministerial changes, he follows the line laid down by the late Sir Lewis Namier. In avoiding the old-fashioned error of making George III the villain of the piece, however, Mr. Watson may have gone to the other extreme in underestimating the weight of the King's resistance to the transformation of the English system of government. While emphasizing politics, Mr. Watson deals with other aspects of government in a more cursory way. Had he shown more concern for administration—the organization, functions, and methods of carrying out policies—he might have changed some of his minor conclusions. For exam- ple, when he states that Bute had "every advantage . . . except the will and the fortitude" (p. 94), he misjudges that minister's basic reasons for withdrawing from office. In fact, Bute's one advantage was the loyalty of the King. This was not enough, for he lacked not only the essential quality of a successful prime minister, the ability to deal with people, but also the administrative knowledge and skill required by a first lord of the Treasury. The stress on military affairs is understandable when one considers that during more than half of the reign England was fighting to maintain its commercial and imperial power. Whether this fact justifies the attention given to details of strategy is a matter of opinion. Though not neglected, the navy may seem to receive less than its share of attention. In contrast to the expansive and detailed handling of political and military matters, other subjects are more narrowly compressed into a few chapters where, nevertheless, the reader will encounter an amazing amount of varied information. That the author should experience some difficulty in integrating such disparate subjects as industrial development and roman- ticism is not surprising. In the latter part of the period, however, he attains a degree of cohesion by treating these and other miscellaneous topics as illustrations of the restless and creative character of the times. In a work of this scope, some errors are unavoidable, but the areas with which this reviewer is most familiar contain a larger number of dubious statements than one might expect. The following are taken from a few pages dealing with America and typify the defects of that particular section: that Patrick Henry was a federalist (p. 173); that only two per cent were enfranchised (p. 178), without specifying Philadelphia, to which the figure might apply as it would not to Pennsylvania or the colonies in general; that only in Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia and Nova Scotia were any officials independent of financial control by the local assemblies (p. 179); that it was contrary to law for the North Americans to export food to the foreign West Indies (p. 181); that Rockingham reduced the duty on foreign molasses to id. (p. 187), omitting the significant fact that the tax applied to colonial imports of the British as well as the foreign product. 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 223

The discussion of the causes of the American Revolution would have been more illuminating had it been placed in a larger framework. The reader receives no real answer to the question why the West Indian and the Canadian provinces remained loyal to the Crown when thirteen on the mainland declared their independence. There are, of course, several rea- sons, but one, ignored here, is the discriminatory treatment of these older mainland provinces. For either the popular reader or the serious student this study has cer- tain faults. The former may become lost in detail; the latter, because of the scarcity of citations, will be unable to trace questioned statements to their source. The bibliography, classified according to subjects, partly com- pensates for the lack of references in the footnotes. As in the text, the section on political history is particularly detailed. But whatever the short- comings of The Reign of George III, it helps to supply a long-felt want. The next historian who has the temerity to tackle this task will have the ad- vantage of Mr. Watson's survey.

Wilson College DORA MAE CLARK

The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776-1830. By RUSSEL BLAINE NYE. [New American Nation Series.] (New York: Harper & Brothers, i960. xii, 324 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index. $5.00.) This is the second volume of the cultural histories to appear in the New American Nation Series. It leaves a surprising gap of thirteen significant years between its beginning and the end of Louis Wright's Cultural Life of the American Colonies, The time span treated is more limited in extent than that involved in the preceding volume, but it is a very difficult period to organize. The author has been required to begin his account at the flood tide of the American Enlightenment, to witness the gradual ebbing away of many of the values associated with that epoch, and then to sketch the rise of another complex of values best described, perhaps, as "Romanticism." The difficulties inherent in any effort to synthesize the often inharmonious elements of the cultural life of one period have thus been multiplied. Within this framework, Mr. Nye has written a useful book. He has put so much into the effort that the result is valuable even when it fails of the highest fulfillment. The theme he has chosen bridges the divide between his two periods neat- ly and constructively. Instead of focusing on the erosion of Enlightenment attitudes, he regards the Enlightenment as a coherent foundation from which American cultural life moved into new areas. The direction of this move- ment seems to be toward Americanness—toward an American educational system, toward an American religious pattern, toward an American liter- ature, and toward an American art. This is not a novel thought, but it contains much truth and provides an excellent thread for this account. 224 BOOK REVIEWS April

Mr. Nyeis at his best in two areas of discussion: American literary history and Romanticism. His chapter "The Quest for a National Literature" is excellent: well-organized, deftly related, and carefully interpreted. In- dividual writers are presented with understanding as elements in a larger, coherent picture. Despite detail in this section, it never assumes the aspect of a catalogue. Similarly, he presents the concept of Romanticism as clearly and cogently as that somewhat dubious idea permits. With con- siderable justice, he also differentiates American from European Roman- ticism. When Mr. Nye moves into other fields, his touch becomes less certain. In his discussion of drama, he relates the basic narrative very well, but misses some of the more recent disclosures of historians in this field. The name of Robert Munford, for example, is altogether missing from his account. Ordinarily, he is very successful in covering the recent writings related to his subject—so successful that one of the continuing values of this volume will be as a guide to this literature. This sort of attention he has certainly devoted to a consideration of the development of science in America, but the result is not as satisfying as his treatment of literature. His facts are will taken and his interpretations often superior, but the sense of inner conviction and consistency is less evident sometimes than a kaleidoscopic quality. Mr. Nye's presentation of the Enlightenment period, especially, suffers by contrast with his sureness in discussing Romanticism. Details are frequently wrong or garbled. William Smith, for example, was not a bishop, he did not teach chemistry as a subject, and he did not teach at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania but at the College of Philadelphia. At the same time, some of the major generalizations are wrong. It is certainly a mistake to suggest that a majority of eighteenth-century Americans believed in the perfectability of man. It is unwise to quote Benjamin Rush on this subject, for while some of his statements may not be altogether inconsistent with the idea, his most positive statement, which Mr. Nye has not quoted, was an absolute denial of perfectability. Any book on this topic would have had both strengths and weaknesses. So long as we understand Mr. Nye's weaknesses, we will all be able to make good use of his strengths.

New York University BROOKE HINDLE

The Role of the Supreme Court in American Government and Politics^ J?8p- 18^5. By CHARLES GROVE HAINES. (New York: Russell & Russell, i960, xiv, 679 p. Index. $12.50.) This massive survey of the early Supreme Court, first published in 1944, is now available through a reissue. Together with the author's more re- cently published account of the court's political decisions, 1835-1864, it 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 225 provides us with an encyclopedic analysis of the role of our highest court in governmental affairs, from the court's beginnings under Chief Justice Jay until the end of the Civil War. One problem about any reissue of a work dealing with so controversial a subject as this one is that, unless it is revised to take into consideration new scholarship and changing fashions of interpretation, it may seem curiously dated. This is, unfortunately, true of this volume. Useful as Mr. Haines's monograph is, it must be used with considerable caution. A product of the revisionism of the 1930's, it is a blend of old-fashioned states'-rights Jeffersonianism, Populism, and Beardianism. Mr. Haines relies heavily upon partisan secondary works which he uses uncritically, quoting with apparent approval long extracts from James Truslow Adams' Epic of America as though it were the Gospel of St. Mark. One such quotation from Mr. Adams is perhaps typical: "Much of the depravity and greed of our economic and political life is Hamilton's legacy to the Nation." Does Mr. Haines suggest that the Hamilton program had an affirmative and constructive influence upon the American economy in any way? Not at all. He merely comments: "His [Hamilton's] work, indeed laid the groundwork for government aid to business and the consequent business control of government." Hence, scholars of the 1960*5 will not accept without demurrer some of Mr. Haines's generalizations. They will not accept uncritically the Beard- Jensen thesis of a democratic Revolution, betrayed by a conservative, counter-Revolutionary group. They will not accept the view that the Confederation was workable and effective. They will need more proof before they accept the assertion that "most of the people" did not favor the Constitution at the time of ratification. If, then, Mr. Haines's assumptions have to be radically reconstructed, one must approach with caution his conclusions that judicial supremacy was a distortion of the purposes and spirit of the Constitution. While his critical judgments of the nationalism of Jay and Marshall and of the latter's role in establishing the principle of judicial supremacy are salutary and refreshing, they are too subjective to be adopted without a great many serious reservations.

