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Home , Akre, Daquq District, Hatra, Kirkuk, Kirkuk District, Kurds in Turkmenistan

KIRKUK, NINEWA & AL-DIN GOVERNORATE PROFILES POST-2006 IDP NEEDS ASSESSMENTS JUNE 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section: Page:

I. IOM Assessment Background 1 II. Overview 2

1. Area Background Dahuk il rb 2. Restrictions on IDP Entry or Registration E

S 3. Ethnicity and Religion u la a y ew m 4. Places of Origin in a N n iy 5. Reasons for Displacement a h 6. Pre-2006 IDP Population 7. IDP Relations w/ Host Community S al ah 8. IDP Intentions a l- Di D n iy III. Emergency Assessment and Needs 6 a l 1. Security 6 a Security, Vulnerabilities, Women and Children W 2. Shelter and Basic Services 7 Kerbala assit Q ad Shelter (living arrangements), Evictions, is si Food/PDS, Water and Sanitation, Fuel and ya Missan Electricity, Health Care, Education, Employment Thi-Qar 3. Legal 12 Basrah Property Issues and Documentation Muthanna IV. Humanitarian Assistance Received 13 V. Priority Needs 14 Top Priority Needs, JOC Project Recommendations VI. Conclusion 15 VII. Maps 16

I. POST-FEBRUARY 2006 IDP ASSESSMENTS: BACKGROUND

Iraq has a long history of displacement; over 5 million have been forced to flee their homes to seek refuge internally or abroad. Policies carried out by Saddam’s regime, including the draining of the marshes in the south, the “” and “Anfal” campaigns, in addition to infighting and wars, caused the internal displacement of over one million people by 2003. Military operations were the primary cause of internal displacement between 2003 and 2005, and around 200,000 people still remain displaced from this period. However, the most alarming rate of displacement occurred after the February 2006 bombing of the Al-Askari . Due primarily to sectarian violence, 1.6 million people were internally displaced in the past two years alone, according to government figures. 1 It is estimated that 2.3 – 2.5 million Iraqis have fled abroad.

IOM is conducting on-going, in-depth assessments of recently displaced persons throughout . Monitors use Rapid Assessment questionnaires to gather information from IDP families, the Ministry of Displacement and Migration (MoDM), IDP tribal and community leaders, local NGOs, and local government bodies. Based on a database of this information, IOM disseminates bi-weekly, bi-annual, and annual reports containing updates, statistics, and analysis on displacement.2 This information assists IOM and other organizations in prioritizing areas of operation, planning emergency responses and designing long-term programs. This is one of six Iraq Governorate Profile reports released by IOM biyearly, which analyze the displacement situation in each Iraqi governorate.

1 Based on information provided by MoDM and the Regional Government. See latest IDP Working Group Update on IDPs, June 2007. 2 IOM reports are available at http://www.iom-iraq.net/idp.html .

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION

II. OVERVIEW

Kirkuk Ninewa Sa lah Al -Din Capital Kirkuk Al-Ba`aj, , Shekhan, , Al-Daur, Al-Shirqat, , Balad, Districts Al-Hawiga, , Kirkuk Telafar, Tilkaif, Al-Hamdaniya, Tikrit, Tooz, Samarra Mosul, Al-Shikhan Population 3 902,019 individuals 2,811,091 individuals 1,191,403 individuals 4 6,594 families (est. 36,202 19,126 families (est. 106,750 7,817 families (est. 45,762 Total post-Feb 2006 IDPs individuals) individuals) individuals) 5 1,252 families (est. 7,512 6,572 families (est. 39,432 3,366 families (est. 20,196 Total pre-Feb 2006 IDPs individuals) individuals) individuals) Number of post-Feb 2006 7,958 families (est. 47,748 11,391 families (est. 68,346 10,693 families (est. 64,158 IDPs assessed by IOM 6 individuals) individuals) individuals)

1. Area Background

Kirkuk, an area with rich oil reserves, lies outside the 'Kurdistan Autonomous Region' delineated in 1975 and is a potential flashpoint for ethnic disputes over territory and resources. In 1972, the former regime changed the historic name of the governorate from “Kirkuk” to “Al-Tameem.”

Ninewa Governorate also remains the centre of some of Iraq's most important oilfields. Mosul, the capital of the governorate, is Iraq’s third largest city after Baghdad and Basrah. The city hosts a diverse mix of ethnicities and religions, including , , , Assyrians, and . It is also currently one of the most unstable areas in Ninewa, along with Telafar.

The capital of Salah al-Din is Tikrit, located 140 kilometers northwest of Baghdad on the River. This is ’s birthplace and the former regime’s tribal base. Salah al-Din has seen major fighting between Multi-National Forces in Iraq/Iraqi Forces (MNF-I/IF) and the Iraqi insurgency, and the governorate forms the northern angle of the “.” The majority of Salah al-Din’s population is , with Turkmen and Kurdish minorities.

2. Restrictions on IDP Entry or Registration

Registration is highly restricted in Kirkuk ; IDP families must present a strong reason for displacement along with their original papers from place of origin. The situation is complicated by the tense relations among different ethnoreligious groups – sometimes members of one ethnoreligious group can be given priority over another.

