Town
The copyright of this thesis rests with the University of Cape Town. No quotation from it or information derivedCape from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of theof source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non-commercial research purposes only.
University Interventionist Foreign Policy: Uganda's Security Challenges A Study Town Su mi e i u i me o e awa o e eg ee o OC O O I OSO Y Cape
e a me ofo o i ica S u ies U I E SI Y O CA E OW
y
UniversityC a o e Ka u gi Ma um o .A. A s. (Make e e U i e si y , M. I S. (U i e si y o Sy ey
Supervised by
o esso A e e Seege s Associa e o esso ames Ma a
u e 2008 agia ism ec a a io
I, Charlotte Karungi declare that the work that gave rise to this thesis, is my own original work, and that, where work from other scholars is used, it has been clearly referenced. This work has neither been nor is being submitted concurrently in any university or institution for any degree.
Signed: Charlotte Karungi
Date:
Supervisor. Professor Annette Seegers Town
Date: Cape Co-Supervisor: of Associate Professor James Mulira
Date:
University Dedication
My mo e osema y K. wemamu
My us a u ius a my c i e C a is, Mic e e a Ma k
o US E iA
e og am as ma e a w o e wo o i e e ce o my ca ee Town
Cape of
University Acknowledgements
o wo s a e su icie o e ess ow g a e u I am o e e yo e w o i ec y a i i ec y assis e me i my s u ies. e g a i u e I owe my esis a ise a me o o A e e Seege s is eyo es ima io . e su o , gui a ce a s ic equi eme s we e o imme se a ue o is wo k S e ou i e y e gage me i i e se sessio s o eo e ica a a ysis a ma e my e ce io o issues muc c ea e . S e o i e me wi i ume a e e e e ces a o e e e e y we s ocke i a y o me. ose w o a e ee o UC k ow o e ume ous ac ie eme s as a sc o a a a eac e u ose w o wi ea is wi o e e g ea i ue ce s e as a i i ec i g e success u com e io o is oc o a e.
I am g a e u o Assoc o Mu i a ames (Make e e U i e si y , ay co su e iso o is comme s a i sig s i o my wo k. is om e u o a a s a co s a ema o mo e wo k o ea ke me o my oes. I ea ise a muc o w a Town I ac ie e was ecause e oge e wi o Seege s e su e a I i o ose e mome um o e wo k.
I am ee y i e e o US E iA o e sc o a s i .Cape I a k a e su o s a o e US E iA og am w o wo ke i e ess y of o make su e a a e i a cia a ogis ica equi eme s o e og am we e me i ime. e US E iA u o ice cease o e a o ice u a s o me i o my es i g ace. I am a k u o e o e a ca e om "mama a Wa e ", u ai a a as, Ca o O wa g, Masego, uam a gi u a o ma e y, oge e wi wo a e s ecia eo e, o Ma i Wes a es ey S acke o w o o e wa c e om a is a ce e e y s e I ma e. As a e ow, I ea ise a i was o ea i g, i a y wo k a c asses a ma e e ,University u a a i g ie s w o ca e e oug o ask a e you ea a ami y, w o se i ay g ee i gs a ga e you a swee eac ime you isi e co i u e g ea y o my emo io a a syc o ogica we ei g, a i u es a a e e eme y i a o a y aca emic ocess. My g a i u e a so e e s o o Ma i egassick a Ma ga e S u e s ("my a e s" i Ca e ow o e o e a su o ey ga e me w i e i Ca e ow .
I e e my a ecia io o e os g a ua e u i g o ice o e U i e si y o Ca e ow , e Make e e U i e si y S a e e o me Commi ee a e Make e e U i e si y G a ua e Sc oo o e su si ia y i a cia su o , w ic came i a y o ca e o my ee s as a os g a ua e s u e . I ca o is a e ames o e s a a assis e i is u e aki g o ea o omi i g a y, so ki y acce s my a ks. I a k o Se uwuu u o , M go i, e
a e M Aga a, M s Ka ema, Ms Mugam wa, C is i e M a a i a e U i e si y u sa w o i i ia e e i a cia ocess a i s oug me o UC .
My wo k e e i e om c i iques, iscussio s a co i u io s om o Kei K ause (I s i u e o G a ua e S u ies: Ge e a , o im e e (UC : aw Sc oo , o C a ks aw (UC : Socio ogy , Assoc o A o y u e (UC : o i ica S u ies a . e y C i s. I am g a e u o e ea acu y o A s (Make e e U i e si y , Assoc o . Se ge o, a uku a ogo o, a my co eagues G. Asiimwe, . Mu a gu i, M. C i i a, S. u a a uka, Mwam us ya e esa, . Ka o o, . Kamukama, Ocaya aki i, a Mu i wa u a ga, as we as o my me o s o 0. o e i e, o Gi gye a i yc wa a Oke o Ogwa ga. ei i s i a io a su o i is u e aki g we e imme se. e e a e o e u su g e oes a e oi es i suc aca emic ocesses, ye ei co i u io is i a ua e. My si ce e a ks go o . o i , osa i Ma ee a um a Msu u (A mi is a o s o e e a me o o i ica S u ies a UC a . Sa yu, . aka a,Town C. agawa (Sec e a ies o e acu y o A s a Make e e U i e si y .
My ea y a ks o s a a e I S (UC e a me ,Cape e i a ies o UC , a icu a y e e A ica S u ies i a y, a o e K ow e geof Commo s u oo Ismai , ia e S ee a s u e su o s a w o e e me o sea c o a e ocume s a I equi e . S ecia me io mus e ma e o e s a a e i a ies o Make e e U i e si y, e a iame o Uga a a e Mi is y o o eig A ai s, e Sma A ms Su ey o ec (I s i u e o G a ua e S u ies: Ge e a a e I s i u e o S a egic S u ies (UK o a ei assis a ce a gui a ce. I wou a so ike o e ess my a ecia io owa s e Uga a a io a Cou ci o Scie ce a ec o ogyUniversity o e i g me wi my ie wo k e a a io s. u i g my ie wo k, I a c ee u a e icie e om my esea c assis a s Wamwaya, Ma i , S e e wa ga, a gi a a a is, Mu a i a i a Sam weku a a my ie s, a o w om aye a i a ua e o e oug ou my u e aki g. I am i e e o M. Owe e, E. ya ia, . a e a, . e mue e , Se io Comma a s, O ice s a Me o e Uga a eo e s e e ce o ces (Uga a (w om o u oses o a o ymi y I ca o me io y ame a a my i e iewees. I am a so g a e u o e s a o e es ec i e mi is ies, a io a u eaus a age cies i Uga a, wa a, e C, u u i a e s a a e ie ic auma ou a io .
i I ay i u e o my a e u c es S e e Mukasa a ose ai e w o we e a ways ou o e e y sig i ica s e I ook i my i e. I a so ay i u e o my c i e s a y S e a Ka oi a, w o ooke a e my c i e u i g e i s wo yea s a I s a e is cou se. May e o es ei sou s i e e a eace.
I e e my a ecia i e a ks o e UC S u e ousi g e a me , a icu a y o M s o a , a o Goug a e s a a e U i e si y ea Ce e o e om me ica a e io w e I soug i .
oug ou e s ages o is s u y a esis, my ami y was i c e i e. ei a ie ce, o e a ca e we e a I ee e o com e e is wo k. My ee es a ecia io goes o my us a u ius, my c i e ose y e, Mic e e, C a is, Ma k a Ma i w o a ie y wai e o me o i is my " ome wo k". u ius was a wo e u a e w o u e ook a e es o si i i ies w i e I was away, e ea my a s a e ke my ime a e oug ou Town e s u y. I am a so i e e o my sis e s om a G ace o a e su o owa s my ami y. a k you e y muc . A e y s ecia e so o a my e ea ou s as ee my i e sis e Helen Lwemamu, w o i i ia y ooke a e my c i e a me u i gCape my i a yea a UC : e e is i e mo e o say ecause o e essio o g a i u e wou of su ice o e ca su a e e e o my g a i u e owa s e o e e o s.
as y, I am ee y i e e o my mo e osema y, a s ic isci i a ia w o a ways o me " a wo k ki s o woma , i is a i ess a oes": e e cou ageme a su o we e i a ua e. University a k you a . A s ac
This study set out to answer one critical question, namely, what is the most parsimonious theory that explains Uganda's interventionist foreign policy behaviour in three of its neighbouring states of Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC during 1986-2006. Drawing on four theoretical approaches, viz. Constructivism, Poliheurism, Liberalism and the Security Dilemma theory, which is a variant of Realism, this study examines how the interventions manifested in each state. It is argued that, the Security Dilemma theory is the most parsimonious theoretical perspective because it explains multiple exercises of Uganda's interventions in its western neighbouring states. Where the Security Dilemma is unable to explain Uganda's interventionist foreign policy, it requires other theories to complement it to explain all the interventions conclusively. The alternative theories drawn upon to complement the Security Dilemma are Constructivism, Poliheurism and the Utilitarian Liberal position. The study argues that although the use of a single theoretical approach may indeed be able to explain a specific intervention Townat a given time, it may not be sufficiently comprehensive to encapsulate Uganda's interventionist foreign policy in all three states thus the application of multiple theories. The rationale of using multiple theories lies in their ability to interpret different types of interventionsCape and to complement each other in explaining interventions. of
Using a theoretical comparison, the study consisted of two phases. The first phase covered the desktop research, which provided background information on the case as well as historical documentary sources. In the second phase, qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were used to study the different ways in which Uganda's interventions manifested in the region.University More specifically, interviews were conducted with relevant political actors in the region, and quantitative analysis of the censuses were carried out to obtain people's opinions on respective foreign policy actions, thus providing the study with an in-depth perspective on the processes that led up to the different interventions in each state.
Drawing on the Security Dilemma theory, the study established that Uganda intervened in its western neighbours firstly, to stop insurgency and incursions into its territory by rebels that exploited the strategic offensive advantage of the neighbouring states to wage war and carry out terrorist attacks on Uganda. Secondly, Uganda wanted to stop the spill-over effects of the neighbouring states' ethnic violence and struggle for power that affected Uganda's security. Thirdly, it is argued that Uganda exploited the absence of the international community in settling
vi regional conflicts to intervene as a means of containing these conflicts, which would have been disastrous not only for Uganda but also for the states where the conflicts were happening. Another argument that is advanced is that the interventions were motivated by the misperceptions and mistrust amongst the regional leaders of each other's actions. Shifts in alliance patterns, a breakdown in relations and differences of opinion regarding the security matters of states and the regions greatly influenced Uganda's interventionist foreign policy.
It is argued from the Constructivist perspective that Uganda's interventionist foreign policy was a result of the norms, culture and identity that has been ascribed to Uganda primarily by itself as well as by other actors in the international community, which compelled it to intervene in states such as Burundi. From the Poliheuristic perspective, it is argued that Uganda intervened because its leaders supported interventionism. It is also affirmed that the Utilitarian Liberal perspective explains Uganda's interventions as motivated by its 'legitimate' economic interests in the region. Town The central argument of this study is that the Security Dilemma is the best theory that explains Uganda's interventions but that it is not a comprehensive theory. Other alternative theories need to complement it to be able to explain Uganda's foreignCape policy behaviour comprehensively. of
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vii e i i io o e ms
Ci i e s i c isis: A a e om Ma moo Mam a i, e e m is use o e e o e io e e u io o mu i e e ic ase co ic s a occu e a e same ime i e eig ou i g s a es o wa a, u u i a e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go i e G ea akes egio o A ica.
a wa e: Mi i a y ca a i i y o a s a e a i c u es o a gi e, i.e. wea o y a o ce s uc u e, a i a gi e c a ac e is ics, e.g. mi i a y oc i e a e a ues a e mi i a y o s ea .
o u sui W e oo s o o e cou y u sue ei e emies a e su e a e is a ce e wee e e emy u sue a e e i o y ei g o ec e oes o o e a y s a egic a a age o e e emy o u u e ea .
Mi i a y s a u e: e a i g o a s a e s mi i a y o ceTown a ca a i i y is gi e i e a io o e es o e mi i a y o ces i a egio .
a io a secu i y: a io a secu i y e e s o e o a ca aci y o e s a e o o i e e s a e a Cape i s ci i e s wi a secu e e i o me a o ec io om ea s, o ea a imagi e , om e e e a e i o me . of
ec usi e e e ce: e a i i y o a s a e o e e i s o e s agai s e e a a acks.
egime secu i y: e m use o esc i e ea e s e a iou s a s a egies aime a secu i g a ey emai i owe .
Secu i y sec o : UniversityCo ec i e e m use o e e o e com o e s o e age cies g ou s i a s a e a o i e sa e y a secu i y, a ow ese a e ma age o e ec i e e i e y o sa e y o a ci i e s o a cou y.
S a egic e : A s a e s ca aci y o e e a acks om o e s a es ecause o i s geog a ic a ea co e age.
S a egic e e : A esc i io o e com i e geog a ic a a wa e ca aci ies o a s a e, w ic i u s o use i e a io o o e s a es.
iii List of Acronyms AAC A i Ai c a Wea o s AC E A ica C isis es o se o ce AC I A ica C isis es o se I i ia i e ACSS A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies A A ie emoc a ic o A A ia ce o emoc a ic o ces o e i e a io o Co go ai e A C A ica a io a Co g ess A C A mou e e so e Ca ie s A M A e so e Mi e MEA Associa io o Sou Eas Asia a io s A M A i a k Mi e CIA Ce a I e ige ce Age cy CI Ce a I es iga io s e a me Town CMI Ce a Mi i a y I e ige ce C a io a Cou ci o e e e ce o emoc acy o o e e e ce o emoc acy C Ca e ews e wo k Cape COMESA Commo Ma ke s o Eas e a of Sou e A ica CS i ec Comme cia Sa es ISO is ic I e a Secu i y O ice MS i ec Mi i a y Sa es O U i e S a es e a me o e e ce emoc a ic a y C is ic University o ice Comma e EAC Eas A ica Commu i y EAS IG Eas e A ica S a y iga e ECA Eco omic Commissio o A ica ECOMOG Eco omic Commu i y o Wes A ica S a es Mo i o i g G ou ECOWAS Eco omic Commu i y o Wes A ica S a es E E io ia eo e s e o u io a y emoc a ic o E E i ea eo e s i e a io o ESI Eco omic Sus ai a i i y I e ESO E e a Secu i y O ga isa io s (ESO E A o ces A mees wa aise (a so k ow o e e I e a amwe Ge oci ai es
i E A o ces A mées ai e A C o ces o A me Co go ese A o ces A mées ai oises E EMU e e a emoc a ic Mo eme o Uga a MS o eig Mi i a y Sa es I I eg a io is a io a o a io a i e a io o Ica o a io a i e a io o ces Ica o O E U o o emoc acy i u u i O I A a io a i e a io o U A o me Uga a a io a A my G G ea akes egio o A ica G MG Ge e a u ose Mac i e Gu ME y oe ec ic owe Town SM o y S i i Mo eme IC I e Co go ese ia ogue ICG I ema io a C isis G ou Cape IC I e a io a Cou o us ice of I I e a y is ace eo es IE Im o ise E osi e e ice IGA I e go e me a Au o i y o e e o me I I e a io a uma i a ia aw IME I e a io a Mi i a y E uca io ai i g IM I e a io a University Mo e a y u I C I ia a io a Co g ess ISO I e a Secu i y O ga isa io s CE oi Com i e E c a ge ai i g KA Ka a ga a Ac io a U oca e e ce U i MG ig Mac i e Gu A o s esis a ce A my MA Mu ua Assis a ce i e e ce M E Mi is y o i a ce a i g a Eco omic e e o me MG Mu e G e a e au c e MISAB Mission interafricaine de surveillance des Accords de Bangui (Inter-African Mission to monitor the implementation of the Bangui Agreements) (Central African Republic (CAR) MLC Congolese Liberation Movement MMG Medium Machine Guns MOD Ministry of Defence MONUC Mission des Nations Unies en Republique Démocratique du Congo (United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo) MRC Movement for the Rehabilitation of Citizens MSP-Inkinzo Movement Socialist Panafricanist-Inkinzo NALU National Army for the Liberation of Uganda NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDA National Democratic Alliance NDU National Defence University NIF National Islamic Front NRA National Resistance Army Town NRAC National Resistance Army Council NRM National Resistance Movement NSC National Security Council Cape OAS Organisation of American Statesof PAC Pan African Congress PARENA Party of National Recovery PDD Presidential Decision Directive PKM Russian-make machine gun PP Progressive Party PRA People'sUniversity Redemption Army PTA Preferential Trade Area RADESH Rally for Democracy, Economic and Social Development RCD Rally for a Democratic Congo RCD-ANC Rally for a Democratic Congo-Armee Nationale Congolaise RCD-ML Rally for a Democratic Congo-Liberation Movement RDC Resident District Commissioner RPA Rwandan People's Army RPF Rwanda Patriotic Front RPG Rocket Propelled Grenades SACU Southern African Customs Union SA C Sou e A ica e e o me Commu i y SA C AM Sou e A ica e e o me Commu i y o A ig e Mo eme SA W Sma A ms a ig Wea o s SAM Su ace o Ai Missi e SA S S uc u a A us me og ams S G Se o e e Gu S A Su a ese eo e s i e a io A my S M Su a ese eo e s i e a io Mo eme a a ia eo e s e e ce o ce ig ea eo e s i e a io o U OS Uga a u eau o S a is ics U M Uga a ee om Mo eme U U i e a io s U AMI U i e a io s Assis a ce Missio o wa a Town U C Uga a a io a Co g ess U A Uga a a io a i e a io A my U Uga a a io a i e a io o Cape U I Uga a a io a escue o I U II Uga a a io a escue o of II U SC U i e a io s Secu i y Cou ci U C Uga a eo e s Co g ess U Uga a eo e s e e ce o ces U M Uga a eo e s Mo eme U O A U io o University a io a og ess U A Uga a e e ue Au o i y US U i e S a es o Ame ica USIS U i e S a es I es iga io Se ices W Wo a k W Wes i e a k o W W i e a e o e e ce a s o ma io
ii Table of Contents
AGIA ISM EC A A IO ......
E ICA IO ...... II
ACK OW E GEME S ......
A S AC ...... I
E I I IO O E MS ...... III
IS O AC O YMS ...... I
IS O A ES ...... II
IS O A E ICES ...... I IS O MA S ...... Town C A E O E ......