Columbia University RICHARD B. MORRIS

A Guide to the Principal Sources for American Civilization, 1800-1900, in the City of New York: Manuscripts. By HARRY J. CARMAN and ARTHUR W. THOMPSON. (New York: Columbia University Press, i960. 1, 453 p. Index. $10.00.) Scholars interested in manuscript sources for the history of our American civilization are indeed favored at this time by the appearance of the Car- man and Thompson Guide, by the promised appearance of Philip M. 226 BOOK REVIEWS April Harrier's Guide to Archives and Manuscripts in the United States', and by the growing volume of cards in the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections. A host of historians, researchers, librarians, curators, archivists, collectors, and others will find challenge as well as help in these magnifi- cent compilations which, representing a tremendous range of American activities here and abroad, correlate many millions of known and hitherto unknown sources. And certainly these works throw our whole program of collecting and preserving historical records into new perspective. To list descriptively the manuscript holdings relating to nineteenth- century American interests for a city the size of New York is a most coura- geous and dedicated task. Recognizing that a one-volume guide must in- evitably omit certain types of material and give little information about large single collections, Professors Carman and Thompson note in their introduction their aim "to be comprehensive rather than all-inclusive," refer to other guides, and offer a "Directory of the Principal Libraries and other Depositories of New York City." The assistance of the scholars, librarians, curators, and others named in the preface is an added guarantee that little of importance could have been neglected or overlooked. Inspired by and following A Guide to the Principal Sources for Early American History•, 1600-1800, in the City of New York, by Evarts B. Greene and Richard B. Morris (1929), the Carman and Thompson Guide frequently overlaps the earlier period and occasionally extends into the twentieth century. It uses similar cataloguing procedures and a fairly similar chrono- logical arrangement of items and collections under geographical locations within a topical classification system. Newspapers and periodicals, and published collections of documents are listed in the former but not in the latter. Despite the greatly increased quantity and diversity of sources for the nineteenth century, the Carman and Thompson Guide has remarkably good descriptions, concise yet packed with clues, for large collections as well as for single items. The index, undoubtedly of necessity, is name only. Occasionally, the subject-geographical arrangement cannot adequately place collections of miscellanea. For instance, the reviewer by accident found an item of interest relating to Mexico on page 313 under "Military: Army and Navy: Ohio: 1847-48. Phelps, Pvt. . . ." Of considerable surprise is the paucity of material for the 1890*5. The reviewer expected many entries for that decade, especially under such headings as General and Political, Economic Institutions, Education, Ethnic Groups, Invention and Technology, but even the "Gilded Age" suffers in comparison with the earlier periods. "Trade and Commerce: New York City" has a total of no entries; one with no date; thirty-four with beginning dates before 1800; six before 1700; and only nine extending within the 1890's. Obviously, large collections with small beginnings in the nineteenth century and rich content in the twentieth are not included. And, unfortunately, depositories everywhere have bulky collections for this decade which are unprocessed and lost to researchers because of the 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 227 lack of funds. While the paucity is partially explained by these reasons and the fact that many young depositories outside New York City are now col- lecting, it is largely due to a lamentable unconcern for the preservation of recent and contemporary manuscripts as being debris in the stream of history. The gigantic concentration of manuscripts represented by this one volume defies the imagination. Perhaps Professors Carman's and Thomp- son's labors will bring a general realization that our American civilization will become eternally mute unless its recorded evidence, so frequently concentrated in strategic areas, is secured from sweeping destruction.

Cornell University EDITH M. FOX

The Coming of War. An Account oj the Remarkable Events Leading to the War of 1812. By ALBERT Z. CARR. (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., i960. 383 p. Bibliography, index. $4.95.) "For there is no good reason to believe that war is inevitable." So con- cludes the author of this remarkable chronology which, step by step, conducts the reader from the end of the American Revolution to the second conflict with Great Britain. But in reviewing the causations of the War of 1812 and contrasting them to the present day, Mr. Carr presents so many potentials of disaster that it would seem only supermen (of which none appear in the immediate horizon) can save the world from an eventual holocaust. His conclusion is not pleasant reading, but it is a compact presentation of the evil consequences of selfish diplomacy, rampant dem- agoguery, overweening rectitude, misled patriotism, and all the other frailties inherent in the human race. However, Mr. Carr has given a graphic account of that period in Ameri- can history, when, as a young nation we sought to grapple with the wiles of European diplomacy. He has done it not in the generalities of a textbook, but by developing the characters and special traits of the actors at home and abroad who pitted their wits, wisely or foolishly, against a Napoleon, a Canning, or a Percival. Franklin, Jay, Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Clay and many other giant figures of our past appear within the pages, offer their contributions, significant or insignificant, and step aside to make way for others. Their motives are sometimes apparent, sometimes not. In this array of talent and near-talent, Mr. Carr has his villains, his incompetents, and his scapegoats, and his presentation leads the reader to agree with most of his conclusions. The author claims no deep delving into manuscript collections, but he lists a bibliography which encompasses, perhaps, every scholarly book which has dealt definitively with some phase or other of the history of the period from 1782 to 1812. While today's statesmen have perhaps no time 228 BOOK REVIEWS April to digest the long account which led to that war of a century and a half ago, none should fail to read and ponder upon the twenty-one-page conclusion. Its full comprehension and acceptance might well make for peace, at least in our time.

Brevardy N.C. WILLIAM BELL CLARK

James Monroe, Public Claimant. By Lucius WILMERDING, JR. (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, i960, x, 144 p. Illustra- tions, index. $4.00.) In this small book the author examines the difficult question of James Monroe's claims against the government of the United States. In his efforts to solve this problem, he leads his readers with a sure and knowledgeable hand through the intricacies of the precise origins of the claims, explaining the accepted fiscal practices of the day, and posing the perplexing question of the moral validity of Monroe's position. Although the claims themselves occupied much of Monroe's time and energy after his retirement from the presidency, his biographers have treated them only in a general way. Now, for the first time, they are analyzed in detail. The author's avowed purpose is twofold: first, to illustrate a little understood side of Monroe's character, and secondly, to describe the early methods of paying public ministers for their services abroad, the rules governing their accounts, and the redress available to them for real or supposed injustices. Historians should be grate- ful for an understanding explanation of such legal and financial complex- ities. Closely bound to Monroe's claims against the government were those of the government against Monroe. These claims involved the furnishing of the reconstructed White House. Regrettably, the expenditure of both public and private funds was in the hands of corrupt agents, with the re- sult that Monroe was left indebted to the government. Monroe's claims against the government stemmed from his two diplomatic missions, the financial aspects of which are examined in detail. Settlements were made at the time of the missions. Monroe later indicated that he was not satisfied with them, but because he was, by then, Secretary of State and later the President, he was not in a position to push his own claims. Now, as he was leaving office, he decided to lay his claims directly before Congress itself. Approximately half this volume is devoted to the treatment of the claims by various committees and the two houses of the legislature. Finally, in a relatively brief but extremely significant chapter, the author probes into Monroe's motives. As the story unravels, it becomes evident that Monroe was not completely candid in his various statements of his case. His own justification of his action was that he had been compelled to assert his right, belatedly, because of his poverty and the pressure of his creditors. He had, however, been granted all that he was promised when he 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 229

accepted public employment, and more. Certainly, he had suffered financial loss in his long career as a public servant. The official income of public ministers rarely covered their expenses, and it is true that Monroe had lived extravagantly in Paris and London. No small part of the motivation for the claims came from Monroe's pride. He felt compelled to explain his career. He had become President in 1817, almost by acclamation. Soon his popularity waned, and as he left office his reputation was nearly gone. Later he was subject to constant attack from his opponents. The author presents strong evidence to suggest that a part of Monroe's purpose in bringing his claims before the public was the desire to review his career and accomplishments publicly, in the process refurbishing his reputation. In this able work Mr. Wilmerding has presented the historian with an explanation for a difficult aspect of Monroe's character. Equally important, he has analyzed a complex piece of American fiscal practice with brevity and clarity.

Colorado State University CARLOS R. ALLEN, JR.

Lewis Henry Morgan, American Scholar. By CARL RESEK. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, i960, xii, 184 p. Bibliography, index. $4.50.) A generation has passed since the publication of Bernhard J. Stern's Lewis Henry Morgan, Social Evolutionist. As the title would indicate, Stern chose to point his materials rather severely toward Morgan's work as an anthropological theorist. Dr. Resek in the present book gives a much fuller account of Morgan's private life, with, for example, a more extended treat- ment of his financial ventures and brief political career. By far the most important point made by Dr. Resek is to argue that the "evolutionary" element in Morgan's work was largely owing to the stimulus of his friend the Presbyterian minister and Princeton professor Joshua Mcllvaine. It has often been implied that Mcllvaine may have been a restraining, not to say intimidating, influence upon Morgan, endeavoring to impose upon him Victorian standards of propriety and orthodoxy in speculating about marriage and other social institutions. Dr. Resek now suggests that one of the most shocking elements in Morgan's mature position, his invocation of sexual promiscuity as the original state of man- kind, came precisely from the clergyman Mcllvaine. Apart from the bearing of this upon the history of Victorian taboos, one is left with the startling proposition that the whole idea of social stages to be inexorably passed through by all peoples alike—in short, Morgan's famous doctrine of "re- capitulation," with which his name is inseparably linked—was not con- ceived in his own brain or imbibed from European scholars but broached by 230 BOOK REVIEWS April Mcllvaine. Dr. Resek does not deny that the detailed working out of Morgan's stages and more particularly their correlation with economic factors was his own contribution. The irony is that if Morgan had spared himself these labors, he would have been a more considerable figure in the eyes of twentieth-century anthropologists. For his enduring legacy was not an evolutionary scheme at all, but his insistence upon collecting and an- alyzing kinship terminologies. This was an idea that he had cherished long before he had any truck with social evolution. As an anthropologist, he would have lost nothing by confining himself to that single innovation. He would not, however, have cut much if any figure in the world of affairs and least of all supplied through Engels the basis of the classical Marxist teach- ing about the family. As an accompaniment to this pioneering delineation of Morgan as a latecomer to evolutionary speculation, Dr. Resek insists that he long held aloof from Social Darwinism and even when he began to speak of "the struggle for existence" and "the survival of the fittest" did not use the terms "in the Darwinian sense." It is far from evident what the non-Dar- winian sense of these words could be. If Dr. Resek has in mind, as he appears at one point to imply, that Morgan continued to believe in the simultaneous elevation of entire peoples from one level of society to the next, Darwin made ample allowance for intraspecific co-operation. The intellectual re- lationship between Morgan and Darwin is accordingly blurred. The other principal defect of the book is the sweeping claim that "Morgan created the science of anthropology." If this were merely a passing remark, it would not be worth taking up. But the entire book is vitiated by a failure to confront in any direct way the equally respectable claims of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft in America and of Lubbock, Tylor, McLennan, and Bachofen in Europe. All are mentioned in a rather sidelong way but no- where acknowledged to be coequal founders of modern anthropology with Morgan himself. More is lost by this than a mere acknowledgment of the others' role, for Morgan's own contribution is less clearly defined as a result. If, however, readers will bear in mind that Morgan is insufficiently "placed" by Dr. Resek in the history of anthropology, they will find in the present book the best source for Morgan's biography and a valuable contribution to the history of American scholarship.