To register in Ninewa , IDPs need their Iraqi national ID along with PDS card and residential card from the place of origin. These documents must be accompanied by certifications from the local city council and local city police.

In Salah al-Din , the governor has ordered that IDPs from and Anbar and Diyala governorates be evicted from the governorate due to concern that they are linked with security issues. To stay, IDPs coming from these areas must have a sponsor from Salah al-Din. Approximately 100 IDPs have already been evicted due to these measures, mostly from Hay al- Zohoor and Hay al-Qadissiya in . Those IDPs who do register must have documentation signed by MoDM, the local Mukhtar, the local council, and the local police.

3 As per the Iraq Living Conditions Survey, UNDP and Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation, 2004. 4 As per Ministry of Displacement and Migration. See latest IDP Working Group Update on IDPs, June 2007. 5 As per IOM Phase II Monitoring, December 2005. 6 Please note that this is the number of post-February 2006 IDPs assessed by IOM, not the total number of IDPs in the governorate.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION

3. Ethnicity and Religion

These three governorates host a wide variety of ethnicities and religions. The majority of post- February 2006 IDPs in Salah al-Din and Kirkuk are Sunni Arab, while in Ninewa they are Christian Assyrians:

Religion & Ethnicity Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Sunni Arab 27.6% 95.0% 51.8% 58.0% 27.9% Christian Assyrian 40.1% 0.0% 2.0% 15.7% 3.3% Shia Turkmen 1.7% 1.2% 18.8% 6.0% 1.2% Christian Armenian 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% Sunni Turkmen 12.0% 0.1% 3.2% 5.4% 1.0% Sunni Kurd 2.7% 0.6% 18.2% 6.1% 3.4% Shia Arab 0.8% 3.1% 2.8% 2.1% 60.0% Shia Kurd 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.2% 0.7% Christian Chaldean 12.2% 0.0% 0.7% 4.8% 2.0% Yazidi Arab, Kurd, Other 0.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1%

Dahuk !. il 4. Places of Origin rb E

!. S 0.34% u la !. y a m ew 14.58% in a N n Dahuk !. Kirkuk i!.y il a !. h rb E 14.75% 0.04% !. S u !. 35.34% la !. y S 17.81% a m al ew ah in a a !. N n l-D D i!. i 29.58% y n iy Kirkuk a a !. h l 0.94% a !. 19.48% Baghdad 0.79% !. !. S !. !. a 2.31% Wa la 1.20% !. 0.23% ssit h al !. Kerbala Babylon Q -Di D ad n i i y Anbar ss !. a !. iy la a

!. Thi-Qar Missan 53.60% !. Baghdad 0.05% 0.59% !. 0.04% 0.20% !. Najaf !. !. 0.04% Wa Basrah !. 0.48% ssit Kerbala Babylon !. Q 0.28% !. ad Anbar is !. Muthanna si !. ya 0.11% Thi-Qar Missan

!. 0.04% !. Najaf Basrah !. 6.64% !. Dahuk !. Muthanna il rb E

!. S u la a !. y ew 0.48% m in a N n i!.y Kirkuk a !. h 2.67%

Most IDPs in Iraq are from Baghdad, but 5.43%!. S al Kirkuk is the destination for more people ah 9.37% a !. l-Di D n iy fleeing Diyala (30%) than Baghdad (19%). a la

!. Many also come from neighbouring Salah al- 61.85% Baghdad Din, Ninewa, and within Kirkuk. Most IDPs 2.45% 1.01% !. !. !. 0.07% 0.89% Wass in Ninewa come from Baghdad (54%) or !. it Kerbala Babylon Q ad Anbar is !. within Ninewa (35%). In Salah al-Din, 62% si 0.15% !. ya come from Baghdad and 15% come from Thi-Qar Missan !.

Basrah. !. 0.80% Najaf Basrah

!. 14.75% !. Muthanna

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION

5. Reasons for Displacement

Direct threats to life and generalized violence account for most IDPs in these governorates for fleeing. Many in Kirkuk also said they left out of fear:

REASONS FOR DISPLACEMENT Kirkuk Ninewa Salah al-Din Area All Iraq Armed conflict 4.2% 1.7% 14.6% 6.1% 16.2% Direct threats to life 45.3% 62.9% 75.9% 59.7% 55.2% Forced displacement from property 1.6% 17.8% 19.2% 12.0% 27.1% Generalized violence 84.6% 42.5% 21.5% 52.9% 47.1% Left out of fear 68.4% 28.8% 10.7% 39.1% 38.2% Other 2.6% 1.0% 2.0% 1.8% 1.1%

When asked whether they felt specifically targeted and if so, why, the majority of IDPs assessed said that they were targeted for religious/sectarian identity. 21% said that they did not feel specifically targeted:

REASONS FOR BEING TARGETED Kirkuk Ninewa Salah al-Din Area All Iraq Belonging to a certain 1.2% 1.9% 16.4% 5.5% 4.3% Belonging to a certain religion or sect 56.4% 84.1% 64.2% 68.3% 85.4% Belonging to a certain social group 0.6% 2.1% 5.6% 2.4% 1.3% Do not think the group was targeted 41.7% 14.2% 0.8% 21.1% 10.5% Holding a certain political opinion 1.2% 0.6% 17.1% 5.2% 5.8%

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 96% had been displaced once and almost 4% had been displaced twice.

