Livelihoods Study Iraqi Kurdistan

Livelihoods Study

Iraqi Kurdistan - October 2017

| 2 | Disclaimer This document has been developed in order to facilitate further decision-making for the Client in terms of the feasibility of the project described herein. The recommendations presented below are the outcome of qualitative and quantitative research and consultants’ expertise and experience. They do not constitute binding legal advice and Carfax Educational Projects does not accept liability for any damages or charges incurred as a result of following the recommendations provided herein. It is strongly recommended that local specialist legal advice be sought to validate recommendations as appropriate.

PRIVATE AND  CONFIDENTIAL

Developed by Carfax Projects French Red Cross

October 2017

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Table of Contents

List of Tables ...... ii

List of Figures ...... iv

Acronyms ...... vi

Executive Summary ...... vii

Introduction ...... 1

Methodology ...... 8

Structure of the Report ...... 12

Needs Assessment ...... 14 Erbil Zone ...... 14 Dohuk Zone ...... 23 Zakho Zone ...... 32 Akre City ...... 40 Additional Data ...... 45 IRCS Needs Assessment ...... 46 Market Assessment...... 48 Note on Wage Depression, and Humanitarian Aid ...... 48 Erbil Zone ...... 48 Dohuk Zone ...... 56 Zakho Zone ...... 60 Akre City ...... 63 Appendix ...... 66

| ii | List of Tables

Table 1- Duration of Displacement- Erbil Zone ...... 16 Table 2 - Reasons Respondents Not Returning (Freq. Table – Coded) ...... 17 Table 3- Household Size and Number of Rooms-Erbil ...... 19 Table 4 - Unemployment Indicators - Erbil Zone ...... 19 Table 5 - Former Jobs and Own Businesses – Erbil Zone ...... 20 Table 6 - Does anyone in this household possess formal qualifications? – Erbil Zone ...... 20 Table 7 - Qualification Specialisations Held (Freq. Table) – Erbil Zone ...... 20 Table 8- Average CSI and Food Security Scores ...... 21 Table 9 - Are any NGOs undertaking FSL activities in your neighbourhood? ...... 22 Table 10 - Length of Displacement-Dohuk Zone ...... 24 Table 11 - Reasons Respondents Not Returning (Freq. Table – Coded) ...... 25 Table 12 - Average Household Size and Average Number of Rooms- Dohuk Zone 26 Table 13 - Unemployment Indicators- Dohuk Zone ...... 27 Table 14 - Former Jobs and Own Businesses – Dohuk Zone ...... 27 Table 15 - Qualifications Held by Target Beneficiaries- Dohuk Zone...... 27 Table 16 - Qualifications Held (Freq. Table) – Dohuk Zone ...... 27 Table 17 - Average CSI and Food Diversity Scores- Dohuk Zone ...... 29 Table 18 - Stakeholders on Availability of FSL Provision/Support in Their Communities - Dohuk Zone ...... 30 Table 19 - Length of Displacement- Zakho Zone ...... 33 Table 20 - Reasons Respondents Not Returning (Freq. Table – Coded) ...... 34 Table 21 - Average Household Size and Average Number of Rooms- Zakho Zone 35 Table 22 - Unemployment Indicators- Zakho Zone ...... 36 Table 23 - Former jobs and own businesses – Zakho Zone ...... 36 Table 24 - Existing Qualifications - Zakho Zone ...... 36 Table 25 - Qualification Types (Freq. Table) – Zakho Zone ...... 36 Table 26 - Is any NGO undertaking FSL Provision? – Zakho Zone ...... 38 Table 27 - Average Household Size and Average Number of Rooms- Akre Zone ... 42 Table 28 - Unemployment Indicators- Akre Zone ...... 42 | iii |

Table 29 - Former Jobs and Businesses – Akre Zone ...... 42 Table 30 - Does anyone in this household possess formal qualifications?- Akre Zone ...... 43 Table 31 - Are any NGOS distributing food/cash? If so which ones?- Akre Zone .. 44 Table 32 - Are any NGOs delivering livelihoods training? If so which ones?- Akre Zone ...... 44 Table 33 - Companies describing the economy as Strong/Average ...... 50 Table 34 - Companies and Sectors where the need for employees is increasing or staying the same ...... 51 Table 35 - Company and Apprentice Roles from Companies Indicating Willingness to Take Apprentices ...... 53 Table 36 - Would you be willing to take on apprentices from a vocational skills programme? - Dohuk Zone ...... 58 Table 37 - Former Jobs and Own Businesses – Erbil Zone ...... 67 Table 38 - Qualification Specialisations Held (Freq. Table) – Erbil Zone ...... 68 Table 39- Former Jobs and Own Businesses – Dohuk Zone ...... 69 Table 40 - Qualifications Held (Freq. Table) – Dohuk Zone ...... 70 Table 41- Former jobs and own businesses- Zakho Zone ...... 71 Table 42 - Qualification Types (Freq. Table) – Zakho Zone ...... 72 Table 43- Former Jobs and Businesses- Akre Zone ...... 72

| iv | List of Figures

Figure 1- Household Status- Erbil Zone ...... 16 Figure 2 - % of respondents planning to return ...... 17 Figure 3 - Number of Disabled/Chronically Ill members of Household ...... 18 Figure 4 - Asset Indicators ...... 21 Figure 5- Household Status- Dohuk Zone ...... 24 Figure 6 - % of Respondents Planning to Return...... 25 Figure 7 - Number of Disabled or Chronically Ill People per Household- Dohuk Zone ...... 26 Figure 8- Asset Indicators ...... 29 Figure 9- Household Status- Zakho Zone ...... 33 Figure 10 - % of Respondents Planning to Return ...... 34 Figure 11 - Number of Disabled or Chronically Ill Individuals per Household- Zakho Zone ...... 35 Figure 12 - Average CSI and Food Diversity Scores- Zakho Zone ...... 37 Figure 13- Asset Indicators – Zakho Zone...... 38 Figure 14 - Household Status- Akre Zone ...... 41 Figure 15 - Length of Displacement-Akre Zone ...... 41 Figure 16 - Number of Disabled or Chronically Ill people per household- Akre Zone ...... 41 Figure 17 - Average CSI and Food Diversity Scores- Akre Zone ...... 43 Figure 18- Average Indicators - Akre Zone ...... 44 Figure 19- Reported nationality of IDPs/Refugees ...... 45 Figure 20- When will you return home? ...... 45 Figure 21- How would you describe the current economic climate?...... 49 Figure 22 - Is your need for employees decreasing, increasing, or staying the same? 50 Figure 23- Are there any jobs or businesses that are growing quickly? ...... 52 Figure 24- Would you be willing to take on apprentices from a vocational skills programme? ...... 52 Figure 25 - How would you describe the current economic climate? - Dohuk Zone 56 Figure 26 - Is your need for employees decreasing, increasing or staying the same? - Dohuk Zone ...... 57 | v |

Figure 27 - Are there any jobs or businesses growing quickly? - Dohuk Zone ...... 58 Figure 28 - How would you describe the current economic climate?...... 60 Figure 29 - Is your need for employees decreasing, increasing or staying the same? - Zakho ...... 61 Figure 30 - Would you be willing to take on apprentices from a vocational skills programme? - Zakho ...... 61 Figure 31 - Akre employer views on current economic climate...... 63 Figure 32 - Are there any jobs or businesses growing quickly? - Akre ...... 63 Figure 33 - Would you be willing to take on apprentices from a vocational skills programme? - Akre ...... 64 Figure 34- Qualification Types (Freq. Table) – Akre Zone ...... 72 | vi |

Acronyms

CFW Cash For Work CSI Coping Strategies Index

DoH Directorate of Health FGD Focus Group Discussion FRC French Red Cross GoI the Government of Iraq IDP Internally Displaced Person

IHL International Humanitarian Law IRSC Iraqi Red Crescent Society ISIL Islamic State KII Key Informant Interview KPI Key Performance Indicator KRG the Regional Government of Kurdistan MEAL Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability and Learning

MoH Ministry of Health UNDF United Nations Development Fund WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

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Executive Summary

Needs Assessment The needs assessment is broken down into the four overarching areas- Erbil, Dohuk, Zakho and Akre. In the cases of Erbil, Dohuk and Zakho, the data within those sections has been further divided into the communities to allow for easy comparison between them. This is to make it easier for IRCS/FRC representatives and donors to identify the most vulnerable areas and to develop livelihoods programmes that are contextually appropriate. Within each area, the needs assessment has been broken down into the following areas:

Demographics/Population Composition

Employment, Existing Skills and Qualifications

Food Security

Assets

Other Aid Actors

KIIs were held with numerous stakeholders and with IRCS to pre-select several areas or neighbourhoods in the different cities. A total of 20 KIIs were conducted. For the household survey and employer surveys, a random sampling approach was used, and the total sample size reached 1,512 completed surveys. For the employer surveys, the researchers sought to meet with a diversity of business owners, and achieved a sample of 77 interactions. Guidance from the FRC livelihoods team was also useful in identifying potential areas of engagement.

Erbil Zone The populations in Erbil Zone tend to have more IDPs than refugees, relative to other zones of focus. Consistently in all locations in Erbil, the highest percentage of displaced households had been displaced for between 24 and 48 months, to 2 to 4 years. In answers to the question focusing on why refugees or IDPs might be choosing to not go home, security concerns emerged as paramount. Individuals in Binaslawa have on average been unemployed for the smallest amount of time, and respondents in Zaytun had been unemployed for the longest time. Zaytun was, again, substantially challenged in terms of overall unemployment. These | viii | indicators continue to point to Zaytun city as a potentially strong candidate for livelihoods activities centred on access to economic opportunities The food security situation in Shamamik appears to be a substantial challenge, in spite of ongoing distribution activities. However, both Binslawa and Zaytun City (areas of challenge in previous analyses) continue to be areas with difficulties, while Turaq also performed poorly in this indicator. In terms of food diversity, Zaytun City and Shamamik faced the most challenges. Binslawa was by far the most challenging area with regard to the asset index, followed closely by Shamamik. However, fewer people were seen to own homes within Zaytun and Turaq. Binslawa appears to emerge as the most challenging context with regard to the asset index. The highest level of distribution activity is taking place to Turaq and Shamamik. The least amount is being distributed in Zaytun City. Meanwhile, very few stakeholders, if any, named relevant livelihoods activities being undertaken in their communities. With regard to livelihoods, it appears there will be limited risk of overlapping provision in the target areas. Looking at overarching provision, it may well be the case that the lower instance of any FSL programming in Binslawa and Zeytun City offer greater opportunities for IRCS/FRC in those areas.

Dohuk Zone The communities in Dohuk were mostly very clearly dominated by host residents. There were fewer IDPs than in Erbil, though notably in Nawre there were still 19%. In Dohuk, there are more returnees- 5 and 6 % in Baroshke and Upper Malta Village. Upper Malta Village reported the highest percentage of households as well as the highest number of unemployed people per household, suggesting that livelihoods programmes are very much needed in this area. However, respondents in Baroshke had on average been unemployed for the longest amount of time. In terms of CSI scores, War City is the most vulnerable. However, respondents in Nawre indicated a very low level of Food Diversity. Over both indicators, Nawre would appear to be the most vulnerable- it has the second highest CSI score, and the lowest diversity score. Respondents in War City reported the highest quality of accommodation, whilst the lowest quality accommodation was reported in Upper Malta Village. War City, as a refugee camp is therefore providing better shelter than the shelter available to the majority host population in Upper Malta Village; air cooling units also appeared to be provided to many residents in War City. The proportion of respondents who own their residences rather than rent is roughly in line with the host population to displaced populations proportion. Taken together, the heavily host communities (Baroske, Nawre, Malta) appeared to be underserved with regard to FSL provision, while the refugee-heavy War appears to be relatively well served with Cash and Food distributions. Livelihoods training programmes were not apparent in any of the targeted communities. | ix |

Zakho Zone Bhedare and Khatbake in Zakho were relatively diverse communities, with host communities, IDPs and refugees all living alongside each other. The highest percentage of unemployment appears to be in Kharbatke, though there was a higher average number of unemployed people per household in Bedare. The levels of unemployment are very high in Zakho, particularly in comparison to Dohuk where the targeted location with the highest level of unemployment (Upper Malta Village) only had 60% of households with unemployed people. However, the number of unemployed people per household is similar between Dohuk and Zakho, although on average the average duration of unemployment is higher in Zakho. Based on the food security data, Bedare appears to be the least vulnerable as it has both the lowest CSI score and the highest Food Diversity score. Nawroz appears to be the most vulnerable- this aligns with the report that no distribution activity is taking place. All locations in Zakho have higher CSI scores and lower food diversity scores than the targeted locations in Dohuk. This suggests that food insecurity could be a substantial issue impacting households in Zakho. Nawroz has the lowest average asset score, suggesting high levels of vulnerability in regard to asset ownership and accommodation quality. Bedare appears to have the fewest asset challenges, potentially indicating better livelihoods situations – this is supported by the higher levels of home ownership in that area. All locations in Zakho had a lower average asset score than any of the locations in Dohuk, suggesting that there might be greater need in regard to accommodation and a lower standard of living – both of which would be strongly correlated with livelihoods and employment opportunities – in Zakho than Dohuk. The relatively low percentage of home ownership in Kharbatke is likely due to the higher percentage of IDPs. However, the levels of home ownership in both Nawroz and Bedare are low in comparison to Dohuk. Taken together, the information about food and/or cash distributions and livelihoods training suggests that Zakho communities are substantially underserved with regard to FSL provision.