I O UC IO O E S U Y ...... .0 I O UC IO A MO I A IO O E S U YCape...... . I E E IO E I E ...... 6 .2 CAUSES O I E E IO ...... of . Y ES O I E E IO S ...... 8 Military intervention ...... 8 Humanitarian intervention...... 10 Covert intervention ...... 12 Paramilitary intervention ...... 13 Diplomatic Intervention ...... 13 .4 W O S OU University I E E E A W E ...... 4 . W E O I E E E: C A E GES O I E E IO ...... .6 E O EM ...... 20 . US I ICA IO O E S U Y ...... 2 .8 SCO E O E S U Y ...... 2 . EO E ICA AMEWO K ...... 24 . 0 ESEA C ME O O OGY: E COM A A I E EO E ICA CASE S U Y ...... 2 RESEARCH ETHICS ...... 0 Problems Encountered...... 30 Chapter Outline ...... 31
C A E WO ...... 2
EO E ICA A OAC ES O I E E IO ...... 2 2.0 I O UC IO ...... 2 2. EA ISM ...... 2 The Security Dilemma ...... 33 2.2 I E A ISM ...... 4 2. CO S UC I ISM...... Constructivism and Intervention ...... 2.4 O I EU ISM ...... 6 Poliheurism and Intervention ...... 61 2.5 CONCLUSION: A COMPARISON OF THE FOUR THEORIES ...... 65
CHAPTER THREE AFRICAN INTERVENTIONS A LITERATURE SURVEY ...... 71
.0 I O UC IO ...... . A ICA I E E IO S: A O E IEW ...... .2 E S EC I ES O I E E IO ...... 2 . A E A I E E S EC I ES O I E E IO ...... 6 .4 UGA A S I E E IO IS O EIG O ICY E IEWE Town...... 82 . CO C USIO ...... 8
CHAPTER FOUR ...... 91 BACKGROUND: CONTEXTUALISING UGANDA'S SECURITYCape FRAMEWORK ...... 91 4.0 I O UC IO ...... 91 4.1 A IE IS O Y O CO O IA UGA Aof...... Postcolonial Uganda...... 94 Postcolonial Regional and International Relations (1962-1970) ...... 95 Uganda's Second Republic (1971-1979) ...... 97 Obote II to Tito Mello Lutwa (1980-1985) ...... 99 The National Resistance Movement government from 1986 ...... 101 4.2 UGA A S SECU I Y AMEWO K ...... 02 National Defence structureUniversity...... 105 Decision Making in the Uganda People Defence Force ...... 106 The National Security Council ...... 109 Paramilitary Groups in Uganda's Defence Sector ...... 111 Financing the army ...... 113 4. UGA A S SECU I Y I E ES S ...... 8 Regional and international interests ...... 120 Uganda's threat perceptions...... 124 Uganda's interventionist episodes in the Great Lakes Region ...... 126 4.4 SUMMA Y ...... 28 Conclusion ...... 129
CHAPTER FIVE CONSTRUCTIVISM: NORMS AND TRENDS IN INTERVENTION ...... 130
xv 5.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 130
5.1 CONSTRUCTIVISM AND INTERVENTION ...... 131
5.2 NEW AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY ...... 132
5.3 HUMANITARIAN ISSUES ...... 142
5.4 SUMMARY ...... 147
5.5 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ...... 148
CHAPTER SIX POLIHEURISM: LEADERS AND FOREIGN POLICY ...... 150
6.0 POLIHEURISM ...... 150
6.1 POLIHEURISM AND INTERVENTION ...... 150 6.2 DECISIONS O INTERVENE MILITARILY IN RWANDA AND THE DRC ...... 151
6.3 THE ROLE OF FOREIGN POWERS IN UGANDA'S INTERVENTIONS ...... 156
6.4 DOMESTIC MOTIVATIONS OF INTERVENTIONS ...... 163
6.5 REGIONAL HEGEMONY OR WARMONGER ...... 167
6.6 SUMMARY ...... 173 6.7 THEORETICAL ASSESSMENT ...... Town 174 CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 176
LIBERALISM: UGANDA'S ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION ...... 176 7.0 INTRODUCTION ...... Cape 176 7.1 UGANDA'S ECONOMIC AND SECURITY NEXUS ...... 178 7.2 REFLECTIONS ON UGANDA'S ECONOMIC RELATIONSof ...... 186 Local Trade 186 Regional and International Trade...... 189 7.3 UGANDA'S TRADE AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE INTERVENTION PERIOD ...... 190 Uganda's Trade Performance 1996-2005 ...... 191 Trade and Insecurity ...... 198 7.4 SUMMARY ...... University 200 7.5 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ...... 204
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE SECURITY DILEMMA: UGANDA'S INTERVENTIONIST FOREIGN POLICY...... 206
8.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 206
8.1 A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SECURITY DILEMMA THEORY ...... 206
8.2 UGANDAN'S GEO-POLITICAL POSITION IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION ...... 209 Uganda's western border security concerns ...... 216 Terrorism in Uganda ...... 221 8.2 PROXIMITY O A VOLATILE NEIGHBOURHOOD ...... 225 Uganda intervenes in the Great Lakes Region states ...... 227 The Sudan Factor...... 230 8.3 UGANDA'S ROLE IN DESTABILISING THE REGION ...... 232
XV Regional Competitive Arms Acquisition in the GLR ...... 237
8.4 E CE IO S A MIS E CE IO S OF UGA A S EGIO A AC IO S ...... 248 Summary...... 252 Theoretical implication ...... 253
C A E I E: CO C USIO : UGA A S I E E IO IS O EIG O ICY ...... 2
.0 E S U Y ...... 2
. UGA A S I E E IO S: A AU I ...... 2 6
.2 U U E ESEA C OS EC S ...... 2 REFERENCES ...... 262
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XVI List of a es
TABLE 1: INTERVENTIONS IN AFRICA 1990-2000 ...... 45
TABLE 2: THE FOUR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES SUMMARISED ...... 68
TABLE 3: THE MILITARY BUDGET COVERING THE PERIOD 1992-2005 IN UGANDA SHILLINGS ...... 114 TABLE 4: MILITARY ASSISTANCE AND TRAINING O S A ES A I E E E I E C I US O A S 000 ...... 8 A E : MI I A Y ASSIS A CE A AI I G O COU IES I E CO GO CI I WA I $ 000 U I S ...... 60 A E 6: MI I A Y S UC U E O I E G S A ES ...... 0 A E : UGA A: MI E A E O S A O UC IO , 4 2000 ...... A E 8: UGA A: OUGE IAMO E O S, OC O E 2000...... 2 A E : UGA A: IO IUM E O S, ( OUSA S O U I E S A ES O A S ...... A E 0: COM OSI IO O E O S ( S A ES , 0 200 SE EC E ...... 6 A E : UGA A S E O S A UE O E G S A ES I US $M O E YEA S O 6 2004 ...... A E 2: UGA A S IM O S OM E G EA AKES EGIO SE EC E S A ESTown I US $M O E YEA S 6 2004 ...... A E : UGA A S SECU I Y MA I : E E G OU S O E A I G I WES E A O E UGA A 2 A E 4: E UGEE O U A IO I UGA A OM G EA AKES EGIO A E O O A ICA ...... 226 A E : A MS O E S A E I E IES O G EA AKES Cape EGIO O A ICA I E I E WA E IO ...... 24 A E 6: E E SE E E I U E I SE EC E G EA of IKES EGIO S A ES ...... 24
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xvii List of Figures
IGU E : CO S I U IO A E CE O E E CE A A IO A SECU I Y ...... 0
IGU E 2: U C IO S O E E E CE O CE ...... 04
IGU E : UGA A S MI IS Y O E E CE S UC U E ...... 0
IGU E 4: CO S I U IO A E CE O MI IS Y O E E CE E E I U E ...... 113
IGU E 5: I A CIA MISMA AGEME I UPDF I S I U IO ...... 116
IGU E 6:UGA A A IO A SECU I Y I E ES S ...... 119
IGU E 7: C A S OWI G EO E S E CE IO S O E CAUSES O UGA A S I E E IO IS O EIG
O ICY ...... 146
IGU E 8: E CE OM E CO S I U IO O EC A A IO O WA ......
IGU E 9: E CE OM E O E E O ...... 180
IGU E 0: E CE OM E O E E O ...... 181
IGU E : EO E S E CE IO S O UGA A S ECO OMIC I E ES S M SE EC E GLR S A ES ...... 183 IGU E 12: C A S OWI G CAUSES O UGA A S I E E IO I E GLRTown S A ES ...... 184 IGU E 13: A E I EMS AC OSS E O E S O UGA A, WA A A E DRC...... 187
IGU E 4:UGA A: OUG IAMO E O S, Y O UME, OC O E 2000 ...... 192 IGU E 15: UGA A: IO IUM E O S Y O UME, 1995-1999 ...... 194 IGU E 16: EGIO A COMMU IQUÉS ...... Cape 236 FIGURE 17: MI I A Y ECU E A CA I A BUDGESTof (1992-2005) ...... 241
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xv List of Appendices
A E ICES C O IC O E E S ...... 28 A E ICES 2 E AI E MA I O E I O MA S ...... 2 4 A E ICES QUES IO AI E WI A MA K UP S EE A E E ...... 2 8 A E ICES 4 QUES IO AI E O E COMMU I IES...... 0 A E ICES CO AC SUMMA Y S EE ...... 04 A E ICES 6 I E IEW SC E U E ...... 0 A E ICES QUA I A I E A A YSIS OCUME A IO O M ...... 04 A E ICES 8 KAGAME S I E IEW ...... 08 A E ICES U U I O I ICA A IES I O E I E EACE OCESS ...... 0
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i List of Maps
MAP 1: GREAT LAKES REGION ...... XXI
MAP 2: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO - ARROWS SHOWING AREAS OCCUPIED AND CONTROLLED BY
UGANDA ( 8 2002 ...... 20
MA : UGA A S GEOG A ICA OCA IO WI I E G EA AKES EGIO ...... 2
MA 4: IS IC S IS O UGA A A EC E Y E E I SU GE CY ...... 2
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Town
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University CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
1.0 Introduction and Motivation of the Study
is s u y e ami es Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i i s wes e eig ou s o wa a, u u i a e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go ( C , a o w ic a e oca e i e G ea akes egio (G o A ica. e ce a ques io o is s u y is o es a is e mos com e e si e eo e ica e a a io o Uga a s i e e io s i e G s a es u i g e Muse e i a mi is a io o 86 o 2006. e s u y is a ime y o e. Uga a s i e e io i the G as o o y coi ci e wi e i e a io a use o o ce y e US i i s mi i a y i e e io s i I aq i a agai i 2006 , i Soma ia o i 2 a ow i 200 , a i ai i u i g 4, as we as e o A a icTown ea y O ga isa io s ( A O s i e e io i Yugos a ia i . I a so comes a a ime i e os Co Wa e a w e e e as ee a sig i ica i c ease i mi i a y i e e io s ge e a y y s a es. a icu a y i A ica s a es, i e e io i co ic s is ecomi g e y commo . e egi imacy o i e e io i s a es y o e s a esCape oses a se ious c a e ge i i e a io a o i ics. A a om e e a e o w e e of i e e io is us i ia e o o , e e is a so a se ious e a e o w o s ou e a owe o use mi i a y o ce i i e e io a w e , es ecia y i suc i e e io s a e u e ake ou si e e ega amewo k o e U i e a io s Secu i y Cou ci (U SC a i ey a e i co a e io o i e a io a aw.
e os Co Wa em as ee e e e wi ma y i e e io s y i i i ua s a es as we as egio a g ou s, o University e am e i i e ia ( 0 8 , I aq ( a 200 , u u i ( 2006 , wa a ( 4 , Eas imo ( 6 2000 , e C ( 6 o 200 , Sie a eo e ( , A g a is a ( 8 , Gui ea issau ( 8 a eso o ( 8 . e causes o ese i e e io s a e ee o se e , measu e a esc i e i ma y i es iga io s a esea c es ca ie ou o e i i ia i e o ma y ac o s i e a io a , egio a a a io a as we as o ga isa io s. is s u y wi e o e w a mo i a es s a es o i e e e i o e s a es.
G. Mi s quo i g Ko i A a a gues a i e e io s, a icu a y a o e US i I aq a i s i e e io s i o e A ica cou ies a e se a ece e , w ic as e o a o i e a io o u i a e a a aw ess use o o ce. See G. Mi s, " ow o I e e e i A ica s Wa s: C imes o Wa o ec ", : www.c imes o wa o g A ica mag a _0 _mi s_ i i m , accesse o 8 A i 2006. 2 M. e a e, " emoc a ic e u ic o Co go: ic ims o o Im o a ce" i Weissma , . (e . e S a ow o
I wi a a yse e eo ies a a e ee a ie o e s u y o i e e io , s eci ica y ose a a e ecu ia o A ica. Usi g e Uga a case, e s u y wi e ami e e mo i es o i s i e e io s y a oac i g em a a eo e ica e e . e aim o is s u y is us o es a is e mos a simo ious eo y a ca e o e ai Uga a s i e e io i i s eig ou i g s a es o wa a, u u i a e C. I e e io is o e o e ma y as ec s o i e a io a o i ics a aces se ious c a e ges. A e i e a io a e e , e U C a e A ic es 2( a 2(4 o i i i e e io i o e s a es a e y e ici y s a es a " o s a e s a o ga ise, assis , ome , ma ce, i ci e o o e a e su e si e, e o is o a me ac i i ies i ec e owa s e io e o e ow o e egime o a o e s a e, o i e e e i ci i s i e o a o e s a e"? is o i i io is a so co ai e i e 6 ec a a io o e I a missi i i y o I e e io i e omes ic A ai s o S a es, w ic was a e ea i me i e 0 ec a a io o i ci es o I e a io a aw? e U C a e s i u a es a s a es s ou se e is u es amo g emse es y eace u mea s i s ea o usi g o ce, a e ai Town om e use o o ce i ei i e a io a e a io s wi eac o e ?
A e egio a e e , i e e io s we e o i i e Cape i A ica y e O ga i a io o A ica U i y (OAU c a e . I i s Se ec e eso u io sof o e i ie egu a sessio i 6, i eso u io CM ES. 64 OGO , e OAU ec a e a eace a secu i y o A ica s a es was co i ge u o s ic a e e ce o e i ci es o eo e s o i ica ig s a a io a so e eig y, o i e e e ce, e i o ia i eg i y, i io a i i y o o ie s a o use o o ce i e i o ia acquisi io . I ecomme e a i e e ces e wee s a es we e o e se e y eace u mea s a wi i a A ica co e . o us i ica io w a soe e cou e use o i e e e i a o e University s a e. I c ause 6, e A ica ea e s ei e a e ei co em a io o e e e cy o ce ai o A ica s a es a o e o s a e ac o s o use me ce a ies agai s e secu i y, i e e e ce a so e eig y o A ica s a es wi a iew o mai ai i g ei eo co o ia omi a io o e co i e . I c ause , e mem e s a so ea i me ei wi o wo k owa s e e imi a io o o eig mi i a y ases a o o ose a owe ocs a
" us Wa s": io e ce, o i ics a uma i a ia Ac io , (I aca: Co e U i e si y ess, 2004 .22 . 3 Wa ace, I e a io a aw, ( o o : Swee a Ma we , 200 . 286. I i , . 286. I i , . 2 6.
2 i e sio is o icies a c a ac e ise e i e a io a sys em a a ime. Mo e s eci ica y i e OAU A ic e (2 mem e s a es a i me ei a e e ce o e i ci e o o i e e e ce i e i e a a ai s o eac o e s s a es. e U i e a io s C a e , A ic e 2 a ag a , s i u a es a s a es s ou o i e e e i ma e s, w ic a e esse ia y wi i e omes ic u is ic io o a o e s a e. I i e e io is o e ca ie ou , i s ou e ma a e y e U a o e see y e U SC. is is o o i i s a es om u i a e a y i e e i g wi ou c ose su e isio . owe e , is as ee is ega e o ma y occasio s, a s a es a e u i a e a y i e e e i o e s a es i co a e io o e U a OAU c a e s.
I e Co Wa e a, e e we e i e e io s a use o o ce i some a s o A ica, o e am e, i ige ia ( 66 , Wes e Sa a a ( 6 , C a ( , a e i ( . e o y a a age e i e e o s a ose w o we e i a e a a a ime, was e easy sca egoa o o eig i ue ce ei g use as e mai u e yi gTown cause. Mos i e e io s we e ame o e o me co o ia mas e s co usio wi A ica o o e s o issi e s. I 6 , a o e i e e io ook ace i Sou e ai e w e e U i e a io s, e US, usi g e Ce a I e ige ce Age cy (CIA , e Cape e c a e e gia s i e e e o so e e o i ica c isis a a ee cause y of e sou s a em o sece e. ese i e e io s occu e a a ime w e e e we e g owi g a io a is u isi gs a ema s o i e e e ce, so ey we e sim y see as a a i co o ia ocess a a mai y o eig issue. I s i e o ese i e e io is wa s, e e was e a i e eace i e i s a seco eca e o i e e e ce o e A ica s a es, sa e o e cou s a e e ac i i ies a ook ace i e egio . is eace, i cou e a gue , was ecause s a es co o me o e egio a egu a io s a e aci o icyUniversity amo gs ea e s a w a a e e i a eig ou i g s a e was o im o a o you a you e e o e a o ig o i e e e. I e e io was s i see as a eo co o ia oo o e ai co o o o me co o ies.
e i e e io a seems o a e se e ece e o ow u u e i e s a e i e e io s wou e was a a ia s i asio o Uga a i 8. 7 I o ica y, is a e e a yea a e e
6 C. e ek a C. egum, " e OAU i 80: ocus o Eco omic o ems a uma ig s" i egum, C (e A ica Co em o a y eco : A ua Su ey a ocume ( o o : A ica Co em o a y eco , 80 A64 A I e e io s we e i i ia y o aime a o e owi g a i egi ima e go e me u we e ca ie ou o uma i a ia g ou s o o s o a im e i g secessio . owe e , e ac a a a ia oug agai s a o e ew Ami a se a ece e is mea a i u u e, i a s a e was o ease wi e ea e o a o e
OAU a asse e eso u io o o i e e e ce i e a ai s o o e s a es. A e ami a io o e a a ia i asio o Uga a as ai e ame o Uga a s ea ie i cu sio i o e Kage a egio i o e o ace i u e Uga a s u is ic io . O e s a e a a ce ee i e e easo s o e ai is i e e io . i s y, i was sugges e a i was cause y e eu s e wee Ami a ye e e? a a ye e e was i e o e i c easi g ea s a Ami a ma e o im. Seco y, a a ia wa e o o ec i s e i o y agai s o eig i asio a o u is e agg esso . as y, i was a gue a a a ia wa e o o e ow a ic a o ia egime a e ace i wi a emoc a ica y e ec e go e me . owe e , e a a ia i asio o Uga a was c ea y a io a io o e OAU c a e . e ai u e o e OAU o e ima a a ia o is i e e io mea a a a ia go away wi is i asio owe e , i s ema s o e a a io s om Uga a we e e e u e . u i g e Co Wa , i cou e a gue a i e e io s we e ke i c eck y e i eo ogica i e e ces e wee s a es, as o s a e wou isk i e e i g i e o e o ea o i cu i g e w a o e o me co o ia mas e o eTown oa e i eo ogica cam , es ecia y a e w a a a e e i ai e Co go."