IOM assessments capture IDP date of displacement, which is shown in the line graph below. The majority of IDPs assessed in the area were displaced during 2006, although significant numbers were also displaced during the first half of 2007, especially to Ninewa. Ninewa and Salah al-Din have experienced several spikes of displacement in 2006 and 2007.

2000 IDP Date of Displacement Ninewa 1800 Salah al-Din 1600 Tameem 1400 1200 1000

Families 800 600 400 200 0

r r y l r n v b n g n a p v n a a o e p u u a a u e o a J J J J J - F A - A - M M - S - M N - - - - - 7 - N - 6 - 6 7 7 - 8 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 7 7 0 7 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION

6. Pre-2006 IDP Population Overview

Kirkuk was the focus of the former regime’s Anfal and Arabization campaigns, which forcibly replaced populations of Kurds and Turkmen with Arab settlers. After the 2003 conflict, many displaced Kurdish and Turkmen families returned to Kirkuk, especially Kirkuk city. The Arab families who had settled in Kirkuk then became displaced themselves. The diverse ethnoreligious makeup of the governorate’s IDP, returnee, and host community populations make Kirkuk one of the most complex regions in the country.

Most of the pre-2006 IDP population in Ninewa was displaced after the fall of the former regime in 2003, due to violence and military clashes. There are currently large groups of Turkmens living in Mosul, displaced from Telafar during extensive military operations. Authorities in Mosul have tried to force these groups to return to Telafar, but as long as security there remains volatile, these families will be caught between two unwelcoming environments. Recently some security stabilization in Mosul has allowed a minority to return there.

Many Arab families displaced during the post-2003 reversal of Saddam Hussein’s Arabization campaign in Kirkuk went to Salah al-Din . These families, representing the bulk of this governorate’s pre-2006 IDP population, are mostly located in Tikrit, Al-Daur, Baiji, and Al-Shirqat. In addition, there is also a group of Kurdish IDPs displaced to and groups of intra-governorate IDPs, among them a minority of Turkmen returnees.

7. IDP Population’s Relationship with the Host Community

Due to its diverse ethnoreligious makeup, there are strong inter-community tensions in Kirkuk . This is reflected in IDP – host community relations as well. Where the IDP families share similar origins with their host community, relations are positive. However, in some cases, such as with Yazidi and other minorities who were displaced to Kirkuk, displaced minority groups are harassed and persecuted.

In general, IDP families are received well by host communities in Ninewa . Families in the host communities have worked to raise and donate money to needy IDPs. However, there is conflict in Telafar between families recently returned from displacement in Mosul and the host community there, because the returnees’ homes were looted. A committee of tribal members and other community leaders has been formed in an effort to stem the violence and revenge killings stemming from this conflict.

In Salah al-Din there is some tension between IDPs and the host community over competition for employment opportunities, inflated rent and commodity prices due to the influx of IDPs, and tribal hostilities. This is aggravated by the fact that some IDPs have joined local insurgent .

8. IDP Intentions

A very high percentage of IDPs in these governorates plan to return home, especially in Kirkuk. The percentage of IDPs who plan to intend to resettle in a third location in Salah Al-Din is now lower (32%) than it was in December (40%):

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION IDP Intentions

100%

80% 63% 52% 61.16% Waiting on one or several 60% 80% factors to make a decision Return to their place of origin

40% Resettle in a third location 16.77% 32% Locally integrate in the current 20% 31% 3% location 20.48% 9% 16% 0% 6% Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk All Iraq

III. EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AND NEEDS

1. Security and Vulnerabilities

Security

Security in Kirkuk is extremely problematic and volatile, as clashes between MNF-I/IF and local militias, as well as inter-group hostilities, make Improvised Explosive Device (IED) explosions, bombings, curfews, search-and-arrest campaigns, assassinations, and looting common. Much of this action is concentrated in , where there are a high numbers of insurgents. In addition, many IDPs of diverse ethnoreligious backgrounds such as Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, and , are flowing in from Salah al-Din, Ninewa, and Diyala because of security deterioration in their places of origin. Targeting of this groups and fighting among them adds to the already tense and violent environment of Kirkuk, making security a constant battle. IDPs and monitors report a slight improvement in security in Kirkuk in May and June.

In mid-March the central Baghdad government in cooperation with MNF-I/IF launched a massive military operation in Mosul, Ninewa , in order to fight the insurgent militias there. The affect has not been as dramatic as expected, but bombings, search-and-arrest campaigns, and curfews exist, with IED explosions, car bombs, and street clashes in retaliation. The MoDM branch in Ninewa reports no displacement although movement is limited, making assessments (and displacement) difficult. IOM monitors report some minor displacement to Kirkuk, Anbar, and . The military operations also affect IDPs in other areas. For example, due to insecurity and an imposed curfew, IDPs who live in of Tilkaif district and the surrounding areas cannot travel to Mosul to pick up their PDS ration. Most of them cannot go to work, and university students cannot travel to Mosul to attend classes.