Akre City In Akre the work focused on one area in Old Akre that was agreed by all Muhktas to be the most vulnerable. It was very heavily dominated by host populations. Very few respondents were refugees (only one), and this may well have been a case of mistaken response. It is unclear Akre offers a strong mix of IDPs, refugees, and hosts, as specified in the original project proposals. Over one-third of surveyed households in Akre indicated that they had at least one unemployed household member. The self-reported data indicates that typically between 1-2 members within these households are unemployed and that they have been employed for over a year. Although this level of unemployment is still high, it is much lower than in some of the targeted locations in Dohuk and Zakho; however, | x |

the number of unemployed household members and the average duration of unemployment in Akre is similar to the rates reported in the other locations. Akre has much lower CSI scores compared to other locations and high food diversity; these factors, when viewed together, indicate a lower level of vulnerability within this community relative to others in Dohuk Governate. Compared to other locations, Akre had very high asset scores, suggesting lower levels of vulnerability. These results also indicate that Akre has relatively high rates of home ownership compared to other locations. Particularly when viewed in conjunction, the high rate of home ownership and high asset index scores suggest a relatively high level of asset value and security in Akre. Only a very small minority of respondents, smaller than in some of the other targeted locations, indicated that there were food and/or cash distributions in their community. Particularly given that these distributions are attributed to several different organisations, his suggests that there perhaps were distributions in the past that are no longer going on or perhaps that these distributions occurred in other locations through which IDPs passed before settling in Akre.

Market Assessment

Erbil Zone In Erbil, Carfax spoke to 22 business owners and employers. 5 of these were also interviewed as potential purchasers, and 2 additional potential purchasers were also interviewed. Only one business owner described the economic climate in a positive way.

Dohuk Zone In Dohuk, Carfax spoke to 13 business owners or employers, and an additional two potential purchasers. As in Erbil, the vast majority of respondents in Dohuk described the economy as weak. They blamed this on the financial crisis, the rise of ISIS and the lack of money from Baghdad (largely from civil servant salaries). It was noted that sectors that were less dependent on the government, such as hotels, were less affected. The role of connections in securing employment was also mentioned.

Zakho Zone In Zakho, Carfax spoke to 9 employers or business owners, as well as 7 potential purchasers. The economy in Zakho was described by all but one respondent giving relevant responses as weak, with additional discussions highlighting the substantial economic challenges in that community. The only business owner who had anything positive to say about the economy noted that because of the dependency on imported goods, import/export businesses were still enjoying some success; however, it is unclear this | xi | is a sector beneficiaries can take advantage of either as employees, or as business owners.

Akre City In Akre, Carfax spoke to 8 employers or business owners. 4 of these were also interviewed as prospective purchasers. In Akre, the economic situation appeared to be even more challenging than Zarko; the economy was universally classified as weak, and employers had limited need for new employees. Even in general discussions of potential areas of employment growth or economic activity, responding employers seemed unsure, or had a variety of answers which did not demonstrate any clear patterns, with one key exception. Food production, largely surrounding sweets or value-add activities (like yoghurt or cheese production) were the only sector mentioned more than once, consistent with responses in other sections.

| 1 | Introduction

Background In 2014, Islamic State (ISIL) took over significant portions of the Iraqi territory, triggering mass displacement and severe humanitarian needs. After a military stalemate throughout much of 2015, military operations to retake those territories from IS were launched in 2016. On October 17th, 2016, the operation to regain Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq, started, and on July 10th, 2017, 8 months later, the Government of Iraq (GoI) declared the official liberation of the city.

The conflict opposing, since 2014, ISIL and the GoI forces together with the Regional Government of Kurdistan (KRG), displaced approximately 3,2 million people within Iraq. The country now hosts one of the largest internally displaced populations in the world1. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) has seen a 30% population increase since the beginning of the crisis in Syria, in 2011, as Syrians started fleeing the civil war ongoing in their country2. In 2014, Iraqis started to escape conflicts in their governorates, such as Ninewa and fled to KRI. Today, KRI hosts 27% of the IDPs (873,000 individuals).

The armed conflict resulted in the majority of assets being destroyed and competition is stern between host communities, IDPs and returnees for the rare job opportunities available. Trade and business are affected by the lack of customers and people are spending only for vital items.

The Iraqi Red Crescent Society (IRCS), founded in 1932, is auxiliary to the public authorities and implements a numerous humanitarian assistance programs throughout the country.

The Government of Iraq (GoI) has appointed IRCS lead response agency of the Mosul relief operation. IRCS has a staff of 2,300 employees and 7,500 volunteers from across

1 3,174,270 IDPs in Iraq as October 15th 2017, as per International Organization for Migration (IOM). Colombia (7,246,000 IDPs in 2016), Syria (6,278,275 IDPs in 2017), Republic Democratic of Congo (3,750,000 IDPs in 2017) and Soudan (3,300,000 IDPs in 2016) host more IDPs than Iraq, as per the Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC). 2 Press release, UNHCR joins forces with the KRG to support urban communities hosting large displaced populations, June 15th 2016, UNHCR. | 2 |

Iraq's various ethnic groups and is well-positioned to respond to the current humanitarian crisis. IRCS has dealt with protracted humanitarian situations since 2003 and has extensive experience in disaster management. It is the main partner of the Ministry of Health (MoH) / Directorate of Health (DoH) in the provision of health services for the general population, providing complementary support to governmental and private sector health services. IRCS has strong capacity in health and emergency medical services as well as in the provision of psychosocial support services (PSS).

IRCS, especially the branches in Erbil and Dohuk, is experienced with cash transfer projects and has the requisite technical expertise in this field through collaboration with other RCRC Movement partners. The Ninewa Branch has been reopened in Mosul area, even though it is the Erbil, Sala ah Din and Dohuk Branches with the support of IRCS Headquarters in Baghdad that are carrying out the main activities related to this operation.

IRCS is mobilizing 1,400 volunteers from all over the country for the Mosul operation and they are trained in International Humanitarian Law (IHL) first but also according to their specific field of work support: they are trained in health (First Aid, medical services, PSS), disaster management / relief, WASH activities, Livelihood activities, or RFL (restoring family links). For medical services, IRCS is recruiting medical doctors (male and female), paramedics and pharmacists from different governorates, like the volunteers, but mainly from the neighbouring governorates. The recruitment of volunteers from nearby locations is done in close collaboration with DoH, which is responsible for securing sufficient resources for all health services.

The French Red Cross has been operating in the northern part of Iraq, in close collaboration with the IRCS since 2013, developing a multi-sector strategy (emergency relief, WASH and livelihoods) in both in and off camps contexts.

Since 2015, the FRC has implemented activities to support both IDPs and host community to generate income and secure the provision of basic needs. The rehabilitation of small businesses in Zumar Sub-district improved the local market conditions. In Rabia sub-district, temporary employment and short-term income helped to contribute to the amelioration of the living conditions among vulnerable returnees and the local population, with the restoration of community infrastructures through a cash for work intervention. In Dohuk Governorate, the FRC implemented a project to support economic independence, resilience and self-reliance of abused Yezidis women, which represents one of the most vulnerable and affected communities of the conflict. Several projects have been implemented in both Erbil and Dohuk governorates jointly by the Iraqi Red Crescent Society (IRCS) and the FRC. Two projects, financed by the United Nations Development Fund (UNDP), implemented in 2016-2017, are of interest with regards to this assessment: 1. From May 2016 until May 2017, a Women Economic Empowerment project in Dohuk has developed vocational training activities and job referrals follow-up as well as small business development through cash grants. This was designed for 150 displaced women coming mostly from the Yezedi community. Moreover kindergarten were created for the duration of the project in order i) to look after participants’ children and ii) to offer a temporary job opportunity for 34 other women. | 3 |

2. From January 2017 and continuing presently, two other UND4 and UND5 projects were implemented in Hasansham camp (formely Khazer camp) for newly displaced population from Mosul, centred around Cash For Work (CFW) activities to improve the immediate access to existing WASH facilities (latrines cleaning, waste collection and disposal, hygiene promotion). 500 and 1500 persons benefited respectively from those two projects. The lessons learned from those projects will have a particular importance for the assessment: resulting suggestions will be of primary importance in conclusions and prospects foreseen for future implementations. In this context, IRCS and FRC have developed a project thanks to the European Union Trust Fund for Syria, MADAD. The MADAD trust fund primarily ‘addresses longer-term resilience needs of Syrian refugees and IDPs in neighbouring countries, as well as supporting host communities and their administrations’. The project developed in Iraq is part of a much larger consortium covering four countries (Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt and Iraq) and including 14 co-applicants for the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement.

Project title Addressing Vulnerabilities of Refugees and Host Communities in Five Countries Affected by the Syria Crisis Location Iraq: Erbil and Dohuk governorates Duration of the 36 months (starting from 15/12/2016) project Target groups & Supposedly, selection of beneficiaries will be made using beneficiaries established criteria including vulnerability, capacity and motivation to develop businesses or integrate a job. Men/Women ratio is to be determined although special attention will be put into gender issues. Overall, the present assessment will help refine those criteria. Project objectives 400 individuals are participating in professional skills, vocational or business development training courses. It was determined at first that of those 400 individuals, 300 will benefit from job referrals assistance and 100 will be supported to start-up or scale up income generating activities through cash grants. However, this is also to be detailed based on this assessment results.

This project presents several points of attention that the IRCS and FRC wish to tackle with this assessment:

 The activities are essentially similar to the ones described above in the women economic empowerment project, though on a significantly larger scale. Yet, various lessons learned and enhancements are provided from this implementation. | 4 |

 Moreover, the activities themselves are subtle to realize effectively in such a context and require a thorough and comprehensive understanding of the situation.  MADAD scope is large in regards of selection (beneficiaries and areas) yet restraint in terms of coverage (400 individuals). On the one hand, it is an opportunity to deliver qualitative support to those persons. On the other hand, it is of the utmost importance to prepare, target and deliver precisely in order to enhance the positive impact of the project.  This also implies that within the MADAD’s framework, specific needs will be covered and others need to be referenced to other projects. The results from the previous CfW projects, implemented in camps, will be of interest in this sense.  Finally, in such a volatile and changing environment, the interest is great to have a methodological and systematic diagnosis of the different vulnerabilities and capacities of the various populations as well as of the livelihood opportunities that could be suggested accordingly.

Study Objectives Overall Objective: Give orientations for the MADAD project in Iraq to offer livelihood opportunities to the vulnerable fringes of  populations affected by the Syrian crisis while supporting local economy.

This assessment is essentially a livelihood analysis over both Erbil and Dohuk governorates. Thanks to previous projects and IRCS/FRC experience in the region, specific needs were identified for this assessment to tackle. Furthermore, the previous women economic empowerment projectproject which presented the same type of activities had also implemented a prior Labour Market Assessment, all of which present important lessons learned. Essentially, the main question this assessment needs to answer is: ‘Which professional occupation for whom?’ Indeed, the MADAD project in Iraq aims at offering livelihood opportunities to population affected by the Syrian crisis (refugees and host) on the overall area. This implies to trim down the scope of action by giving a clear understanding of vulnerabilities and capacities of the present populations while linking it to the possible livelihood opportunities.

Specific Objective 1: Social distinctions in terms of capacities and vulnerabilities are  identified and categorised.

The area comprises different populations (diverse host communities, refugees from different part of Syria, IDPs from Mossul or Sinjar, etc.). Social edges are not clear- | 5 | cut, though primary hypothesis may be that indeed those different populations may have different needs and specificities. The assessment shall consider the specific needs of the population and within will aim at detailing any existing age or gender-related barriers or any other obstacles to access livelihood opportunities, and which shall be considered for future planning. Moreover, it shall analyse the communities’ livelihood and market participation behaviours, resilience statuses, preferences. Output 1: Socio-economical categorisation of the different populations (urban/rural, in/out- camp, host/refugee/IDPs communities) including 1. sub-categories when relevant (age/gender for example); 2. differentiated vulnerability criteria; and  3. differentiated characteristics (skills, projection in the near future/duration of stay in the area, aspirations, mobility, etc.). It should also provide a clear picture of the challenges and barriers that vulnerable communities are facing in accessing specific business, vocational employment and self- employment opportunities in the target area with particular attention to gender considerations.

Specific Objective 2: A clear mapping of livelihoods opportunities is detailed and  linked accordingly to the different social categories (depending on specific objective 1).

The assessment will identify the main market sectors in the targeted areas and the types of activities and partnerships needed to offer livelihood opportunities for vulnerable Syrian refugees and Iraqis host communities. It should provide MADAD programme partners with the full-economic picture (wage margins, over-saturated areas / sectors) and offer an overview of the existing livelihood challenges, employment and business development opportunities / barriers in the area (including self-employment and home-based business). Furthermore, the assessment shall inform MADAD partners on existing vocational training service providers (public and private) in the selected area and which could be considered as prospective partners to offer needed skills trainings and support of the projects identified. In connection with the outputs from the first specific objective, this market and livelihood opportunities analysis should be linked to i) the capacities of the different populations present in the area and ii) the ability to respond to their needs and aspirations. | 6 |

Output 2a: Mapping of labor and livelihood market/basins including stimulating  value- chains/business opportunities, labor and specific competencies needs, micro projects possibilities for the most vulnerable.