I e os Co Wa e a, A ica s a es co i ue Cape o ace c a e ges o i e e io , a ei is ime o om e o eig owe s i ec y (Eu o eof o e US u om e ow A ica s a es. A ew wi i g ess as eme ge amo g A ica a mies o e gage i co ic s eyo ei o e s, a is ea e s o make a me i su ec io , wi e e o eig ou s, e e e e mea s o o i ica c a ge i s a es i A ica. I is s u y, a i e e ami a io is o e o Uga a s i e e io s i e G ea akes egio (G o A ica. awi g o e ou eo ies o o eig o icy, i . ea ism, i e a ism, Co s uc i ism a o i eu ism, a cu e e a es o University i e e io , e s u y e ami es Uga a s i e e io s i u u i,
s a e, i cou easi y o ga ise a i asio o emo e a esi e om owe . is is w a as su seque y a e e i e G a i os co o ia Uga a. 8 A i e a a ysis o is i e e io as ee o e y 0. u ey a . May, " a a ia s Mi i a y I e e io i Uga a" i A ica I e e io is S a es, (A e s o : As ga e, 200 . 6 2. 9 e e so a eu e wee e wo ea e s ay i a a ia s e usa o ecog ise Ami as e egi ima e u e o Uga a a ye e e s a ou i g o Uga a issi e s, amo g w om was O o e w om Ami a o e ow . . Mu i wa, U si ce I e e e ce:A o es( o o : S o y o u s U u i e a Com a y, 2 . 2 4 . " e co o u e i e e io i ai e Co go a esu e i e ea o a ice umum a a i a o ag amme sk o , e U Sec e a y Ge e a a e ime, a e o a i e se s ugg e e wee e Wes a e Eas o e w o wie e i ue ce i e o i ica a e a. om e o wa s, A ica s a es saw i e e io as a e c usi e ese e o e su e owe s. M. Mc uky, " om I e e e o I e e o . wa a a Mi i a y I e e io i ai e C" i u ey, 0. a May, 2. (eds) A ica I e e io is S a es, (A e s o : As ga e, 200 . 0.
4 wa a a e C. e aim o e s u y is o es a is e eo y a es e ai s Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i e G e wee 86 a 2006.
Ea ie s u ies a a e e ai e i e e io usi g e eo ies o i e a ism a ea ism a ei a ia s a e oa y a i u e mi i a y a o e y es o i e e io s i e wo o e a a c ic a u e o i e s a e e a io s, e i sa ia e esi e o o i ica a egio a owe , i eo ogica , eco omic i e es a a io a i e es s." e Co s uc i is s a e a gue o e co a y, ame y, a i e e io s a e a ew e a iou a s a es a e acqui e i ei socia isa io wi eac o e . ey u e o a , i e os Co Wa e a, s a es a e i e e i g ecause ey co si e i a o m a is c a ac e is ic o e cu e i e a io a sys em. e mi i a y i e e io s o e U i e S a es (US i A g a is a , ai i a I aq" a e ime e am es o is. U ike e a o e, e o i eu is s a i u e i e e io o e ea e s o eig o icy ecisio s o ei eac io o omes ic co i io s a ea e ei egi imacy a egime. Town
W i e a eo e ica e a es ack ow e ge e secu i y co ce s o s a es, e uma i a ia c ises a esu w e wa s s i o e om o e s a eCape o a o e , a e ee o es a is goo go e a ce as e o ima e causes o i e e io s,of e ques io a emai s is: W a is e e mos a simo ious eo y a ca e use o e ai Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i e wes e eig ou s? is s u y is sa ie ecause i comes a a ime w e e e a e e ewe eo e ica e a es o w a mo i a es i e e io , a w e e i e e io a use o o ce i w a is c aime o e u emoc a ic s a es i A ica, is i ac es o i g emoc acy a eace, as i s o o e s a gue. University e mo i es o i e e io i ge e a a e simi a w e e ey ake ace i Eu o e, A ica o Asia, e u e yi g causes a e e same a e mo i es o y a y i mag i u e. A e ai e a a ysis o e mo i es e i i e e io s i i e e egio s is o i e y K. oo , "Mi i a y I e e io : u y a u e ce i ee ma , . (e , Mi i a y I e e io i Eu o ea Co ic s, (O o : ackwe u is e s, 4 , . 6 E. o o o , " ussia iews o Mi i a y I e e io : e e o e eacekee i g, Mo oe oc i e o eo Im e ia ism?" i ee ma , . (e Mi i a y I e e io i Eu o ea Co ic s, (O o : ackwe u is e s, 4 , 4 4 I . W ee e , Sa i g S a ge s: uma i a ia I e e io i I e a io a Socie y, (O o : O o U i e si y ess, 2000 a . W ee e a . u e, "Eas imo a e ew uma i a ia I e e io ism", I e a io a A ai s, o , o 4 (200 , . 80 822 Co s uc i is s a gue a o ms a e a ues acqui e y s a es oug socia i a io wi o e s a es. I is case, i e e io s a e aki g ace ecause s a es e cei e em as a o m wi i i e a io a o i ics. M. i e mo e, "Co s uc i g o ms o uma i a ia I e e io " i Ka e s ei , . (e e Cu u e o a io a Secu i y o ms a I e i y i Wo o i ic (Co um ia U i e si y ess: ew Yo k, 6 , . 8 . eso , A i oso y o I e a io a aw, (Wes iew ess: O o , 8 . eso , uma i a ia I e e io : A I s i o aw a Mo . , (2 E ( a s a io a u is e s, ew Yo k, 6 a . Co e a , " e Co s uc i is C a e ge o S uc u a ea ism" i I e a io a Secu i y, o 2 , o 2 (2000 , . 8 2 2.
5 . I e e io e i e
e e is co se sus a ou e e i i io o i e e io as a a ge o ac io s use y o e s a e o seek o i ue ce e o i ics o a o e s a e. Suc ac io s may i c u e o i i g a e e g ou , a o e g ou o a s a e wi a y o m o mi i a y o eco omic su o o e e e a i is es o i g o e o im eme i g o i ica a eco omic o e o suc s a e. A oug is e i i io oes o i e e ia e e wee a so ici e a u so ici e i e e io , i ack ow e ges e o e aye y o s a e ac o s as co ui s oug w ic e i e e o ca i ue ce c a ge i e i e e ee." A o e se o sc o a s e i e i e e io , ess c a i a y, as e ic a o ia i e e e ce y a s a e i e s e e o u is ic io o a o e so e eig s a e." ese o ms o i e e io s may e o e co e y, o oug e oyme o oo s, o sim y y mea s o c oss o e i cu sio s. A oug is is a a s e i i io , i a equa e y e i es i e e io i is imi e , oug , ecause o a i e e io sTown ca e co si e e ic a o ia . o e am e, a i e e io a seeks o s o ge oci e o mass mu e s wou e a us i ia e i e e io acco i g o e OAU a e UN, a ei o co i io a i is a o e y e OAU ( ow e AU o e U .Cape eso s e i i io o " uma i a ia i e e io " as " o ci e a s ou a y ac io of u e ake o e u ose o o ec i g e ig s o i i i ua s agai s io a io s y ei ow go e me s" is a goo e am e o a e i i io a a ows suc i e e io . O cou se, eso s e sio aises se ious co ce s a ou e ig s o s a es o eci e o emse es w a is goo o a . is is e ace a e
16 . G. Ca e e , " i ec Mi i a y I e e io " i Sc ae e , . (e I e e io i o e 0s: US o eig o y i e i Wo . ( o o : y e ie e , 2 , . . Sc ae e , "S u yi g US I e e io i e i Wo ° i Sc ae e , . (e I e e io i o e 0s: US o eig o icy i e i Wo . .2, . ye, U e s a i g I e a io a University Co ic s: A I o uc io o eo y is o y ( ew Yo k a e Co i s, , . 2 C. C ocke , "I o uc io " i C ocke , C, am so , . a Aa , . (e s e i g Ca s: Mu i a y Me ia io i a Com e Wo , (Was i g o E: U i e S a es I s i u e o eace ess, a M. i emo e,Use e se o I e e io : C i o e o ce (I aca, ew Yo k: Co e U i e si y ess, 200 . e e m i e e e as ee use i is esis o e e o e s a e a as ee i e e e i , ei e u i a e a y o mu i a e a y. K. o i e , " e o I e e io a y o m e ai s: A A a ysis o e Wes e Sa a a" i e ou a o Mo em A ica S u io, o , o ( , . 6 8 . Sc ae e , U i e S a es o eig o icy owa A ica I c eme a ism, C isis a C a ge, (Cam i ge: Cam i ge U i e si y ess, 4 , . 8 . I a som, Co e I e e io " i Sc ae e , ., I e e io i o e 0: US o eig o icy i e i Wo , ( o o : y e ie e , 2 . a B. e ey, "I o uc io " i Me ey, . (e I e e io i e i Wo , (O o : C a e o ess, 84 , . . ea ey, "I e e io i e i Wo " i Me ey, . (e I e e io i e i Wo , . 6 a C. Keg ey a . e ma , " u i g Mi i a y I e e io i o e emoc a ic eace: A esea c o e" i Com a a i e o i ica S u ies, o 0, o ( , .8 . . eso , A i oso y o I e a io a aw, .62 a . eso , " e i e a Case o uma i a ia I e e io " i o g e e, . . a Keo a e, I , uma i a ia I e io : E ica e a a o i ica i emmas, (Cam i ge: Cam i ge U i e si y ess, 200 , . .
6 w e s a es ee a I e a io a aw o ec s em, ecause s a es a e o e mi e o i e e e wi e i e a a ai s o o e s a es. eso e eme y o oses is osi io a a gues a s a es s ou o ake e a a age o so e eig y o a use e ig s o ei ci i e s ecause e I e a io a aw o ec s em. I is s u y, I e i e i e e io as i e e e ce y o e s a e ( e i e e o i e i e a a ai s o a o e s a e ( e i e e ee o a ge s a e , w e e i oma ica y, mi i a i y o y o e mea s, wi e e ess aim o o ec i g e i e e o a e su i g a e i e e ee ays a egia ce o e i e e o . I is is a egia ce a e i e e o esumes wi a y gua a ee is sa e y om e e a ea s, a icu a y om e emies a may c oose o use e a ge s a e as a ase o es a i i e e i e e o . e a ge s a e wou e a c ie s a e i su seque eco omic e a io s a wou o i e e i e e o wi a s a egic geo o i ica a a age o e i s a e sa ies.
.2 Causes o I e e io Town ie y, i e e io s a e i e aus i e causes a i c u e u a e o imi e o secu i y causes, eco omic i e es s o uma i a ia co ce s. is o ica y, i e e io s a e ee a commo ea u e o i e a io a e a io s si ceCape ime immemo ia . i emo e osi io s i e e io is o eig o icies o s a es i eof i ee ce u y. u i g is ime, e aims o i e e io s we e mai y aime o o ec eo e i e i o ia a e igious wa s o o co ec e s owe o ei a io a s y o e s a es I e we ie ce u y, i e e io s we e i ke o e eco o i a io ocess, i w ic co o ia s a es we e ig i g agai s e ma a e sys em o e eague o a io s ( O a agai s e us ees i sys em o e U i e a io s (U o gai i e e e ce. I e we y i s ce u y, e e a e ee ma y o ms o i e e io , eUniversity mos omi e o ese ei g uma i a ia i e e io s, i ec mi i a y i e e io s o i i ec ogis ica a eco omic su o ei e o e go e me i owe o o e issi e s o a a icu a go emme wi e u ima e aim o causi g a c a ge i e socia se u i e i e e ee.
I e e io s a e e o e o e ime om ei g es ic e o e igio s wa s, as i emo e oi s ou , o i e e io s a c a ge e i e egimes o o e s a es. I co as o i emo e, owe e , Sc oe e a gues a i e e io s a e o c a ge o e ime u a
0 M. i emo e, e u ose o I e e io : C a gi g e ie s A ou e Use o o ce, . .
ey a e a ways se e e same u ose" e oes a gue, oug a e i e e ce e wee as a ese i e e io ies i e so is ica io wi w ic ey a e ow ei g ca ie ou ? I e e io s i e i Wo , a a icu a y i A ica, a e i c ease a a e mo i a e y i e e easo s. e mos commo e a a io is a ey a e aime a se i g e o i ica o ec i es o o e o mo e o e g ea owe s," as we as o mai ai secu e o e s a so e eig co o o o icy, w ic as emai e a co s a co ce wi i e i Wo ." I is ecessa y o e ami e e i e e y es o i e e io o a a yse e eo e ica a oac es a a e e e a o s u yi g em. e a io a e o is a i is c ea , om e e ious sec io a ce ai eo ies a e mo e sui e o e ai i g i e e io s o a s eci ic y e. e eo ies emse es u e a e a ia s a e isio s a gi e i e e i e e a io s o w a causes i e e io s. A goo e am e is e i e a eo y, w ic as a eo i e a a ia . O e o e a , o e am e, eo i e a ism a ou s a s a e ce ic e a a io u i a so aces i e e io o e c a ac e o e egime i owe . O e o e a , u i i a ia i e a ism, w ic a so i e e s i e e io omTown a s a e ce ic e s ec i e, u s em asis o e eco omic i e es s o e s a e. y es o i e e io s a e iscusse i e o owi g sec io . Cape . y es o I e e io s of
Mi i a y i e e io
Mi i a y i e e io is e i e as e i ec e gageme o so ie s o o e s a e i a o e s a e wi e i e o ei e o e owi g a egime o e su i g a e i e e o s i e es s a e me . I e as ,University mi i a y i e e io was o e o u e io mo i es o o ge ui e mo i es, i i a ee i s iga e y i e a io a aw (U SC ac io . I e os Co Wa e a, owe e , i as e a e i s o e o a o uma i a ia assis a ce i cases o se e e e i o me a isas e o ma ma e isas e s suc as ge oci es o a acks y e e s, o a e eques o a a i g go e me . Ma y sc o a s a e e e e o issocia e mi i a y
Sc ae e , "S u yi g US i e e io i e i Wo ", i Sc ae e , . (e I e e io i o e 0: US o eig o icy i e i Wo , . 2 I i . 2 M. Ayoo , e i Wo Secu i y e icame : S a e Maki g, egio a Co ia a e I e a io a Sys em ( o o : y e We e , . 4 S. W ig , " e C a gi g Co e o A ica o eig o icy", i W ig , S. (e A ica o eig o icies . ( ou e . Wes iew ess, , . 4
8 i e e io om i asio s a a gue a i asio is u so ici e a aims o u is e ic im s a e o a ac io a i as ca ie ou , wi e u ose o o ci g i o co o m o a ce ai s a a . I s ea , ey a gue a i e e io is o e ece e y a i e ea e i g e e a ca o e ig o e , o e am e ge oci e, a u a isas e , a a ce wa a e a ea s o use uc ea wa a e. i emo e a auss, owe e , c a e ge e w o e o io o mi i a y i e e io ei g i e e om ec a i g wa o s a es. ey o a gue a mi i a y i e e io s i s a es a e aime a c a gi g e o i ica au o i y o e a ge s a e, a a suc i e e io equi es massi e e oyme o mi i a y o ces, a as ec a is o i e e om a ec a a io o wa ."
Mi i a y i e e io as a ac e muc esea c a e a e, wi o e w e mi g e e e ce o e US i e e io is o eig o icy i e i Wo a e mo i a io s i i g i ." owe e , wi ma y s a es oi i g e i e e io usi ess, mi i a y i e e io as ow e e e o a as ec s o i e a io a e a io s. Mi i a y i e e io sTown i e os Co Wa e io a e ake o mu i e o ms, suc as u i a e a ac io y e U o y i i i ua go e me s, as o e am e, a ce i wa a a e US a A O i Koso o a Soma ia. Mu i a e a use o mi i a y o ce o e i e Cape e ie o o uma i a ia u oses a e eques o o go e me a o ga isa io s ofo ci i socie y g ou s ema s as a so ecome a commo ea u e, a icu a y i i ac a e co ic s o com e eme ge cies suc as Soma ia, Koso o, Su a a I aq, w ic we e a e i e as ." W a emai s u e ai a e is w y mi i a y o ce was o use i e wa a ge oci e e e w e e e we e simi a a ea s ma e y o go e me a o ga isa io s a e i e a io a commu i y a a ge. is as aise e ques io : w e a w e e s ou mi i a y i e e io s ake ace? University 2 C auss, "Mi i a y I e e io ", : www. eyo i ac a i i y.o g m mi i a y_i e e io . s , accesse o 24 e ua y 200 a M. i emo e, e ose o I e e io : C a gi g e ie s A ou e Use o o ce, . 8 . 6 . Ca ou , "Ki i g, e i g ie a e a ege ecessi y o mi i a y i e e io ", i eace a Co ic S u ies, o 8, o 2 (200 , a : www.gmu.e u aca e ie cs Ca 82 CS. m, accesse 0 u e 200 . Weissma , "Sie a eo e: eace a ey ice" i Weisma , . (e I e S a ow o " us Wa s": io e ce, o i ics a uma i a ia Ac io , (I aca: Co e U i e si y ess, 2004 D. ie , Koso o: e E o a E a" i Weissma , . (e I e S a ow o " us Wa s": io e ce, o i ics a uma i a ia Ac io , . ie , A e o e ig : uma i a ia ism i C isis ( ew Yo k Simo a Sc us e , 2002 a M. u iya, ° e C: A uma i a ia Ca as o e Ig o e ?" in Si i o o ous, E, (e A Co i e A a ? Koso o, A ica a uma i a ia I e e io , o a es u g: SAI , 200 , 44 4 "M. i emo e, e u ose o I e e io : C a gi g e ie s A ou e Use o o ce, .20. 28 I ume a e au o s a sc o a s a e iscusse e wa a case a ques io e w y wa a was o ea e ike o e cases a ee e e See, o e am e, . Me e , A eo e e aye : e o e o e Wes i wa a s Ge oci e, ( o o : e ooks, 2000 . Me em, Co s i acy o Mu e : e wa a Ge oci e ( o o : e so, 2004 . Gou e i c , We wis o i o m you a omo ow we wi e ki e wi ou ami ies: S o ies om wa a, (O o : Macmi a u is e s, 8 . e y a C. i y, (e s Ge oci e i wa a A
n t r n nt rv nt n
uma i a ia i e e io is e i e as a i e e io a a esses a eme ge cy esu i g om ma ma e o a u a isas e s. I i o es e quick emo a o eo e om e i e si ua io s, suc as ge oci es, wa s o a me co ic . I e wo s o a UK e ma e e ese a i e o e U SC, uma i a ia i e e io s a e "a e ce io a measu e o g ou s o o e w e mi g uma i a ia ecessi y. I oa e e ms, i as ee e i e as " o o io a e a s ou a y e , i c u i g o ci e e , o i e y go e me s o i i i ua s i a o e s a e w o a e ei g e ie asic uma ig s a w o wou e a io a y wi i g o e o agai s ei o essi e go e me ".