Harvard University DONALD FLEMING

The Farmer's Age: Agriculture, 1815-1860. By PAUL W. GATES. [The Eco- nomic History of the United States, Vol. III.] (New York: Holt, Rine- hart and Winston, i960, xx, 460 p. Illustrations, index. $6.00.) Few subjects in American history are of more importance than the story of American agriculture in the decades before the Civil War. Settlement was flooding into the heartland of the American continent, the Great Valley of 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 23 I

the Mississippi, where an agricultural empire of unsurpassed wealth was to develop. Improvements of every description were adding to the produc- tivity of the farmer who exploited the fertility of virgin land at an amazing rate and then passed to ever-newer horizons to the westward. It was, in truth, the "Farmer's Age," for American society was rural and most Americans made their living from the soil. If, in addition, it was a society that optimistically believed in progress, there was sound basis in experience for that belief. Not until the end of the era did Americans face a problem that did not yield to the persuasions and reasonableness of the democratic process and that threatened to dissolve American society in a chaos of violence and bloodshed. To the story of American agriculture in this happier era Professor Gates brings a lifetime of research during which he has digested an enormous amount of secondary material and a substantial quantity of source material. Some of this research has provided him with earlier studies and some is presented here for the first time. To a breadth of view and an insatiable curiosity that has led him to uncover odd facets of the story, Professor Gates joins a graceful literary style that makes this study a memorable volume. The story is presented along traditional divisions in American agricul- tural history. Separate chapters deal with northern, southern, border state, prairie and far western agriculture. Land policies receive two chapters— indeed, the main emphasis in the book is upon land policies which serve as a unifying thread throughout the story. Much attention is paid to land specu- lation and to the activities of large landholders whether as individuals or railroad corporations. One gathers that Professor Gates does not approve of the monopolistic and selfish operations of these gentry, but that he also recognizes that these land speculators and engrossers performed a necessary function as an avenue through which capital reached the frontier and as a means whereby the small man could acquire land. Besides land policies and practices, other chapters cover various staple and minor crops, livestock and dairying, labor and farm machinery, new species of crops and breeds of animals, government relations to agriculture, farm periodicals, editors and writers, agricultural education, and a final chapter on economic problems which he finds were particularly important in matters of credit and marketing. Each chapter is subdivided according to subject matter. Indeed, the whole book is arranged for convenient use. Of particular interest are the descriptions of various agricultural techniques and the discussion of agricultural labor—the "hired man" who, as the au- thor says, is a much neglected figure in the American agricultural story. Few aspects of the story have escaped his scrutiny, but those few are important. Farmers appear, but rarely do we see the farmer. The safety- valve controversy is avoided in spite of its recent prominence. Although we are early promised that "Out of the problems of agriculture were to come bitter sectional strife, dissolution of the Union, and the Civil War," one 232 BOOK REVIEWS April would gather from this study that agricultural conflicts between East and West were greater than those between North and South, and one will search in vain for a convincing explanation of the causes of the Civil War. On the other hand, the author does not agree with southern apologists who seek to condemn the North for ending slavery by war and who argue that slavery in i860 was a decadent institution, doomed to disappear in a few years because cotton growing had reached its "natural" geographic limits in the Old South. Instead, Professor Gates accepts the modern view that slavery was profitable in the whole South and that it had not reached its maximum growth in i860. A valuable select bibliography, excellent illustrations, and an adequate index add to the value of the book which will be found useful as a textbook and invaluable as a reference work.

University of Minnesota RODNEY C. LOEHR

Black Rock: Mining Folklore of the Pennsylvania Dutch. By GEORGE KORSON. (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, i960, xii, 453 p. Index. $7.50.) The editor of Pennsylvania Songs and Legends (1949) devoted three years to a study of the Pennsylvania Dutch in an unfamiliar setting, the movement out of a familiar agricultural milieu to an industrial environment, anthracite coal mining in western Schuylkill County, along the Swatara, in the Lykens Valley, and the Mahantongo. The study covers the latter half of the nineteenth century and comprises an attempt to follow the contours of their penetration of the lower end of the anthracite region. Mr. Korson rightly regards this as an obscure chapter in United States history. Hitherto, we have not known this folk as coal miners, colliery carpenters, blacksmiths in that industry, company store clerks, mule drivers, stable bosses. One of them served as a veterinarian. Many were commuters from farm home to mine, and when daily travel over rough terrain and through inclement weather became too difficult they batched in shanties on the mine patch, taking mountain paths for Sundays at home—paths that had their distinctive folklore. About one hundred and fifty pages are devoted to the familiar historical background of the Pennsylvania Dutch. Naturally, their folkways, customs, and mannerisms were transferred to the coal region communities where they eventually permanently located. Korson sought to record a comprehensive collection of folklore reflecting folkways in a coal mining environment. The results, he noted, "have been gratifying in all types of folklore except one— folk songs." Of the forty some he recorded none made any reference to coal mining. Only fifteen were selected for this volume. Unfortunately, many of his valuable field recordings are not included for lack of space. The discovery of a hitherto unknown phase of the Philip Ginder legend bears testimony to the value of folklore serving the historian. Of course, there are 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 233 anthracite ghost stories, eighteen of them. The ballads, which old-timers recalled for Korson, do not appear in the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect, but the verses appear in English and were usually composed by the Irish or British miners. The words and music of songs in dialect are for the most part common to any eastern Pennsylvania Dutch community. Black Rock makes its most valuable contribution to Pennsylvania history in reporting the part the Pennsylvania Dutch played in the early mining of anthracite prior to the period of corporate monopoly ownership. The modern method of preparing anthracite in a "coal breaker" was introduced by a Dutchman. The Schuylkill Canal was in large measure an enterprise of theirs, we are informed. It was dug through their farms; their dollars were invested in it; and their brain and brawn entered into its construction. To Korson's other books in this field, such as Minstrels of the Mine Patch and Coal Dust on the Fiddle, Black Rock is a meritorious addition. The thirty-four pages of source notes are worth careful reading and checking. We noted (p. 55) "1852" should read "1752," and we believe the author's Dutch showed when he wrote "butty" for "buddy." While historically valuable, this work, like his others, is entertaining. There are the gay moments in a canalside saloon; a ride in the miners' train between Lebanon and Tremont; accounts of ghostly fires, witches, haunted places, and "lager- beer" coal cars. Who could doubt the story of the miner who talked Dutch to his favorite mule and, what's more, that the mule understood him?

Lehigh County Historical Society MELVILLE J. BOYER

The Crusade against Slavery, 1830-1860. By Louis FILLER. [New American Nation Series.] (New York: Harper & Brothers, i960, xviii, 318 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index. $5.00.) This volume maintains the high standard scholars have come to expect in the New American Nation Series under the editorship of Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris. The product of nineteen years of study by Professor Louis Filler of Antioch College, it is certainly the best book presently available on the over-all history of the antislavery movement in both its social and political phases. One may well question, however, whether a single moderate-sized volume is sufficient for the material covered. In the old American Nation Series, two volumes were devoted to the topics here allotted only one: Albert B. Hart's Slavery and Abolition, 1831-1841 and Theodore C. Smith's Parties and Slavery, 1850-1859. Major episodes in American history like the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas- Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision are given only a few pages each. Scholars will not find much that is new on such topics as these. Considerable attention is given to the antislavery background before 1830 and to other reform movements of the pre-Civil War period, like communitarianism and women's rights. 234 BOOK REVIEWS April