 Labour needs: Identify and map markets and value chains that are not overly saturated and present potential for growth, profitability and employment on the different areas of intervention. It should focus on sectors and businesses that are feasible for vulnerable population  Services providers: Map market actors and institutions operating and delivering goods and services in the area; the accessibility of vocational training, financial services and business service providers (i.e. microfinance and Job placement agencies). Evaluate institutional capacity, quality and cost of possible implementing partners, including provincial vocational schools, private sector service providers and training centres’, as well as local mass organizations that can contribute to some training and job placements services. Output 2b: Reading grid of the different communities’ trajectories1 linking  output 1 and output 2a, in order to help identifying the skills and knowledge gaps that can be improved with training within the specific value chains and business offers.

Specific Objective 3: Gaps and coordination needs (depending on specific objective  2) are identified which shall give concrete directions for the activities within the MADAD project.

Finally, it will be necessary to identify the various stakeholders in place, the areas and activities covered and consequently the remaining gaps. This as well as the specification of useful/necessary coordination in link with outcomes from the previous specific objectives should give clear indications for the MADAD project implementation (activities, scope/areas/beneficiaries, monitoring and project launch). Output 3a: Mapping of stakeholders’ activities, the gaps remaining and the possible links to create - including other IRCS branches and civil  society actors which could have an added value to the project (implementation partnership, capacity building, referrals, mobilization, targeting etc.) – as well as recommendation on necessary coordination mechanisms.

Output 3b:  Listing of possible activities in the MADAD framework including targeting process/selection criteria and implementation modalities. | 7 |

Output 3c:  Recommendations on the roles and responsibilities of the program team and implication of beneficiaries.

Output 3d:  Monitoring plan based on regional ToRs.

Specific Objective 4: Establishing baseline values for the livelihoods component of  the project, generating data against which project impacts and logframe indicators can be benchmarked and measured.

| 8 | Methodology

Methodological Strategy In the interest of achieving optimal project outcomes, the consultants undertook consultative and participatory development of the methodology, working in close collaboration with the client to ensure appropriateness of the approach, methods, and results. A mixed-methods approach, deploying both qualitative and quantitative instruments was adopted. This was deployed in a ‘cascade’ fashion, whereby informed stakeholders are interviewed first with the intent of understanding the project landscape and selecting effective target areas and samples. Tools drew heavily on relevant cluster standards and methodologies (Livelihoods, etc.). The resulting tools allowed for the collection of both self-reported measures, as well as allow for the recording of observations regarding the practices, knowledge, attitudes of respondents. Tools were carefully designed to allow for effective data collection by IRCS volunteersIRCS volunteers, with relevant training delivered to teams to ensure strong data is collected throughout the exercise; these instruments were deployed in Arabic.

Study Objectives The study consists of livelihoods analysis and labour market assessment (LMA). The main objective of the assessment is to provide practical recommendations and inform MADAD livelihood programming, which aims to enable and prepare vulnerable Syrian refugees and host communities living in Dohuk and Erbil governorates to proactively position themselves for employment and to participate, in income-generating and community livelihoods activities. The specific objectives are as follow: 1. Social distinctions in terms of capacities and vulnerabilities are identified and categorized. 2. A clear mapping of livelihoods opportunities is detailed and linked accordingly to the different social categories (depending on specific objective 1). 3. Gaps and coordination needs (depending on specific objective 2) are identified which shall give concrete recommendations for the activities within the MADAD project

Tools A series of qualitative and quantitative tools were developed for use in the field. These included a:

 Key Informant Interview protocol to use with high level stakeholders to identify potential areas  Quantitative household survey to be used by IRCS volunteersIRCS volunteers | 9 |

 Employer Questionnaire to use with potential company employers and small business owners  Focus Group Discussion tools, used with employers/business owners and community members All tools are available in the Appendices of this report.

Sample Framework For the initial Key Informant Interviews to identify possible communities, a snowball sampling approach was used. This meant that the research team approached stakeholders, who in turn put them in touch with other relevant stakeholders. Initially, the consultants spoke to cluster leaders, JCC and BRHA. These organisations and individuals connected the consultants to other relevant stakeholders and INGO representatives. For the household survey and employer surveys, a random sampling approach was used. For the household survey in particular, IRCS volunteersIRCS volunteerswere given maps and clear instructions of how to divide themselves evenly throughout the neighbourhoods to ensure that a variety of conditions were captured. For the employer surveys, the researchers sought to meet with a diversity of business owners. Guidance from the FRC livelihoods team was also useful in identifying potential areas of engagement.

Achieved Sample For the initial KIIs, the following sample was achieved with these types of stakeholders:

Stakeholder Total # of Description Category Interactions Other NGO/Cluster Representatives of other NGOs in the 8 representative sector or representatives of the Cluster Government Representatives of different government 3 representative ministries and bodies Chambers of Representatives of chambers of commerce 2 Commerce University representatives working with Academia 3 IDPs and Refugees Representatives from Vocational Training VTC representative 2 Centres in the target locations Total 20

For the household survey, there was a total sample size of 1,512 completed surveys. Some of these were discarded following data validation. Several focus groups were also conducted. | 10 |

Focus Group Total # of Location Survey Responses Discussion Interactions Participants Erbil 11 Turaq 94 Binaslawa 88 451 Shamamik 111 Zaytun Bid 147 Dohuk 29 Baroshke 289 Nawre 80 561 Upper Malta Village 63 War City 100 Zakho Bedare 153 342 Kharbatke 101 Nawroz 88 Akre 7 178 City Centre 170 Total 1,484 47 1,531

For the employer interviews, the total sample size was as follows:

Business Focus Group Total Number Potential Location Owners/ Discussion of Purchaser Employers Participants Interactions3 Erbil 22 5 9 33 Dohuk 13 2 6 20 Zakho 9 7 16 Akre 8 4 8 Total 52 18 9 77

3 In some cases the total number of interactions may not be equal to the sum of all of the columns as some business owners/employers were also interviewed as potential purchasers | 11 |

Challenges and Limitations There were several challenges during the data collection phase of the research. The first of these was in the Binaslawa, one of the target neighbourhoods in Erbil. The team faced challenges in securing permission to work in Binaslawa, with some limitations placed on the duration of data collection. Further enquiries revealed that although it was an area with a number of vulnerable families, the reason that no NGOs were currently operating there was that there is also a complex and controversial political climate. This posed some challenges ot operation in the target areas. During the training delivered by Carfax and on subsequent data collection days, the IRCS volunteers expressed some concern about the CSI questions. They were deemed to be very sensitive, and potentially offensive to respondents. Following the feedback during the training session, the questions were amended to make them more approachable and easier to answer, though the IRCS volunteers did still have some concern. Focus groups with employers were also limited as business owners were not able to take time out of the working day. Nevertheless, two focus groups were held in Erbil and two in Dohuk. Finally, during the data analysis stage, 15 responses were discarded for various reasons. This is often the case with large scale surveys and should not be seen to affect the data quality. There were some concerns about the large sample size in Baroshke, but it was ultimately decided that this was not a sufficient concern to void the data. | 12 | Structure of the Report

This report has been structured in order to allow for easy comparisons between different locations and to facilitate the client’s understanding and processing of the data collected by Carfax and the resulting recommendations.

Demographics/Population Composition

Employment, Existing Skills and Qualifications

Food Security

Assets

Other Aid Actors

There are some additional areas where it was judged that the amount of data was insufficient to break down into the difference areas. These have been included in an additional section to allow for an understanding of some overarching trends. The figures and tables in this section are interspersed with an analysis of the data, combined with observations from focus groups, interviews and informal observations. An additional subsection discusses the specific needs of IRCS in terms on capacity building and training, as observed in the course of the study, and as discussed with various partners in the project space.

Market Assessment The Market Assessment focuses on potential needs and opportunities in the four overarching locations, and the data has been processed separately for each area. | 13 |

The figures and tables in this section are interspersed with an analysis of the data, combined with observations from focus groups, interviews and informal observations.

| 14 | Needs Assessment

Erbil Zone In Erbil, the household questionnaire was conducted in four neighbourhoods: 1. Turaq 2. Binaslawa 3. Shamamik 4. Zaytun City Subsequent analyses in the Erbil Zone have been disaggregated along these target areas. | 15 |

Demographics/Population Composition

In the first section of the survey, the team solicited a range of demographic and household profile information. The charts below summarise the relevant results, offering insight into overarching demographic, displacement status, and household profile information.

| 16 |

Figure 1- Household Status- Erbil Zone The populations in Erbil Zone tend to have Zaytun City 5% 94% 1% more IDPs than refugees, relative to Turaq 31% 60% 9% other zones of focus. The most diverse Shamamik 30% 69% 2% community is Turaq, where still only 9% of Binaslawa 58% 35% 7% the population are refugees. The most 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% striking population Host IDP Refugee statistics is in Zaytun City where 94% of the respondents were IDPs. There were also high percentages of IDPs in Turaq and Shamamik- 60 and 69% respectively. In Erbil there were no responses from returnee families. In the focus groups with employers, they expressed that whilst there were differences between the different communities, these were not seen to be particularly significant, and that conflicts between these different groups was limited. With regard to IRCS/FRC’s intended focus on areas of mixed IDP-refugee-host composition, it appears that Binslawa and Turaq most closely meet this requirement. However, it is unclear whether substantial conflict exists between the different groups; there were mixed results in FGDs and KIIs, with some stakeholders indicating all the support IDPs and refugees receive was a cause of frustration, while others indicated IDPs and refugees had much greater need, and that hosts were aware of this. Table 1- Duration of Displacement- Erbil Zone

Binslawa Shamamik Avg. Median 50% Avg. 2. Median 50% 3 20-48 24-36 Years: (Months): Years: 5 (Months):

20 50 18 45 16 40 14 35 12 30 10 25 8 20 6 15 4 10 2 5 0 0 1-6 13-24 25-48 7-12 Over 48 1-6 13-24 25-48 7-12 Over 48 months months months months months months months months months months

| 17 |

Turaq Zaytun City Avg. Median 50% Avg. Median 50% 3 24-38 2.5 24-36 Years: (Months): Years: (Months):

45 100 40 35 80 30 60 25 20 40 15 10 20 5 0 0 1-6 13-24 25-48 7-12 Over 48 1-6 13-24 25-48 7-12 Over 48 months months months months months months months months months months

Consistently in all locations in Erbil, the highest percentage of displaced households had been displaced for between 24 and 48 months, to 2 to 4 years. This coincides with when the Islamic State took Mosul in 2014, and aligns to the fact that there were high numbers of IDPs in Erbil. The length of displacement in Zaytun City and Shamamik were, on average, the shortest- however in Binaslawa there was a greater variety in the lengths of displacement. The greater variety in Binslawa may indicate a higher rate of resident turnover there, posing challenges to future M&E activity, as well as ensuring beneficiaries can stay in one place long enough to complete training. Figure 2 - % of respondents planning to return

13% 10% 4% 1%

Binaslawa Shamamik Turaq Zaytun City

Binaslawa Shamamik Turaq Zaytun City % of respondents 4% 1% 13% 10% planning to return

Table 2 - Reasons Respondents Not Returning (Freq. Table – Coded)

Binaslawa Shamamik Turaq Zaytun City Because of 30 Because of 67 Because of 48 Because of 110 the security the security the security the security situation, situation, situation, situation, Iraqis, or Iraqis, or Iraqis, or Iraqis, or ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS | 18 |

Nowhere to 1 Lack of 2 Nowhere to 2 Lack of 4 live/ No ameni- live/ No ameni- home ties/services home ties/service s Lack of 1 Happy stay- 1 ameni- ing here, ties/services don't want to go

Again, in answers to the question focusing on why refugees or IDPs might be choosing to not go home, security concerns emerged as paramount. There was limited difference between respondents in the different communities, with broad agreement that the continued security challenges were the primary barrier to their returning home. Interestingly, of the 1-13% of respondents that indicated they had no plans to return home, very few indicated they planned to stay in Kurdistan permanently. This appears to support the conclusion that most IDPs and refugees will return home if they can. Plans to return home, and the shifting security situation’s impact on these, must be born in mind in the development of IRCS/FRC’s livelihoods programming, as well as in their MEAL tools and frameworks. Later sections discuss these in more detail.

Figure 3 - Number of Disabled/Chronically Ill members of Household4

160% 1.5

140% 1.3 1.3 1.2 120%

100%

80%

60% 44% 46% 43% 40% 35%

20%

0% Binaslawa Shamamik Turaq Zaytun City

% HH with Disabled or Chronically Ill Avg. Qty. Disabled or Chronically Ill per HH

Zaytun City had the largest average quantity of disabled or chronically ill people per household- however this is likely accounted for by the fact that Zaytun also has the largest households, as discussed below. Turaq has the largest percentage of households reported disabled or chronically ill members, suggesting that this might be a promising location for programmes or interventions focused on engaging with disabled people.

