Dynamic Adjustment of Photosynthetic Pigment Composition in Leaves

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Dynamic Adjustment of Photosynthetic Pigment Composition in Leaves Dynamic adjustment of photosynthetic pigment composition in leaves Kumulative Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von Kim Gabriele Beisel aus Karlsruhe Oktober 2010 aus dem Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre 3: Phytosphäre (ICG‐3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Referent: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Schurr Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Peter Jahns Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: Selbstständigkeitserklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation eigenständig und ohne fremde Hilfe angefertigt habe. Arbeiten Dritter wurden entsprechend zitiert. Diese Dissertation wurde bisher in dieser oder ähnlicher Form noch bei keiner anderen Institution eingereicht. Ich habe bisher keine erfolglosen Promotionsversuche unternommen. Jülich, den 07.10.2010 __________________ Kim Gabriele Beisel Statement of authorship I hereby certify that this dissertation is the result of my own work. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement. This dissertation has not been submitted in the same or similar form to other institutions. I have not previously failed a doctoral examination procedure. Zusammenfassung i Zusammenfassung Pflanzen haben vielfältige Kurz‐ und Langzeitstrategien entwickelt, um ihre photosynthetischen Membranen an unterschiedliche Lichtverhältnisse anzupassen. Das Einfangen von Lichtenergie bei gleichzeitigem Schutz vor derselbigen, unter sich ändernden Strahlungsumgebungen, ist für die Pflanze überlebenswichtig und muss in den Blättern sorgfältig reguliert und ausbalanciert werden. Einen wichtigen regulatorischen Mechanismus bilden bei diesem Prozess die Anpassung und Instandhaltung der Zusammensetzung von photosynthetischen Pigmenten. Generelle Adaptations‐ und Akklimatisierungsmuster der Pigmentzusammensetzung in den Blättern bei Schatten und Sonne wurden in einer Studie mit phylogenetisch diversen Pflanzen aus tropischen Wäldern in einer natürlichen Umgebung untersucht. Spezies, die an niedrige Strahlungsintensitäten adaptiert oder akklimatisiert waren, neigten dazu relativ mehr in das Einfangen von Lichtenergie zu investieren, was sich in einer hohen massebezogenen Akkumulation von Chlorophyll (Chl) und Carotinoiden, vor allem Neoxanthin (N) und Lutein (L), manifestierte. Die Akklimatisierung an starke Sonneneinstrahlung resultierte in einem erhöhten Gehalt an photoprotektiven Pigmenten des Xanthophyll‐Zyklus, das heißt Violaxanthin (V) + Antheraxanthin (A) + Zeaxanthin (Z), sowie β‐Carotin (β‐C), bezogen auf die Blattfläche und den Chl‐Gehalt. In den meisten der untersuchten Tropenspezies wurde α‐Carotin (α‐C) nachgewiesen, aber das Verhältnis von α‐C zu β‐C in den Sonnenblättern war stets klein. Eine durchgängige Präferenz von β‐C an Stelle von α‐C bei starken Strahlungen lässt auf nachteilige Eigenschaften von α‐C unter hohen Lichtbedingungen schließen. Der dynamische Umsatz (turnover) von Pigmenten, in Verbindung mit der stationären (steady‐state) Pigmentzusammensetzung und der Photosystem II (PSII) Effizienz, wurde in voll entwickelten Blättern der Modellpflanze Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) unter Langzeit‐Niedriglicht, Langzeit‐Hochlicht und Kurzeit‐Hochlichtstress in einer Klimakammer untersucht. Um den dynamischen Umsatz von photosynthetischen Pigmenten zu erforschen 14 14 wurde eine Methode zur in vivo CO2 Markierung ( CO2 pulse‐chase Applikation) von Arabidopsis‐Blättern sowie ein Protokoll zur Radio‐HPLC Pigmentanalyse entwickelt. Die 14 CO2 Markierungsexperimente offenbarten einen kontinuierlichen Umsatz von β‐C und Zusammenfassung ii Chl a in voll entwickelten Blättern, sogar unter niedrigen Lichtverhältnissen. Kurzzeitige Hochlicht‐Stressapplikation hatte keinen Einfluss auf den Umsatz von β‐C und Chl a, führte aber zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des V+A+Z‐ und L‐Gehaltes innerhalb weniger Stunden. Dennoch war in diesen Xanthophyllen keine Radiomarkierung nachweisbar, was unterschiedliche Ursprünge von Molekülvorstufen für den kontinuierlichen Umsatz von β‐C und der stressinduzierten Biosynthese von Xanthophyllen in Chloroplasten vermuten lässt. Der Umsatz von Carotinen war signifikant erhöht, wenn ein Großteil des β‐C durch α‐C im Kern‐Komplex von PSII und PSI durch eine Mutation im lut5‐Gen ausgetauscht worden war, was in Übereinstimmung mit den geringen Anteilen an α‐C in Sonnenblättern von tropischen Waldpflanzen ist. Des Weiteren wurden Interaktionen zwischen dem dynamischen Umsatz von β‐C und Chl a mittels Inhibitoren der D1 Protein‐ (Lincomycin) und Carotinoid‐Biosynthese (Norflurazon) getestet. Die Behandlung mit Lincomycin führte zu einer gravierenden Abnahme