Despite limitations of space, the author has not hesitated to express new judgments or to differ with other scholars in matters of interpretation. His approach to the antislavery crusade is generally sympathetic, though not uncritically so. The author displays a sophisticated awareness of the con- tradictions and ambiguities of which life and history are full. It is clear that many of the abolitionists were themselves guilty of racial and religious prejudice. A large portion of antislavery energy was directed toward re- moving not only slavery but Negroes from the United States. The coloni- zation movement is pictured as fundamentally illiberal, despite the fact that distinguished leaders like Mrs. Stowe and Mr. Lincoln adhered to it at a late date. Biographical treatment of the numerous antislavery crusaders is some- what sketchy. This reviewer would like to have seen more effort made to fathom the hearts and minds of these men and women so often attacked as unwholesome fanatics or even psychopathic cases. The implication of the present book is that in general the abolitionists were sincere and decent. Garrison's hatred of slavery, it is suggested, should not be equated with hatred of slaveholders. William Lloyd Garrison, not Theodore Dwight Weld, is seen as the pre-eminent figure among the reformers. His special role as "an antislavery symbol" is emphasized. The Tappans, William Jay, James G. Birney, John Quincy Adams, Joshua R. Giddings, and dozens of others are discussed in their historical context. The role of Negroes like Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman is by no means neglected. The treatment of John Brown is moderate, though not exactly sympathetic. Lincoln's conserva- tism on the slavery question is featured. Professor Filler magnifies the distinction between moral reformers like Garrison who regarded themselves as being above politics and antislavery politicians like Thaddeus Stevens and Ben Wade, whose integrity he is inclined to question. Even Charles Sumner, he says, came increasingly to represent "political party relations and sectional feeling, rather than abolition." It seems to this reviewer that the author gives too little credit to the Republican party leaders who were to carry the antislavery movement to its climax in the Civil War and Reconstruction. But that phase of the story, of course, is not included in this volume, which ends with John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. The central theme of the book is the propaganda campaign through which the American people were made aware of the moral issue involved in slaveholding. In this connection, the religious motive is stressed. The book's organization and its literary style are competent but not distinguished. Perhaps its most valuable feature consists in its remarkably complete and up-to-date footnotes and bibliography. Also worth noting are the recognition given to a large number of unpublished theses and the exceptionally useful suggestions as to suitable avenues for further research. Pennsylvania State University IRA V. BROWN 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 235

Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War. By DAVID DONALD. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, i960, xxii, 392, xxiv p. Illustrations, index. $6.75.) When David Donald started his life of Charles Sumner some ten years ago, he was not aware of the opinion expressed by Edward H. O'Neill, the historian of American biography, that Sumner "had one of the most com- plex characters of any man in American public life, a character that re- quires not only industry but knowledge and genius for its proper inter- pretation." Earlier knowledge of O'Neill's judgment might have scared Mr. Donald off, leaving us the losers, for this study reveals not only remarkable industry, but the insight and impartiality of treatment hitherto lacking in biographies of this controversial figure who did so much to bring on the Civil War. The present volume takes Sumner from his birth in 1811 down to the firing on Fort Sumter on April 11, 1861. By the latter date, Sumner had consolidated his position as one of the foremost figures on the American political scene. Sixteen years earlier, in 1845, such a position of eminence seemed not in the cards. Unhappy, lonely, unsuccessful in the legal pro- fession, Sumner was not fulfilling the great promise of earlier years which had made him the darling of the Harvard Law School and won for him an enviable reception in Europe. His two mentors, Justice Joseph Story and William Ellery Channing, were dead; and his activities in the peace, slavery, and prison reform movements had estranged many of his former friends. Mr. Donald has summed up his position succinctly: "In all three reform movements the pattern of his participation was precisely the same. He started by holding ideas most New Englanders shared. Through the influence of Channing, his views on international peace, on prison disci- pline, and on slavery came to be more carefully thought out and more articulately expressed, but not until personal unhappiness increased Sumner's sensitivity to social injustice did he take an active part in agitat- ing these issues. Once he appeared before the public, he was attacked, and the more he was criticized, the more inflexible his opinions became. Carry- ing his ideas to extremes, he alienated moderate opinion and placed him- self, as George Ticknor announced, 'outside the pale of society.' " The turn of the tide came with Sumner's chance entry into politics. His quick rise to leadership in the Massachusetts Free Soil Party is described in detail by Mr. Donald. Here the author enjoys an advantage over pre- vious biographers in having at his elbow the papers of such key figures in the Free Soil movement as Charles Francis Adams and John G. Palfrey—col- lections only recently made available to scholars. The devious workings of the coalition of certain of the Free Soilers and Democrats that sent Sumner to the Senate in 1851 are carefully described, and the bitter give-and-take of Senate debate on the slavery question vividly narrated. Of extreme inter- est to readers will be Mr. Donald's analysis of Sumner's position on slavery, 2^6 BOOK REVIEWS April

the composition of his speeches, and the repeated instances of his strange insensitivity to the cutting edge of his own words. Preston Brooks's assault on Sumner is treated exhaustively, as is the question of whether or not Sumner shammed the effect of his injuries. Like the late Laura A. White, Mr. Donald gives convincing evidence that he did not. The author promises in the not too distant future a companion volume to this brilliant performance. If it lives up to the standard set in the present volume, then we should have the definitive biography of Sumner—though Mr. Donald would be the last to press the claim.

Massachusetts Historical Society STEPHEN T. RILEY

The War for the Union. Volume II: War Becomes Revolution^ 1862-1863. By ALLAN NEVINS. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, i960, xvi, 557 p. Illustrations, maps, appendices, bibliography, index. $7.50.) In this volume on the Civil War which begins with the early days of 1862 and ends in the middle of June, 1863, Nevins develops as a major theme the revolutionary consequences of a prolonged war of increasing magnitude. Until the failure of General George B. McClellan's Peninsular Campaign, "most Northerners had hoped to see the insurrection suppressed without a profound national upheaval. Now revolution faced them on every hand. . . . " (p. 138). Nevins describes at length the corroding ef- fects of Northern military advances upon slavery and the changes in Lincoln's approach to the problem of emancipation. Conscious of border state conservatism in this matter and the broader question of reconstruc- tion, the President moved cautiously at first. When border state leaders turned down his scheme to encourage gradual emancipation by com- pensating slaveholders, and Confederate military strength continued undiminished, Lincoln decided to use abolition as a war measure. In his appraisal of the Emancipation Proclamation, Nevins asserts that it had "three immediate, positive, and visible effects" (p. 2,35). As Union armies moved forward they became forces for liberation; news of emancipation encouraged slaves to escape; and, finally, the proclamation committed the United States to early extirpation of slavery in areas where it was most extensive. The revolution in American economy, which ultimately established a "business domination of government" (p. 138), had, according to Nevins, become an irreversible fact in the later months of 1862. In his description and analysis of the war's impact upon the nation's economy and of the way it stimulated industrial growth Nevins makes a notable contribution. Vigorous prosecution of the conflict required great planning and mass 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 237 organization. As an example of what miracles military emergencies can evoke, Nevins shows how the river navy, so vital to Grant's early successes in Tennessee, was built and mobilized. To him the turning point in the Western war effort was "the forging of the river fleets" (p. 73), as well as the capture of Fort Donelson. Congress also helped to accelerate the metamorphosis of the national economy. In 1862, in "one of the most constructive sessions of its history" (p. 189), it granted to business such benefits as higher tariffs, legal tender notes (Greenbacks), and railroad subsidies. The war and friendly legislation thus provided the nation what it had so greatly needed in i860, "more capital, more entrepreneurial brains, more organization, and more technology" (p. 484). All through the book the figure of Lincoln looms large. Nevins admires him as the great leader who appreciated the powers and responsibilities of his office. Lincoln maintained an over-all control of the conduct of the war despite opposition. One momentous occasion was the Cabinet crisis which developed shortly after the disastrous defeat at Fredericksburg in December, 1862. A group of Republican Senators challenged Lincoln's leadership by demanding the removal of William H. Seward as Secretary of State and other changes in the Cabinet. When compared to the accounts of the affair in J. G. Randall's Lincoln the President, James F. Rhodes's History of the United States, and T. Harry Williams' Lincoln and the Rad- icals, Nevins' version excels in comprehensiveness and perceptiveness. He agrees with Williams that Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury, was "at the bottom of the whole movement" (p. 348). Lincoln with consummate skill turned the tide by putting Chase in a position where he had to remain loyal to his chief or side openly with the Senators. Chase chose the first alternative, and the Cabinet remained intact. Other features of the book distinguish it. Nevins does not pretend to be writing military history, but his battle accounts cover the essentials and his comments on generalship are stimulating. While orthodox in his estimate of such generals as McClellan, John Pope, A. E. Burnside, and Joseph Hooker, he is more critical than most writers of U. S. Grant, whom he nevertheless admires. Nevins' treatment of loyal and disloyal opposition to the Republican administration and of Lincoln's reactions to the danger is unusually detailed and clear in its understanding of the problem. Some people may think him too gentle in his judgment of the administration's countless violations of civil rights. Much of the ground Nevins traverses is familiar to Civil War students, but he also explores unfrequented or unknown lanes. These excursions together with the breadth and depth of his accounts give the reader an understanding of events and developments which other writers either ignore or treat inadequately.