4 Please note that the quantities of disabled per household are the average for all households reporting disabled or chronically ill members; these are not averages across all households in the community. | 19 |

Table 3- Household Size and Number of Rooms-Erbil

The biggest households in Erbil are in

Zaytun City, though the biggest houses are

also in Zaytun City. This aligns with the

situation observed during data collection-

Avg. Size Avg. No. Rooms Avg. People per Room Zaytun City is a middle-class housing estate that had only recently been constructed Turaq 6.28 2.3 2.73 before Mosul was taken by Isis. It was Binaslawa 5.87 2.23 2.63 occupied by large numbers of IDPs. The Shamamik 5.94 1.82 3.26 highest ratio of people to rooms is in Shamamik, potentially indicating more Zaytun City 8.95 3.17 2.82 substantial livelihoods challenges in that area.

Employment, Existing Skills and Qualifications

Survey respondents were asked a series of questions about the employment status, past experience and qualifications of the members of their households. These questions were how many people were unemployed, how long they had been unemployed, what their former jobs had been or whether they had had their own businesses, and whether any member of the household had formal qualifications in any area. Questions seeking to establish specific areas of employment were also asked. Table 4 - Unemployment Indicators - Erbil Zone

Binaslawa Shamamik Turaq Zaytun City % of Households with Unemployed People 76% 89% 88% 90% Average # Unemployed per HH 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.33 Average Duration Unemployment (in 15.9 21.1 19.0 25.3 Months)

Individuals in Binaslawa have on average been unemployed for the smallest amount of time, and respondents in Zaytun had been unemployed for the longest time. Zaytun was, again, substantially challenged in terms of overall unemployment. These indicators continue to point to Zaytun city as a potentially strong candidate for livelihoods activities centred on access to economic opportunities. Additional questions were asked of respondents, seeking to establish their jobs or businesses prior to the war, or their current spate of unemployment. The results of those questions have been placed in the table below: | 20 |

Table 5 - Former Jobs and Own Businesses – Erbil Zone

Erbil Zone # of Employees 123 # of Technical workers/craftsmen 64 # of Others 37

The variety of former professions of respondents demonstrates the diversity in the level of education and qualification in these areas. However, the most common jobs required minimal qualifications or manual labour. The most frequently cited jobs were factory worker, student, worker and carpenter. This finding may be worthwhile in later programme design, especially if IRCS/FRC decides to attempt linking pre- qualified and experienced works with existing opportunities. The additional table below covering formal qualifications held by respondents may also prove useful. Table 6 - Does anyone in this household possess formal qualifications? – Erbil Zone

Turaq Binaslawa Shamamik Zaytun City % of respondents 36% 30% 14% 21% answering ‘Yes’

Table 7 - Qualification Specialisations Held (Freq. Table) – Erbil Zone

Erbil Zone # of Technical Qualifications 80 # of Other Qualifications 21

Food Security

The team undertook to use two measures of food security and overall livelihoods status: CSI Scores5, and Food Diversity (food diversity for this survey was a bespoke measure developed in collaboration with FRC). It is thought that, combined, poorer or better performance across these areas offers strong insights into the broader livelihoods situation of informants, and may serve as a strong indicator of which areas have greater need of IRCS/FRC’s support.

5 WFP 2008: The Coping Strategies Index (http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp2 11058.pdf) | 21 |

Table 8- Average CSI and Food Security Scores CSI Score (Lower Better) Food Diversity Score (Higher Better)

Zaytun City Zaytun City

Turaq Turaq

Erbil Erbil Shamamik Shamamik

Binaslawa Binaslawa

0 5 10 15 20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

The food security situation in Shamamik appears to be a substantial challenge, in spite of ongoing distribution activities. However, both Binslawa and Zaytun City (areas of challenge in previous analyses) continue to be areas with difficulties, while Turaq also performed poorly in this indicator. In terms of food diversity, Zaytun City and Shamamik faced the most challenges. While a challenge to reconcile the – at times – conflicting results, findings are still useful: Zaytun City appears to be the most consistently challenged across both FS indicators.

Assets

The consultants also undertook to establish the assets, and home quality, held by respondents, using a rough asset index developed in collaboration with IRCS/FRC. It is thought that overall asset ownership, and quality of housing, is a strong correlate for livelihoods challenges faced by communities. Figure 4 - Asset Indicators

Asset Index Scores (Higher Score Better) Rent or Own Current Home

Zaytun City Zaytun City

Turaq Turaq

Shamamik Shamamik

Binaslawa Binaslawa

20 21 22 23 24 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% own rent unknown

Binslawa was by far the most challenging area with regard to the asset index, followed closely by Shamamik. However, fewer people were seen to own homes | 22 |

within Zaytun and Turaq. Binslawa appears to emerge as the most challenging context with regard to the asset index.

Other Aid Actors

Activity of other aid organizations was calculated by asking respondents if they were aware of any activity (Food Security and Livelihoods) taking place, and if they were by asking them who was carrying out a given activity. In the case of livelihoods training, they were also asked what type of training was being delivered. Table 9 - Are any NGOs undertaking FSL activities in your neighbourhood?

Food Security (Cash and Food) Livelihoods

Turaq Binaslawa Shamamik Zaytun City

Turaq Binaslawa Shamamik Zaytun City % FS = ‘Yes’ 31% 9% 17% 3% % L = ‘Yes’ 0% 0% 1% 1% Named Organisations (Freq. Table)

IOM 1 Mindful 1

LAMP 6 3 3 World Vision 1 QANDIL 2 1

BCF 1 PHILOS 1 Red Crescent/ 15 2 8 Red Cross

The highest level of distribution activity is taking place to Turaq and Shamamik. The least amount is being distributed in Zaytun City. Meanwhile, very few stakeholders, if any, named relevant livelihoods activities being undertaken in their communities. With regard to livelihoods, it appears there will be limited risk of overlapping provision in the target areas. Looking at overarching provision, it may well be the case that the lower instance of any FSL programming in Binslawa and Zeytun City offer greater opportunities for IRCS/FRC in those areas.

| 23 |

Dohuk Zone Dohuk Zone needs assessment activities were undertaken in the following communities: 1. Baroshke 2. Nawre 3. Upper Malta Village 4. War City Subsequent analyses are disaggregated along these communities:

Demographics/population composition

Figure 5- Household Status- Dohuk Zone

Waar City 15% 12% 73%

Upper Malta Village 90% 4% 6%

Nawre 81% 19%

Baroshke 86% 8% 5%

Host IDP Refugee Returnee

The communities in Dohuk were mostly very clearly dominated by host residents. There were fewer IDPs than in Erbil, though notably in Nawre there were still 19%. In Dohuk, there are more returnees- 5 and 6 % in Baroshke and Upper Malta Village. The outlier community in Dohuk is War City which was clearly dominated by refugee communities- 73%. This was the community with the largest percentage of refugee households that was visited in any location by a very significant margin. None of the communities visited in the Dohuk Zone had a strong mix of IDPs, Refugees, and Hosts; War City may be the most mixed community. Table 10 - Length of Displacement-Dohuk Zone

Baroshke War City Median 50% Median 50% Avg. Years: 5 Avg. Years: 4 (Months): 24-72 (Months): 36-60

9 45 8 40 7 35 6 30 5 25 4 20 3 15 2 10 1 5 0 0 1-6 7-12 13-24 25-48 Over 48 1-6 7-12 13-24 25-48 Over 48 months month months months months months month months months months

Whilst many IDPs and refugees had been displaced for 12-24 months in Dohuk as well, there were also more long term IDPs and refugees. In War City this is particularly interesting as this coincides with the large population of refugees from Syria, who have likely been there since the early days of the Syrian conflict. The low number of displaced respondents in Malta and Nawre did not result in sufficient data to allow for calculation of these figures. | 25 |

Figure 6 - % of Respondents Planning to Return

29%

0 0

Baroshke Nawre Upper Malta Village Waar City

Table 11 - Reasons Respondents Not Returning (Freq. Table – Coded)

Upper Malta Baroshke Nawre War City Village Because of the 23 Because of the 8 Because of 2 Because of 38 security security situation, the security the security situation, Iraqis, or ISIS situation, situation, Iraqis, or ISIS Iraqis, or Iraqis, or ISIS ISIS Nowhere to 1 Lack of ameni- 1 Nowhere Happy 3 live/ No home ties/services to live/ No staying home here, don’t want to go Happy staying 1 Happy staying 1 Economic 1 here, don’t here, don't want Conditions want to go to go

Most refugees and IDPs were not planning to return home- War City is the exception. There, more than a quarter of respondent households are planning to return – Syrian refugees in that area are apparently more keen to return home. This should be considered in any potential programming, particularly with regard to M&E concerns The main reason in all locations as to why respondents are not planning to go home is the security situation., with limited diversion from this response. | 26 |

Figure 7 - Number of Disabled or Chronically Ill People per Household- Dohuk Zone

160% 1.4 1.4 140% 1.3 1.3

120%

100%

80% 62% 60% 51% 46% 42% 40%

20%

0% Baroshke Nawre Upper Malta Village Waar City

% HH with Disabled or Chronically Ill Avg. Qty. Disabled or Chronically Ill per HH

There was very little variation between the average quantity of disabled or chronically ill people in the respondents’ households. However, Upper Malta Village reported a much higher percentage of households with disabled or chronically ill people than the other locations suggesting that it should be considered for programmes specifically targeting those who are disabled or chronically ill.

Table 12 - Average Household Size and Average Number of Rooms- Dohuk Zone

Household sizes, and rooms per

house, varied little between those

communities with primarily host

populations (Baroshke, Nawre,

Upper Malta); while War City

Average Size Average No. Rooms Average people per room differed substantially in terms of household size. This may be the Baroshke 6.37 2.53 2.51 result of a substantial refugee Nawre 6.97 2.66 2.62 population, more of which may be Upper Malta Village 6.39 2.73 2.34 be female or child headed due to missing primary providers (e.g. War City 4.94 3.95 1.25 fathers, and military/working age boys). This finding may be considered a substantial indicator of need, especially if IRCS/FRC wishes to impact positively on vulnerable populations (e.g. women, children, elderly).

Employment, Existing Skills and Qualifications

Survey respondents were asked a series of questions about their employment status, past working experience and qualifications. These questions were how many people were unemployed, how long they had been unemployed, what their former jobs had | 27 | been or whether they had had their own businesses, and whether any member of the household had formal qualifications in any area. Table 13 - Unemployment Indicators- Dohuk Zone

City

Baroshke Nawre Upper Malta War

% of Households with Unemployed People 49% 44% 60% 54% Average # Unemployed per HH 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.54 Average Duration Unemployment (in Months) 12.60 11.78 9.63 8.80

Upper Malta Village reported the highest percentage of households as well as the highest number of unemployed people per household, suggesting that livelihoods programmes are very much needed in this area. However, respondents in Baroshke had on average been unemployed for the longest amount of time. Table 14 - Former Jobs and Own Businesses – Dohuk Zone

Dohuk Zone # of Employees 185 # of Technical workers/craftsmen 27 # of Other 72

While the quantity of above occupations appears to be difficult to process on the face of it, it may be useful to evaluate the above table for insight into roles or jobs where ‘quick wins’ are possible; it may be possible to place more skilled workers (e.g. nurses or health workers) with employment opportunities without the need for expensive training. Later sections discuss this in more detail. The team also undertook to establish the qualifications held by respondents, asking if anyone in the household held a qualification, and if so, what were they? Table 15 - Qualifications Held by Target Beneficiaries- Dohuk Zone

Upper Malta Baroshke Nawre War City Village % indicating 19% 13% 32% 15% qualifications held

Table 16 - Qualifications Held (Freq. Table) – Dohuk Zone

Dohuk Zone # of Technical Qualifications 73 | 28 |

# of Other Qualifications 6

Food Security

The team undertook to use two measures of food security and overall livelihoods status: CSI Scores6, and Food Diversity. It is thought that, combined, poorer or better performance across these areas offers strong insights into the broader livelihoods situation of informants, and may serve as a strong indicator of which areas have greater need of IRCS/FRC’s support.

6 WFP 2008: The Coping Strategies Index (http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp2 11058.pdf) | 29 |

Table 17 - Average CSI and Food Diversity Scores- Dohuk Zone CSI Score (Lower Better) Food Diversity Score (Higher Better)

Waar City Waar City

Upper Malta Village Upper Malta Village Dohuk Dohuk Nawre Nawre

Baroshke Baroshke

0 5 10 15 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6

In terms of CSI scores, War City is the most vulnerable. However, respondents in Nawre indicated a very low level of Food Diversity. Over both indicators, Nawre would appear to be the most vulnerable- it has the second highest CSI score, and the lowest diversity score.

Assets

Figure 8- Asset Indicators Asset Index Score Rent or Own Current Residence?

Waar City Waar City

Upper Malta Village Upper Malta Village

Nawre Nawre

Baroshke Baroshke 22 23 24 25 26 27 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% own rent

Respondents in War City reported the highest quality of accommodation, whilst the lowest quality accommodation was reported in Upper Malta Village. War City, as a refugee camp is therefore providing better shelter than the shelter available to the majority host population in Upper Malta Village; air cooling units also appeared to be provided to many residents in War City. The proportion of respondents who own | 30 |

their residences rather than rent is roughly in line with the host population to displaced populations proportion.