Security in Salah al-Din governorate fluctuates, though it is gradually improving. As cooperation between local awakening forces, and MNF-I grows, the volume of IEDs, attacks, and assassinations is slowly decreasing. Detention campaigns carried out by security forces and Al-Daur and Baiji districts in May and the arrest of high level officials of Al-Qaeda in Qadissiya neighbourhood suggest that insurgents may be entering Salah al-Din, especially from Ninewa, destabilizing the governorate.

Higher percentages of IDPs report security incidents in these three governorates than in the rest of the country:

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION SECURITY STATISTICS Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Reported serious death or injury: 20.2% 7.2% 48.4% 23.0% 18.4% Had group members unaccounted for: 7.5% 4.0% 17.2% 8.8% 6.1% Must pass through a checkpoint to move near home: 19.1% 9.9% 27.0% 17.9% 15.2% Need authorization to move from current location: 5.5% 7.4% 27.1% 11.9% 9.4% Reported other restrictions on freedom or movement: 0.0% 0.2% 23.1% 6.1% 4.4%

Vulnerabilities

Specific vulnerabilities within families were as follows:

VULNERABILITIES Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Elderly person 1.9% 2.6% 3.3% 2.5% 1.4% Female head of household 0.8% 1.2% 2.0% 1.3% 0.4% Other vulnerability 0.3% 1.2% 0.2% 0.6% 0.4% Person with mental disability 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% Person with serious illness 0.6% 1.3% 0.5% 0.8% 0.1% Pregnant woman 0.9% 1.5% 2.4% 1.5% 0.6%

Women and Children

In the reporting area, as with the rest of the country, women and children are hit especially hard with the difficulties facing IDPs in general. In Kirkuk , monitors observed particularly harsh conditions among IDP women and children. Children were often out of school, malnourished, and barefoot with neglected personal hygiene. Recently in Kirkuk a prostitution industry has sprung up, often by women forced into the profession by relatives. There are also reports of young IDP women being forced to marry much older men from the host community. One IDP family was arrested in Kirkuk after local police discovered that they were aiding a prostitution ring in Kurdistan. Many of the girls were very young, and numerous dead, often violated, bodies of young girls were found on the outskirts of the city prior to the arrest.

In both Ninewa and Salah al-Din , widows who are now the head of household have a hard time finding employment, and thus children in these families are more likely to have to leave school and work to help out their families. Age Group Total Male Female IOM assessments identified the gender and age profile of Total 100% 51% 49% the assessed population through interviews with 168,056 Less than 1 6% 3% 3% individual family members: 1 to 4 14% 7% 7% 5 to 17 44% 22% 22% 18 to 60 31% 16% 15% 2. Shelter and Basic Services More than 60 5% 2% 2%

Shelter

60% of IDPs in these three governorates are renting housing, although rising rental prices are leading to difficulty in affording rental prices and increased evictions. Fewer IDPs live in a collective town settlement than the whole of Iraq, but more live in tents or former military camps.

TYPE OF HOUSING Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Rented housing 77.0% 69.7% 25.4% 60.7% 60.9% House of host family or relatives 16.1% 12.6% 26.9% 17.7% 16.3% Other 3.2% 7.7% 25.9% 10.8% 9.8% Collective town settlement 1.2% 2.9% 5.0% 2.8% 6.4% Public building 0.8% 6.2% 10.8% 5.4% 5.0% Tent or former military camp 1.7% 0.8% 5.6% 2.4% 1.5%

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Evictions

This area suffers from numerous threats of evictions. Hay Al-Orooba, one of the largest neighbourhoods in Kirkuk City, is a poor neighbourhood with over 20 illegally squatting IDP and local families. The provincial council plans to demolish these houses and have threatened the families with eviction. 95 families are reportedly displaced from Mosul, Ninewa to Kirkuk due to the military offensive. These families were not able to bring any furniture or major belongings with them due to prevention of passage of furniture at checkpoints. They are living in overcrowded conditions with families, putting a strain on these families.

In Hay Al-Himat, Ninewa , IDPs suffer from poor living conditions; they do not have flowing potable water and store their water in unsanitary containers. There is no electricity network there, nor is there a school. The closest school is 7-10 kilometres away and none of the IDP children are attending. In addition, monitors recently reported 36 Arab families who were forced from Krana village in Fayda sub-district by Kurdish local forces who claimed that they were supporting militias, although questions remain as to whether these local forces are removing all non-Kurds from this area. These families were forced to flee to a former military building in Mosul.

In Tal Jumaily sub-district, Al-Shirqat district, Salah al-Din , there are 23 families displaced from Al- Dora, Baghdad (many widow-headed households) who are renting inadequate shelter without basic services. Due to dwindling savings, some of them have removed their children from school to work or beg.