Lafayette College EDWIN B. CODDINGTON 238 BOOK REVIEWS April

The Civil War at Sea. Volume I: The Blockaders. By VIRGIL CARRINGTON JONES. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, i960, xxvi, 483 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index. $6.00.) This book is concerned with the naval side of the Civil War through March, 1862. The most attractive feature of it is a coverage of certain episodes not previously much written about. Mr. Jones has done a vast amount of research, and plans a three-volume set ultimately. The author's wide reading has given him a familiarity with his subject which com- municates itself to the reader very successfully. He is a professional news- paperman and writes in a most attractive style. Any scholar would be well rewarded to employ an equal amount of time and writing skill, but a professional scholar would probably not make as many careless errors in the employment of his craft, errors which are frequent enough to be significant. For example, there is confusion in per- sonalities, such as attributing actions to Edwin M. Stanton which must have been the work of Simon Cameron, his predecessor as Secretary of War, or more probably of Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. Some critics might also disagree with Mr. Jones in his evaluation of historical circumstances and backgrounds. The Trent Affair, for example, is handled in sketchy fashion, without much effort to appraise its tremen- dous significance at the particular point in the war at which it occurred. In writing of the Merrimac and the Monitor, the author could have strength- ened his discussion by more attention to the development of the whole concept of the ironclad which had already taken shape in European naval circles, and from which both Union and Confederacy profited. The handling of the activities of the Merrimac and the culminating engagement with the Monitor at Hampton Roads is, on the other hand, one of the truly strong features of the book. Incidentally, Mr. Jones uses the spelling Merrimack; the former U. S. frigate, which is hardly ever identified by its Confederate name Virginia, is now almost universally spoken of as the Merrimac. It is interesting to note that the accounts upon which this author relies for source material have convinced him to employ the earlier spelling as the more accurate. Mr. Jones has well served the cause of giving the naval war some of the enhanced attention which it deserves. Not only did the blockade and the war on the rivers contribute materially to Northern strategy and triumph, but they contained their share of thrilling heroes and events, in due pro- portion to the much worked-over battles of the land struggle. In addition to the better known engagements, he makes a real contribution by dealing in some detail with the Potomac Flotilla and its activities early in the war, with the Southern capture and employment of the Norfolk Navy Yard, with the peregrinations of Captain Raphael Semmes, and with the battles for Cape Hatteras. The author has an unusual capacity for enabling his reader to see the unity of a great naval effort even while treating with widely scattered 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 239 phases of the war. The growing horde of Civil War enthusiasts will want to possess this book, and they will be well advised to have it. Its errors are recognizable and usually minor ones, and are more than overbalanced by its scope and its attractive style. With a little more care to accurate factual detail, Mr. Jones can be expected to turn out notable pieces of writing as he brings us the other two volumes of this series. There is an exhaustive bibliography, some well-chosen illustrations, and useful maps. The notes are sketchy, however, and do not indicate always how the author employed his bibliographic references.

Hobart College and William Smith College LAWRENCE O. EALY

From Cedar Mountain to Antietam: August-September^ 1862. By EDWARD J. STACKPOLE. (Harrisburg, Pa.: The Stackpole Company, i960, [xiv], 466 p. Illustrations, maps, appendices, bibliography, index. $5.95.) The Wilderness Campaign. By EDWARD STEERE. (Harrisburg, Pa.: The Stackpole Company, i960, [xiv], 522 p. Maps, appendices, bibliog- raphy, index. $7.50.) There seems little chance that the foreseeable future will see any lessening in the flow of new books dealing with Civil War themes, particularly as we progress further into the impending four-year-long centennial observance of that great struggle. Should such an unlikely event occur, it will not be through any neglect on the part of The Stackpole Company at Harrisburg. For several years now, this press has been serving up one-volume accounts of some of the major Civil War engagements. Now two more battle post- mortems are issued under the Stackpole imprimatur. The stirring and sad events of a century ago are analyzed in Edward J. Stackpole's From Cedar Mountain to Antietam^ and in Edward Steere's The Wilderness Campaign. Both these books concentrate on military strategy and tactics. As in his earlier studies of the action at Gettysburg, at Fredericksburg, and at Chancellorsville, General Stackpole restricts himself to a straight- forward narrative. In this reviewer's opinion, this is his best book. He resists the temptation to psychoanalyze the principal persons involved, but he does second-guess them and he is not chary about expressing crit- icisms of their efforts. Since human interest stones are allotted little space, From Cedar Mountain to Antietam may fail to draw those readers looking for the dramatic portrayal and vivid prose a la Bruce Catton. The author offers us a day-by-day and hour-by-hour chronicle of the difficulties confronting General John Pope. One is almost led to pity the bewildered and befuddled Union commander who, as Stackpole explains, undertook a complicated and difficult mission, "an almost impossible one for a man of Pope's limited capacities." Asked to protect Washington, watch over Union interests in the Shenandoah Valley, and at the same time 24O BOOK REVIEWS April operate against the Confederate line of communication, Pope was also the victim of "the Porter-McClellan cabal" which compounded his troubles. Stackpole makes no attempt to conceal his contempt for McClellan, to whom he attributes the basest of motives. Nevertheless, he recognizes in Pope's disaster at Second Manassas evidence of the brilliant achievements of the Lee-Jackson-Longstreet team, "a well-oiled, smooth-running piece of machinery that in this campaign was beautiful to contemplate." Lincoln's choice of McCellan to resume command of the Union forces defending Washington in September, 1862, was intended as a "temporary expedient," since McClellan was deficient in "both courage and character" required for field command. This is proved to Stackpole's satisfaction by the events of September 16-17 along the banks of Antietam Creek in Maryland. Following the day-long blood bath of the 17th, McClellan's timidity got the better of him and he permitted Lee to withdraw his badly mauled army from the field and escape unmolested back into Virginia. Nothing much was proved in the fighting between Cedar Mountain and Lee's withdrawal "beyond the fact that American boys would bravely fight and die ... that Lee was a hard man to beat, and that Lincoln would have to keep trying in his search for a competent general." A helpful feature of this book is the author's detailed description of the terrain before he discusses the action. In his anxiety to be clear, Stackpole is repetitious in spots. The reader is told a half-dozen times that "Pope thought" Jackson was trying to get away on August 29-30, 1862. Even the experienced Civil War buff, inured to the jargon and turgid prose that too often characterizes military history, may have trouble ploughing through Mr. Steere's narrative. This is not an easy book to read. It is almost too much for the general reader, who is in danger of getting lost in a wilderness (no pun intended) of words. Yet, this is the definitive one-volume story of the Wilderness campaign, and even though one is compelled to consult the excellent maps at every turn, it is well worth the effort. In the slugging match that took place on May 5-6, 1863, in the scrub forest just west of the Rappahannock's banks, Grant "hammered Lee on the anvil of Richmond while Sherman's devouring host swept through the heartland of the South" toward Atlanta. Steere insists that the halting advance of the Union Army under General George G. Meade forced the battle which neither Grant nor Lee desired. This blind struggle marked the first phase of a forty-four-day battle that ended in "a tactical draw." Steere begins with an analysis of Grant's staff organization and strategic plan. Next comes a discussion of Lee's defensive dispositions. This is fol- lowed by an almost minute-by-minute story of the two-day engagement where Grant and Lee for the first time tested each other's mettle. One gets the impression that hardly anyone, either on the front line or in the head- quarters of either army, fully realized what was taking place. Faulty staff work prevented Grant from holding the initiative which he had seized 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 24I early on the morning of May 5. Lee, on his part, was aided by a series of fortuitous occurrences which complemented the tactical brilliance of his junior officers and the superb courage of his troops. If there is a villain in the piece, it is General Ambrose E. Burnside, whose failure to get into the action when expected demonstrated anew his "genius for slowness." Not at all hesitant at drawing comparisons between the two military titans of the Civil War, Steere sets forth his estimation of Grant and Lee based on their generalship during these two days:

Grant was undoubtedly inferior to Lee in the art of directing an army on the battlefield, and lacked the Virginian's fine sensibilities in appreciating the human element behind roaring musketry and thundering artillery. He was also less success- ful in exacting the utmost effort from his lieutenants and the rank and file. . . . Nevertheless, Grant possessed to a greater degree the clear-sighted vision of the grand-strategist. . . . Moreover, his strategic insight was propelled by an un- daunted optimism and an implacable will.

Perhaps this evaluation will help settle the hoary question as to which of the two was the greater general, but probably it will not. A word should be added concerning the excellent maps in both books prepared by Colonel Wilbur S. Nye. They set a standard in cartography which all future draftsmen of Civil War maps should attempt to emulate. Messrs. Stackpole and Steere are fortunate to have at their disposal a map maker of Colonel Nye's talents.