Other Aid Actors

Activity of other aid actors was calculated by asking respondents if they were aware of any activity taking place, and if they were by asking them who was carrying out a given activity. In the case of livelihoods training, they were also asked what type of training was being delivered. Table 18 - Stakeholders on Availability of FSL Provision/Support in Their Communities - Dohuk Zone

Food Security (Cash and/or Food) Livelihoods

City City

Baroshke Nawre Village Upper Malta War Baroshke Nawre Village Upper Malta War

‘Yes’ FS ‘Yes’ Liveli- Support 2% 3% 2% 42% hoods Support 0% 0% 0% 1% Available Available NRS 1 LAMP 1 16 QANDIL 1 19 BCF 1 Harikar 6 Red Crescent/Red 1 4 Cross

The reports of food and cash distribution activity were significantly higher in War City, likely due to the fact that it is a refugee camp. There were no reported distribution activities in Upper Malta Village and very few in Baroshke and Nawre. No respondents were able to identify any delivery of livelihoods training, and only in War City were any (and a very small percentage at that) respondents aware of any being delivered. Taken together, the heavily host communities (Baroske, Nawre, Malta) appeared to be underserved with regard to FSL provision (though their FS needs will be covered in the next section), while the refugee-heavy War appears to be | 31 | relatively well served with Cash and Food distributions. Livelihoods training programmes were not apparent in any of the targeted communities.

| 32 |

Zakho Zone Zarkho needs assessments were all undertaken within the city of Zarkho; disaggreagation is undertaken across three distinct neighbourhoods within the city: 1. Bedare 2. Kharbatke 3. Nawroz

| 33 |

Demographics/Population Composition

Nawroz 78% 20% 2%

Kharbatke 15% 68% 18%

Bedare 44% 41% 10% 5%

Host IDP Refugee Returnee

Both Bhedare and Khatbake in Zakho were relatively diverse communities, with host communities, IDPs and refugees all living alongside each other. Nawroz reflected a slightly different situation than the other locations; although also a diverse community, it had a much higher percentage of host families (78%). Bedare and Kharbatke comprise the most mixed communities, with a relative mix of IDPs, refugees, and hosts. Table 19 - Length of Displacement- Zakho Zone

Bhedare Kharbatke Avg. Median 50% Avg. Median 50% 4 36-39 3 36-38 Years: (Months): Years: (Months):

60 70 50 60 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 1-6 7-12 13-24 25-48 Over 48 1-6 7-12 13-24 25-48 Over 48 months month months months months months month months months months

| 34 |

Nawroz In Zakho, displaced populations had most often been displaced for between 24 Avg Median 50% 3.5 36-60 and 48 months. However, there were also Years: (Months): some populations that had been displaced 12 for more significant amounts of time. 10 Displaced respondents across all three sections of the community indicated 8 similar lengths of displacement. 6 4 2 0 1-6 7-12 13-24 25-48 Over 48 months month months months months

Figure 10 - % of Respondents Planning to Return

10% 9% 5%

Bedare Kharbatke Nawroz

Table 20 - Reasons Respondents Not Returning (Freq. Table – Coded)

Bedare Kharbatke Nawroz Because of the secu- 44 Because of the se- 57 Because of the se- 17 rity situation, curity situation, Ira- curity situation, Ira- Iraqis, or ISIS qis, or ISIS qis, or ISIS

Economic Condi- 10 Economic Condi- 4 Economic Condi- 3 tions tions tions Happy staying here, 3 Nowhere to 3 don’t want to go live/No home Nowhere to live/ 2 No home Lack of ameni- 1 ties/services

The percentage of respondents from Zakho indicating that they planned to return home was similar to levels recorded in Dohuk, with the exception of War City. As in Dohuk, respondents were most likely to indicate they were not returning to their area of origin because of the security situation, citing specifically Iraqis and/or ISIS. | 35 |

However, unlike Dohuk, respondents in Zakho were much more likely to indicate that economic conditions were a factor inhibiting their return. The focus on economic conditions in Zakho reflects the possibility for strong engagement in livelihoods offered in these communities. Respondents in Nawroz were somewhat less likely to indicate that they would return; however, this number is still within the margin of error. Figure 11 - Number of Disabled or Chronically Ill Individuals per Household- Zakho Zone

160% 1.4 140% 1.3 1.2 120%

100%

80% 56% 56% 60% 51%

40%

20%

0% Bedare Kharbatke Nawroz

% HH with Disabled or Chronically Ill Avg. Qty. Disabled or Chronically Ill per HH

There was little variation between the three locations in this data, and overall there were lower numbers of disabled people than in Dohuk.

Table 21 - Average Household Size and Average Number of Rooms- Zakho Zone

In Nawroz, there was a much higher

ratio of people to rooms than in the

Size of other two targeted locations. Kharbatke

o. H had the lowest ratio of people to rooms,

per HH suggesting better living conditions and possibly a higher standard of living

verage No.

Average H A Rooms Average N People per Room among households in this community. This finding, particularly with regard to Bedare 7.62 2.47 3.08 Nawroz, may be considered a substantial Kharbatke 7.02 3.58 1.96 indicator of need, especially if Nawroz 7.49 1.84 4.07 IRCS/FRC wishes to impact positively on vulnerable populations (e.g. women, children, elderly).

Employment, Existing Skills and Qualifications

unemployed, what their former jobs had been or whether they had had their own businesses, and whether any member of the household had formal qualifications in any area. Table 22 - Unemployment Indicators- Zakho Zone

edare

B Kharbatke Nawr

% of Households with Unemployed 84% 95% 93% Average # Unemployed per HH 1.6 1.3 1.2 Average Duration Unemployment (in Months) 17.8 15.6 11.9

The highest percentage of unemployment appears to be in Kharbatke, though there was a higher average number of unemployed people per household in Bedare. The levels of unemployment are very high in Zakho, particularly in comparison to Dohuk where the targeted location with the highest level of unemployment (Upper Malta Village) only had 60% of households with unemployed people. However, the number of unemployed people per household is similar between Dohuk and Zakho, although on average the average duration of unemployment is higher in Zakho. Table 23 - Former jobs and own businesses – Zakho Zone

Zakho Zone # of Employees 265 # of Technical workers/craftsmen 54 # of Other 11

The most frequent former occupation was as a factory worker in all locations, suggesting that there are many unskilled and semi-skilled, unemployed people in the targeted locations. However, there is some evidence of people having skilled, technical experience, including carpentry, tailoring, and metal-working. The team also undertook to establish what sorts of qualifications are already held by respondents, asking if anyone in the household held a qualification and, if so, what were they? Table 24 - Existing Qualifications - Zakho Zone

Bedare Kharbatke Nawroz % Indicating ‘Yes’ 19% 12% 1%

Table 25 - Qualification Types (Freq. Table) – Zakho Zone

Dohuk Zone | 37 |

# of Technical Qualifications 19 # of Other Qualifications 10

Respondents in Nawroz reported much lower levels of formal qualifications than the other two locations. However, the reported level of formal qualifications is low across all three targeted communities.

Food Security

The team used two measures of food security and overall livelihoods status: CSI Scores7 and Food Diversity. It is thought that, combined, poorer or better performance across these areas offers strong insights into the broader livelihoods situation of informants, and may serve as a strong indicator of which areas have greater need of IRCS/FRC’s support. Figure 12 - Average CSI and Food Diversity Scores- Zakho Zone CSI Score (Lower Better) Food Diversity Score (Higher Better)

Nawroz Nawroz

Kharbatke Kharbatke

Zakho Zakho

Bedare Bedare

0 5 10 15 20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Based on the food security data, Bedare appears to be the least vulnerable as it has both the lowest CSI score and the highest Food Diversity score. Nawroz appears to be the most vulnerable- this aligns with the report that no distribution activity is taking place. All locations in Zakho have higher CSI scores and lower food diversity scores than the targeted locations in Dohuk. This suggests that food insecurity could be a substantial issue impacting households in Zakho.

Assets

7 WFP 2008: The Coping Strategies Index (http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp2 11058.pdf) | 38 |

Figure 13- Asset Indicators – Zakho Zone Asset Index (Higher Better) Rent or Own Habitation

Nawroz Nawroz

Kharbatke Kharbatke

Bedare Bedare

18 19 20 21 22 23 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

own rent unknown

Nawroz has the lowest average asset score, suggesting high levels of vulnerability in regard to asset ownership and accommodation quality. Bedare appears to have the fewest asset challenges, potentially indicating better livelihoods situations – this is supported by the higher levels of home ownership in that area. All locations in Zakho had a lower average asset score than any of the locations in Dohuk, suggesting that there might be greater need in regard to accommodation and a lower standard of living – both of which would be strongly correlated with livelihoods and employment opportunities – in Zakho than Dohuk. The relatively low percentage of home ownership in Kharbatke is likely due to the higher percentage of IDPs. However, the levels of home ownership in both Nawroz and Bedare are low in comparison to Dohuk.

Other Aid Actors

Activity of other aid actors was calculated by asking respondents if they were aware of any activity taking place, and if they were by asking them who was carrying out a given activity. In the case of livelihoods training, they were also asked what type of training was being delivered. Table 26 - Is any NGO undertaking FSL Provision? – Zakho Zone

Bedare Kharbatke Nawroz Bedare Kharbatke Nawroz

‘Yes’ FS Provision 3% 3% 0% ‘Yes’ livelihoods provision 2% 1% 0% INGOs Undertaking FSL Programming (Freq. Table) Caritas 1 QANDIL 1 2 All Hands 1

| 39 |

Only a small minority of respondents in Bedare and Kharbatke indicated that there is food and/or cash distribution in their communities. Particularly given that these distributions are attributed to several different organisations, this suggests that there perhaps were distributions in the past that are no longer going on or perhaps that these distributions occurred in other locations through which IDPs passed before settling in Zakho. The data suggests that there is little if any livelihoods training occurring in the targeted communities; none of the respondents in Bedare or Kharbatke indicating that livelihoods training is available were able to identify organisations providing this training. Some actors may currently be delivering in Zakho, implementing livelihoods training, and some entrepreneurship support. Taken together, the information about food and/or cash distributions and livelihoods training suggests that Zakho communities are substantially underserved with regard to FSL provision.

| 40 |

Akre City Assessments in Akre were only undertaken within the city centre:

Demographics/Population Composition

| 41 |

Figure 14 - Household Status- Akre Zone In Akre the work focused on one area in Old Akre City Centre 88% 10% 1% that was agreed by all Muhktas to be the most vulnerable. It was very Host IDP Refugee heavily dominated by host populations. Very few respondents were refugees (only one), and this may well have been a case of mistaken response. It is unclear Akre offers a strong mix of IDPs, refugees, and hosts, as specified in the original project proposals. Figure 15 - Length of Displacement-Akre Zone

Akre City Centre As mentioned previously, most of the population in Average Length of displacement: 4 Years this area of Akre is host 16 community; however, there 14 is a minority of IDPs and 12 refugees included in this 10 needs assessment. The vast 8 majority of these displaced 6 people had been displaced 4 for between 2 and 4 years, 2 although a smaller portion 0 1-6 months 7-12 13-24 25-48 Over 48 had been displaced for even month months months months longer.

Respondents from Akre who identified as either ‘IDPs’ or ‘refugees’ were asked about whether or not they were planning to return to their area of origin; only 15% of these respondents indicated that they planned on returning at some point. This percentage is slightly higher than that seen in other zones targeted by the needs assessment. When asked ‘why are you not going home’, the only reason given by this subset of respondents was the security situation, including perceived threat from Iraqis and/or from ISIS. This could suggest that issues identified by respondents in Dohuk and Zakho, including economic conditions and nowhere to live/no home, may be less of an issue in Akre. Figure 16 - Number of Disabled or Chronically Ill people per household- Akre Zone

140% 1.3 Half of all respondents indicated that 120% there was a disabled and/or chronically 100% ill people in their household; the self- 80% reported data suggests that within these 60% 50% households there is typically 1-2 40% disabled or chronically ill family 20% members. These numbers point to 0% generally lower levels of disability in % HH with Disabled Avg. Qty. Disabled Akre than in other targeted areas. or Chronically Ill or Chronically Ill per HH | 42 |

Table 27 - Average Household Size and Average Number of Rooms- Akre Zone

These results indicate that

households in Akre are smaller than

Size

oom

in other targeted areas, as well as

o. o. of that there are on average fewer

per HH

people per room. This suggests that perhaps the standard of

Average Average N Room Average N People per R accommodation is less of a concern in this area. Akre City Centre 5.69 2.73 2.08

Employment, Existing Skills and Qualifications

Survey respondents were asked a series of questions about the employment status, past experience, and qualifications of the members of their households. These questions were how many people were unemployed, how long they had been unemployed, what their former jobs had been or whether they had had their own businesses, and whether any member of the household had formal qualifications in any area. Table 28 - Unemployment Indicators- Akre Zone

% of Households with Unemployed People 38% Over one-third of surveyed households in Average # Unemployed per HH 1.53 Akre indicated that they Average Duration Unemployment (in Months) 14.05 had at least one unemployed household member. The self-reported data indicates that typically between 1-2 members within these households are unemployed and that they have been employed for over a year. Although this level of unemployment is still high, it is much lower than in some of the targeted locations in Dohuk and Zakho; however, the number of unemployed household members and the average duration of unemployment in Akre is similar to the rates reported in the other locations. Table 29 - Former Jobs and Businesses – Akre Zone

Akre Zone # of Employees 76 # of Technical workers/craftsmen 15 # of Other 13

The most commonly given former jobs reported by respondents were ‘factory worker’, ‘employee/labourer’, and ‘student’, although a range of jobs were given. The prominence of responses like ‘factory worker’, ‘employee/labourer’, and ‘shop worker’ suggest that there could be a relatively high percentage of unskilled or semi- skilled workers in this community. | 43 |

However, respondents were also asked questions with regard to formal and professional qualifications: Table 30 - Does anyone in this household possess formal qualifications?- Akre Zone

Akre City Centre Only 12% of respondents indicated that someone in % of respondents indicating that someone in 12% their household possesses their household possesses a formal qualification formal qualifications, Qualifications (Freq. Table) supporting the aforementioned claim # of Technical Qualifications 22 that many much of the # of Other Qualifications 5 workforce in Akre is made up of unskilled or semi-skilled workers. The most common areas of training included ‘sewing, knitting, and / or tailoring’ and ‘electronics / mobile repairs’.