uma i a ia i e e io is cu e y gi e e igges co e age a au o s i , a gua y ecause o e g uesome mu e s a uma su e i g a a eTown o aye y e mass me ia a e accou s o suc e e s e ease i e u ic s e e y i e a io a o go e me a o ga isa io s. I is ge e a y ag ee y a a ge o sc o a s a , i es ec i e o e im ac uma i a ia i e e io as o e eo e,Cape i is a o m o i e e io a ca e us i ie as o g as i is u e ake wi i eof amewo k o i e a io a aw a e U SC equi eme s. owe e , i ese ma a es ca o e issue , uma i a ia i e e io mus o e e ess ake ace. uma i a ia i e e io as us ecome commo . Ko i A a , o me U SC Ge e a Sec e a y, as esc i e i as a ew i e a io a o m i a ou o
Co ec i e Memo y, (Was i g o University O owa U i e si y ess, G. u ie , e wa a C isis: is o y o a Ge oci e, ew Yo k Co um ia U i e si y ess, a . a is, A Wa s E : ui i g eace A e Ci i Co ic , (Cam i ge: Cam i ge U i e si y ess, 2004 . 4. 2 . Mugg e o , ci i g e i is U SC e ese a i e i is " e oc i e o uma i a ia i e e io a e A O s ikes agai s e e e a e u ic o Yugos a ia" i Coa y, . a O Kee e, M. (e s ig eous io e ce: e E ics a o i ics o Mi i a y I e e io , (Me ou e: Me ou e U i e si y ess, 200 , . 02. 40 I i . 31 See, o e am e, . eso , uma i a ia I e e io : A I qui y i o aw a Mo a i y, (3 E (A s ey: a sa io a u is e s, 200 M. i emo e "Co s uc i g o ms o uma i a ia I e e io " i Ka e s ei , . (e e Cu u e o a io a Secu i y: o ms a I e i y i Wo o i ics . 80 A. a ga, IM I e e io (Was i g o .C.: Geo ge ow U i e si y ess, 200 . o g e e, e uma i a ia I e e io e a e" i o g e e, . a Keo a e, I (e s , uma i a ia I e e io , E ica . o i ica i emmas, (Cam i ge: Cam i ge U i e si y ess, 200 , . 2 (200 . eso , " e i e a C o uma i a ia I e e io " i o g e e, . a Keo a e, I (e s uma i a ia I e e io : E ica , keI a a o i ica i emmas, . 2 . Coa y a M. O Kee e (e s , ig eous io e ce: e E ics a o i ics (Me ou e: Me ou e U i e si y ess, 200 a . S omse , " e i ki g uma i a ia I e e io : e case o i c eme a c a ge" i o g e e, . a Keo a e, I (e s uma i a ia I e e io : E ica , ega o i ica . 2 2 2 2 i emmas, a
0 i e e i g o o ec ci i ia s a a eme gi g a e i os Co Wa i e a io a o i ics."
C i iques o uma i a ia i e e io a e o e co ce e o a ou e use o e mi i a y, u e way i w ic uma i a ia i e e io ma i es s i se . I some cases w e e a mi i a y o ce as u e ake i e e io , e mi i a y o e ge s i o e i a wi e a ge o o e o mi i a y com o e s, i o i g eco s uc io o e co a si g s a e, a essi g i a equa e socia se ices o e e i o i g emse es i o e au i g wa o socie ies a emaki g em i acco a ce wi e o ma i e y e e e i e a emoc a ic mo e . A goo e am e o is is e case o e a a ia i asio o Uga a i As a esu o e mi i a y s e e sio i o os wa eco s uc io ac i i ies, ey ecame e a g e i o e ac i i ies oo, o e am e, e gagi g i eco omic ac i i ies, a ecomi g i o e i e o i ics o e i e e ee, w ic com e s em o ake si es o a gua y o o ec e e ic commu i ies a a e a ge e y ei e ow e ic commu i ies.Town e co seque ces o uma i a ia i e e io o e isc e i e i e e io i o e wo s, a oug e i i ia i e e io may a e a e e o e y o e easo s, i may e u isc e i e a e e may e a oss o ai i i y e commu i ies co ce e Cape o e i e a io a commu i y i ge e a . E am es o suc uma i a ia i e e io sof i c u e Sie a eo e ( , Gui ea issau ( 8 , Koso o ( 8 a i e ia ( 0 . e i ci a aims o ese i e e io s we e o sa e eo e om wa a i a s a e e ic s i e, o sa i g eo e om massac e a a usi e egimes a io a e ei ci i e s uma ig s a ye eo e we e ki e i e ocess." University
See . W ee e a . u e, "Eas imo a e ew uma i a ia I e e io ism" i I e a io a Aff r o , o 4 (200 . 80 . M. i emo e, "Co s uc i g o ms o uma i a ia I e e io °, . ci es e a a ia case. e i c usio o e a a ia i asio as a e am e e e is a i e o ema ic ecause e e is a i e e ce e wee a s a e a u i a e a y i e e es i a o e cou y a emai s e e a e e i e e io o eco s uc e i e e ee, a a s a e a is au o ise y e U SC o i e e e as a o a eacekee i g o ce o s ay a e i e eco s uc io o a i e e ee. 4 See . ie , A e oi o e Gu : emoc a ic eams a A me I e e io . ie , "Koso o: e E o a E a° i Weissma , . (e I e S a ow o " us Wa e : io e ce o i ics a uma i a ia Ac io , . 2 0 2 . e s , "Se e e mi a io a e u u e o e A ica S a e" i Si i o o ous, E. (e A Co i e A ? Koso o, A ica a uma i a ia I e e io , o a es u g: SAI A, 200 , . 2 0 . Ku , "Mo e s o uma i a ia I e e io : Assessi g e as a isce i g e u u e" i O is o eig o icy esea c I s i u e, o , o 6 (200 a S. Samka ge, "A ica e s ec i es o I e e io a S a e So e eig y" i A ica Secu i y e iew, o , o. (2002 , . u : www.iss.co. a u s AS o SamIca ge m , accesse o 26 Augus 200 .
Co e i e e io
a som e i es co e i e e io as a o eig o icy i s ume ase u o sec ecy a ece io ? O e use y e ma o owe s i ei e a io s wi e i Wo , co e i e e io i o es mu i e ac io s y o e s a e agai s a o e , aimi g a e ac i g a s eci ic eac io o e a io s i . is i e e io may i c u e sec e o aga a, ma i u a io o o eig e ec o a ocesses, o e owi g go e me s, sec e i a cia assis a ce, a ami i a y o e a io s o assassi a io o o i ica ea e s. 6 Co e i e e io , y i s a u e, is im ossi e o qua i y o o e, u i emai s a omi ous a some imes e a way o ea i g wi a e emy s a e o a s a e, w i e e e i g o e a ie y s a e. A a egio a e e , eig ou i g s a es ca easi y em oy co e i e e io s i su o o ei eig ou s issi e s, y ma i u a i g a sec io o e o u a io o e e agai s e e is i g go e me , o e e e su i g a e o icies o eig ou i g s a es a e sa o age . Town
Co e i e e io i e Co Wa e a occu e a o g e i eo ogica i es, wi commu is a ca i a is s su o i g i e e g ou s o ea e sCape wi i a s a e. I e os Co Wa e a, co e o e a io s a e ecome e e mo e ofcommo , a icu a y i A ica. u e mo e, i is o o ge ecessa i y o eig owe s a u e ake suc co e o e a io s, u i may e A ica ea e s ac i g agai s ei e ow ea e s. Co e i e e io s s a i i ec co a e io o e 0 ec a a io o i ci es o I e a io a aw a e su seque U eso u io o 200 a U eso u io 06 o 2004, w ic o i i s a es om ai i g o a owi g a me a s o o e s a es om commi i g e o is ac s agai s ei s a es. I e a io a University aw s i u a es a a s a e a co e y o i es ac i e su o o a me a s o a o e s a e o e a e em ca y ou i cu sio s i a o e s a e s e i o y is a accom ice o u aw u use o o ce."
o a e ai e e ami a io o co e i e e io , see . a som, "Co e I e e io ° i Sc oe e , . ., I e e io i o e 0: US o eig o icy i e i Wo , ( o o : y e e e , 2 . . 6 I i . . uga , I e a io a aw: A Sou A ica e s ec i e, ( E i io , ( a s ow e: u a a Co , 200 , p. 04.
2 a ami i a y i e e io
Sc ae e e i es a ami i a y i e e io as eco omic a mi i a y ai esig e o os e a a me i su ge cy agai s a o eig go e me , usua y wi e i e o o e owi g sai go e me ." a ami i a y i e e io o e em oys e se ices o i su ge g ou s ase some imes i a o e s a e o i e s a e i se . I is c a ac e ise y co e o e a io s a i i ec mi i a y i e e io s. I may i c u e e o isio o mi i a y wea o y o i a cia assis a ce, a i A ica, i some imes i c u es e oa i g o mi i a y oo s y o e s a e o a o e wi e e ess aim o ac ie i g a s o e m o ec i e, suc as a cou o emo i g a e e g ou om a s eci ic e i o y."
i oma ic I e e io
ec e a Wi ke e ou i e wo mai y es o i e e io s,Town i.e. i oma ic i e e io s a i a y i e e io s E am es o i oma ic i e e io i c u e e e io ic ego ia io s i omes ic co ic s, e.g. e US i Cy us a e US me ia io i e Mi e Eas . O e s i c u e me ia io e wee ea e s e.g.Cape e US me ia io e wee e ea e s o Uga a a wa a a cu e y e us of co c u e Sou A ica me ia io o a o M eki e wee e wa i g ac io s i I o y Coas , i w ic ey sig e a eace ag eeme as we as e gi g o o e ec io s i A i (200 . ec e a Wi ke e u e e cei e i a y i e e io as "a y ac io ake y a ac o a is o a i ec a y o e c isis, a is esig e o e uce o emo e o e o mo e o e o ems o e a gai i g e a io s i a e e o e, o aci i a e e e mi a io o e c isis i se "." ey imi " i a y i e e io s" o oseUniversity y su e owe s o mu i a e a o ga isa io s, ye e e is a sig i ica o e aye y mi e owe s ike Aus a ia i e aci ic Is a a Eas imo a a i c ease o e o egio a o ga isa io s i e i Wo . e os Co Wa e a as a so wi esse e i e e io s o A ica s a es i o e A ica s a es.
. Sc a e , " a ami i a y I e e io " i Sc ae e , ., I e e io i o e 0: US o eig o icy i e i Wo , . . 40 I i . I i . 4 K ec e a . Wi ke e , Co ic a I s a i i y (O o : e gamo ess, 8 , . . 4 I i .
I a ese a ia s o i e e io , i is e i e a ey ca ake ace o mu i e easo s. I es ec i e o w a y e o i e e io is u e ake , i is im o a o o e a i e a io a aw is e y s eci ic a ou w e i e e io is a owe . I e e io i ge e a is o i i e , a i i mus a e , i mus e u e s eci ic u is ic io a i s eci ic ci cums a ces. A ic e 2(4 o e C a e o i es a a mem e s s a e ai i ei i e a io a e a io s om e ea o use o o ce agai s e e i o ia i eg i y o o i ica i e e e ce o a y s a e, o i a y o e ma e i co sis e wi e u oses o e U i e a io s.
E e u e e cus oma y aw, so e eig s a es a e o ec e y e u e o o i e e e ce o o i e e io e aw s eci ies a s a es mus e ai om i e e i g i e omes ic a ai s o o e s a es. I s i e o is, i e e io s a e ecome e e mo e commo a , as Ko i A ia o se es, mi i a y i e e io s e e mo e a a o e o ms o i e e io a e ecome a i e a io a c a ac e o i e a io a e a io s." As e e a e co i ues i e U SC wi ega o w e i e e io s ou ake ace a Town w a es o io o y e o i e e io s ou e use , e ques io o w o s ou i e e e emai s a sa ie issue i e i e e io e a e. S ou i e a imme ia e eig ou o a y s a e a as e ca aci y o i e e e? I e o owi g su sec io , w o s ou Cape i e e e a w e is ie y iscusse . of .4 W o s ou i e e e a w e ?
W e eas e e is a co se sus a i e e io s ou ake ace u e e aus ices o e U SC o co ai i as a e wa s, a uses o uma ig s, e ic io e ce, a io e o i ica owe s ugg es i s a es, i cases o e i o me a isas e s e e a e i e ge iews as o w o s ou i e e e.University W e s a es s ou i e e e a ow e i e e io s ou e ca ie ou . e U SC emai s e i is u a e i e e o a e mai ac o i e i e e io usi ess. I e ms o C a e II o e U i e Nations C a e , e U SC is ma a e ei e o i e e e e ess y y se i g a eace missio o o e ega e a s a e o i e e e o i s e a , o i may some imes ask s a es o co i u e oo s o ogis ica su o . E am es o suc U SC i e e io s a e ume ous u goo e am es a e e ece 44 cases w e e e US was aske o e i Soma ia a ai i, o a ce o e i i
Ko i A a , ci e y G. Mi s, " ow o I e e e i A ica s Wa s: C imes o Wa o ec ," : www.c imes o w o eA ica mai a _0 i i s_ i . m , accesse o 8 A i 2006.
4 Se ega a wa a." I a i io , e U SC is e o y i e a io a o y a au o ises s a es o egio a g ou s o i e e e, a oug egio a ac o s cou some imes i e e e o ei ow i i ia i e i e si ua io i a a icu a s a e i e egio is com omisi g e s a i i y a secu i y o o e s a es. o e e ess, i is equi e a e e i suc si ua io s, w e e egio a o ga isa io s a e eci e u i a e a y o i e e e i a s eci ic si ua io i mus e o e wi e u k ow e ge o e U SC a e e a y o y a e e U as ma a e e egio a o ga isa io o ake ac io . e U C a e A ic e 2 s i u a es a s a es a e a ig o make egio a a a geme s o ea wi ma e s o i e a io a eace a secu i y a u ges em o make "e e y e o " o se e oca is u es eace u y a wi i e amewo k o e u oses a i ci es o e U . Suc i e e io y egio a g ou s s ou o amou o "e o ceme ac io s" u ess is as ee au o ise y e U SC a is o e wi egu a accou s, gi i g ee ack o suc a i e e io o e U SC. A ic e 2 stipu ates. Town A d 20 th n n S pr nt d t r pr l d th x t n f r n l rr n nt r n f r
d l n th h tt r r l t n t th nt n n f nt rn t n l p nd r t r ppr pr t f r n l t n, pr v d d th t h a a geme sCape o n nd S r t v t a e co sis e th nd rp r n pl wi t th Un t d t n .— of owe e , gi e e s o comi gs o o e U SC a egio a o ga isa io s i a essi g c ises y e ayi g i e e io s o o i e e i g a a , u i a e a i e e io y a g ou o s a es o a s a e ac i g o i s ow i i ia i e as ecome a commo ea u e i i e a io a o i ics. W i e i e a io a aw ace e es o si i i y o au o isi g a egi ima i g i e e io s o e U a o egio a secu i y g ou s, suc as e o A a ic ea y O ga isa io ( A O ,University e Eco omic O ga isa io o Wes A ica S a es (ECOWAS , e Sou e A ica e e o me Commu i y (SA C (a a e y, e Associa io o Sou Eas Asia a io s [ASEA ] , e e a e ci c es a a gue a s a es a e e ig o i i e o e s a es o i e e e o e em so ou co ic s. ey a so a gue a w e s a es a e io a i g e ig s o ei ci i e s o a u acce a e eg ee, e eig ou i g s a es a e e ig o i e e e a s o is."
45 I. Wi iams, "Su a , o I e e e o o o I e e e?" : www.u a uk.o g a ica a icaco s. m , accesse o 2 May 200 . 46 I Wa ace, I e a io a aw . 2 2 2. 45 . eso is a o o e o is iew. See is . eso , uma i a ia I e e io : A I qui y i o aw a Mai , ( E ( a s a io a u is e s: ew Yo k, 200 a . eso , A i oso y o I e a io a aw,
I some egio a g ou i gs, o e am e i e O ga isa io o Ame ica S a es (OAS , o A a ic ea y O ga isa io ( A O , SA C a ECOWAS, oce u a equi eme s o i e e io s a e we ai ou o e su e a ey a e egi ima e. I e A ica U io , o e am e, i e e io is co si e e a egi ima e a e a i e, o i e i is u e ake wi i a o is ic amewo k a a esses e oo causes a co i io s o co ic , a o i e i is aime a ui i g eace a s a i i y." I e U , simi a y, i e e io s ou o ow e ega amewo k a e ma a e y e U SC u e C a e II. is s a es a ac io o e ai , sea, o a o ces as may e ecessa y o mai ai o es o e i e a io a eace, is e mi e . e U SC ca u e mo e au o i i e e io u e U SC A ic e 42. A ic e 42 s eci ica y o i es a e Secu i y Cou ci may au o i e i e e io y a me o ces o mai ai o es o e i e a io a eace a secu i y. A ic es a 6 im y a a i ma i e o iga io o mem e s a es o ake oi a o se a a e ac io o omo e u i e sa es ec o , a o se a ce o , uma ig s a u ame a ee omsTown o a . I s ou e o e , oug , a a ese oce u a equi eme s o i e e io ig o e e u ge cy wi w ic a a si ua io may ecome wo se. As emo s a e y e wa a case o 4 o cu e y e a u case i Su a , om ac io may e equi e .Cape As Muse e i a gues, e e is a ee o e cou age " u eauc a ic a o i ica s uc u esof o measu e e k ow ice o s icki g ei ecks ou a oi g some i g agai s e ess a gi e a measu a e cos s associa e wi a i g o ick u e ieces a e , uma casua ies, oss o o i ica es ige, ami e a e ugee e ie , eco omic eco s uc io a eace kee i g"." u e mo e, e U equi es i e e io s u e ake y e U SC a i s egio a cou e a s o e i a ma e a is comme su a e wi e ee s o e ime ey mus a so a em o e as im a ia as ossi e o e e a a ea yUniversity a si ua io om e e io a i g i o wa .