Gettysburg College ROBERT L. BLOOM

Death to Traitors. The Story of General Lafayette C Baker, Lincoln's For- gotten Secret Service Chief. By JACOB MOGELEVER. (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., i960. 429 p. End paper illustrations, bibliography. $4.95.) This book is a laudatory, uncritical, and flamboyant account of the organizer of the first United States Secret Service, who has been described as "one of the worst rapscallions of an age in which rascality paid high dividends." Lafayette Curry Baker, born in western New York in 1826, went to California in the early 1850's where he joined the Vigilantes in 1856. Early in 1861, he returned to the East and with the firing on Fort Sumter became involved in espionage work, first for General Winfield Scott and then for Secretary of State William H. Seward. Early in 1862, he became attached to the War Department, working directly under Secretary Stanton. He at once "set out to build a new kind of police agency for the 242 BOOK REVIEWS April nation, an independent free-from-politics organization of investigators whose sole unrelenting job was to discover and immobilize the enemies of the republic" (p. 90). Baker was at first simply a secret agent who, the author says, was author- ized "to organize a detective service which will be the terror of the North as well as of the South" (p. 88). Whatever his other faults, Baker's services as a detective are unquestioned, though he frequently mixed truth and fiction in the pursuit of his objectives. He established his headquarters at 217 Pennsylvania Avenue in Wash- ington; the old Capitol Prison was used as his jail. On May 5, 1863, Baker and his organization were given army status as the First District of Colum- bia Cavalry, with Baker as colonel. Stanton, "on my own responsibility and authority," on April 26, 1865, bestowed on Baker the rank of brigadier general (p. 366). He was honorably mustered out of service, May 15, 1866, and died in Philadelphia, July 3, 1868. A year before his death, his History of the United States Secret Service, a dime novel, popular thriller type of narrative, written with the help of a ghost writer, Phineas Headley, was published. In the four years from 1861 to 1865, Baker acquired a reputation for brutality in arrests and interrogation that made him a feared and hated man. Gideon Welles considered him "wholly unreliable, regardless of char- acter and the rights of persons, incapable of discrimination and zealous to do something sensational." A Judiciary Committee report on the impeach- ment of Andrew Johnson stated that "In every important statement he is contradicted by witnesses of unquestioned credulity," and that he com- mitted "willful and deliberate perjury." This book is made up of melodramatic accounts of Baker's exploits and achievements, including chapters on "Southern Belles and Western Editors," "Rebel Women and Lady Spies," on the investigation of alleged widespread stealing and immorality in the Treasury Department early in 1864, the pursuit of bounty jumpers, on pardon brokers, the pursuit and capture of John Wilkes Booth, and more of like nature. As one writer has said, Baker's "energy spattered all about without a sufficient concentration anywhere to achieve major results." Much more effective espionage work was done by district commanders and state provost marshals. There is no account of the manner in which President Johnson was in- duced to sign the writ which sent Mrs. Surratt to her death. Baker con- sidered her guilty without question, though many others felt otherwise, including Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch, who wrote: "... The evidence on which she was convicted would not have satisfied an im- partial jury. Her complicity in the assassination [of Lincoln] was not clearly proven." Likewise, there is no account of the efforts Baker made to bring Jefferson Davis to trial for complicity in the assassination of Lincoln, nor is there any mention of Baker's testimony before the Congressional com- mittee investigation which led up to the impeachment of President Johnson. 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 243 This is no objective evaluation of Baker's work as a secret agent. Some accounts are questionable, such as Baker's alleged interview with Jefferson Davis in Richmond in 1861 and his own trial on charges brought by Mrs. Lucy Cobb, the pardon broker. There is a bibliography, including printed books and several manuscripts, journals, and other materials of the Baker family, although De Witt's Judicial Murder of Mary E. Surratt is not included. The narrative is made up of many long quotations, but as there are no footnotes it is not possible to judge their value and authority. There is much special pleading and imaginative writing. There are a number of typographical errors, and there is no index.

Locust Valley, N. Y. THOMAS ROBSON HAY

Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, By ERIC L. MCKITRICK. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, i960, x, 534 p. Bibliography, index. #8.50.) In the fashion prevailing at the end of the nineteenth century, historians did not undertake the consideration of epochs until the elapse of quite an interval after their occurrence. Therefore, the appraisal of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction did not receive any serious consideration until the i88o's, and no judgment was rendered in book form until the early years of the twentieth century. The interests of Professor John W. Burgess, moving spirit in the newly constituted Faculty of Political Science at Columbia, and his most brilliant student, William A. Dunning, coincided and reached a judgment about the same time that the monumental history of James Ford Rhodes was published. These scholars came to a reasoned judgment regarding President Johnson to the effect that his honest and courageous efforts to maintain a constitutional respect for the Constitution in recon- structing the nation were marred and vitiated by bad judgment and worse taste. His skill as a politician, they pointed out, left much to be desired. In the 1920's and 1930's a series of apologies for Johnson began to appear. A Democratic publicist, a vigorous trial lawyer, a southern judge, and an enterprising and industrious newspaperman all undertook Johnson's defense. They emphasized his righteous purposes and the vindictiveness of his enemies. They established a martyrdom which aroused the emotions of a wide reading public and seemed to place Andrew Johnson on a new his- torical footing: here was no mediocre politician, but a persecuted statesman who escaped a metaphorical crucifixion by one vote. Now in the 1960's, as we approach the centennial of these events, the pendulum swings again. A onetime graduate student in the department of Burgess and Dunning, now a member of it, has reconsidered the question, and rendered a verdict confirming the first finding. He has had the advan- 244 BOOK REVIEWS April

tage of new material, new instruments of interpretation, and his own keen mind and immense industry. This is a complete and convincing reconsider- ation made with the aid of the various tools of social and political analysis developed in the last quarter century, tools of which the revisionists of thirty years ago were almost utterly unaware. Science has triumphed over sympathy. Johnson is portrayed as he was, a successful and honest demagogue who could not rise to the statesman. He, a reject of the Southern leadership, undertook to reconstruct the South himself by demanding that its leaders submit themselves to him for individual pardon. The task of considering this mass of documentation became impossible, and as he would not under- take to establish effective agencies through which he could give adequate direction to the reconstruction process, which he projected, the erstwhile leaders of the Confederacy took over. The Congressional leaders saw the weakness of this process and undertook to strengthen it. But then a second flaw in Johnson's temperament took over. It appeared that he, an experi- enced Senator, could not get along with Congress. Things went from bad to worse until he lost everything but the privilege of serving out his term unheeded by almost everybody. The verdict of honesty, limited by bad judgment and worse taste, is reaffirmed but made much more convincing by this rigorous and penetrating psychological and psychiatric analysis. This work is a model of comprehensive and penetrating exposition which carries conviction and perhaps gives new meaning to the concept "defin- itive." Its weakness is that it is somewhat overloaded with detail, and its effective generalizations, buried in the mass, are not exploited in a compre- hensive concluding statement which the author is perfectly capable of having written. The study could not have been made either at the turn of the century or thirty years ago; the modes of analysis or interpretation were not then available. Fortunately, the historian now has the instru- ments which make such writing possible. May they be used frequently as effectively as they have been employed in this study.

University of Pennsylvania ROY F. NICHOLS

In the Days of Me Kin ley. By MARGARET LEECH. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959. x, 686 p. Illustrations, appendices, index. $6.95.) This book was written primarily for the general reader, offering a most interesting evocation of a period centered around a particular political experience. This experience is of great significance because it is that of a politician who attained the highest success by carefully keeping in tune with the average American of his time—in other words, by firmly and with consummate skill clutching mediocrity. 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 2,45 In the rapidly changing United States of the late nineteenth century, McKinley, like most of his fellow countrymen, found a fairly comfortable stability by worshipping the past, utilizing opportunities of the present, and viewing the future with unbounded, unthinking optimism. This is not to say that McKinley was weak; beneath his fluid, warm friendliness lay an unyield- ing reticence and a firm determination to have his own way. That way was to function as the expression of the general will; he had seldom any desire to go beyond it, or to stand forth as directing it, until the Spanish War forced him into the limelight of executive decision, strive as he might to avoid it. He then complained of the instability of the people, but attained the stature of getting his own way on such imperial solutions as constituted what he conceived to be an obtainable insular policy. With compassion and understanding, and with exceptional literary skill, Margaret Leech unfolds the saga of popular elevation through avoidance of leadership: through caution, ingrained indirection, passivity, postponement, neutrality, temporizing, silence and (where words were needed) through skillful use of a maze of verbiage. McKinley's inner strength rose from total absence of subservient feeling toward other persons (for example, the myth of Hanna's apron strings is exploded) and from absence of any very dis- quieting awareness of the basic socio-economic problems of the nation (for example, McKinley readily believed that high protection could solve most economic problems). Other elements of strength included his meticulous moral rectitude (everywhere acknowledged and applauded); the affectionate acclaim (love is scarcely too strong a word) which much of the public as well as close associates showered upon this sympathetic, wholesome, emotional, God- fearing, wife-cherishing, fine-principled, inspired exponent of patriotism; and the self-assurance grounded in the narrow range of his understanding, which excluded thoughts of disturbing alternatives. McKinley had gone to school at experience, had learned "by ear," had limited his reading to newspapers chiefly, and never allowed his optimism to be undermined by variant philosophy. Students of the period are indebted to the author for her skilled analysis of that which she has chosen to include. Accepting McKinley's limitations, she allows scant space to important factors in his environment of which he remained largely unaware, omissions historians surely regret. Indeed, she gives a slight indication of an authorial impatience with the voices of protest during the "Gilded Age." Also, her delineations of McKinleyisms of that epoch sometimes leave readers uncertain whether a statement em- bodies a Victorian notion or a concept accepted by the author. Her vigorous research, lasting many years and supplied with collaborators, included valuable contacts with late survivors of that era, and was particularly fortified by special access to the Cortelyou diary and to Dawes's recol- lections; but it apparently did not embrace some of the more recent and notable monographs in the field which array conflicting evidence on moot 246 BOOK REVIEWS April points, although some of these, especially those on Spanish War rivalries, are exhaustively treated. More important, she committed a disservice to historiography by omitting from the main text all notation numerals; thus, she plunges students into the murky waters of a sea of loosely pag- inated references at the end of the book. Her citations have an importance meriting more respectful treatment. Yet, it must be emphasized that for historians of the period this book is a "must"; and all readers will be grate- ful for its keen perceptiveness, usual fairness, and delightful verve.