Upon an order by the provincial council in Salah al-Din, police continue to search for and evict IDPs coming to Salah al-Din from Samara district and Diyala and Anbar governorates, due to accusations that IDPs from these areas present a security threat.

In Kirkuk, 9% of those assessed reported eviction pressure to leave from neighbours, militants, relatives, or others, while in Ninewa the figure is only 2%. In Salah al-Din, 3% reported eviction pressure specifically from militants.

Food/Public Distribution System (PDS)

The link between PDS registration and voter constituency makes IDP access to food a political as well as a humanitarian issue, especially with the upcoming provincial elections scheduled this year.

Over 75% of IDPs in these three governorates report no regular access to food rations. Lack of access is especially high in Salah al-Din (66%), but it is less high in Kirkuk than in December 2007.

PDS ACCESS Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Yes, always 13.9% 33.2% 19.2% 22.2% 21.8% Sometimes 78.1% 39.7% 24.6% 50.3% 51.8% Not at all 8.0% 26.1% 55.5% 27.0% 26.3%

The most common reason for lack of access to food rations was the transportation route being insecure:

REASONS FOR NON -ACCESS TO PDS Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Delay transferring PDS registration to new location 7.0% 2.6% 4.7% 4.8% 18.6% Do not know why 0.0% 2.4% 0.1% 0.9% 1.5% Families lack documentation or PDS cards 0.2% 0.4% 0.0% 0.2% 1.9% Food transportation route insecure 66.8% 49.1% 41.5% 53.8% 37.6% Lack of transportation for food 22.1% 1.6% 2.8% 9.7% 6.8%

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION supplies No food to distribute 11.0% 0.5% 0.0% 4.4% 2.0% Other 5.3% 2.8% 0.7% 3.2% 2.6%

In addition, 24% of those assessed reported receiving rations that were missing items.

IDP families in Dawood Al-Aloka, Hay Al-Multaqa and Al-Saiada village, Kirkuk have not transferred their ration cards because they fear returning to their place of origin in order to do so. IDPs in Ninewa and Salah al-Din who have transferred their ration card complain of missing items. The increase in prices of fresh food is also placing an added burden on IDP families.

52% of IDPs reported that they have not received assistance from other sources. For those who have, sources are as follows:

FOOD AID SOURCE Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Humanitarian organizations 37.3% 14.2% 4.8% 20.5% 21.2% National authorities 7.1% 0.8% 1.8% 3.5% 6.6% Others 23.4% 24.6% 9.2% 20.1% 9.0% Regional authorities 7.6% 0.5% 7.2% 5.0% 6.1% Religious charities 30.9% 7.2% 1.5% 14.7% 19.0% Do not receive other assistance 37.3% 14.2% 4.8% 20.5% 21.2%

Water and Sanitation

73% of IDPs in this area report access to water. Only 59% report access in Kirkuk, down from 73% in December. 87% report access in Salah al-Din, and 66% in Ninewa. For those who have access, sources are as follows:

WATER SOURCE Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Municipal water (underground pipes) 93.4% 84.7% 58.1% 81.0% 89.8% Open or broken pipe 10.6% 1.6% 35.3% 13.9% 11.0% Other Sources 1.3% 1.1% 0.5% 1.0% 3.4% Public wells 9.8% 25.2% 40.5% 23.4% 11.3% Rivers, streams or lakes 7.9% 8.0% 19.6% 11.0% 12.4% Water tanks / trucks 54.0% 21.1% 53.5% 42.2% 27.6%

In Kirkuk, IDPs in Hay Al-Multaqa do not have potable water and must use drainage canals, which are contaminated by chemicals from local farms. In Al-Saiada village there is only one public well for the entire community. Families in Hay Al-Askary do not have access to a water network or proper sanitation facilities.

IDPs in Hay Al-Methaq and Hay Al-Hirmat, Ninewa also lack a connection to a water network and must transport their water from neighbouring areas.

In Sadar and Aitha villages, Salah al-Din, IDPs must use a drainage canal, resulting in gastrointestinal diseases. The IDPs living in Tolol Al-Bage village, Al-Shirqat district and Albu Tu'ma and Honday villages have no access to a water network and depend on the water tanks.

In Kirkuk, only 87% report access to toilets; in Ninewa, 98% have access; in Salah Al-Din, 95% report access.

Fuel and Electricity

Increasing fuel prices affect all Iraqis, most notably IDPs. IDPs in the reporting area who cannot afford fuel are relying on what little wood they can scavenge or animal dung for cooking. Running air conditioners that require fuel for generators also is too expensive an option for some IDPs.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 65% said that they could not access fuel. Fuel access by type is as follows:

FUEL ACCESS Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Benzene 23.7% 25.0% 21.7% 23.6% 43.9% Diesel 10.9% 1.3% 13.6% 8.2% 13.9% Kerosene 13.8% 4.9% 7.3% 8.9% 15.6% Other 0.0% 8.3% 0.1% 3.0% 2.7% Propane 14.5% 49.8% 15.2% 27.3% 56.5% No access to fuel 72.9% 47.8% 75.1% 64.5% 36.1%

The supply of electricity is inconsistent and often lasts for only a few hours a day. IDPs in some areas, such as Al-Saiada village and Hay Al-Askary, Kirkuk and Hay Al-Hirmat, Ninewa have no access to electricity, but overall access in this region is the same as the average for IDPs throughout Iraq:

Electricity Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq No electricity 4.0% 2.0% 13.1% 5.7% 5.6% 1-3 hours per day 45.0% 39.2% 12.2% 34.2% 32.0% Four or more hours per day 49.5% 58.5% 73.7% 59.1% 61.7%

Health Care

Health care is found to be deteriorating throughout Iraq. For IDPs who do not have access to clean water, adequate food, and health care services, health conditions become particularly problematic.