(Wes iew ess: O o , 8 . 48 M. ocke, "A ica e s ec i es o I e e io a I e a Wa " i A ica Secu i y e iew, o , o (2002 .8 . 4 Y. Muse e i, a iame a y a ess o e secu i y si ua io o Uga a°, 2 o em e , a iame a y a sa (2002 , . 2 . Muse e i su sc i es o e i oso y a , w e a eig ou s ouse ca c es i e, you a e o go ou a c eck o e , o e se e i e ca easi y e e o you ow ouse. Seco y, e a gues a a eig ou i g s a e ca o wai u i a a io is wi e ou i ge oci e, us ecause i as o wai o e missio om e U o e om ou si e. 50 g. O u emi, " egio a ism a A ica o eig o icies" i W ig , S. ( A ica o eig o icies, (O o : Wes iew, , . 2 2 6.
6 e i e a u e o w o s ou i e e e a w e is omi a e y e egi imacy o e U SC a o egio a secu i y g ou s, e e y e c u i g i e e e s a es om i e e io s. I my o i io is is a e o , i a , w a e e e co ic , ese i e a io a o ga isa io s s ou wo k wi e s a es i a a ou e egio s i ques io . Wi ou ei i o eme , i e ca e ac ie e y way o aci yi g wa i g g ou s o s o i g a e ic co ic o e mag i u e o Koso o, wa a a e C.
. W e o i e e e: C a e ges o I e e io
e imi g o e i e e io is a so co o e sia ecause, e e i g o e co ic , e i e e o s a ei u oses, e imi g o e i e e io s u e ake is e e e u o e c a ac e o e co ic , e y e o i e e io o e u e ake , e a ies i o e i e co ic a e i e ess o e co ic . I co ic i g a ies a e o ame a e o eace a a e i e mi e o ig i g a a egio a g ou i e e es, i isTown e eme y u ike y a i wi so e e co ic e Is ae a a es i e case is i s uc i e e e. Simi a y, i e a ies o a co ic a e e e mi e o a i i a e eac o e , e e imi g o e i e e io is a icu a y c ucia , ecause i wi a e o e e Cape ge oci e. A e aye i e e io esu s i e si ua io s suc as ose i wa a a Koso oof i w ic ousa s o i es we e c aime .
I is assume a i e e io s a a e eques e y a s a e om ei egio a o ga isa io s o y a o e s a e ace e eas c a e ges (suc as e SA C i e e io i eso o a e eques o ime Mi is e Mosisi i 2 a MISA i e e io i Ce a A ica e u ic . owe e , e i e ce sugges s a , o ma e w e e e s a e eques e o i e e e o w e e e U SCUniversity o egio a g ou s au o i e i , e ou come o i e e io s some imes com omises e e y eace a e i e e io seeks, a icu a y i i is u e ake a e w o g ime . e wa a case agai is a goo e am e o is.
e U SC a egio a g ou s uc u es o e , a e s ic oce u a equi eme s a a ec e imi g o e i e e io . e u eauc a ic a u e o e ecisio maki g ocess, e
5t M. i emo e a K. Sik o k , "I e a io a o m y amics a o i ica C a ge" i I e a io a o 2, o 4 ( 8 , . 88 M. i emo e, e u ose o I e e io : C a gi g e ie s eou e Use o o ce, a . o , " e igious Causes o I e a io a I e e io i E ic Co ic s" I e a io a o i ics, 8 (200 , . 2. 52 . ewi , "A ica I e e io is S a es a I e a io a aw", i u ey , 0. a May, . (e s I e e io is S a es, (A e s o : As ga e, 200 . .
a u e o s a es o eig o icies ( s a es e e e e s o e cou ies a o i e e eacekee i g oo s a e ega equi eme s o ese eacekee i g co i u o s (as s i u a e i ose s a es co s i u io s g ea y i ue ce e imi g o a i e e io ." E e w e a si ua io is a icu a y se ious, suc as a ge oci e, e imi g o as i e e io s as emo s a e a e ays i maki g ecisio s o i e e e o e ega u es e o e suc ac io s ca e ake a e o e ai e o e e ge oci es o se ious uma i a ia c ises."
I some cases, e co s i u io o a s a e s e s ou a a icu a o eig o icy, ye a s a e may ace c a e ges a o ce i o e isi i s o eig o icy. W e is a e s, i is mos ike y a s a es wi ig o e e egis a u e a i s ea e oke c auses wi i ei co s i u io a a ou a a icu a ac io . e US i e e io s, o e am e, i e ee cases o a ama ( 8 , G e a a ( 8 a Cu a ( 62 we e ca ie ou wi ou co g essio a a o a ." Simi a y i A ica, s a es some imes i e e e wi ou u e missio om ei egis a u e a e ecu i e, ase o e us i ica io a e si ua io s a a was so se iousTown a quick ecisio s a o e ake a s o cu s a o e ou wi i ei co s i u io s?
e a u e o e e is i g ea e s i i e s a eCape co em a i g a i e e io a so oses a c a e ge i eci i g w e e i e e io of s ou ake ace. ea e s o eig ou i g s a es may e e uc a o commi ei oo s ecause ey a e yi g o o ey i e a io a aw, w ic o i i s e e oyme o oo s i a o e s a e wi ou e ma a e o e U SC. owe e , ea e s a s a es may a so ocus o e su i g goo eig ou i ess, a co i io s i e eig ou i g s a e may wa a i e e io y i ue o i s geog a ica o imi y. I e C i e e io s, o e am e, o ea e a o ai e e missio om ei e ei e ecu i e o e egis a i eUniversity a us o go e me , w i e some ea e s use ei co s i u io a e oga i es o i e e e mi i a i y a i o m ei go e me s a e ."
53 M. ame , Eyewi ess o a Ge oci e: e U i e a io s a wa a ( ew Yo k Co e U i e si y ess, 200 . 0 C. ow , " uma i a ia I e e io a I e a io a o i ica eo y" i Mose ey, A a o ma , I (e s , uma ig s a (A e s o : As ga e, 2002 , . 6 . 55 . A. osa i, " e omes ic E i o me i Sc oe e , . . (e , I e e io i o e 0: US o eig o icy i e i Wo , . . 6 . ake , "Goi g o Wa emoc a ica y: e Cow o e Seco Co go Wa 8 2000", i Co em o a y o i ics, o 6, o (2000 , . 26 282. 57 W. . ake " e og a wo Wag: esi e ia Use o o ce a e i e sio a y eo y o wa " i s, o , o (2004 , Ce e o Co em o a y Co ic , : www.ccc. s. a y.mi si 2004 may ake May04. , accesse May 2004.
8 The use of military force in 'humanitarian intervention' poses new and unanswered questions for the intervening nations, especially considering that the intervenors are not direct parties to the dispute that is allegedly justifying recourse to war." Why would states use force in a humanitarian intervention? Why is military force used in some cases and not in others? If NATO was concerned with the pligfrt of the people of Kosovo, then why were areas that were densely populated with civilians bombed? Why did ground troops not directly confront the enemy soldiers whose actions the campaign was supposedly intended to stop? These questions posed by Calhoun are vital to any inquiry into the use of force for humanitarian intervention. She questions the rationale of killing in the name of self-defence, particularly when the mission of the intervention is to save lives. The United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MO UC in the DRC recently killed the Congolese to reciprocate for the death of their colleagues." The argument they used to justify their action was that "they shot because they were shot at". Although this is a plausible argument, it also ultimately creates distrust in intervenors. Clearly, intervention is a complex issue and its outcomes,Town though sometimes predictable, are often underestimated. Ebrahim summaries it well when he argues that
... nt rv nt n ntr v r l . Cape tt r h nt rv n , th r ll l b d ff r nt p n n t h th r t r ht t nt rv n r n t v rth l , t t r th nt rn t n l h ld x n t rd t t n h r , v r of th t th r z t n f rn lt l t r l b d , nt rv nt n n t pl S r n pr v n d haze t l t, nt rv nt nth h: th r t b th p l t l ll nd d r nd r t nd n f h th h ld b d n nd t t b d t pr v nt n h n t r n nv r n nt l d t r, h th r d b l t r b h v r r . In the light of this debateUniversity of who, why and when states should intervene, the aim of this study is to develop a theoretical explanation for Uganda's interventionist behaviour that is as comprehensive as possible. The study, as has been pointed out before, thus focuses on
8 . Ca ou , i i g, e i g ie a e a ege ecessi y o mi i a y i e e io ", i eace a Co ic S u ies, o 8, o 2 (200 , : www.gmu.e u aca emic cs Ca 82 CS. m, accesse 0 u e 200 . 8 I Ma c o 200 MO UC eacekee e s we e o e y o e o e mi i a y ac io s i e C a e gi g e MO UC eacekee e s a e o e Co go ese wome . I e a ia io , MO UC i a e a w o e i age a o e eo e w om ey a ege we e ea e s o e ac io s a a es e e o e s o g ou s a ey a e use o su e e a isa m. 88 E. E a im, "Semi a iscussio s", i Ka ima, . a Ka em a, C. (e s , W i e a eace a Secu i y? e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go a e e Wa , (A ica I s i u e o Sou A ica: e o ia, 2000 , . 4 .
Uga a s i e e io i ee o i s wes e eig ou s, ame y u u i, wa a a e DRC.
1.6 e o em
I e e io ism i A ica as coi ci e wi e o se o e os Co Wa e a. I e e io s u i g e Co Wa we e sim y a i u e o e Co Wa . ey we e o aye as o y wa s s o so e y e su e owe s e i e e io s i e Co go ai e a i ige ia u i g e si ies a i e Wes e Sa a a, C a a e i u i g e se e ies. I e os Co Wa e a, A ica i e e io s a e come o e a i u e o mu i e ac o s. O e o e a , ey a e o aye as a co i ua io o e s ugg e o e su e owe s o egemo ic co o o e A ica, a icu a y as a s ugg e e wee e A g o Sa o s e sus e a co o e a is", usi g A ica s a es as o ies. O e o e a , ey a e o aye as mo i a e y a w o e a ge o ac o s a a e ecu ia o A ica.Town ese ac o s i c u e ( u a e o imi e o eco omic i e es s, uma i a ia co si e a io s, o i ica owe s ugg es i i e e i g s a es, a geo s a egic secu i y co ce s." A o ese ac o s a e ee a a ce o e ai ma y o e i e e io s Capei A ica i ge e a , a some o em a e me io e i i e e a io s o Uga a s i e e io sof i e G .
Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i e G as ee a i u e o ee mai ac o s. e us is Uga a s eco omic i e es s i s eci ic s a es a i s ge e a i e es i e oi i g e eco omic a a ages o e egio as a w o e. e seco is Uga a s egemo ic am i io s a im e ia is a em o c ea e a ima u si em i e. e i is a Uga a s mo i e was o s ea University i s e o u io a y amewo k, i s so ca e mo eme a o emoc acy o i s eig ou s. Co seque y, e egime c a ges i e s a es o wa a a u u i i e G a e ee a i u e o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy. Some o
6 o o e s o is A g o Sa o a co o e iew a e ma y, u mos omi e y a e 0. Oge ga, "Uga a as a egio a Ac o i e a i Wa ", i A e ma , . a ao, G. C. (e s , Wa a eace i ai e Co go A a y i g a E a ua i g I e e io 6 , ( e : A ica Wo ess, 2004 , . 4 a . 8 A. Wa is, Si e Accom s ice: e U o . S o y o a ce o e( o o : i e wa a au is, Ge oci e 2006 , . 64 a o C a k, "Muse e i s A e u e i e Co go Wa . Uga a s ie am° C a k, (e e A ica S akes o e Co o Wa , (Kam a a: ou ai u is e s, 2002 , . 4 . A so see . C a k, "E ai i g Uga a I e e io i Co go: A ick esc i io ", i Ka we u Mukwaya, A. (e Uga a Riding the Political ige : Secu i y a Wa s i e G ea akes eg , (Kam a a: Make e e U i e si y i e y, 2004 , . 6 a . . C e ie , e G ea akes o A ica : wo ousa Yea s o is o y, ( ew Yo k o e ooks, 200 . 62 A wi e a ge o i e a u e e is s o e i e e io s i A ica a Uga a s i e e io s i a icu a a c i ique o is i e a u e o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy is o e i C a e ee a o u oses o e i y i is o ea wi e aus i e y e e.
20 ese mo i a io s a e ee wi e y co es e y o sc o a s a e s a e, o o w ic o i e a e a i e e a a io s o i s e a iou . O e mo i es suc as Uga a s uma i a ia co si e a io s a i s a io a secu i y co ce s a e ee ig o e y ma y sc o a s, ecause i was e a ey we e use as e e o co cea i s eco omic a egemo ic am i io s."
A i e e a io a as ee su sume i o e ac o s, as ee oug o e o e, a as si ce c a ac e ise e e a e o mo i es o i e e io s. I is e "C isis i Ci i e s i " a e s i o e a gume ." Ma moo Mam a i is e o o e o is e ic co ic mo e , o w ic e a i u es e e o i e e io s i e G egio . e a gues a os co o ia go e me s use e ic a i ia io o access osi io s o owe a o egi imise emse es. ei go e me s e e e com e i g e ic ca ego ies a e ec i e y ie o a i i a e em. ese ic im e ic ca ego ies e o eig ou i g s a es, w e e ey we e u e ma gi a i e a o ecog ise as ic ims o ei e essi e go e me s u a e as i u e s seeki g o e e i om ei asy um s a es. e Towns ugg e o su i a i ese e essi e asy um s a es a ei i a i i y o e u o ei ow s a es esu e i a s ugg e o e u o e e ess. Mo i i i g emse es o e ic e e s, ey au c e mi i a y a acks o ei ome s a es a ema e o e ea e asCape a i es o ese s a es a ecog ise as e ic ca ego ies a a e e i e o ci i e s i ,of access o o i ica owe a o e se ices a o e ci i e s i a cou y we e accessi g. is is o y o e e ic s ugg e amo gs e ic ca ego ies a ow i aye ou i se e a s a es (wi em asis o Uga a , as we as i s im ac o e G , Mam a i a gues, mus e u e s oo i e i e e io s o A ica s a es i e G egio i ge e a ee o e com e e si e y e ai e .
I is agai s is ackg ou University a Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i e G , a icu a y u i g e Muse e i a mi is a io om 86 o 2006 is e ami e . I is c i ica o
6 o u oses o e i y, e ac o s a a e ee a a ce o e ai Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy a e o y ea wi su e icia y e e. A e ai e i e a u e e iew o i e e io is o e i C a e ee o is esis. 64 M. Mam a i uses "C isis i Ci i e s i " as a e m o i e i y e com e a u e o e e ic s ugg e o ci i e s i i e G . 6 e e aus i e e iew o Mam a i s wo ks o e G is im ossi e e e, u is sec io ocuses o ou o is e a e wo ks: M. Mam a i, W e ic ims ecome Ki e s: Co o ia ism a i ism, a e Ge oci e i wa a ( i ce o : i ce o U i e si y ess, 200 a M. Mam a i, U e s a i g e C isis i Ki u, (SA ES us , 200 M. Mam a i, " emoc a ic eo y a emoc acy S ugg es i A ica" i Okwu i a o i (e , Go e me a o i ics i A ica: A ea e , ( a a e: AA s ooks, 2000 , . 220 2 M. Mam a i " wa a Uga a I e e io i e Co go", i Ma a a I o (e , e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, (SA I S Se ies, , . 4 a M. Mam a i, " e imi a y oug s o e Co go C isis", a k e i e e o e wo ks o o e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, 2 Se em e ( a a e: SA ES us , 8 . A e ai e e iew o Mam a i s ci i e s i c isis is o e i C a e ee.
2 u e s a w e e e a ai a e eo ies a e su icie o e ai Uga a s i e e io s. is s u y us o oses o e ami e Uga a s i e e io usi g ou eo ies, e ea is a ia k ow as e Secu i y i emma, Co s uai ism, o i eu ism a i e a ism. e us i ica io o is mu i eo e ica a oac ies i e i a i i y o eac eo y o a ess Uga a s i e e io s com e e si e y o i s ow .
As C a k o es, Uga a ike o e i e e io is s a es suc as e US g oss y u e es ima es e ig isks o i e e io s a wi e e o e mos ike y ecome e a g e i ma y o i s i e e io s." e u e a gues a Uga a s i e e io i e C, o e am e, is a a ogous o e US i e e io i ie am i e 60s a 0s w ic a se ious co seque ces? is makes Uga a a i e es i g case. I e a io a y, Uga a s mi i a y i e e io s co a e e A ic e 2(4 o e U C a e , w ic o i i s e use o o ce i o e s a es, as we as e a e i e a io a co e io s a o oco s. ose o Uga a s i e e io s a a e ee mo i a e y a uism equa y co a e eTown e 6 ec a a io o e I a missi i i y o I e e io i omes ic A ai s o e S a e. is ec a a io o i i s s a es om i e e i g i ec y o i i ec y, o a y easo w a e e , i e i e a o e e a a ai s o a y o e s a e i e ic y s a es a ,Cape "... o s a e s a o ga ise, assis , ome , ma ce, i ci e o o e a e su e si e e o is of o a me ac i i ies i ec e owa s e io e o e ow o e egime o a o e s a e, o i e e e i ci i s i e i a o e s a e"? Uga a s i e e io s u e co a e e e OAU c a e a o e egio a ag eeme s e.g. e A is Ag eeme , w ic Uga a as a i ie I is e io , om 86 o 2006, Uga a s o eig e a io s wi i s wes e eig ou s a e ee c a ac e ise y u s a e e a io s, i e s a e wa s, i a s a e wa a ci i s i e o i e eig ou i g s a esUniversity a i Uga a i se . Some G s a es a e wa y o a y ea i gs wi Uga a a e cou y as i ac ee sue a e I e a io a Cou o us ice (IC . Uga a as i e e e i G s a es mi i a i y, i oma ica y a co e y o mi iga e uma i a ia isas e s cause y i a s a e co ic s. ese i e e io s a e ee co es e
66 See . C a k, "Muse e i s A e u e i e Co go Wa : Uga a s ie am?" i C a k, . (e e A ica S akes °o e Co go Wa , . 4 6 . Clark o es a e US i e e io i ie am cause a oss o co ossa sums o mo ey a c aime ma y US mi i a y o ice s a me , o e e e a e US wo e e w e e i e e io i ie am a ee wo w i e. See . C a k, "Muse e i s A e u e i e Co go Wa . Uga a s ie am?" i C a k, . (e e
A ica S akes o e Co go Wa , . 4 6 . 6 . Wa ace, I e t na aw, . 286. 6 e A is A a a Ag eeme o 6 s i u a es a e e s ou e mu ua es ec e wee s a es o eac o e s e i o ia i eg i y.