Food Security

The team used two measures of food security and overall livelihoods status: CSI Scores8 and Food Diversity. It is thought that, combined, poorer or better performance across these areas offers strong insights into the broader livelihoods situation of informants and may serve as a strong indicator of which areas have greater need of IRCS/FRC’s support. Figure 17 - Average CSI and Food Diversity Scores- Akre Zone CSI Score (Lower Better) Food Diversity Score (Higher Better)

0 2 4 6 0 1 2 3 4 5

Akre has much lower CSI scores compared to other locations and high food diversity; these factors, when viewed together, indicate a lower level of vulnerability within this community relative to others in Dohuk Governate.

Assets

The consultants also undertook to establish the types of assets held by respondents as well as the infrastructural quality of their homes using a rough asset index developed in collaboration with IRCS/FRC. It is thought that overall asset ownership and quality of housing provide a strong correlate for livelihoods challenges faced by communities.

8 WFP 2008: The Coping Strategies Index (http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp211058.pdf) | 44 |

Figure 18- Average Indicators - Akre Zone Asset Index (Higher Better) Rent or Own Domicile

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% own rent

Compared to other locations, Akre had very high asset scores, suggesting lower levels of vulnerability. These results also indicate that Akre has relatively high rates of home ownership compared to other locations. Particularly when viewed in conjunction, the high rate of home ownership and high asset index scores suggest a relatively high level of asset value and security in Akre.

Other Aid Actors

Activity of other aid actors was calculated by asking respondents if they were aware of any activity taking place, and if they were by asking them who was carrying out a given activity. In the case of livelihoods training, they were also asked what type of training was being delivered. Table 31 - Are any NGOS distributing food/cash? If so which ones?- Akre Zone

Akre City Centre Only a very small minority of respondents, % of respondents indicating food or cash 3% smaller than in some of distribution in their community: the other targeted Organisations Cited as Undertaking Food or Cash Distributions locations, indicated that (Freq. Table) there were food and/or cash distributions in their CRS 1 community. Particularly QANDIL 2 given that these distributions are Red Crescent/Red Cross 2 attributed to several different organisations, his suggests that there perhaps were distributions in the past that are no longer going on or perhaps that these distributions occurred in other locations through which IDPs passed before settling in Akre. Table 32 - Are any NGOs delivering livelihoods training? If so which ones?- Akre Zone

Akre City Centre The lack of livelihoods programming in Akre aligns with % of respondents indicating livelihoods 0% the consultants’ findings when they training in their communities: met with VTCs in Akre – although there were some available facilities and previous small-scale programmes had been delivered, none were currently operational. | 45 |

Additional Data In some cases, the limited amount of data means that it is most effective to consider the data without desegregating it into areas. This is the case in the reported nationality of displaced populations, and their plans for when they will return home. For all other data sets, the data have been broken down into area and community. Figure 19- Reported nationality of IDPs/Refugees

120 110 100 80 60 40 15 20 1 1 2 5 0

Syria Kurdish Syrian Kurd Chenkara Iraqi Turkish

The highest number of respondents to this question were Syrian, however this is at odds with the far more significant number of IDPs than refugees. It is possible that IRCS volunteers only pursued this line of questioning when the respondent was not Kurdish or Iraqi. The high number of Syrian respondents may indicate the need for some language support to be integrated into livelihoods programmes- many will not speak Kurdish. Figure 20- When will you return home?

When the fighting ceases or the security situation improves

When the economic or employment situation improves

When services are improved/provided

In the next year

When possible

In the near future

I don't want to return

I don't know

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Zakho Erbil Dohuk Akre

Across all three locations, most displaced respondents noted that their return home was predicated on a cessation of violence or an improved security situation. Significant numbers also noted the importance of the economy and the availability of jobs, reflecting the importance of livelihoods programming. A small number in Dohuk noted that they did not want to return home. | 46 |

IRCS Needs Assessment A series of discussions with various project partners, and observations undertaken in the field, have led to several conclusions regarding IRCS’s strengths and challenges, and potential ways forward in this project.

Strengths Engaged and Responsive IRCS was broadly cited as being engaged in their in work, endeavouring to achieve positive outcomes in Face of Limited the face of relatively limited resources (human and Resources material). This was a key strength IRCS/FRC has indicated they are keen to support and draw on in future delivery. Requests and contacts from IRCS/FRC are taken seriously, with support provided where capacity is available. IRCS liaisons were similarly characterised as being keen to work with IRCS/FRC, and willing to learn and support as needed to achieve project success. Communication Communication between IRCS/FRC and IRCS liaisons, as well as with higher-level IRCS staff, was broadly characterised as positive. This bodes well for the project moving ahead. Expertise and Contextual The IRCS team clearly had a depth of contextual Knowledge knowledge and expertise in humanitarian operations in Iraq. When IRCS was able to support, this knowledge and expertise was invaluable. Networks IRCS has a strength of local networks on which IRCS/FRC can draw moving ahead. These networks can prove to be a valuable resource.

Areas FRC Can Support Volunteer-Driven The IRCS volunteers network appear to be strong, Support engaged liaisons and partners. However, their status as volunteers may be limiting the amount of time they can dedicate to supporting FRC; the amount these volunteers can learn from engagements may also be limited as a result. This was one area FRC has indicated potential willingness to support IRCS. Strategic Planning and FRC has the capacity to support IRCS in developing Preparation long-term strategic planning, as well as shorter term operations planning, capabilities. Field collaboration with IRCS liaisons on a long term, full-time basis has the potential to further develop the relevant capacities. Livelihoods IRCS/FRC’s expertise in this can result in the | 47 |

Programming developing of improved capacities (as well as improved donor resources) for the IRCS team. Information and Institutionalisation of information sharing systems and Knowledge Sharing practices is another area where IRCS/FRC can support capacity development. This has the potential to create a system where information is more accurate, up-to- date, and based on rigorous, empirical evidence of need and impact.

| 48 | Market Assessment

Currently the economic situation in Iraqi Kurdistan is highly volatile and unpredictable. After rapid growth thanks to an influx of international assistance and aid money following 2003, the rise of ISIS and the cessation or reduction of salary payments from Baghdad has crippled the local economy. The recent referendum and armed confrontations between Iraqi and Kurdish forces in Northern Iraq continue to create economic uncertainty, with many stakeholders and commentators expressing pessimistic economic outlooks for the foreseeable future. This was reflected in employers’ responses in all four areas, with many reluctant to commit to taking on new staff. Though there are some encouraging signs and some employers expressed optimism, the fragile political situation means that this initial assessment should be read as only indicative. It will be crucial that any programme, intervention or grant giving initiative be flexible and adaptable to market shifts and the emergence of new knowledge.

Note on Wage Depression, and Humanitarian Aid One challenge consistently arose in discussions with beneficiaries, employers, and partner representatives: the deflationary effect on wages caused by cash, food, and NFI distributions to IDPs and refugees. It appears that frequent cash and food distributions to IDPs and refugees in Kurdistan, necessary as they may be, are driving wages down, as refugees and IDPs – with many of their basic material needs met by INGOs – are able to work for much less than their host counterparts. This may have led to higher unemployment among hosts than might otherwise be the case. Furthermore, these wage deflation challenges may come to cause challenges for IRCS/FRC as it endeavours to support hosts to achieve improved employment and livelihoods outcomes; expectation management on the part of both employers and employees will likely be important.

Erbil Zone

Employer Survey In Erbil, Carfax spoke to 22 business owners and employers. 5 of these were also interviewed as potential purchasers, and 2 additional potential purchasers were also interviewed. Three of the companies were large consortiums with diverse interests across various sectors. These were: Galiawa Group: A diverse consortium whose main activity is in construction, they also have trade construction materials, have a concrete factory and produce barriers and other concrete products. They also have a real estate operation, a project management team, a design and consultancy operation and an education branch. GEG Reklam: Their main operation is in advertising- they operate billboards throughout Iraqi Kurdistan. However they also have other subsidiary companies including fitness centres, a water park, a retail store and a construction branch. | 49 |

White Rose General Trading: White Rose is mainly a Vestel distributor who sell home applicanes. However they are also active in the hospitality sector and they have a small factory. The other businesses that were contacted break down as follows:

Hotel Fire Extinguishers- Sale and 2 1 Repair Cafés/Restaurants 2 Geotech Services 1 Mobile Phones Medical Supplies - Import and 2 1 Sales Advertising 1 Printing Press 1 Car Wash 1 Retail and General Trading 2 Construction and Real Fruits and Nuts 1 1 Estate Dairy Production and Sales 1 Tailors 1 Factory- Food Packaging 1 Total: 22

Figure 21- How would you describe the current economic climate? The only business owner who 14 described the economic climate 12 in a positive way was Yoruksut 10 Dairy- a Turkish company who 8 6 bring workers over from 4 Turkey. They have been in Iraqi 2 Kurdistan for four and a half 0 years, and currently have 35 Strong Average Weak No Answer vehicles serving the markets. They claimed that their success was due to their willingness to invest in their business and in new endeavours, but that the recent political and security challenges have made them much more conservative with regard to hiring.

| 50 |

Table 33 - Companies describing the economy as Strong/Average

Dairy- No problems. If other people are having problems it is because they are scared to invest in new endeavours Geotech Services- Projects in Erbil but without profit, with personal investment they are fin, they are expanding in Baghdad and Basra Home Appliances Trading- Complex and hard to know but the economy will be strong again in 2 or 3 years Food Processing Factory- All of their labourers have their own cars and houses, other factories are not doing as well Tailor- Impossible to predict what will happen. Sometimes the economy is good, sometimes it is bad. Advertising and Media- currently downsizing by very optimistic that the situation will soon improve Fire Extinguishers- Not as good as before, but fine Restaurant- Not brilliant but it is fine.

The most frequent reason cited for the weak economic situation was the rise of ISIS and the fact that no salaries were being paid from Baghdad (civil servants). In some sectors, for instance the printing press, jobs are moving overseas to Turkey and China. In other areas, there are clear differences between cities. Erbil was seen as better for contractors, whilst Mosul is a more promising location for labourers. There was some opportunity for expansion cited in Basra and Baghdad. Figure 22 - Is your need for employees decreasing, increasing, or staying the same? In two of the business where the need for employees was increasing there was a particular need for female candidates. One of these 18% was specifically looking for female salespeople, and noted their 55% commitment to gender parity in 27% the workplace. Another was looking for female waitresses. In other areas, businesses were mostly looking for specialists- for instance in waste management or Decreasing Increasing Staying the same who were familiar with specific types of machinery – for these employers, it may be worthwhile seeking already skilled, and unemployed, residents in target areas, and attempting to link them up with employment opportunities (see previous tables discussing working experience of target beneficiaries).

| 51 |

Both hotels contacted noted that their need for employees was increasing and that they would require staff across a variety of areas including housekeeping, waiters, receptionists, marketing and back office areas. Table 34 - Companies and Sectors where the need for employees is increasing or staying the same

Diverse consortium (Advertising, Construction, Tourism) Geotech Services Food Processing Factory Hotels Cafés/Restaurants General Trading/Home Appliance Trading Dairy Mobile phone shops Clothes shops Tailors Car Wash Advertising Retail- Food Fire Extinguishers

The skills that most employers noted they had difficulty finding in candidates were:  Languages o Arabic o English  Computer Skills  Technological and Maintenance skills  Creative Skills- Graphic Design  Sales and Marketing  Customer Service  Finance and Accounting- particularly familiarity with relevant systems  Cooks and Chefs Most of these same skills were mentioned by employers when they were asked what skills they value in their employees. Other skills mentioned included:  Communication skills  Trustworthiness  Motivation  Experience Many of the skills and sectors described above appear to be within the capacity of a vocational training program to target, particularly in the area of professional skills. | 52 |

All employers interviewed were asked which sectors they saw as offering the most employment opportunities. The results of this line of questioning can be found below: Figure 23- Are there any jobs or businesses that are growing quickly? Food production and Supermarkets restaurants and cafes Military were reported to be the

Real Estate fastest growing sectors. It is worth noting, Medicine however, that these Tourism were also described as NGOs/UN very saturated

Petrol/Oil employment sectors, with relatively low Restaurant/Cafes entry requirements for Food Production new hires. If these No sectors are to be I don't Know targeted effectively, it may be appropriate to 0 2 4 6 8 10 ensure jobs exist for graduates.