In Taza sub-district, Kirkuk, IDP families, especially children, are suffering from skin diseases, malnutrition, chest infections and many children still require vaccination. Lack of health care centers and unsanitary conditions in Hay Al-Multaqa and Al-Hawiga district result in a higher rate of diarrhoea, infections and anaemia, especially among children.

In Salah al-Din, a health center is needed in Baiji and Al-Shirqat districts, where 89 IDP families with 45 identified medical cases have no access to health care. Albu Tu’um, Honday and Al-Malha villages are experiencing increases in diarrhea and skin disease among IDP children, largely due to lack of potable water and a generally contaminated environment.

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 72% (down from 79% in December) said that they had access to health care services. Kirkuk remains the worst-off, with only 31% reporting access; 78% in Salah al-Din reported access and 95% in Ninewa. Reasons for non-access are as follows, financial constraints and unavailability of health facilities being the primary reasons:

REASONS FOR NON -ACCESS Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Financial constraints 1.3% 5.4% 65.9% 19.9% 6.9% No female staff 0.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.5% 0.2% Health facilities unavailable 1.3% 8.4% 42.2% 14.7% 6.2% Too dangerous to access 0.4% 0.0% 0.6% 0.3% 0.8% Too distant to access 3.3% 8.0% 2.9% 4.9% 3.5% Other 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.2%

51% report no access to medicine in the area, much higher than overall in Iraq (32%). In Kirkuk, 65% of those assessed said that they cannot access medications they need; in Ninewa, 64%; in Salah Al-Din only 25%.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN THE PAST 45 DAYS ? 7 Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Yes 0.5% 5.4% 42.4% 13.3% 8.4% No 99.4% 94.5% 57.3% 86.5% 91.5%

IDPs have primarily received vaccinations from visiting health care workers. However, only 7% of IDPs in Kirkuk reported that they had been visited by a health worker in the past 30 days 8, while in Ninewa in was 43% and 33% in Salah Al-Din.

VACCINATION CAMPAIGN Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq No 55.9% 46.3% 90.2% 61.6% 38.8% Yes, last week 18.5% 11.3% 3.0% 11.8% 17.9% Yes, last month 3.8% 24.0% 1.7% 10.4% 17.9% Yes, 1-3 months ago 0.4% 4.1% 1.0% 1.9% 3.5% Yes, 4-6 months ago 15.4% 7.2% 1.3% 8.8% 14.3% Yes, 7 or more months ago 5.8% 4.7% 0.6% 4.0% 6.9%

Education

Overcrowding of schools is seen throughout the country in areas of high saturation of IDPs. For example, a female teaching institute in Tikrit, Salah al-Din has accepted 350 IDP students, including those who have not transferred their documents. This institute also distributed items such as clothes, blankets, and financial aid to these IDP students. Sometimes IDP families are not able to send children to school due to financial constraints, the need for children to work instead, lack of supplies or schools, cultural prohibitions (especially for girls), lack of documentation for registration, and insecurity.

For example, in several areas in , 75 Turkmen families have returned from into internal displacement, and none of the children are attending school due to difficulties in integrating their children into local schools. In Al-Saiada village, Hay Al-Wasity Hay Al-Askary and Huzairan, Kirkuk, families do not have required documentation for registration. There are no primary or secondary schools in Hay Al-Hirmat, Mosul, Ninewa, and the only primary school in Al-Door Al- Sharqiya, Salah al-Din lacks desks and toilets, the small overcrowded classrooms makes teaching very difficult.

Out of 5,314 families interviewed in these three governorates, only 15% of families report that all of their female children attend school and 14% for boys, which is much lower than IDP families in the rest of the country:

Attendance percentage of school age children (Male) in Attendance percentage of school age children (Female) the Area in the Area

only some of All of Them, None of them, only some of the them, 3.7% 14.5% All of Them, 5.8% None of them, the them, 3.4% 7.8% 13.9%

half of the more than half, them, 19.5% more than half, but not all, 1.7% but not all, 14.7% half of the less than half, them, 25.9% less than half, 35.3% 53.7%

Reasons for not attending for boys and girls are as follows:

7 From date of interview. 8 From date of interview.

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Reason for not attending (Male) Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk All Iraq No answer 59.3% 0.0% 1.0% 5.7% Cultural/religious constrains 0.0% 0.0% 30.6% 3.3% Lack of documents 0.6% 0.0% 34.6% 6.8% Lack of money 3.0% 13.3% 19.9% 67.6% Language 24.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% School is too far /no transport 2.8% 86.7% 8.2% 5.9% Work 10.2% 0.0% 5.7% 9.6%

Reason for not attending (Female) Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk All Iraq No answer 22.2% 0.0% 3.6% 10.3% Cultural/religious constrains 13.2% 0.0% 30.2% 6.8% Lack of documents 1.4% 0.0% 35.4% 8.4% Lack of money 3.1% 87.1% 19.2% 65.2% Language 8.7% 0.0% 0.0% 1.6% School is too far /no transport 1.3% 12.9% 8.7% 6.2% Work 50.0% 0.0% 2.8% 1.5%

Schools are administering final exams throughout Iraq. Once school is over for the summer, Iraq might experience an increase of returnees (both internally and from abroad).

Employment

In these three governorates, employment is ranked in the top three priority needs (less so in Kirkuk). IDPs continuously report to monitors that they prefer projects that provide an income, so that they can afford the many other daily necessities they are missing.

Employment Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq At least one member of the family has a job 20.3% 27.9% 2.5% 16.5% 27.2% None of the members has a job 79.7% 72.1% 95.5% 82.8% 72.6%

How many families have at least one member who has a job that brings income currently?

16.5%

At least one member of the Family has a job Non of the members has a Job

82.8%

3. Legal Concerns

Property Issues

IOM monitors asked 1,057 individual families in the reporting area what types of property they had left behind. Responses were as follows:

TYPES OF PROPERTY LEFT BEHIND Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Apartment or room 11.2% 0.5% 1.6% 6.1% 3.7% House 72.7% 93.7% 68.3% 75.8% 80.0% Land for agriculture 0.0% 4.1% 9.7% 3.8% 3.9% Land for housing 0.6% 0.5% 2.5% 1.1% 1.9% Other 9.9% 0.0% 1.3% 5.2% 3.9% Shop / small business 5.6% 1.4% 16.6% 8.0% 6.6%

When asked what had become of the property they had left behind, 71% of IDPs in the reporting area said that they did not know. Few reported that it was occupied by private citizens, compared to the rest of Iraq:

STATUS OF PROPERTY LEFT BEHIND Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Do not know 67.5% 70.9% 76.3% 71.0% 45.9% Property accessible 13.4% 8.6% 10.1% 10.8% 18.5% Property currently in military use 1.8% 1.3% 2.3% 1.7% 1.8% Property destroyed 6.3% 3.5% 8.8% 6.0% 19.7% Property occupied, controlled or claimed by government 0.5% 0.0% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% Property occupied, controlled or claimed by private citizens 6.5% 16.5% 10.3% 11.1% 33.2%

IDPs were able to take the following with them when they were displaced:

ASSETS BROUGHT BY IDP S Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Livestock 1.3% 3.5% 10.0% 4.4% 6.4% Food 81.1% 80.1% 9.4% 61.7% 54.8% Winter clothing 78.4% 78.9% 68.0% 75.8% 74.7% Car transportation 78.6% 39.1% 29.6% 51.6% 48.4% Tools 77.2% 77.2% 13.7% 60.4% 60.5% Other 0.2% 3.9% 14.5% 5.3% 7.2%

Documentation

IDPs assessed in the reporting area carry multiple forms of documentation, but only 8% carry passports:

DOCUMENTATION Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq ID Cards 98.4% 92.6% 98.6% 96.4% 90.4% Nationality Certificates 95.9% 94.5% 96.4% 95.5% 96.6% Marriage Documents 92.0% 62.8% 91.4% 81.4% 68.0% Birth Certificates 75.6% 61.3% 92.9% 75.1% 56.4% Death Certificates 26.8% 11.6% 24.2% 20.7% 19.6% Passports 10.8% 8.5% 1.7% 7.6% 14.8% Other Documents 10.5% 4.3% 31.1% 13.8% 19.7%

IV. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE RECEIVED

Only 55% of IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they had received humanitarian assistance since their displacement, although 76% said they had in Ninewa (and only 45% in Salah al-Din and 40% in Kirkuk). This was provided by the following sources:

SOURCE OF ASSISTANCE Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Host community 32.6% 25.7% 5.9% 23.1% 29.1% Relatives 28.6% 12.2% 15.5% 19.3% 25.8% Iraqi Red Crescent 32.2% 17.0% 3.9% 19.3% 25.0% Religious group 30.2% 10.5% 5.7% 16.7% 25.1% MoDM 42.1% 4.3% 14.4% 21.3% 27.5%

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Other 7.8% 0.9% 16.3% 7.6% 1.7% Humanitarian organization 14.9% 0.4% 5.2% 7.2% 18.7% Other Iraqi Government body 2.1% 0.7% 1.0% 1.3% 4.7% Has not received assistance 23.5% 55.0% 58.6% 44.0% 37.9%

Food and NFIs were the primary types of assistance provided by the aforementioned:

TYPE OF ASSISTANCE Ninewa Salah al-Din Kirkuk Area All Iraq Food 68.3% 44.7% 35.6% 51.2% 58.5% Health 5.7% 9.4% 5.1% 6.9% 11.4% Non-food Items 63.5% 23.3% 27.5% 39.7% 48.2% Other 16.4% 2.8% 5.0% 8.5% 10.5%

V. PRIORITY NEEDS

Top Priority Needs:

As with the rest of Iraq, the majority of IDPs reported their top priority needs to be shelter, employment, and food, although only 24% of IDPs in Ninewa ranked food as a priority. Unusually, legal help was ranked very high in Ninewa and fairly high in Kirkuk.