22 a Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy as ee c a e ge . Uga a a as ecome a ce a aye i A ica o eig e a io s as ee e ocus o e a es, co e e ces, a eace a ks a co i ue o seek so u io s o e G co ic s. I iew o is, i is a a icu a y e e a o e ami e e es eo e ica e a a io s o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy wi a iew o co i u e o A ica i e a io a e a io s i e a u e.
. Justification of e S u y
I e e io s a e easo s w y ey ake ace a e ee a a y e a s u ie i a ious isci i es, o e am e i aw, o i ics a i e a io a e a io s is s u y aims o e o e e i e e io s o A ica s a es om a eo e ica e s ec i e. is s u y wi co i u e o e i e a u e o A ica i e a io a e a io s as we as o a i e a a e e u e s a i g o Uga a s i e e io i e G s a es. Uga a as ee ame as a ma o ac o i e G co ic s a i s i e e io is o eig o icy as come u e Towna ack om i s eig ou s, e i e a io a commu i y a e ci i e s o e cou y emse es. e ocus o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy as ee o e C, i is e isage a e i i gs o is esea c wi c ea e a g ea e u e s a i g o Uga a sCape o eig o icy i ge e a . I wi o e imi e o iso a e i ci e s, suc as e Cof i e e io , u wi a so co e e e i e i e e io is o eig o icy o e Muse e i a mi is a io .
.8 Sco e o e S u y
e s u y ocuses o Uga a s o eig o icy o e Muse e i a mi is a io co e i g e e io om 1986 Universityu o 2006, w e Uga a os a cou case a e I e a io a Cou o us ice. 1986 is a im o a s a i g oi ecause o e egime c a ge a oug Muse e i i o owe o owi g e o e ow o i o Oke o u wa w o i u a o e ow a emoc a ica y e ec e ic a o ia egime. e egime c a ge a us e e Muse e i i o owe a so ma ke e e o e omi a io o o i ica owe y e o a e s i o o i ica owe o e 'South?' His ascension to power was a y ai e y
Muse e i s us i ica io s o wagi g o ac e gue i a wa a e we e e iggi g o e ec io s a e ic a o ia eig o O o e II s eig , w ic e soug o ea y. A oug i ea i y e o e ew ao Oke o u wa, w o a o e ow O o e, Muse e i co i ues o a gue a e o e ew O o e s egime a a o i s o eges. e e ms o a Sou a e wi e y use o e e o e egio a o i ica i isio wi i Uga a. e o is use sy o ymous y wi e o e e s o e e o e e ic ca ego ies o e eo e w ose i ige ous omes
23 Tutsi refugee soldiers from Rwanda, Burundi and the DRC, as well as by Ugandan peasants whom he used in his war." The success of his guerrilla warfare and subsequent capture of political power marked the beginning of an era of the use of force to change regimes not by 'outsiders' but 'insiders'."
What is crucial about the use of force in the GLR was the pr t aspect with which interventions were carried out.' The period is also important because Museveni's successful accession to power led to a spiral of guerrilla warfare, marked the decline of the dictatorial regimes of the western neighbours and the accession to power of leaden supported by Uganda in some of the GLR component states. This study, however, only covers the four expisodes of Uganda's interventions in Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC. It explains the interventions in the light of how events in these states affected Uganda's western border districts and the state as a whole. (A map of Uganda on page 230 of this thesis shows the rebel affected areas and has arrows indicating the districts that were included in this study.)Town The reason for such an extensive study of three states is to ensure that Uganda's foreign relations are understood in their totality. Studying an isolated intervention case would limit good theoretical analysis or theory building. Cape of 1.9 Theoretical Framework
This study draws on four theories that have been used to explain intervention in international relations. The traditional theories of Liberalism and Realism have been extensively used, but subsequent developments in world politics such as the emergence of aspects such as identity, ideas and norms, andUniversity how these have influenced the foreign policy behaviour of states have compromised the theories' ability to explain fully tfre foreign behaviour of states. These
a e i e o e is ic s o Uga a. 2 e Uga a easa s a su e e o accou o e ic a o ia egime, a ecause wa was i ei egio s, ey a wo o io s, ei e oi O o e II o ig e e e s, o o oi e e e s o ig O o e II. ey c ose e a e . e e m "ou si e " e e e e s o e o e aye y o eig owe s i e egime c a ges i A ica s a es, w i e "i si e ? e e s o i as a e g ou s mo i i i g emse es o o e ow ei egimes. 4 I am usi g e co ce o eci oci y ecause eac ea e w o ecei e assis a ce om a mi i a y g ou o om a eig ou i g s a e was e ec e o e e simi a assis a ce o e ea e w o a gi e im e . is se u a w o e s i a o eci oci y a a y accou s o e co ic s i e G egio , ecause e e y ac io a a c ose o wa o gai owe o e o ecei e su o om ose i a e ious y su o e o gi e assis a ce o.
24 traditional theories still account for some aspects of international behaviour but have limitations that alternative theories have attempted to address. These alternative theories that have emerged within international relations, e.g. Constructivism and Poliheurism have not thus far been used to examine African states' behaviour, nor have they been used to analyse Uganda's foreign policy, whicfr is the aim of this study.
This study uses an eclectic approach to examine motives of intervention. This approach is premised on the limitation of either theory (viz. Constructivism or Poliheurism) to address the research question adequately on its own. In addition, as Gent observes, there is a paucity of formal-theoretic work on intervention, which makes such a study of theoretical explanations of intervention extremely important."
The study will be organised as follows: The theories will be reviewed at the beginning of every chapter, highlighting the tenets of the theories. This will be followedTown by a description of events and, lastly, an evaluation of the theory. The merit of this approach is that, by the end of the discussions, it will be evident which of the theories is most comprehensive and applicable to the Ugandan situation. Cape of . 0 esea c Me o o ogy: e Com a a i e eo e ica Case S u y
This study utilised the comparative theory case study design. The selection of this design was premised on the fact that it was most suitable for studying the emerging phenomenon of African states' interventionist behaviour in the post-Cold War era. The information obtained was used to illustrateUniversity the four competing theories with an aim of establishing the most parsimonious theory that explains Uganda's interventionist foreign policy. The dependent variable was Uganda's interventions from 1996 to 2006. Uganda was selected because, of all the African states that intervened in others, Uganda has the highest number of unilateral interventions in the region from 86 o 2006, which makes it a good case to study. Four theories were selected for scrutiny, namely, Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Poliheurism. The tenets of these theories, which were discussed in Chapter 2, form the
S. E. Ge , " e S a egic y amics o Mi i a y I e e io ", oc o a esis (U i e si y o oc es e , ew Yo k, 200 .
2 amewo k o w ic e s u y is ase . e s u y was co uc e i eig o e is ic s, wo ce a is ic s a i Uga a s wes e eig ou s o wa a, u u i a e C.
e a a ages o usi g com a a i e eo y a e ume ous. i s y, use o ma y eo ies a ows e i e ce o e i e e e i mu i e ways, w ic i u e a es e esea c e o use e e i e ce o ei e co i m a s eci ic eo e ica a e a i e o cou e e e a a io ei g a a ce y a eo y." Seco y, as eac eo y is a a yse a a ie o s u y a s eci ic e e , ac ua e a com e e si e i o ma io is o ai e o e case. i y, usi g mu i e eo ies e s i es a is i g e a i i y a e ia i i y o e s u y esu s, ecause o qua i a i e a s a is ica a a a e ia gu a e o es a is w e e e qua i a i e esu s a e co sis e wi e e e a s a is ica a a o , i e case o i e a io a e a io s, i s a e ac o s e ai a us i y ac io s i simi a ways i i e e se i gs. ou y, usi g Uga a as a case s u y o o y i us a es e s e g o eo ies u a so e s i e i i g eo ies a a essi g ei imi a io s." Town as y, i is sui e o i e a a ysis a o o owi g ea s i o ew a eas o ew co s uc io s o eo y." I is s u y, o e am e, e Secu i y i emma eo y as a a ia o ea ism em asise s a e ac o s a ooke s eci ica yCape a ow ei ac io s i ue ce eac o e . is e s ec i e ea s o e i i g eof e is i g eo y o e e o i g o e wou eme ge om a ques io suc as, ow o e ea e s e cei e emse es? is wou e i a ecause, as s a es e ce io s o mis e ce io s o eac o e a e iscusse , i es a is es ow ei ea e s e cei e eac o e a ow is i ue ces e a u e o i a e a e a io s e wee e s a es. W a eme ges om suc a a a ysis is e ew a e a i e o eo e ica e s ec i e a ocuses o i i i ua s a ow is i o ms ei o eig o icy e a iou University
6 M. i emo e a K. Sikki k , " aki g S ock e Co s u i is esea c og am i I e a io a e a io s a Com a a i e o i ics" A ua e iew o i ica Scie ce, o 4 (2001) . 396. A. u oi a A. Seege s, "A I o uc io o e S u y o o i ics", e a me a mo og a ( e a me o o i ica S u ies: U i e si y o Ca e ow , , see a so E. a ie a . Mou o , e ac ice o Socia esea c (O o : O o U i e si y ess, 8 , . 280 a . Yi , Case S u y esea c : esig a Me o s, A ie Socia esea c Me o Se ies, o 5 ( o o : Sage, 4 , . 8 a . 2 . J. Hartley, "Case Studies in Organisational Research", in Symons, C. and Cassel, C. (eds), Oua i a i e Methods in Organisational Rese. h: A Practical Guide, (London: Sage Publications, 1994), pp. 208-229. I. Ma we , Oua i a i e esea c esig : A I e ac i e A proach, (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1996), p. 33.
26 Research Phases The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, desktop research and analyses of national, regional, and international documentary sources were carried out at the relevant institutions both in country and international.' As I was cautious of the limitations of documentary sources, I triangulated these with other sources of information to ensure optimal results. The second phase involved field research in the selected central and border districts of Kampala, Ntungamo, Rukungiri, Kanungu, Kasese, Hoima, Kabale, Kisoro, Bundibugyo and Ntoroko. These districts share borders with the states in which Uganda intervened. Interviews were conducted with key informants, security forces, selected members from the communities and government officials working in the study districts in Uganda and the DRC and communes in Rwanda. In Burundi, in-depth interviews were held with critical actors in the peace process, political party leaders and former rebel leaders turned government officials" Appendix 2 provides a full list of the interviewees and their respective organisations. The period of study was replete with inter-state security border meetings, regional andTown international conferences and seminars on security and good governance, some of which I attended. These conferences and seminars provided first-hand experience of the security situations in the region as well as view points of the protagonists of the conflicts presentCape at these conferences. Aware of the limitations of such fora as sources of information,of follow-up interviews were freld?
Data Collation M th d nd M Qualitative data collection and qualitative data analysis were used in this study because they have the advantage of being flexible, economical and enable the coverage of sufficient ground." They are effective in investigations into foreign policy, which is primarily a communicative subject,University and are appropriate when used for uncovering and understanding what lies behind any phenomenon about which little is yet known." Three qualitative data collection
80 App nd x 0 h d t l d l t f th r n t n r r r h nd t d. t t h ld b n t d th t th nt rv n r nd nd th C h ld d ff r nt p t t d ff r nt t . h f r r r b l nt rv d r rv n n th rr nt v rn nt n d ff r nt p t . 82 S . . W l tt, r n f r n Q l t t v t : r pt n, An l nd Int rpr t t n, ( h nd O : S , 4 . W n r f, Q l t t v r h Int rv n , ( nd n: S , 200 p. 68 nd . Y n, C St d r h: n nd M th d . Appl d S l r h M th d S r , l ( nd n: S , 4 , pp. 4 . 8 r d t l d d n n th dv nt f l t t v th d , . S lv r n, n Q l t t v r h: A r t l ndb , ( nd n: S bl t n , 2000 nd . S lv r n, Interpreting Q l t t v t : M th d f r An l z n l xt nd Int r t n, ( nd n: S , . 84 Str nd C rb n r n th t th h h v d l t t v r r h h v bt n d t f t r r lt nd ppr pr t n r t th ntr l r r h t n th h v nv t t d. S A. Str nd . C rb n,
27 methods were used, namely, in-depth interviews," group methods" and meetings." I also carried out follow-up interviews to clarify some issues that were not clearly understood."
Four instruments were used in the study. Interview guides and interview schedules were administered to the in-depth interviewees. Appendix 6 provides a sample of the interview schedule). The questions in the interview schedule were modified into interview guides that were used in interviews with the focus groups. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to the border communities and refugees of Kisoro, Hoima and Ntungamo to solicit information from those who were unable to express themselves adequately in English (see Appendix 4 for the questionnaire).
Qualitative Data Analysis Data collected using key informants and focus group discussions was analysed using qualitative methods, which included free listing, tabulations, chronicling of eventsTown and classification of the information into specific categories." Spradely's data analysis model was used in the final data analysis. In this model, the information obtained from the interviews was presented in three levels, namely, the theory questions (TQs) in the firstCape column, the interview questions (I(?) in of
asics o Qua i a i e Research, ( ew u y a k: Sage u ica io s, 0 . 85 o u e e a a io s o e a a ages o o a i e iews a ow ey s ou e ca ie ou e ec i e y, see . Ki g, " e Qua i a i e esea c I e iew", i Symo s, C. a Casse , C. (e s , Qualitative Methods in Qrganisational Research: A Practical Guide, ( o o : Sage u ica io s, 1994), . 4 6. 86 i e g ou s we e o me , i e is ic s o Kasese, u i ugyo, Kiso o a u gamo a oima. I ese g ou s, a ques io ai eUniversity was use o iscuss e sa ie issues o secu i y. ose w o we e u a e o i i e ques io ai e we e assis e . A co e e ce g ou o ga ise a e r S l ec a a io o 2004 e a e me o iscussio s wi ec oc a s o e Mi is y o o eig A ai s i c a ge o o eig o icy ma o g. 8 I am awa e o e imi a io s o o a i e iews, a I us co o o a e i o ma io o ai e om i e iews ( is i o ma io was a sc i e wi i o ma io om e co ac summa y s ee (see A e i o e co ac summa y s ee a me ia e o s o c oss c eck some o e i o ma io o i e y e i e iewees. I a e e C oss o e secu i y mee i gs e wee wa a s u e ge i e ec u e a Uga a s Kiso o is ic o 2 Augus 200 a A G mee i g e wee e C, Uga a a wa a co e e i Ka a e o 28 Augus 200 . Mi u es o ese mee i gs a e a ai a e o eques . 88 ey a e i a gue a a o a i g a a a o ow u i e iews a e c i ica ecause ey aise ques io s a we e ea ie ig o e o o a y a swe e . See I. ey, Qualitative Data Analysis: A User- Friendly Guide for Social Scientists ( o o : ou e ge, a e i , . K., The Research Act, ( ew Yo k: Mc G aw i , 8 . 8 e a a was ma age wi e gui a ce o e o owi g wo ks: See I. ey, Qualitative Data Analysis: A User-Friendly Guide for Social Scientists, . 40 . Ki g, " em a e A a ysis", i Symo s, C. a Casse , C. (e s , Qualitative Methods in Qr anisational Research: A Practical Guide, ( o o : Sage u ica io s, 4 , . 8.
28 e seco co um , a e iews om ea ie ocume a y sou ces i e as co um
(i e e io s (see A e i o e a a a a ysis s ee .
Q nt t t t C ll t n nd An l Qua i a i e a a co ec io was use o co ec a a amo gs o e commu i ies. e e we e ma y a ici a s i e ocus g ou iscussio s a key i o ma s w o wa e o a ici a e, u w o a imi e ime o i e iews o e e e u eco e i e iews. A ques io ai e was a so gi e o i o ma s wi a iew o es a is i g ei a ki g a o e a e a com a iso o e imacy o causa ac o s o e i e e io a a e ee a a ce o e ai Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy (see A e i o is ques io ai e, wi a ma k u s ee a e e . e i o ma io om e ques io ai es a i e iew sc e u es we e co e a a a yse y sim e s a is ica me o s, suc as mea s a e ce ages o es a is e a ki gs o e causa ac o s o i e e io ."Town S pl n Cr t r nd S n n Gi e e wi e a ge o i e iewees a we e a ai a e o se ec om, I e i e a e y se ec e e key i o ma s ase o ei i o eme i Cape e eace ego ia io s, ei o es as key ac o s (as o me e e s o o osi io i a iame of a go emme a mi is a o s e gage i o eig o icy issues. ese ca ego ies we e u osi e y se ec e ase o ei e e ie ce a o g se ice i e mi is ies e a me s es o si e o o eig o icy o mu a io s a im eme a io s i i e e egimes. ese o e a so ecomme e o e i o ma i e eo e w o I o owe u ." A e ai e eak ow o e i e iewees is o i e i a e i 2. I oes o isagg ega e e wee o s a e ac o s a s a e ac o s u ey a e a i c usi e. University
0 We g a a gues a is is e es a a a a ysis oo o a i g a ge amou s o d t 0. A o a o 0 ques io ai es a a sc i s om e i e i e iews we e a a yse usi g S a e y s a a a a ysis mo e . o a e ai e e a a io o a a a a ysis see . We g a ., Qua i a i e esea c I e iewi g, . 8 .
91 Ki g wa s a e e is a a ge i wo ki g ou e eque cies ecause o e ca assume a i e e ces i eque cies au oma ica y co es o o mea i g u i e e ces wi i o e wee a sc i s, w ic is o ecessa i y e case. 91 Co seque y, w i s eque cies we e ca cu a e , a i io a e a a io s we e o i e o us i y em a ei imi a io s i e a a ysis o e a a see . Ki g, " em a e A a ysis", . 0. 92 u osi e sam i g u e mo e o i e me wi e o o u i y o se ec a ig qua i y o key i o ma s. I e i ica io o o e es o e s y key i o ma s is ca e s ow a i g. Mi es a u e ma o i e i s o ow o se ec key i o ma s, see M. Mi es a M. u e ma , Qua i a i e a a A a ysis, ( e e y i s CA: Sage u ica io s 4 a . Kuma , E. a ie a . Mou o a so o i es i e a a ysis o s ow a i g a ow i s ou e se ec i e y use , see . Kuma , esea c Me o o ogy: A S e y s e Gui e egi e s ( o o : Sage u ica io s, 200 a E. a ie a Mou o ,
2 Research Ethics ecause e s u y ea wi a icu a y e e a u e y com e secu i y ma e s, e i e iewees iewe e esea c as a e a ua io o Uga a s secu i y e a e co ce s a we e a i e cau ious o a ici a e. I em asise a e s u y was o u e y aca emic u oses a a i was o i a y way a ec i g s a e secu i y." o is e ec , I assu e ose i e iewees w o e e e a o ymi y a ei i o ma io was goi g o e ea e wi e co i e ia i y ey ese e . ose a i o wa o e eco e we e o i e wi a ques io ai e o w ic o i i ei es o ses, w i e e iscussio s we e a w i e . I assu e em a i was im o a a a Uga a w o e a ou issues o Uga a s o eig o icy. o e ica u oses, e iews a ese i o ma s o i e a e o ee a i u e o em y ame w e e ei iews mus a ea , i es a um e s a e ee assig e o em. Town o ems E cou e e esea c i secu i y ma e s some imes is misco s ue as a e c usi e ese e o e mi i a y, e o ice o o e secu i y o ga s. A co si e a eCape amou o e a e was i o e i o ai i g e missio o ca y ou i e iews.of e c ea a ces o e Uga a a io a Cou ci o Scie ce a ec o ogy came i a y a , oge e wi e is ic c i e ia o c ea a ce, e A Cs o e ma e e wo k easie y e o si g e e e a e e s a o i i g a s o a gui es o e a e me oca e e is ic e so e se ec e o i e iew.