University of Pennsylvania JEANNETTE P. NICHOLS

The Trumpet Soundeth. William Jennings Bryan and His Democracy, 1896- 1912. By PAUL W. GLAD. (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, i960, xiv, 242 p. Illustrations, bibliographical essay, index. #4-75-) This little book constitutes a balanced defense of William Jennings Bryan. The author begins by analyzing some of the patterns of culture on the Middle Border where Bryan was reared. American Protestantism, the McGuffey Reader, and the Chautauqua tent all receive due consideration for their contributions to what Professor Glad calls the "middle western mentality." Bryan was, he maintains, "down to the last detail the person- ification of many a McGuffey hero." The author takes note of criticisms of Bryan by observers ranging from H. L. Mencken to Herbert Agar. Not attempting to vindicate Bryan on all counts, he admits that the Commoner had his shortcomings; Bryan's attitudes, for example, "were grounded in his emotions rather than in reason." But, argues Glad, Bryan was a product of his environment and should not be judged on the basis of criticisms made in the 1920's when many of the values and ideals of the preceding generation in the Midwest were regarded as ludicrous. Glad is confident that Bryan made an important contribution to Ameri- can life. Committed to the idea that the people must rule, the Commoner "labored to keep them informed through his newspaper and his lectures. Inasmuch as he wrote and spoke critically rather than impartially, he functioned admirably as a leader of the opposition." Not only did he help to "raise the level of political debate in the United States," but his leader- ship of the Democratic Party "helped to force enactment of legislation the previous generation had felt no need even to consider." To cite only one example, the ratification of the Sixteenth (income tax) Amendment "was as much a victory for the Commoner as for any single person." The author believes that when Bryan stepped down as leader of his party, "the tone of American political life had changed immeasurably"; for this change for the better, "Bryan was to an extent responsible." 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 247 As portrayed by Glad, Bryan emerges as a man of unusually high prin- ciples, who showed considerably more consistency than some other observers have attributed to him. The Commoner "could not" compromise on prin- ciples. Persuaded that large business combinations and organized wealth had a corruptive influence upon political and social institutions, he re- mained true to his convictions, for example, while serving as chairman of the board of trustees of his destitute Alma Mater; when the college sought what he believed to be tainted money, a gift from Andrew Carnegie, he resigned in protest. Although the notorious Scopes trial is outside the purview of this book, the author refers to it briefly to support his conclusion concerning the Commoner's consistency: Bryan, devoted to the principle of majority rule, believed that Scopes was violating that rule by teaching something banned by a law passed by a state legislature representing a majority of the voters. The same homage to majority rule explained his advocacy of a two-party system and his refusal to participate in forming a third party. In these and other matters, says Glad, "he was remarkably consistent." Glad writes in a readable style and intersperses his material with per- tinent and interesting anecdotes. The volume contains some sixty well- chosen photographs and cartoons.

Pennsylvania State University M. NELSON MCGEARY

Rosenbach: A Biography, By EDWIN WOLF 2nd, with JOHN FLEMING. (Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company, i960. 618 p. Illustrations, index. $10.00.) This monumental life of Dr. Abraham Simon Wolf Rosenbach, the most famous bookseller of his era, is definitely a "must" for all those interested in rare books. Like a bombshell, it has exploded in the midst of the usually quiet world of dignified collectors. Covering half a century, it traces the development of the Rosenbach Company from its inception in 1903 through the period when it dominated the rare book market of the world, until its decline and final closing with the death of the "Doctor" and his elder brother Philip. Nevertheless, a more appropriate title to the book would be Rosenbach: Confidential^ for it is unquestionably an unwarranted exposure of the private transactions between a bookseller and his clients. The code of ethics strictly maintained in any respectable rare book store makes it incumbent on the dealer never to reveal the name of a purchaser or the price he paid for an item without the permission of the client. When the "Doctor" in his exuberance made the serious mistake of permitting a leak to the New York Times concerning his sale of a book for $100,000 to Henry Folger, he was 248 BOOK REVIEWS April soundly rebuked and was said to have learned his lesson. It is unfortunate that the authors of this book did not benefit from this example. Written in a racy style and cleverly assembled, the long story does not become boring despite the frequent lists of titles, with most of which the reader is unfamiliar. This is accomplished by interspersing these lists with lively anecdotes, juicy and spicy gossip, together with references to mis- tresses, frauds, fakes, rigged sales, thefts, smuggling, bribes and whiskey. Almost anything one reads in a dime novel thriller appears, but in this case actual names, places, and dates are given. Its popularity is thus assured and the inquisitive will not be disappointed; a second printing is already published, with some of its statements corrected. Many will be unable to put the book down once they have started reading it, and even the uninitiated will find it absorbing and fascinating. So skillfully are the factual data blended with rumors and half-truths that there is an aura of authenticity which can at times be misleading. Some of the statements made are unclear and permit more than one interpretation, perhaps pur- posefully. No greater tribute to the "Doctor's" prowess can be paid than in re- counting the intimate transactions he carried on with the most celebrated persons in the book world: Bement, Isman, Smith, Elkins, Newton, Gribbel, Widener, Earle, Morgan, Holford, Rockefeller, Suzannet, Jones, Hogan, Bemis, Hofer, Roederer, Pforzheimer, Huntington, Folger, Scheide, Clawson, Clark, Stotesbury, Goodyear, Ellsworth, Edgar, Johnson, Schuhmann, Blumenthal, Streeter, Rosenwald, Brigham, Doheny, Hough- ton, Horblit, Peck, Beinecke, Harkness, Taylor, Barrett, Sachs, Terry, Hyde, Thomas, Garrett, Silver, Esmerian, Thorne, Kern, White, Stetson, Rabinowitz, Bodmer, Tinker, Young, Emery, Gilcrease, Koester, Altschul, Mason, and many others. Indeed, surprisingly few of the great collectors are missing. The fascinating story of the manuscript of Alice Underground is told in its entirety, although it continues to be incorrectly labeled Alice in Wonderland. Brother Philip is painted as a villain, when in reality he was the one who first unlocked the doors, enabling the "Doctor" to enter and sell his wares. This distortion probably arises from Philip's continuing vendetta with one of the authors. What the "Doctor" had for sale outshone diamonds and pearls—and cost more: Gutenberg Bibles, Bay Psalm Books, Caxtons, Shakespeare Folios, Button Gwinnett signatures were his stock in trade. The dramatic part which the "Doctor" and his clients played in all the famous book auction sales during the entire period are vividly told. His role is superlatively portrayed on the spotlighted jacket. Many will be surprised to learn that the "successful buccaneers" con- sidered a fair profit in their business to be anywhere from four hundred to ten thousand per cent. However, when one takes into consideration the enormous overhead and the large number of functionaries they were com- pelled to employ in order to keep up to perfection two such resplendent 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 249 establishments; the impeccable services rendered their clients at every turn, whether for such nonbookish desires as Lucullan food, impossible-to- get theater tickets, rooms, travel reservations, special cigars, baroque candy, smuggled liquor and other desiderata, it is easy to understand why their net profits were so reduced that they rarely had any income tax to pay. The brothers Rosenbach were collectors in other fields, for they "hoarded paper as misers do gold. In dozens of filing cabinets, cartons, ledgers, scrap- books, salesbooks, and piles merely bound with string they kept the im- portant with the inconsequential—high school notebooks and college examination papers, sheets covered with doodles, personal and business letters sent and received, newspaper clippings, invoices of merchandise bought, and sales slips—a vast, unsorted accumulation of over fifty years." Full and free access to this colossal hoard of Rosenbach archives was grant- ed by the Trustees of the Rosenbach Foundation to the authors, long- trusted employees of the Company. Edwin Wolf 2nd had for twenty-two years been working mostly as a cataloguer in their "pseudo-baronial" establishment in Philadelphia, and John F. Fleming had for twenty-seven years worked his way toward the top in their even more imposing New York store, called "the most seductive trap ever designed." From this material they chose too much with tongue in cheek. After proclaiming that the "Doctor" "had size," they go to great lengths to cut down his size, and correct from the records some of his best publicized stories. Their personal experiences, plus recollections of the stories which continually circulated around the shops, give vivid enough color to the book. However, they ignored discussing with his closest friends and biggest customers the glamorous, charming, and bewitching personality of the much-loved "Doctor." In- stead, the authors view him only from a behind-the-scenes position, exult- ing in all chances for debunking. This is undoubtedly the weakness of the book. The "Doctor" as they describe him could not have so readily sold millions of dollars' worth of rare books to our giants of industry, who are generally pictured as dupes, easily influenced. Rival booksellers, who un- doubtedly tried just as hard, were unable to imitate the supersalesmanship of the "Doctor," and this book fails to explain why. The authors must have been so enmeshed in minutiae that they did not see the forest for the trees. It has always been difficult to find out much about many of the very rare titles discussed in this amazing book, and for this information Rosen- bach will be an invaluable reference work for generations to come. As a biography of the "Doctor," I feel it tells but half the story—there is a better half which remains to be told. For, in Robin Hood fashion, what the Rosenbachs extracted from the very rich they have given to the public, since their entire fortunes have been presented to a Foundation for the advancement of fine arts and scholarship, together with their invaluable private collection of rare books of the utmost importance. I do not believe that the Trustees expected such an unsavory and indis- creet biography would be developed from the archives entrusted to their 25O BOOK REVIEWS April care. It is for them to decide now whether friendlier hands will be suf- ficiently encouraged to publish a truer and fairer biography. Otherwise, this slanted representation of Philip H. and Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, the benefactors of their Foundation, will become history.