100% 89.5% 90.2% 94.7% Ninewa 87.5% 90% 87.1% Salah al-Din 80% 70.8%

69.4% Kirkuk 70% 68.4% 60% 52.2% 50% 40% 27.5% 30% 26.9% 23.9% 20% 20.0% 12.1% 11.9% 11.3% 9.4% 7.2% 7.1%

10% 4.5% 3.8% 4.2% 3.3% 3.4% 3.1% 2.4% 1.3% 0.9% 0.2% 0.2% 0%

r e n p k lth ter o a ien Food Wa Wor Shelte Other He Hyg egal Hel to Sanitati L s Education Acces

IOM Joint Operations Cell Project Recommendations:

The following are projects recommended by sources on the ground within the past six months , including IOM monitors, staff, implementing partners, and other stakeholders. These and other project recommendations (almost 400 total) are stored in an IOM database as part of the IOM Joint Operations Cell information management system and shared to encourage implementation by other humanitarian organizations. This database can be queried by geographic location, project cost, project sector, etc. IOM encourages humanitarian organizations to implement these recommendations. For more information, please contact [email protected] .

Governorate District Village Lat Long Project Title Project Sector Setting up water tanks in Al Mankooba WATER / Ninewa Al-Hamdaniya Bartalah 36.3539 43.3831 village SANITATION

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Emergency distribution of food and non- EMERGENCY Ninewa Al-Hamdaniya Bartalah 36.3539 43.3831 food items to 11 families in Al Mankooba DISTRIBUTION village

Distribution of Food items for IDP EMERGENCY Ninewa Akre 36.7539 43.8939 families in Nahawa village DISTRIBUTION

Distribution of Non-Food items for the EMERGENCY Ninewa Tilkaif Alqosh 36.7333 43.0933 IDP families in Sharafya village DISTRIBUTION

Distribution of Food items for IDP EMERGENCY Ninewa Tilkaif Alqosh 36.7333 43.0933 families in Janbur collective village DISTRIBUTION

Distribution of Non-Food items for the EMERGENCY Ninewa Shekhan Mamizdeen 36.7911 43.2355 IDP families in Mamizdeen village DISTRIBUTION

Salah al-Din Al-Shirqat Tulul Baq 35.4194 43.1108 Income generation project LIVELIHOOD

Distribution of food and non-food items EMERGENCY Salah al-Din Al-Shirqat Tulul Baq 35.4194 43.1108 to IDPs in Tolol Al Aaj DISTRIBUTION

Kirkuk Kirkuk Kirkuk 35.46806 44.392222 Providing Support to Shoresh Hospital HEALTH

Kirkuk Kirkuk Saidiya 35.23365 44.116476 Health awareness campaigns HEALTH

CONCLUSION

The governorates of Kirkuk, Ninewa and Salah al-Din experience a cornucopia of ethnic and religious diversity among both the host communities and IDPs, which along with insecurity, has caused displacement within and from these governorates, especially in the last two years. Security in these governorates is volatile and fluctuates, and an ongoing military operation in Mosul, Ninewa could cause increased displacement. A high percentage of IDPs in Kirkuk (48%) reported a serious death or injury among family members.

The tense relations among different ethnoreligious groups are affecting IDP entry and registration and even the distribution of humanitarian assistance to some areas. Most of the IDPs flee to these governorates from neighbouring governorates, with smaller numbers arriving from southern governorates. Most report direct threats to life and generalized violence as reasons for fleeing.

Basic services are lacking in these governorates due to years of instability and ethnoreligious tensions, especially in Kirkuk. A higher percentage than average of IDPs live in tents or former military camps, and evictions are common. Only 59% report access to water in Kirkuk, with 73% average in the three governorates, and 65% report no access to fuel, which is much higher than the 36% national average for IDPs. Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 72% (down from 79% in December) said that they had access to health care services. Many IDPs reported that they were not involved in a vaccination campaign (62% total, with 90% in Kirkuk, compared to the national average of 39% for IDPs). The percentage of families with all children attending school is also very low, and 83% of families report that no family member has a job.

Overall, conditions for IDPs in these three governorates are poor. Not surprisingly, a high percentage of IDPs plan to return to their place of origin this region: in Kirkuk 80% plan to return, in Ninewa 63%, and in Salah al-Din 52%.

For further information on IDPs and returnees in Iraq, please contact Dana Graber Ladek, Iraq Displacement Specialist, at [email protected] (+962 79 611 1759).

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