I eco e a a sc i e e i o ma io , w ic I wou make a ai a e o e i o ma s o eques . ecause ma yUniversity es o e s e use o e eco e , some o e i o ma io was os i e iscussio s a i e iews. A ew i o ma s we e o imis ic a I wou i c u e ei iews i my esis ecause ey o e a o eig e s w o ea e esis wou k ow e u ( a icu a y o e c a e ges o e eace ocesses i e G s a es I i ack ow e ge ei iews a omise o ese em as es as I cou . I cau io e em, oug , a si ce ei i o ma io was o eco e I a o way o o i g my c aims ey
e ac ice o Socia esea c p. 167. R. Mitchell., Sec ecy a ie wo k Qua i a i e esea c Me o s Se ies 29 (London: Sage, 1993) and F. Erickson, "Qualitative Methods in Research on Teaching" in Wittrock, M. (ed), a ook o esea c o (3rd Ed) (New York: Simon & Schuster Prentice Hall International, 1986), pp. 119-161.
0 acce e is, u o e e ess emai e cu ious o k ow ow ei iews wou e ma e a ai a e o e wo i I i o i c u e em.
I so e e o em o eco i g i ee ways: I ook as ma y o es as ossi e u i g e i e iews, w ic I a e eco s uc e a e iewe agai s e co ac summa y s ee s. Seco y, I ca ie ou o ow u i e iews i w ic es o e s wou ki y a ow me o e isi ce ai issues. i y, some o e i o ma s w o ec i e o e eco e we e gi e ques io ai es o i i a e iscussio s we e w i e ou wi e e o esea c assis a s as a o eu s.
C a e Ou i e
e esis as a w o e co sis s o i e c a e s. e i s c a e ,Town e cu e o e, as gi e a ge e a ackg ou o i e e io i e i e a io a sys em. I as ie y iscusse e i e e a io s a a e ee a a ce o e ai i e e io s i ge e a a i A ica mo e a icu a y, a i as ai ou e eo e ica amewo kCape aw o y is s u y as we as e esea c me o o ogy. A eo e ica i e a u eof e iew i C a e wo is o owe y a e iew o i e a u e o A ica i e e io s a Uga a s i e e io s i e i c a e . I e C a e ou ese s a is o y o Uga a s a i g wi e co o ia egime u o e cu e go e me . I ig ig s e o e o e a my i e a io a secu i y amewo k as we as e e e a ea s ace y e s a e. C a e s i e o Eig a a yse Uga a s i e e io s om a eo e ica e s ec i e, usi g ou mai eo ies i i s a a y ica amewo k I e co c u i g c a e , e ge e a University i i gs o e s u y a e iscusse .
C A E WO EO E ICA A OAC ES O I E E IO
2.0 I o uc io
This chapter explores four dominant theoretical approaches that explain intervention by one state in another one's territory. The traditional theories of Realism and Liberalism, which have dominated the study of international relations and in world politics, are discussed alongside the more recent theories of Constructivism and Poliheurism, which gained wide use in the 0s. In this chapter, all four theories are discussed with the intention of developing a framework that can be used later to examine Uganda's interventions in the GLR and particularly its intervention in Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC during 86 2006. This chapter is divided into two sections. I the first section, the central tenets and limitationsTown of the theories are discussed. The second section is a discussion of how they will be used as a framework to explain Uganda's interventions in the GLR. Tfre main conclusion drawn by this discussion is that all these theories need to be used to complement each other's theoretical flaws and limitations when explaining Uganda's interventions. Cape of 2. ea ism
Realism has been the dominant theory in the analysis of international relations between states, as well as in understanding state behaviour. Similarly, in the realm of intemational politics, Realism has had supremacy over other theories for a long time. Starting with Morgenthau who tried to develop a comprehensiveUniversity theory of power politics on realist principles of human nature and the role of ethics in foreign policy, Realism slowly gained ground in its use in the analysis of foreign policy." Essentially, the theory takes cognizance of the central role that states play in the international system and holds that, because the world is anarchic, states have to ensure that they maximize their security from attacks that would otherwise have compromised their position and security t b th th d t nd nt rn t n l l d The theory also acknowledges that states have an insatiable desire to dominate others, and that morality and reason are
4 M. G i i s, "Mo ge au", i G i i s, M. Key i ke s i I e a io a e a io s, ( ew Yo k: ou e ge, , . 6 4 .
2 su o i a e i ues i o i ics a me e i s ume s o a ai i g a us i yi g owe ." ea ism comes i ma y a ia s a ew ime sio s o i i c u e, amo g o e s, e eo ea is , eoc assica , e e si e a o e si e ea is s. A iscussio o a ese a ia s is o ossi e owe e , o e a ia , e Secu i y i emma eo y, wi e e ami e . is a icu a eo y as ee use o e ai i e s a e a io e e ic co ic o s u y w y s a es i e e e i o e s a o u e s a w y i some cases s a es ca o coo e a e o secu e emse es.
h S r t l
e Secu i y i emma eo y is a a c o e ea is sc oo a ocuses o e eca ious si ua io s a es i emse es i w e ey y o es a is secu i y wi i ei ow o e s, a i e ocess om o e s a es o o so as we . e Secu i y i emma eo y was i i ia y use y u e ie a e o esc i e a si ua io w e eTown a s a e is u ce ai a ou e i e io s o a o e s a e s ac io s i wo o i ics u e ie esc i es a secu i y i emma as o ows: Cape [th n rt nt th t d n r f x n tr n t d t r n r l th r nt nt n ... f r th t h v f th th r p rt b t nn tof nt r S th r n nt r f r, r n. nd r t nd h h h ld b p rt l rl n rv . n r th t r lf n h n b rn nd th t nt n th n f n h t r nt f r r n f t nd t n v r p bl f r t r l r r b r fl t th t t h nn t S n d f r nd h e e a e th r n f r nt nt n th t h z ..."
Simi a y, em use e Secu i y i emma as a asic amewo k o i us a e e is o y o i e a io a e a io s,University y a gui g a i was a key ac o i ese. is asic a gume was a syc o ogica o e, ame y a , i a i i i ua ea s a o e i i i ua s may e seeki g is es uc io , i wou c ea e a ee o se e e ce, w ic i u wou make o e s ee i secu e e e e e is se se o i secu i y o e i i i ua o g ou s, su ec i g ese o a simi a a a ysis e Secu i y i emma a a ysis as si ce ee e a e o e ai ow
"I i . 6 oe, "Mis e ce io s a E ic Co ic : a sy a ia s Socie a Secu i y i emma", e iew o I e a io a S u ies, o 28 (2002 , . 4. 8 I i . e ., "I ea is I e a io a ism a e Secu i y i emma" i Wo o i ics, o 2 o 2 ( 4 , . 80. o a e ai e e ose o e s wo ks a a is o y o e secu i y i emma e o ou s, see M. G i i s, i y Key i ke s i I e a io a e a io s, . 2 . I i , . 8.
the efforts of states to secure themselves make it impossible for them to draw accurate inferences about other states' intentions. This results in a cycle of suspicion, which could in turn lead to war! Furtfrermore, the theory posits that, because the international system is anarchic and security is scarce, states try to secure themselves by maximizing their relative advantage over other states.'"
Posen and Roe have employed the Security Dilemma theory to explain a historiography of intra-state ethnic conflicts and their resurgence in the post-Cold War era. More recently, scholars like Jervis, Rose, Glaser, Van Evera, Kaufmann, Booth and Wheeler have variously used it to account for major wars, inter-state conflictual relations and increasing insecurity in the world. As a result, the theory has gained wide use as a framework of analysis in the areas of security, strategic and international studies. It has been used as an analytical tool to explain the two world wars, military interventions and inter-state relations in regions like East Asia and the Gulf (see Moller'"), in Israel (see Romirowsky103) and in AsianTown relations between China and the US (see Siddall).
The Security Dilemma theory has three central tenets:Cape the inability to distinguish offence from defence, the superiority of offence over defenceof action, and the window of vulnerability and opportunity.'" The first tenet, i.e. th n b l t t d t n h ff n fr d f n , presupposes that the military preparations of one state will create an irresolvable uncertainty in the mind of another as to whether the preparations are for defensive purposes only (to enhance its security) or whether100 they are for offensive u oses 06 When, for example, state A alms itself, it becomes
. e is, e ce io sUniversity Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics ( i ce o : i ce o U i e si y ess, 6 . . W ee e , Sa i g S a ge s: uma i a ia I e e io i I e a io a Socie y, (O o : O o U i e si y ess, 2000 , . 6 . 101 G. ose, ° eoc assica ea ism a eo ies o o eig o icy", i Wo o i ics, o ( 8 , . 44 2. . Mo e , " eso i g e Secu i y i emma i e Gu egio ", i Emi a es Occasio a a (1997), hap:// www.eess ac.ae ie io ica s 0 uae.eso i o. m, 0 d 26 I Se em e 200 A. omi owsky, "Is ae s Mi i a y i emma", E o es, May 2002, www. i.o ee o es mi eeas a ica20020 0. omi owsky s ae mi i a y i emma m accesse o 2 o em e 200 C4 A. Si e , " e Misa ica io o e e si e ea ism: e secu i y i emma a isi g owe s i Eas Asia", (2000 : a sa.2000.a u.e u.au co a e sisi e a , accesse o 26 Se em e 200 . Mos ece y, oa as use i o e ami e i e e io s i s a es s a i g o e s. See A_ oa , "W e goo e ces make a eig ou s: i e o e s, S a e Weak ess, a I e a io a Co ic " i I e a io a Secu i y, o , o (Wi e 2006 0 , . . 105 ese ce a e e s a e ee aw om . ose s " e Secu i y i emma nd E ic Co ic " i ow , M. 06 (e E ic Co ic a I e a io a Secu i y, ( i ce o : i ce o U i e si y ess, . 0 . . W ee e a K. oo , " e Secu i y i emma" i ay is, . a a ge , . (e s i emmas o Wo o i ics: I e a io a Issues i a C a gi g Wo , (O o : C a e o ess, 2 , . 0.
4 a a e o e eig ou o a e sa y s a e a is may e i e a a io o a wa o a o e so o e gageme . I ac , s a e is o su e w e e is a mi g is ei g o e o e e si e o o e si e u oses o w e e e i s s a e s i c ease i i s mi i a y ca a i i y may us e ou i e." Mos ac io s y s a es o o ec emse es simu a eous y a e a me aci g e ec o o e s e i e o secu i y o uces agg essi e ac io s i e o e s a e ei e as a s o g se se o i secu i y o ee s me ace y e e y ese ce o e o e , s o ge s a e." e e a i e i secu i y o s a es, i o e wo s, is cause y a ge e a ee i g o u ce ai y a ou e cou se o e e s i eac o e s s a es a a ack o ca aci y o co o em, a o w ic o uces a e asi e se se o ea ."
e i a i i y o is i guis o e ce om e e ce may e a esu o s a es ai u e o e a ua e eac o e s i c eme a i c eases i mi i a y ca a i i ies ue o i accu a e e a ua io s o mis e ce io s o s a es ac io s ue o misi o ma io . " is misi o ma io is i u a i u e o e o e aye y i e es g ou s (suc as o s a eTown ac o s, i i i ua s a , some imes, i e a io a o go e me o ga isa io s i esca a i g secu i y i emmas: ese may a e a u e io mo i e o e e i i g om e secu i y seeki g s a es a ocu e mi i a y equi me o im o e ei ca a i i ies. " G ase u e Cape a gues a ,
Interests groups that would benefit fan largeof Averments A military capabilities and/or expansion am often A control of US state's policy; dry then advance self-serving strategic arguments that exaggerate the state's insecurity and the benefits Of xp n n.
Suc misi o ma io is e a s es o si e o e mis e ce io a e is a W ee e esc i e. ey a gue a s a es m i i icu o aw i e e ces a ou o e s a es i e io s ase o ei mi i a yUniversity os u e a ca a i i ies. As a esu , a cyc e o mu ua sus icio is se i mo io , w ic e is ca s e s i a is s i a mo e eme ges om e simu a eous i c ease i e (usua y mi i a y ca a i i ies o s a es. is esca a es co o a io o ig e a
0 C G ase , " e Secu i y i emma e isi e " i Wo o i ics, o 0 ( , . 20 . Mg . e is, e ce io s a Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics, . 64. I i , . 6 64. See a so i e ia , "Secu i y i emma: a a ce o owe e sus US o icy owa s C i a i e os Co Wa e a" i Co em o a y I e a io a e a io s (Se em e , 200 . "Ma ageme 0 . E ikso , "I o uc io " i E ikso , . (e , ea ew e scec ices o Secu i y isk a C isis , (As ga e: A e s o , 200 . 6. "C G ase , e Secu i y i emma e isi e " i Wo o i ics, o 0 ( , . 20 . C G ase , " e o i ica Co seque ces o Mi i a y S a egy: E a i g a e i i g e S i a a e e e ce Mo e s", Wo o i ics, o 44, o ( 2 , . 4 8 0. I i . e is, 4 . e ce io s o s i I e a io a o i ics, . 64 a . W ee e a K. oo , ° e Secu i y i emma" . 0 .
higher levels of hostility and, if states feel that their own security is threatened, they may be compelled to intervene in other states that they believe to be compromising their security with the express aim of protecting themselves.'"
The second tenet, the superiority f offensive over defensive action, is a salient aspect of the Security Dilemma theory.'" In terms of this, states that choose the offensive, if they wish to survive, may engage in pre-emptive wars against their adversaries."7 Van Even expounds this tenet further by saying that, when conquest seems easy, the 'more aggressive' state may attempt to control the 'less aggressive' state'!" In reaction, however, the less aggressive' state will resist the expansions of the strong, aggressive state more fiercely.'" This often results in an even more intense security dilemma and in the likelihood of war because five additional causal phenomena are implicit in this situation. He enumerates these as follows: (1) states adopt fair accompli diplomatic tactics in their political relations; (2) there is much blame shifting because it is not clear which state is responsible for violent clashes in intenseTown security dilemmas; (3) states negotiate less and so fewer agreements can be reached in attempting to resolve a conflict; (4) alliances among ethnic groups in collapsing states tend to form more often, and they become even tighter and unconditional, which makes ethnicCape civil war more likely; and, (5) states husband information that may suggest offensiveof capabilities and motives, including their grievances, demands, and political military plans." ° These additional causal factors are key to defining the security dilemma in states or in inter-state or inter-ethnic state behaviour and form the basis of analysis of a conflict when classifying it as a security dilemma. In a security dilemma as Howard observes, the capacity to deter one's adversary by having available the capacity to inflict on frim inescapable and unacceptable damage in return is paramount!' University
. e is, e ce io s a Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics, .6 . 6 . ose , " e Secu i y i emma a E ic Co ic ", . 0 24. 2 I i . 8 e e m ess agg essi e s a e is use e e o e e o s a es a may o e ecessa i y weak u , gi e e e ai i g si ua io , a e u a e o o ec a s o g mi i a y os u e. ese si ua io s may e i as a e wa s, e ic io e ce wi i ei s a es, o ci i wa s a o e o ems. 2 S. a E e a, "O e se, e e se a e causes o Wa ° i I e a io a Secu i y, o 22, o 4, . 4 ( 8 , . 0. 22 I i . I a E e a s s e s a e c i ica y a a yse is a is e G co ic , i is e y c ea a a secu i y i emma e is e i e egio o wa a i e e io s a cou e i e e io s. Mo e sig i ica is e o ma io o a ia ces e wee e ic g ou s. Wi i e G egio , e e a e e ic g ou s a c ea e a ia ces o ei e esis e w a o o e s o o a ack em. 2 M. owa , "Mi i a y owe a I e a io a O e " i I e a io a A ai s, o . 40 o. u y, 64 , . 400
6 The Security Dilemma theory highlights geography and technology as the two characteristics determining the superiority of offence over defence in inter-state, intra-ethnic or inter-ethnic conflicts. The theory posits that political geography will frequently create an 'offence-dominant world' when empires collapse.' From the ruins of the empire will emerge groups that have greater offensive capability because they will effectively surround some or all of the other groups, thereby prompting / forcing the vulnerable groups to seek offensive strategies to contain the offensive from the much stronger group.' In a grimmer situation, Posen holds that
Wh r n t rr t r ll n ntr t d r p h l nd f d nt f t b r d tr b t d r th n n l t rr t r f n th r r p, th pr t t n f th l nd n th v nt f h t l t n n : xtr l d ff lt h l nd n t h bl t h lp n n th r th b . b t t bl d nd , nd b v rt f th r n b r M v t S rr nd n p p l t n and brain? f t p r ph , th b l t r l nd f n bl . h th M h n f th tr nd& r p h rr bl f t n t M n th t nl r p d z l t r t n n v Ionath r rr d nt Town
Posen highlights that in such situations as the above, if one side has an advantage that will not be present later, and if security can be achieved by offensive military action, then leaders will be more inclined to attack during this 'windowCape of opportunity' when the defendant is indefensible.'" In this study, one further aspectof of analysis is added to the ethnic dimension of the security dilemma, and that is the 'spill over effect' (which the Security Dilemma theory does not take into consideration) of ethnic conflict, which in turn sets off the spiral of insecurity (in the words of Jervis). As one ethnic group garners support to fight for its state, it sparks off similar struggles elsewhere in the region, and in an effort to stop these conflicts, states create insecurity for each other and a security dilemma emerges. By extrapolating from this example, this study examinesUniversity how the geo-politics of the GLR represent a security dilemma and how the foreign policy behaviour of the states in this area, and particularly intervention, can be explained by using similar dimensions.
