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TFG Albert Morera Beita.Pdf (6.963Mb) UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA ANIMAL, PARASITOLOGÍA, ECOLOGÍA, EDAFOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA AGRÍCOLA (ÁREA DE ECOLOGÍA) DINÁMICA Y ESTRUCTURA EN ECOSISTEMAS FORESTALES Y SU APORTE AL CICLO DEL CARBONO EN LA PENÍNSULA DE OSA, COSTA RICA TESIS DOCTORAL ALBERT ADERLY MORERA BEITA SALAMANCA, JUNIO DE 2019 UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA ANIMAL, PARASITOLOGÍA, ECOLOGÍA, EDAFOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA AGRÍCOLA (ÁREA DE ECOLOGÍA) DINÁMICA Y ESTRUCTURA EN ECOSISTEMAS FORESTALES Y SU APORTE AL CICLO DEL CARBONO EN LA PENÍNSULA DE OSA, COSTA RICA Tesis Doctoral realizada en el Departamento de Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola (Área de Ecología) de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Salamanca para aspirar al Grado de Doctor Biología y Conservación de la Biodiversidad Área de interés: Conservación de la biodiversidad Línea de Investigación: Dinámica de Ecosistemas Forestales Director de Tesis: Dr. Fernando Silla Cortés Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, junio de 2019 1 El Dr. Fernando Silla Cortés, Profesor contratado del Departamento de Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola de la Universidad de Salamanca, y director de la tesis con título “Dinámica y estructura en ecosistemas forestales y su aporte al ciclo del carbono en la Península de Osa, Costa Rica”, elaborada por Albert Aderly Morera Beita en el Área de Ecología de la Universidad de Salamanca para optar al grado de doctor, considera que dicha tesis presenta los requisitos necesarios para ser defendida públicamente, por lo que: Autoriza su presentación ante el tribunal correspondiente. En Salamanca a………………de………………………….del 2019 Fdo.: Dr. Fernando Silla Cortés (El Director) Tesis presentada por Albert Aderly Morera Beita Para aspirar al Grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Salamanca Fdo.: Albert Aderly Morera Beita (Doctorando) 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS En primera instancia debo expresar un especial agradecimiento a mi director, el Dr. Fernando Silla Cortés, quien decidió acompañarme como un guía académico, pero más que todo como un amigo y que gracias a sus atinados consejos con su especial carisma y capacidad me ofreció un espacio para intercambiar ideas y contribuir con sugerencias para el desarrollo y ejecución de esta investigación. Gracias Fernando por tu tiempo, conocimiento, amistad y fiel compromiso. A los compañeros y estudiantes colaboradores del Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical Aplicada de la Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. Al grupo de trabajo que en estos años por diferentes periodos apoyaron y contribuyeron en la toma de la información de campo y procesamiento en laboratorio: Alejandro Jiménez, Diego Céspedes, Javier García, Alberto Rivera, Guillem Crespo, Javier Rodríguez, José Esteban Jiménez, Johan Montero, Alexis Salas y Jorge Baltodano. De manera especial a Damián Sánchez (Roko) por su apoyo, colaboración, constancia y disposición, si gracias apreciable amigo. A Dr. Manuel Spinola, por su apoyo y colaboración desinteresada en guiarme, aconsejarme y ayudarme en la parte estadística que comprende este estudio, gracias amigo. De manera especial a mi familia que ha sido parte de este proceso, su paciencia, disposición y contribución, para darme espacio en mi vida de dar un paso más en mi formación personal. A mi esposa, Carola y nuestros hijos, Alexandra (Ale) y Philipp, a ellos que de una u otra forma han pasado conmigo estos años y me han dado su espacio y tiempo, pero más que todo contribuido con su paciencia para cumplir este proyecto que es personal, pero indiscutiblemente se vuelve familiar, un agradecimiento que va más allá del amor que siento por ellos. Estos estudios se realizaron con el apoyo económico de los Fondos de Fortalecimiento Institucional de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, agradezco a los que me promovieron y me dieron una oportunidad de mejorar mi formación académica. Al Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones, de Costa Rica. En representación de la Comisión de Incentivos de otorgarme la ayuda financiera del programa de Fondo de Incentivos de Posgrado. 3 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................... 15 METODOLOGÍA ...................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Descripción de la zona de estudio .................................................................................. 20 2.2 Selección de sitios y los diferentes tipos de formaciones forestales ............................. 21 2.3 Establecimiento de las parcelas permanentes de muestreo. ........................................ 23 2.4 Mapas y diagramas de las parcelas permanentes de medición ..................................... 26 2.4.1 Mapas y diagramas para las parcelas de medición en el sitio de Agua Buena de Rincón…. ................................................................................................................................ 26 2.4.2 Mapas y diagramas para las parcelas de medición en el sitio de Piro .................... 31 2.5 Evaluación de la regeneración natural ........................................................................... 35 2.6 Levantamiento de la información de los árboles muertos en pie. ................................. 36 2.7 Muestreos de necromasa. .............................................................................................. 37 2.7.1 Necromasa fina y necromasa gruesa. ..................................................................... 37 2.7.2 Madera fina y madera gruesa. ................................................................................ 38 2.8 Determinación del carbono de la biomasa aérea y subterránea ................................... 39 2.8.1 Determinación de la biomasa en árboles................................................................ 40 2.8.2 Determinación de la biomasa en palmas ................................................................ 40 2.8.3 Determinación de la biomasa de bejucos ............................................................... 42 2.8.4 Determinación de la biomasa de la regeneración natural ...................................... 42 2.8.5 Determinación de la biomasa subterránea para árboles, palmas, bejucos y las categorías de la regeneración natural. ................................................................................. 43 2.8.6 Determinación del carbono de la biomasa árboles, palmas, bejucos, regeneración natural y la necromasa. ......................................................................................................... 43 2.8.7 Determinación del carbono orgánico del suelo. ..................................................... 43 2.9 Determinación de cálculos sobre la dinámica de las formaciones forestales................ 45 2.9.1 Cálculo de las tasas de mortalidad, reclutamiento, recambio y renovación. ......... 46 2.9.2 Cálculo de la vida media y el tiempo de duplicación. ............................................. 46 2.9.3 Cálculos de las tasas de crecimiento en diámetro para los árboles, palmas y bejucos con diámetros (Dap) ≥ a 10 cm ................................................................................ 46 2.10 Análisis de datos ......................................................................................................... 47 2.10.1 Análisis de datos de diversidad ............................................................................... 47 2.10.2 Cálculo del índice de valor de importancia (IVI) ..................................................... 49 2.10.3 Análisis de datos de estructura, dinámica y biomasa ............................................. 49 RESULTADOS.......................................................................................................................... 50 4 3.1 BETA DIVERSITY AND OLIGARCHIC DOMINANCE IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF SOUTHERN COSTA RICA ............................................................................................................ 50 3.1.1 Resumen .................................................................................................................. 50 3.1.2 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 51 3.1.3 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 51 3.1.4 Methods .................................................................................................................. 54 3.1.5 Results ..................................................................................................................... 57 3.1.6 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 63 3.1.7 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 67 3.1.8 References ............................................................................................................... 67 3.2 Biodiversidad .................................................................................................................. 73 3.2.1 Riqueza florística ..................................................................................................... 73 3.2.2 Curvas de acumulación
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