Figure 24- Would you be willing to take on apprentices from a vocational skills programme? Many of the contacted businesses 9 indicated they would be willing to take on 8 apprentices from a vocational skills 7 6 programme, provided that the apprentices 5 met certain conditions. The most 4 frequently cited conditions were that the 3 2 training have been appropriate and 1 relevant, and that the apprentices be 0 available to stay for a long time. Yes No It depends Businesses were more interested in having apprentices for several months, rather than for days or weeks. This finding indicates that any training programmes and curricula should be developed in close consultation with employers, with training outputs that align closely with their needs. It is hoped such an approach will also build buy-in among employers, making them more willing to take on apprentices. This recommendation will be discussed in more detail later in the document. Those companies indicating they would be willing to take on apprentices, as well as the roles, conditions, and quantities (if given) have been placed in the below table:

| 53 |

Table 35 - Company and Apprentice Roles from Companies Indicating Willingness to Take Apprentices

Company/Sector Type of Apprentice (Qty. if Stated) Advertising and Media Accountant, depends on them having received appropriate training General Trading- Home Repairs, depends on them having received appropriate Appliances training Hotel 25 or 30, if they are qualified Restaurant In they have the right skills Advertising, Tourism Open to new ideas and Trading Construction Drivers, Engineers, Logistics They have apprentices in the summer. 4 or 5, assistants, administration and construction are possible for people who do not have degrees. Geo-tech Services Theoretical knowledge and technical skills- possibly for construction Factory Food packaging 4-6, to work with machinery Café 3-Accountant, Waiters (especially females), Car Wash 5 or 6, washing and polishing Fire Extinguishers 10, if the financial situation improves Hotel 6, but not for back office functions.

The majority of business indicating willingness to take on apprentices were unable to put a specific number on the quantity of apprentices they would be able to take on, or the types of roles that they would consider apprentices for. Most would only be able to take small numbers. However, there were some notable exceptions. GEG Reklam noted that unskilled workers could be employed in their water park- though these jobs are only seasonal. Equally, the car wash said that it would consider 5 or 6 apprentices for washing and polishing positions. The business owner noted he was already employing several refugees and they were some of his best workers. Most notably, the manager of Best Inn Erbil is opening a new hotel and said that she could consider 25 to 30 apprentices. She stressed that she would have to be in charge of selection, but would consider any CVs that she was sent. She is from Mosul, and felt a high degree of sympathy with the IDPs and refugees IRCS/FRC seeks to support. It must be noted that all employers, except for two, indicated that all employment in Kurdistan was subject to a high degree of competition, even for those roles requiring highly skilled professionals (e.g. medicine, engineering, law, etc.). This must be considered when undertaking livelihoods work in the region. Furthermore, much of the employment above appears to depend heavily on foreign aid funding, either directly or through contracting and service provision to aid | 54 |

organisations. This was supported by KIIs and FGDs with employers. It is unclear how sustainable these revenue sources will be into the future, but in the absence of other revenue streams may be the only on IRCS/FRC can target to achieve the project’s intended aims. Several business owners also stressed that there was a need for more innovation and creativity in new businesses- they noted that often when a business was successful many people simply tried to replicate it. Specifics regarding effective innovation or creativity were not forthcoming in discussions with employers.

Recommendations and Potential Partners In Erbil, there are likely to be more employment opportunities than in some of the smaller locations such as Zakho and Akre. It will be crucial to take advantage of the longevity of the programme to embed long term apprenticeships and to carefully select beneficiaries to ensure that their future employers see them as motivated and trustworthy. The sectors thought to offer some opportunity in the near future, and should form the core of FRC’s activity in the near term, comprise:

Sector Modality Additional Information Hospitality & Employment Only The consultants met with two such Food Service potential partners, both of them hotels. The first was the aforementioned Best Inn Erbil, where there was need for up to fifty staff in the near term.

General roles that may need to be filled comprise:  Skilled Cooks & Chefs  Front Desk, Sales & Customer Service Staff  Maintenance Staff  Cleaners  Fitness Trainers Food Employment The second possible opportunity is Production Business Start-up Bakhetary Rice. The business owner there (not noted that he and others were interested Agriculture) in opening new factories for cartons and packaging and would need employees. He noted that he only hired individuals who spoke Kurdish and that he needed his employees to live nearby- however his site was relatively close to Zaytun City, one of the target areas.

Other stakeholders indicated there may be opportunities for food production businesses; these largely focussed on | 55 |

‘value-added’ products, primarily bakeries, dairy processing, or sweets. Agricultural production was not considered a high-opportunity area, with local products not preferred to higher quality and more attractive Turkish imports. Seasonal Work Employment A further relationship with GEG Reklam could also be explored- their interest in gender parity in the workplace and their large number of seasonal jobs for unskilled workers may make them a promising partner. Much of this work is only over the summer (primarily in water parks, and similar amusements). Appliance Employment (Ltd. Home appliance repair (e.g. AC units, Repair Openings) washing machines, etc.) was one area Business Start-up where several employers indicated there were opportunities for small business owners with the requisite skills, however the skills required to undertake such work well were cited as being costly to develop.

Some employers indicated they might have limited opportunity for new employees, but most of the opportunity here was seen to be for small business owners.

| 56 |

Dohuk Zone

Employer Survey In Dohuk, Carfax spoke to 13 business owners or employers, and an additional two potential purchasers. The business spoken to break down in the following way:

Buying and selling local products 1 Electrical supplies- selling and installation 3 Fitness centre: 1 Hotel: 2 Jewellery Making and Selling 2 Kitchen Equipment 1 Olive Oil Manufacturing 1 Mobile phones 1 Selling of construction tools 1 Total: 13

Figure 25 - How would you describe the current economic climate? - Dohuk Zone

Companies/Sectors describing 9 the Economy as Average 8 Cables, Wires and Electrical 7 Installation- Depends on the 6 project 5 Hotel- Not good, but hotels are in 4 the private sector which is less 3 affected 2 Olive Oil Manufacturing- Seems 1 OK, though ISIS had an impact 0 Hotel and Restaurant- All still ok, once the government pays salaries again it will be fine.

As in Erbil, the vast majority of respondents in Dohuk described the economy as weak. They blamed this on the financial crisis, the rise of ISIS and the lack of money from Baghdad (largely from civil servant salaries). It was noted that sectors that were less dependent on the government, such as hotels, were less affected. The role of connections in securing employment was also mentioned. | 57 |

Figure 26 - Is your need for employees decreasing, increasing or staying the same? - Dohuk Zone

Companies/Sectors Where the need for Employees was Increasing or Staying the Same 15% Hotel

23% Hotel and restaurant 62% Olive Oil Manufacturing Buying and selling local products Jewellery making Selling Tools Decreasing Increasing Staying the same Electrical Supplies Kitchen Equipment Sales Jewellery Selling Fitness Training and Spa

It is moderately encouraging that more businesses were increasing the number of staff than were decreasing them- it is also worth noting that two of the three businesses that were increasing their staff sizes were hotels. The third was a local oil manufacturing business, which suggests a promising market for small businesses and manufacturing plants In general, employers highlighted technical and specialist skills as areas where they struggled to find employees. This included areas such as carpentry, fitness instructors, physiotherapists and software coding. Two employers mentioned the difficulty of recruiting women: the first was the fitness centre and the second was a hotel where it was noted that women were unable to work evening or night shifts. In terms of qualifications that were particularly valued in employees, the business owners would again often focus on personal characteristics including:  Honesty  Sincerity  Trustworthiness  Patience Employers in Dohuk Zone were asked whether there were any sectors growing quickly. The results of this line of questioning can be found in the below table:

| 58 |

Figure 27 - Are there any jobs or businesses growing quickly? - Dohuk Zone Restaurants were Medicine seen as the fastest Manufacturing growing sector, Electronics and Software though again these Wholesale Stores were also Clothing Stores mentioned as a very saturated Restaurant/Cafes employment market Agriculture due to low skill No requirements. Other I don't know/No Answer sectors where the 0 1 2 3 4 5 business owners felt that there was too much competition included factories, engineering, law and phone shops. Table 36 - Would you be willing to take on apprentices from a vocational skills programme? - Dohuk Zone

Company Type of Apprentice 8 Hotel Kitchen, restaurants, bellboys, housekeeping, 7 need certificates of training 6 5 Olive oil manufacturing 2- for a variety of tasks, language skills would 4 be useful 3 Hotel and `Restaurant 1 apprentice- could work with housekeeping 2 Buying and selling local 1 apprentice- could work in sales, could not 1 products pay them 0 Phone Sales 2- who could work in maintenance or sales Selling tools 1 or 2- would depend on skills on offer

Electrical supplies 1 or 2- for electrical servicing Kitchen equipment sales Has an apprentice is a family member

There was substantial support for apprenticeship schemes amongst employers in Dohuk. As in Erbil, however, there were conditions for this. One business owner noted that the apprentices would have to be paid by someone else. Another noted that he already had an apprentice, although it was a family member. References and certificates were also mentioned as necessary to recommend an apprentice. Yet another employer noted the value that language skills would provide. No employers were willing to take more than one or two apprentices on, and most posts were in sales or maintenance. One of the hotels listed several areas where apprentices could be considered, but was not keen to suggest a firm number. | 59 |

Recommendations Dohuk is not as big as Erbil, and therefore employment opportunities are more limited; the target sectors below may require revisions and adaptation as the project progresses. Equally, it appears to be a very competitive market for small businesses. There appear to be some opportunities in the following sectors:

Sector Modality Additional Information Hotels & Employment Restaurants and cafes in Dohuk, Restaurants especially those catering to INGOs, were identified as one potential opportunity area. one restaurant owner told the consultants that he was about the fire his entire workforce and bring in foreign workers because he did not think his current staff were sufficiently skilled, indicating a potential way forward; women in particular could benefit from roles in this sector. It must be restated that this is an area where there is substantial competition for work. Light Industry Employment Only one employer in Dohuk – an oil Staff manufacturer – indicated potential openings, and even these were limited. Food Business Start-up There may be opportunities for food Production production businesses; these largely (not focussed on ‘value-added’ products, Agriculture) primarily bakeries, dairy processing, or sweets. Agricultural production was not considered a high-opportunity area, with local products not preferred to higher quality and more attractive Turkish imports.

| 60 |

Zakho Zone

Employer Survey In Zakho, Carfax spoke to 9 employers or business owners, as well as 7 potential purchasers. The businesses spoken to break down in the following way:

Mobile Phone Sales and Repair 2 Making and selling sweets, juice and ice 2 cream Fridge/AC/Cooling systems 1 maintenance Making and Selling Tahini 1 Making PVC doors and cupboards 1 Fitness Centre 1 CCTV and internet routers 1 Total: 9

Figure 28 - How would you describe the current economic climate?

Companies/Sectors 6 describing the Economy as 5 Average 4 Making and selling sweets, 3 juice and ice cream- 2 import/export still profitable, 1 but local production a challenge 0 Strong Average Weak No Answer

The economy in Zakho was described by all but one respondent giving relevant responses as weak, with additional discussions highlighting the substantial economic challenges in that community. The only business owner who had anything positive to say about the economy noted that because of the dependency on imported goods, import/export businesses were still enjoying some success; however, it is unclear this is a sector beneficiaries can take advantage of either as employees, or as business owners. There was significant enthusiasm for purchasing local products amongst business owners, offering initially positive indications for business start ups; however, purchase of local products would be dependent on their being lower cost than Turkish imports. It was difficult to evaluate how a new small business owner, with limited resources, might meet these criteria in the current market. | 61 |

Figure 29 - Is your need for employees decreasing, increasing or staying the same? - Zakho

Companies/Sectors Where the need for Employees was Increasing or Staying the 33% Same Mobile phones- selling phones, 67% maintenance and selling accessories Making and selling sweets, juice and ice cream Decreasing Increasing Staying the same CCTV and internet routers

Employment outlooks in Zakho were particularly challenging, with no employers indicating growth in employment needs, and only three indicating they are not downsizing; no employer could identify other employment opportunity sectors in the area. . Among those three, there was limited indication of needing new employees. The sectors enjoying some economic stability in the area comprised: Mobile phone maintenance, sweets production/sales, and electronics (CCTV and internet kit). However, these respondents comprised relatively small samples, and may not be indicative of the wider sector; as such, results should be approached with a degree of caution. Figure 30 - Would you be willing to take on apprentices from a vocational skills programme? - Zakho

Type of 3.5 Company 3 Apprentice 2.5 CCTV and Willing to take 4-5 2 Internet for maintenance 1.5 Installation/Maint and installation 1 enance 0.5 Sweets production Willing to take 2 0 cooks Yes No It depends / No answer Mobile Phone Willing to take 2 Maintenance and phone Repair maintenance specialists Similar to the above analyses, the sectors with the most optimistic economic prospects were also willing to take on apprentices. Mobile phone repair, sweets production, and mobile phone maintenance and repair employers were all willing to take on apprentices.

Recommendations The employment market in Zakho is much more challenging than other, larger, markets. As such, it may not be possible to identify specific opportunity sectors as | 62 |

have been identified for other geographic areas. It does appear there are some continued opportunities for sweets and food production, but these were challenging to quantify. It may be appropriate, if Zakho is selected as a target area, to work in a much more ‘piecemeal’ approach, working closely with local employers on an ongoing, dynamic basis, to identify specific employment opportunities, and pay employers – rather than trainers – to provide on-the-job skills training to beneficiaries.

| 63 |

Akre City Akre is a small population area, comprising 23,000 inhabitants in total; it is in Dohuk Governate, but relatively isolated from major population and economic sectors. As such, it poses substantial challenges to creating new livelihoods and employment opportunities for beneficiaries.