Yale University Library COLONEL RICHARD GIMBEL

Massachusetts Historical Society Picture Books. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954-1960). The publishing record of the Massachusetts Historical Society is little short of awesome. Seventy-one volumes of its Proceedings, seventy-nine volumes of its Collections, thirty-three reprint volumes of the Journals of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, and eleven volumes of Sibley*s Harvard Graduates all bear witness to the tireless devotion of its editors, and give assurance of ever-lengthening rows of these great sets. In addition, more than twenty special publications and hundreds of reproductions of rare pamphlets and newspapers have been sponsored by the Society, within whose walls the comprehensive edition of the Adams Papers is now being prepared. The nation's oldest historical society has indeed served professional his- torians well, but its scholarly leaders are not wedded solely to impressive tomes in endless sets. With creditable vigor, they have found the inclination, time, and means to issue a new and sprightly series of Picture Books, designed to call attention to certain aspects of the Society's holdings. This series began in 1954, and has been carried on regularly with a new booklet or pamphlet each year, so that seven have now appeared. Published in paper covers, their average length is about thirty pages, although one runs to sixty-two pages. As the reader would assume, pictures predominate, with textual matter secondary. The first two, Portraits of Women, 1705-1825 and Portraits of Men, 1670- ipj6, were introduced by the Society's Cabinet-Keeper, Walter Muir Whitehall. For 1956, Howard C. Rice, Jr., prepared The Adams Family in Auteuil, 1784.-1785, which, although not labeled a Picture Book, forms part of the series. Mr. Whitehall, now in the guise of Recording Secretary (a position of broader scope, no doubt, than that of a guardian of a cabinet), returned in 1957 to comment on Prints, Maps and Drawings, 1677-1822. The next year, Samuel Eliot Morison supplied the commentary on the great Boston historian William Hickling Prescott, 1796-1859. In 1959, Stephen T. Riley described The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1791-1959, an illuminating, brief summary of its history, collections, publications, and future role. The reader learns that the Society does not pursue a program of popular education, but concentrates rather "on furthering the kind of basic research that leads to a deeper and truer understanding of our past." 1961 BOOK REVIEWS 25I While its Picture Books do not fall within the meaning of "popular edu- cation," it may be noted that of all the Society's publications they come the closest to popular history as exemplified by American Heritage, The most recent Picture Book (1960), Thomas Jefferson's Architectural Drawings^ reproduces thirty-one architectural renderings, twenty-one of which are owned by the Society. The notes on these drawings, as well as a foreword on Thomas Jefferson's architectural development, were furnished by Frederick Doveton Nichols. Individually, and as a group, the Picture Books sustain a high degree of excellence and are modestly priced, #1.00 for the earlier ones and #1.25 for the last two. They constitute a splendid medium of highlighting certain of the Society's collections and of preserving in permanent form the appear- ance of materials gathered for exhibitions. In textual matter and in the clarity of their illustrations, they would be difficult to improve upon. Credit for the manufacture of most of them is shared by The Anthoensen Press and The Meriden Gravure Company. Coming from a sphere of historical publications some of which are of a formidable nature, the heavy artillery of scholarship, the Picture Books strike a cheerful, comprehensible note. The Massachusetts Historical Society is to be congratulated on them as evidence of the versatility of its over-all publication program.

Historical Society of Pennsylvania NICHOLAS B. WAINWRIGHT

American Immigration. By MALDWYN ALLEN JONES. [The Chicago History of American Civilization.] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, i960. vii, 359 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index. $6.00.) This excellent book is the best comprehensive history of American immi- gration, superseding Carl Wittke's We Who Built America^ which is now more than twenty years old. It is surprising, however, that despite the importance of immigration in American history there have been very few scholarly accounts of the movement that run all the way from the colonial period to the present. Probably, the difficulty has been that men tended to look at immigration with chronological, territorial, ethnical, or other blinders on their eyes, seeing the colonial period only, for instance, or Boston's immigrants, or the Germans, or Norwegians, or indentured servants. No one, after all, could be expert in all periods, all places, all peoples, and all conditions that are part of immigration history. Yet the greatest overseas migration in recorded human history deserves comprehensive treatment and is fortunate in finding such an excellent synthesist as Maldwyn Allen Jones, who joins such men as Frank Thistle- thwaite and Marcus Cunliffe in a growing list of able young British scholars who have written splendid books on American history. Jones, of course, is 252 BOOK REVIEWS April

indebted for the excellence of his book to the considerable number of men who in the past few decades have turned out careful monographs on phases of immigration history—to repose on library shelves beside many volumes of romantic trash on the subject. Jones's organization is very sensible. Three chapters deal with immigra- tion to the colonies and the new nation up to 1815; three more chapters are devoted to the rise of mass immigration to the end of the Civil War; another three chapters cover the period to the quota laws of the 1920's; and a final chapter discusses the most recent immigrants, the European refugees, the Canadians, the Mexicans, and the Puerto Ricans. Perhaps the organization is strained unduly to avoid a breaking point in 1890, but Jones is careful to avoid traps that have snared previous students of the subject. He notices the heterogeneous nature of our population by the time of the Revolution; he divides his attention skillfully between the immi- grants in factories and those in the fields; he shuns trite catalogues of individual immigrants who have contributed to our culture, but he discusses individuals and groups in meaningful contexts. He argues convincingly that the differences between the "Old Immigration" and the "New Immigra- tion" have been overemphasized, that immigrants in the long run did not lower wages or increase unemployment, that they generally were conserva- tive in their politics because their concern was with a need for practical help rather than with panaceas, and that they have encouraged the extension of our democratic practices toward the professions of the Founding Fathers. The "pull" of America, he emphasizes, was greater than the "push" from the old country. The prospect of "earthly ease," he insists, was more of a stimulus to immigration than the hope of "heavenly bliss." Errors are minor. Gallatin came to America before 1783. The colonial Swedes did not settle outside the main paths of colonial expansion. Convict transportation was not the only branch of the servant trade that was brought to an end by American action. I feel that the amount of Loyalism among the Scotch-Irish and even among the Scots is exaggerated. It is strange that the excellent selective bibliography does not mention Mildred Campbell's strikingly good studies of colonial English immigration. Philadelphia and Pennsylvania receive more attention in the colonial period than later, which is not altogether strange for they loomed larger as immigrant havens before the Revolution. But since Detroit, Cleveland, and Philadelphia together receive less frequent mention in the last third of the book than Boston alone, one suspects that the immigrant problems of these three cities and their environs have received a poor press, or at least a neglectful one, among scholars.

University of Delaware JOHN A. MUNROE THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA

President, Boies Penrose Vice-Presidents Roy F. Nichols Charles Stewart Wurts Isaac H. Clothier, Jr. William C. Tuttle Ernest C. Savage Richmond P. Miller Secretary, Penrose R. Hoopes Treasurer, George E. Nehrbas

Councilors Thomas C. Cochran A. Atwater Kent, Jr. Harold D. Saylor William Logan Fox Sydney E. Martin Grant M. Simon J. Welles Henderson Henry R. Pemberton Frederick B. Tolles Henry S. Jeanes, Jr. H. Justice Williams Counsel, R. Sturgis Ingersoll

Director, R. N. Williams, 2nd

DEPARTMENT HEADS: Nicholas B. Wainwright, Research; Lois V. Given, Publications; J. Harcourt Givens, Manuscripts; Raymond L. Sutcliffe, Library; Sara B. Pomerantz, Assistant to the Treasurer; Howard T. Mitchell, Photo-reproduction; David T. McKee, Building Superintendent.

Founded in 1824, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania has long been a center of research in Pennsylvania and American history. It has accumulated an important historical collection, chiefly through contributions of family, political, and business manuscripts, as well as letters, diaries, newspapers, magazines, maps, prints, paintings, photographs, and rare books. Additional contributions of such a nature are urgently solicited for preservation in the Society's fireproof building where they may be consulted by scholars. Membership. There are various classes of membership: general, $10.00; associate, $25.00; patron, $100.00; life, $250.00; benefactor, $1,000. Members receive certain privileges in the use of books, are invited to the Society's historical addresses and receptions, and receive The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Those interested in joining the Society are invited to submit their names. Hours. The Society is open to the public Monday, 1 P.M. to 9 P.M.; Tuesday through Friday, 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. The Society is usually closed during August. NEWSPAPERS ON MICROFILM available at THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA

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