der Markierung von Chl a zusammen mit einer eher moderaten Abnahme der Markierung von β‐ C, was auf eine enge Kopplung des Umsatzes des D1 Proteins mit dem Umsatz von Chl a, aber nicht mit dem Umsatz von β‐C schließen lässt. Diese Hypothese ist in Einklang mit dem kleineren β‐C‐Umsatz und dem größeren Chl a‐Umsatz, die in Pflanzen beobachtet wurden, die an Hochlicht‐Bedingungen akklimatisiert waren. Von solchen Pflanzen ist bekannt, dass sie einen hochregulierten D1 Protein‐Umsatz und PSII Reparaturzyklus haben. Eine Teilhemmung der Carotinoid‐Biosynthese durch Norflurazon hat nicht nur die lockere Kopplung zwischen dem β‐C‐ und Chl a‐Umsatz bestätigt, sondern auch die Fähigkeit von Arabidopsis‐Blättern aufgedeckt, den Stoffwechselfluss entlang des Carotinoid‐ Biosyntheseweges zügig (innerhalb einiger Minuten) hochzuregulieren, wenn ein Mangel an β‐C vorliegt. Die Ergebnisse, die in dieser Arbeit erzielt und diskutiert worden sind, betonen die hoch dynamische Regulation der Zusammensetzung von photosynthetischen Pigmenten in voll entwickelten Blättern unter verschiedenen Lichtbedingungen. Summary iii Summary Plants have evolved a number of short‐ and long‐term strategies to acclimate and adapt their photosynthetic membranes to distinct irradiances. Fine regulation and balancing of light harvesting and photoprotection in leaves is essential for the survival of plants in changing light environments. In this respect, adjustment and maintenance of photosynthetic pigment composition represent an important regulatory mechanism. A general picture of sun‐shade adaptation or acclimation patterns of leaf pigment composition was obtained from a survey including phylogenetically diverse tropical forest plants growing under natural environments. Species adapted or acclimated to low irradiance tended to invest relatively more in light harvesting, as manifested by high mass‐based accumulation of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids, especially neoxanthin (N) and lutein (L). High‐light acclimation increased the contents of photoprotective xanthophyll‐cycle pigments, i.e. violaxanthin (V) + antheraxanthin (A) + zeaxanthin (Z), as well as β‐carotene (β‐ C) on a leaf area and Chl basis. Most tropical forest species contained α‐carotene (α‐C), but the α‐C to β‐C ratio was always low in sun leaves. Universal preference of β‐C over α‐C under strong irradiance suggests penalties of α‐C under high light. Dynamic pigment turnover, in conjunction with the steady‐state pigment composition and the photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, was investigated in mature leaves of a model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) under long‐term low‐light, long‐term high‐light and short‐ term high‐light stress applied in a climate chamber. A method and a protocol for in vivo 14 CO2 pulse‐chase labeling with Arabidopsis leaves and radio‐HPLC pigment analysis were 14 developed to study turnover of photosynthetic pigments. The CO2 pulse‐chase labeling experiments revealed continuous turnover of β‐C and Chl a in mature leaves, even under low irradiance. Short‐term high‐light stress did not alter β‐C or Chl a turnover but induced a significant increase of the V+A+Z and L contents within several hours. However, no radio‐ label was detected in these xanthophylls, suggesting separate precursor pools for continuous β‐C turnover and stress‐induced xanthophyll biosynthesis in chloroplasts. Consistent with the low abundance of α‐C in sun leaves of tropical forest plants, turnover of carotenes was significantly increased when a substantial part of the β‐C pool was replaced by α‐C in the core complexes of PSII and PSI due to mutation to the lut5 gene. Summary iv Interactions between β‐C and Chl a turnover were further examined by using inhibitors of D1 protein (lincomcyin) and carotenoid synthesis (norflurazon). Treatment with lincomycin resulted in a striking decrease of Chl a labeling concomitant with a rather moderate decrease of β‐C labeling, indicating a close coupling of D1 protein turnover with Chl a turnover, but not with β‐C turnover. This is coherent with the lower β‐C turnover and higher Chl a turnover found in high‐light acclimated plants, in which D1 turnover and PSII repair cycle are known to be upregulated. Partial inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis by norflurazon not only confirmed a loose coupling between turnover of β‐C and Chl a, but also revealed the ability of Arabidopsis leaves to quickly (within minutes) upregulate metabolic flux down the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway when there is short supply of β‐C. The results obtained and discussed in this thesis underscore the highly dynamic regulation of photosynthetic pigment composition in mature leaves under changing light environments. Table of Contents v Table of Contents Zusammenfassung
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