Employer Survey In Akre, Carfax spoke to 8 employers or business owners. 4 of these were also interviewed as prospective purchasers. The businesses spoken to break down in the following way:

Selling construction equipment 2 Mobile Phones 1 Tailor 1 Food Sales 1 Wholesaler 1 Fabric Sales 1 Café/Restaurant 1 Total 8

Figure 31 - Akre employer views on current economic climate. How would you describe the current economic Is your need for employees decreasing, climate? increasing or staying the same? 9 8 7 6 5 100% 4 3 2 1 0 Strong Average Weak No Answer Decreasing Increasing Staying the same

In Akre, the economic situation appeared to be even more challenging than Zarko; the economy was universally classified as weak, and employers had limited need for new employees. Even in general discussions of potential areas of employment growth or economic activity, responding employers seemed unsure, or had a variety of answers which did not demonstrate any clear patterns, with one key exception: Figure 32 - Are there any jobs or businesses growing quickly? - Akre | 64 |

Food production, Mobile Phone Shops largely surrounding Coffee and Shisha sweets or value-add Fabric Shops activities (like yoghurt or cheese production) Wholesalers were the only sector Food Items mentioned more than No once, consistent with I don't know/No Answer responses in other sections. 0 1 2 3 4 5

Employers were also asked if they would be willing to take on apprentices: Figure 33 - Would you be willing to take on apprentices from a vocational skills programme? - Akre

Company Type of Apprentice 6 Food item production and Sales and customer service 5 sales roles 4

Wholesale and retail of food Packing, driving, and 3

items transport – up to two 2

Tool and hardware sales Up to three salesmen 1 Fabric sales Administration and 0 Yes No It depends/ bookkeeping – up to two Don't know

Tailor for men One apprentice with sewing skills would be useful Mobile phone repair One with maintenance and repair skills

Many of the employers in Akre (63%) indicated willingness to take on apprentices; however, approximately half of these appeared to be offering sales-focussed roles, indicating the employer was more interested in generating new revenue without having to bear the cost of new employees, rather than in taking on someone who would contribute substantively to the running of the business into the future. Several other employers, however, did appear to have some interest in hiring full-time staff, namely in administration and bookkeeping (at a fabric sales shop), a sewing apprentice, and mobile phone repairmen.

Recommendations Similar to Zakho, Akre is much more challenging than other, larger, markets. As such, it may not be possible to identify specific opportunity sectors as have been identified for other geographic areas. It does appear there are some continued opportunities for sweets and food production, as well as highly dispersed opportunities in other sectors, but these were challenging to quantify. | 65 |

It may be appropriate, if Akre is selected as a target area, to work in a much more ‘piecemeal’ approach, working closely with local employers on an ongoing, dynamic basis, to identify specific employment opportunities, and pay employers – rather than trainers – to provide on-the-job skills training to beneficiaries.

| 66 | Appendix

Food Security Methodology CSI scores were calculated by asking respondents how often in the past seven days that had; the number next to the question represents the weighting used in calculating CSI scores, and corresponds to the formulae broadly used across the region9:  Had to rely on less expensive and less preferred foods (1)  Had to borrow food or money to eat (2)  Had to limit portion size at meal times (1)  Had adults restricted their consumption so that children could eat (3)  Had to reduce the numbers of meals eaten in a single day (1) Each of these statements was given a factor, indicated in parentheses above, to calculate an overall score. A higher CSI score therefore indicates a higher level of vulnerability. Food diversity scores were calculated by asking respondents whether in the previous 24 hours anyone in their household had eaten:  Any bread, rice, noodles or any other foods made from millet, sorghum, maize/corn, rice or wheat (1)  Any meat- beef, lamb, chicken, goat or other (2)  Any fresh or dried fish or shellfish (2)  Any cheese, yoghurt, milk or other milk products (1)  Any sugar or honey (1) Each of these statements was given a factor, indicated in parentheses above, to calculate an overall score. A higher Food Diversity score is therefore positive and indicates a lower level of vulnerability. The reasoning being more frequent consumption of expensive meat and fish indicates a better FSL situation

Assets Methodology Asset scores were calculated by combining the scores related to the types of temperature control, the material of the roof and the material of the walls. In order to calculate an overall Temperature control score, points were given to households in the following manner:  None-0  Standing Fan-1  Air Cooler-5  Air Conditioner-10

9 ACTED Final Evaluation of FSL Programming in Idlib and Aleppo (Carfax Projects Document, 2017) | 67 |

Many respondents reported having multiple types of temperature control units. In order to calculate an overall roof material score, points were given to households in the following manner:

 Just plastic sheeting- 1  Wood, soil/earth-3  Plastic sheeting covering wood soil/earth- 4  Steel metal- 5  Fibreglass or asbestos- 6  Concrete- 8  Tile or ceramic- 8  Sandwich panel – 10

A similar approach was used to calculate an overall wall material score. Points were given to households in the following manner:

 Metal/Plastic-1  Mud-5  Concrete/Bricks-10

These three scores were combined to create an overall asset score. A high asset score is therefore positive, indicating a low level of vulnerability. In the survey respondents were also asked if their shelter was rented, owned or if they did not know. This data has been presented in percentages.

Full Tables Table 37 - Former Jobs and Own Businesses – Erbil Zone

Binaslawa Shamamik Turaq Zaytun City Factory worker 1 Worker 9 Student 9 Factory worker 1 2 8 Student 5 Driver 8 Factory 6 Student 1 worker 2 Driver 5 Sewing 7 Business 5 Teacher 9 employee

Farmer 4 Factory 6 Driver 4 Carpenter/ 6 worker Builder

Carpenter 2 Student 5 Sewing 4 Smith 5

Housewife 2 Carpenter 3 Worker 4 Worker 4 Soldier 2 Porter 2 Tailor 3 Sewing 3 Barber 1 Tailor 2 Baker 2 Driver 3 Builder 1 Barber 1 Smith 2 Dyer 2 | 68 |

Shop owner 1 Worker 1 Carpenter 1 Porter 2 Doctor 1 Car Show- 1 Security 1 Farmer 2 room Guard Student manager 1 Mobile 1 Chef 1 Engineer 2 Mainte- nance Worker Construction 1 Car Repair 1 Account 1 Electri- 1 worker Writer cian/sewing Restaurant 1 Construc- 1 Barber 1 worker tion worker Retired 1 Electrician 1 Butcher 1 Farmer 1 Car Repair 1 Smith 1 Forklift 1 Chef 1 driver Illiterate 1 Bank employee 1 Police 1 Construction 1 worker Porter 1 Tailor 1 Sanitation 1 University direc- 1 worker tor Vegetable 1 Housewife 1 seller Shop owner 1 Market stall 1 Real Estate 1 Retired 1 Shop owner 1 Soldier 1

Table 38 - Qualification Specialisations Held (Freq. Table) – Erbil Zone

Turaq Binaslawa Shamamik Zaytun City Sewing 9 Sewing 5 Sewing 6 Sewing 5 Barber 5 Carpenter 2 Salon / Barber 5 Barber 4 Electronics 2 Doctor 2 Carpentry 3 Smith / Met- 4 alworker Smith 2 Supermarket 2 Driver 1 Tailoring, 4 Textiles Super market 2 Accounting 1 Farming 1 Car- 4 pentry/Build er Cafeteria 1 Barber 1 Mobile repairs 1 Driver 3 | 69 |

Carpentry 1 Bicycle Repair 1 Smith 1 Electronics/ 3 Computers Computing 1 Ceramic facto- 1 Chef 1 ry Factory worker 1 Computing 1 Farming 1 Professional / 1 Driver 2 Mechanics 1 Graduate Metal working 1 Electrician 1 Stationery 1 vending Tailoring 1 Farming 1 Super market 1 Free business 1 Mechanic 1 Smith 1 Super market 1

Table 39- Former Jobs and Own Businesses – Dohuk Zone

Upper Malta Vil- Baroshke Nawre War City lage Student 33 Student 14 Student 7 Student 12 Factory 20 Factory 4 Factory worker 4 Factory 11 worker worker worker Worker / 25 Wage earner 4 Teacher 3 Worker 6 wage earner Soldier / 11 Police 2 Sewing 2 Taxi driver / 6 Peshmerga driver Shop worker 9 Butcher / 3 Shop 2 Wage earner 5 grocer Taxi driver / 5 Clerk 1 Soldier 2 Sewing 3 driver Carpenter 4 Driver 1 Taxi driver 2 Smith 3 Teacher 4 Electronics 1 Bus 1 Soldier / 4 Peshmerga Farmer 3 Firefighting 1 Grocer 1 Market or 3 Officer shop Police 3 Garden 1 Guard 1 Tailor, tex- 3 Worker tiles Restaurant 3 Housewife 1 Materials Shop 1 Baker 1 worker Worker Baker 2 Peshmerga / 2 Police 1 Carpenter 1 soldier Party Cadre 2 Restaurant 1 Restaurant 1 Education / 3 / worker owner teacher | 70 |

Club worker Smith 2 Soldier 1 Stationary 1 Electricity 1 shop Unemployed 2 Wage earner 1 Health Of- 1 ficer Cashier / 2 Utilities Work- 1 Housewife 1 Clerk er Health Of- 2 Muezzin 1 ficer / nurse Contractor / 2 Photogra- 1 business pher owner Creative in- 2 Restaurant 1 dustries worker Guard 2 Retired 1 Cleaner 1 Warehouse 1 worker Car Industry 1 Clothes shop 1 College 1 graduate Engineer 1 Government 1 Sewing, tailor 2 Shaving 1

Table 40 - Qualifications Held (Freq. Table) – Dohuk Zone

Baroshke Nawre Upper Malta War City Village Sewing / 15 Sewing 9 Sewing 3 Sewing 3 tailor Carpentry 3 Carpentry 1 Carpentry 2 Carpentry 2 Smith 2 Ceramics 1 Baking 1 Decorating 2 Barbering / 3 Dyer 1 Calligraphy 1 Farming 2 salon Ceiling deco- 3 Medical assis- 1 Decorating 1 Builder 1 ration tant Calligraphy 1 Electrical re- 1 Door and win- 1 pairs dow manufacturer Car industry 1 Electronics 1 Factory worker 1 Ceramics 1 Painting 1 Industry 1 | 71 |

Dyer 1 Repairs 1 Interiors 1 Electrician 1 Knitting 1 Faming 1 Languages 1 Fitter 1 Repairs 1 Knitting 1 Nursing 1 Plasterer 1 Structural 1 engineering

Table 41- Former jobs and own businesses- Zakho Zone

Bedare Kharbatke Nawroz Factory worker 89 Factory worker 65 Factory worker 59 Employee/Worker 17 Employee/Worker 7 Carpenter 8 Sewing, Tailor 9 Carpenter 6 Worker 5 Taxi driver 7 Student 4 Smith 2 Carpenter 5 Smith 3 Student 2 Builder 3 Barber 1 Butcher 1 Dyer 3 Builder 1 Sewing 1 Student 3 Chef 1 Electrician 1 Barber 2 Clerk 1 Peshmerga 1 Clerk 2 Dyer 1 Construction 2 Painter 1 Worker Peshmerga 2 Shop Owner 1 Smith 2 Taxi driver 1 Air Conditioning 1 Teacher 1 Repair Chef 1 Other 1 Company Clerk 1 Fisherman 1 Fitter 1 Housewife 1 Molding Agent 1 Security Guard 1 | 72 |

Water Operator 1

Table 42 - Qualification Types (Freq. Table) – Zakho Zone

Bedare Kharbatke Nawroz Carpentry/Constructi 4 Barber/Shaving 2 Car- 1 on pentry/Construction Sewing, Tailoring 4 Smithing 2 Sewing, Tailoring 1 Arabic language 1 Carpentry/Constructi 1 Smithing 1 on Barber/Shaving 1 Cooking/Chef 1 Ceramic education 1 Factory worker 1 Cooking/Chef 1 Graduate 1 Driver/worker 1 Sewing, Tailoring 1 Factory worker 1 Sound Engineering 1 Business Training 1 Trade 1 Graduate 1 Writing 1

Table 43- Former Jobs and Businesses- Akre Zone

Factory worker 26 Farmer 4 Barber 1 Employee/Labourer 14 Mechanic/Smith 3 Butcher 1 Student 13 Electrician 2 Laboratory Worker 1 Police/Security 9 Carpenter 2 Porter 1 Shop Worker 8 Teacher 2 Shepherd 1

Peshmerga/Soldier 7 Accountant 1 Tailor 1 Driver/Taxi Driver 6 Advertising Agency 1

Figure 34- Qualification Types (Freq. Table) – Akre Zone

Akre City Centre Sewing, Knitting, and/or Tailoring 10 Electronics/Mobile Repairs 4 Barber/Shaving 3 Butchery 1 Carpentry 1 | 73 |

Computer Programming 3 Electrician 1 Faming 1 Industry 1 Roofing 1 Teaching 1

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Iconography from Noun Project ‘people’ by Kevin from the Noun Project ‘giving’ by Veronika Geertsema König from the Noun Project ‘employment’ by Aneeque Ahmed from the Noun Project ‘gold’ by AlfredoCreates.com from the Noun Project

This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of Carfax Project and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union

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Contact

Carfax Projects Telephone Online 33 St. James’s Square, London: +44 20 7927 6203 [email protected] SW1Y 4JS, London, Dubai: +971 4 438 5276 www.carfax-projects.com United Kingdom