The geo-political location of states in a security dilemma is important, if the offence-defence aspect of the security dilemma is to make sense. States, whose geographic character provides
22 . ose , " e Secu i y i emma a E ic Co ic ", . 08. 2 I i , . 08. 24 b d. 2 I i , . 0 .
em wi secu i y, wi ake a a age o is oca io o e gage i o e si e wa s. ikewise, s a es a ack ec usi e e e ce ca a i i ies ecause o ei geog a ica oca io a e ike y o ca y ou e e si e wa s o o ec emse es. A e a i e y, i s a es a ack ec usi e e e ce ca a i i ies a e weak a wa i e s a es as ei eig ou s, ey wi s i e com e e o i e e e i ese eig ou i g s a es o e e emse es om e s i o e e ec s o e eig ou i g s a es wa s a co ic s." omi owsky a gues om a mi i a y e s ec i e a i a cou y acki g e i o ia e is a acke , i mus quick y a s e e a eg ou o e e emy s a o a e e s a egic a a age W a is co i ms is a e geog a ica oca io o s a es ays a i s ume a o e i eig e i g a secu i y i emma, w ic i u o e ea s o mo e wa s a mi i a y e gageme s ac oss e wo .
A o e ac o a e e mi es e su e io i y o o e ce o e e e ce is e e e o ec o ogy. e Secu i y i emma eo y osi s a s a es e o i c ease ei mi i a y ca a i i y i a i o im o e ei e e o secu i y. is ey Town o y acqui i g e e mi i a y equi me , i c easi g mi i a y e so e , a e su i g a ey mai ai a s o g o ce e esu o is i c ease i mi i a y esou ces i o e o e e emse es is a ou e e ge swo . O e o e a , ey gai o oo muc Cape a oo i e: oo muc ecause ey gai e a i i y o ca y ou agg essio , u oo i eof ecause o e s a es a ow ee ea e e , w i e o e o e ey a so i c ease ei ow a ms a so e uce e e a i e secu i y o e i s s a e." e a ms ui u us e a s i o a a ms ace, as s a es com e e o e e a mo e a a ce mi i a y a wa e, w ic may e e io a e i o a s a o e wee e com e i g s a es. e a ms ace esu s i e o i e a io o so is ica e wea o s, w ic o o y i c ease e es uc i e ess o wa w e i oes eak ou , u a so com e s s a es o ecome i c easi g yUniversity i o e i eac o e s a ai s ecause ey e ie e ey a e e mea s o o so." K ause a s a o e ime sio o e ec o ogica ac o s a i ue ce e
26 I i . 2 ec usi e e e ce e e s o e a i i y o a s a e o e e i s o e s om e e a a acks i is case i is a ie o e ai ow a ack o geog a ic ea u es cou e e a s a e om e e i g a acks om o e s o ge s a es simi a y, a i g a icu a geog a ic ea u es, suc as mou ai s, o es s o i a eys cou i c ease a s a e s o e si e e a iou . 28 I i . 2 See A. omi owsky, "Is ae i s Mi i a y i emma", E o es, 0 May (2002 , www. i.o g e o es mi eeas a ica.20020 0. omi owskyis aek i i a y i em a. m accesse o e 2 o em e 200 ° . e is, e ce io s a Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics, . 64. 131 I i . 2 K. K ause, "A ms Im o s, A ms o uc io a e ques o secu i y i e i wo ", i ia , . e I secu i y i emma: a io a Secu i y o i Wo S a es, ( o o : y e ie e , 2 , . 2 42 a
8 a u e o e ce io s ega i g e i e io s o s a es, w ic i c u e e a u e o mi i a y ai i g a oo s u e ake a e i e i y o e ai e . I e ai e is a su e owe , e e eig ou i g s a es wi e mo e a e as o e i e io s o suc ai i g simi a y, i e e is a massi e a s e o ai i g a a ious e e s wi i e a my, is oo is cau ious y a a yse
K ause o se es a e s a es a ecei e suc mi i a y ai i g a wea o s e e o a ec o ogica e is o e e si e, u ecessa y, o u usa e wea o s a i e s esou ces om mo e o uc i e uses , w ic is a si ua io a is o ecu ia o e G s a es. " e a ms ace u s i e e io i o a e esu , ecause s a es ee s o g e oug o e gage wi eac o e i wa , e e w e e e is o ou ig cause o misu e s a i g e wee s a es o wa a is." K ause co i ues y a gui g a e ac io s o s o g s a es a e gage i mi i a y os u i g a esem es a o agg esso s, ca o easi y e u e s oo y o e s a es. e a e may e u ce ai w e e e s o g s a esTown a e e a i g o some i g mo e si is e , so ey assume e wo s a equi emse es i e a a io o a y e e ua i y. is is es esc i e i e is s ci a io o G ey as o ows: Cape Incase in armanents that are intended in each nation to pa r consiousness of strength, and a sense of security does not producethese*s. On S contrary, it produces a consciousness of the of strength of nations and a sense of fear. Fear lets suspicion, distrust, and evil imaginings of all sorts, until each government feels it sued be criminal and a betrayal of its oun country cannot take every incaution, while government regards any precaution of every other government as evidencehostile intent"' of
u e , Wa a gues a , ecause s a es a e a ways se si i e o e c a gi g e a io s o owe amo g em,University ey a e o ce o o ec emse es i a way a sugges s s e g ." e a gues, o e am e, a a a is ma e u easy y e cu e s ea y g ow o C i a s mi i a y u ge a a is is ea i g o a e ai i g se se o i s a i i y i e egio ." A simi a case
. ose , " e Secu i y i emma a E ic Co ic ", . 08. See A. Wa ks, Si e Accom ice: e U o S o y o a ce s o e i e wa a Ge oci e, . 0 a Me e , Co s i acy o Mu e : e wa a Ge oci e, . 8 . 4 e is a gues a a wa may eak ou e wee s a es as a esu o issues o i e i i sic a ue, suc as us ecause e s a es ee ey a e s o g a ca e gage eac o e . See I e is, e ce io s a Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics, . 8. I i , . 6 . 6 . Wa , ea ism a e e Co Wa ° i I e a io a Secu i y, o 2 , o (2000 , .2 . I i , . .
f n t b l t r n th G lf r n b f th n r l r b ld p n t t nd th ll p f Ir n th l t 0 , h h th n l t r thr t n th r n. h
th r t t r p nd d b n r n th r n tr n th t f ll th p l ft b th ll p f
Ir . A h t t nd v r d t n r t l t r p b l t , h v r, th b l n nd
n r t b t n th r n l t t n r d t . , A r n r n t
l t r pr n n E t rn A Ch n p r v t t n th t A r nt t
nt n t tr t h n n th r n, t h h Ch n pp d. h US n r n
r l t n, f r x pl , h b n n f th f t r th t h v pt Ch n n t t .
E ll , fr n Ch n tr t pr v t h n nd l t r p b l t , th US Ch n
p t nt l thr t. Wh t ld ff t h t t n, r rv , ld b th r t l rl d t n h ff n v p n fr d f n v n r t t th t t t p r t th n
n th r b h r n nf r t n t h th r r n th lv . " It pl t fr th
d n, th t t n r rd n th pr l f r t n f r , th f h r nd th r n r ll n r d p b l t r l nt n d t r n n th x t n Town nd xt nt f r t d l b t n t t r thn r p .
h th rd t n t f th S r t l th r Capeth nd f v ln r b l t nd pp rt n t . It h b n r d th t t t th t h t of n t t ff n v l t r t n , b t th t f r t d pp t n v l f th b r f h nt nt n , tr t
h nt t t h n nt rn t n l r n z t n nd r t p r r pr p d
th th r pr bl ." h th t th dv nt nd trn h l th pp n nt nd
n bl t r r r l t r d fr ll , r t t h n th nt rn t n l
n t r nt rn t n l r n z t n r t b nd pr p d t tt nd t th . " Wh n th h pp n ,University th ff n v n n dv nt v r th d f n v , b th l tt r ht ff rd. S h n r ll t ft n r lt n r.
h ppl t n f th S r t l th r t xpl n nt r t t r t h ll n h b r pr n nt nd t p rt nt t h l n d d r n th n l f
8 See . Mo e o a e ai e iscussio o e secu i y i emma i e Gu egio , i . Mo e , ° eso i g e Secu i y i emma i e Gu egio ", Emi a es Occasio a a e s ( a : wwwacss ac.ae e io ica s accesse o 24 Oc o e 200 K. Wa , "S uc u a ea ism a e e Co Wa ", . 2. t. e is, "Coo e a io u e e Secu i y i emma", Wo o i ics, o 0 ( 8 , . 6 2 4. I . ose , ° e Secu i y i emma a E ic Co ic ", . 0. . 0 .
40 e ic co ic s i wo o i ics. I as ee a gue y ma y sc o a s ( e mos ou s a i g o w om a e a y ose a au oe , a ma y e ic co ic s a e a esu o e ic g ou s mo i isi g ase o e mis e ce io a e socie a equi eme s o o e i a e ic g ou s wi ea e ei ow i e i y. ese mis e ce io s o ei e si e wi ee i o wa causi g si ua io s. " Some imes e ic g ou s a e e y s o g a ea e s a es i w ic ey a e o a e e o e ia o o e a e om eig ou i g s a es is oses a ea o ei ow s a e,[a]ma c y w ic u s em i a eca ious si ua io . " Kau ma a gues a ,
b ppr x t d f thn r p l h ll n th v rn nt l t nd ntr l G r t t rr t r . If n r h tr th p nt h r th v rn nt nn t ntr l t rrtr ff t v l n h t pr t t t n , Ch l thn b d r n z t n , th n th thn r n t n h n h j b ttr b t f v r nt t r t r t d l .
e secu i y i emma cause y e i a s a e e ic co ic s (e ami e y oe a ose i o e u ga ia a e oma ia s ugg es o so e eig yTown o e a sy a ia si ce e 0s o a e, a e co ic e wee e C oa s a Se s i e 0s, a e i s uc i e e e.
I is s u y, e Secu i y i emma eo y wi eCape a ie o e i e e io s i e G . ,is use ecause i ca e use o e ai a wi e a ge o si ua io s, a icu a y i egio s ike e G a a e com e secu i y si ua io s. i s y,of i as esc i i e ic ess. o e am e, i osi s a s a es wi a geog a ic isa a age a e ike y o i e e e i ei eig ou s s a es o o ec emse es. Seco y, w e os i e egimes come i o owe , ea y s a es a e o ce o i e e e ecause suc eig ou s a e a e o e e agai s . i y, i ack ow e ges a s a es a i i ies o im o e ei mi i a y ca a i i ies com e o e s o o e same, w ic i a e e y esu s i a a ms ace a u ima e y i a ou eak o wa . A oug e Secu i yUniversity i emma eo y oes o s o g y accou o e eco omic mo i a io s o i e e io s, i oes ack ow e ge a g ee y s a es ca easi y c ea e a secu i y i emma a su seque y i s iga e wa ecause o ei g ee . " e o e imi a io o e
o . ose , " e Secu i y i emma a E ic Co ic ", 0 24 a oe, "Mis e ce io a E ic Co ic : a sy a ia s Socie a Secu i y i emma", . 24. ' 44 ose a oe i ei use o e Secu i y i emma o e ai "Socie a i emma" o "E ic i emmas" o o ocus o e i secu i y a e ic g ou s ose o eig ou i g s a es, w ic i e case o A ica is a c a ac e is ic o e e ic co ic s i o e s . 4 S. Kau ma , "A I e a io a eo y o I e E ic Wa ", i e iew o I e a io a S u ies, o 22, o 2 ( 6 , . , ci e i . oe, "Mis e ce io s a E ic Co ic : a sy a ia s Socie a Secu i y i emma", . 46 G ase ack ow e ges a mo i es a go eyo secu i y, ike g ee , o e e ace a e e secu i y i emma a o e ea o wa . See C. G ase , " e Secu i y Dilemma e isi e ", i Wo o i ics, . 20 a I
4 Secu i y i emma amewo k is a i oes o ack ow e ge a mo a i y is im o a i i e a io a e a io s, w ic makes e amewo k awe i i we e use o com eme o e eo ies, es ecia y Co s uc i ism, oug , is imi a io wou e easy o a ess.
e Secu i y i emma is sa ie i a a y i g i e e io s i e G ecause i ca e a s ac e o e ai e secu i y i emma i ys u c io a o socio o i ica y weak s a es a ack e ec i e go e me s uc u es a i s i u io s. e G com ises suc s a es a a e
48 o e i e wi e ic co ic s a i a s a e i s a i i y. Suc s a es co ic s a oo go e a ce as c ea e a s i o e e ec o ei co ic s, a ec e eig ou i g s a es a esca a e e e e s o egio a i secu i y. As a esu e s a es a e i c ease ei mi i a y ca a i i ies o co ai s i o e e ec s o ei eig ou s i secu i y. I some cases, s a es a e a e e y o i a e e y ee use y issi e s o o e s a es as au c a s o ei gue i a wa a e. As a esu , i a e a e a io s e wee s a es a e oke ow a mis us a mis e ce io s o eac o e a e c a ac e i e Town s a es e a io s. o i ics o egio a a o age a e a so eme ge i w ic o e s a e su o s e issi e s o a o e as a aw o use s ou e s a es w ose issi e s i assis c oose o s o so e issi e s o e o e . issi e s ecome e mai cu e cy oug Cape w ic i secu i y is a e e wee s a es u e agg a a i g e egio s i secu i y.of Simi a y, s a es s a amassi g a ms a ammu i io s as we as o e mi i a y equi me s a ki g o a s i a o a ms acquisi io y o e s a es co seque y a secu i y i emma eme ges.
University e is, " e S i a o I e a io a I secu i y" i Smi M., i e, . a S ack e o , (e s , e s ec i es o Wo o i ics, ( o o : C oom e m, 8 , . 8 . 4 Samue a o a gues a c assica ea is eo y a Co s uc i ism a oac es o e s u y o i e a io a e a io s a e o im aca y o ose a a we ca o u e s a i ea s wi ou e e e ce o owe o ca we u e s a owe wi ou e e e ce o i ea s. e o oses a ea ism a Co s uai ism e use so a a o e i e a io a e a io s e s ec i e eme ges. See S. a ki , " ea is Co s uc i ism a ea is Co s uc i ismm" i e o um (200 , P. 4 . Simi a y. a ick . ackso a a ie e o a gue a Co s uc i ism a ea ism s ou e me ge a icu a y ecause, as ey a gue, w a ac o s o i i e a io a e a io s, e i e es s ey o a e s uc u es wi i w ic ey o e a e a e e i e y socia o ms a ideas a e a y o ec i e o ma e ia co i io s. See P. ackso a . e o , "Co s uc i is ea ism o ea is Co s uc i ismm?" i I e a io a S u ies e iew, o 6 (2004 , . 8. 48 o e g o i es a e y e ai e e ami a io o weak s a es a a icu a y ose a a e i e o e s a e secu i y c a e ges ey a e, See o e I. o e g, e ., " ai e S a es, Co a se S a es, Weak S a es: Causes a I ica o s," i o e g, e ., State Failure and State Weakness in a Tune of Tenor, (Cam i ge, Mass.: Wo eace ou a io , 200 , . 2 .
42 2.2 i e a ism
e seco eo y a as gai e wi e use i e ai i g i e e io is e a iou is i e a ism. i e a ism as ee o ou e y eso as a a e a i e amewo k wi i w ic o a a yse s a e i e e io s i wo o i ics i e os Co Wa e a. e e a e wo i e ge i e a e s ec i es a e ai mo i a io s o i e e io s: o i ica i e a ism a Eco omic o U i i a ia i e a . Ce a o e o i ica i e a e s ec i e is e a gume a i e e io s a e mo i a e y e esi e o emo e i egi ima e ic a o ia go e me s om a egi ima e s a e. Acco i g o eso , a i egi ima e go e me is o e a a uses e ig s o i s ci i e s, ai s o co o e s a e, e cou ages co ic , a is ge e a y ic a o ia . " Co i ue e a e ce o suc co i io s makes a s a e i egi ima e a e e o e susce i e o e aceme o i e e io om o e emoc a ic s a es. " A o i g e o i ica i oso y o Ka , eso a oy e esc i e a i egi ima e s a e as o e c a ac e ise y uma ig s a uses a a e so eg egious as o io a e e f t n o msTown o i e a io a aw. ey esc i e a suc a s a e ( e i ega s a e oes o equi e e ig o e ee om o eig i e e io ecause i is o o y ai i g o es ec e ig s o i s ci i e s u is mos ike y u a e o es ec e o i ica i e e e ce o o e Cape s a es. " I is a gume i a ou o i e e io ,[ ]ecause e co e s a : of
th lt t j t f t n f th x t n t t th pr t t n nd nf r nt f th n t r l r ht f th t z n , v rn nt th t n n b t nt l v l t n f h n r ht b tr th p rp f r h h t x t nd f rf t n t nl t d n l t , b t t nt rn t n l l t well C n ntl , • .. f r n r r neurally penist& to help th n f t r nn , pr v d d d nt th Int rv nt n pr p rt n t t th v l h h t d t l t ppr ... nt rv nt nUniversity nl rnt t ll r d ll b th v t . eso u e esc i es a w e a go e me as co a se a is s i a i g i o a s a e o a a c y, o w e a emoc a ic egime as ee io e y a i ega y o e ow agai s e
4 eso , uma i a ia I e e io : A I qui y i o aw a Mo a i y, 6 . See . eso , A i oso y o I e a io a aw, . 2 a . eso , " e i e a Case o uma i a ia I e e io " i o g e e, . . a Keo a e, . (e s uma i a ia I e e io : E ica , ega a o i ica . 2 . eso aws o Ka s i s e i i i e a ic e, i w ic e s i u a e a o ce s ou e e e use o e ac com ia ce wi a s a e s i e a io a o iga io s. owe e , o ce wi some imes a e o e use agai s o i e a egimes as a as eso i se e e ce o i e e ce o uma ig s. i e a emoc acies mus seek eace a use a ossi e a e a i es o ese e i . I e eme ci cums a ces, a s Ka , io e ce may e e o y mea s o u o e aw a o e e e i e a a ia ce agai s ou aw ic a o s a emai o mem e s. 2 See M. G i i s, i y Key i ke s i I e a io a e a io s, o is co e age o . eso a M. oy e. . eso , uma i a ia I e e io : A I qui y Mo a i y, . 6.
4 will of i s o u ace, o e s a es mus i e e e u i a e a y o e su e a ey sa egua emoc acy." ikewise, i e e io s ou e u e ake i i is o eme y eg egious cases o uma ig s io a io s, suc as ge oci e, e s a eme , o mass mu e , o o u a e o o essio ." e e ici y oi s ou a i cases w e e e i e e io is aime a sa egua i g emoc acy, e i e e o s mus es ec a u o e ig s o e ci i e s. e i e e io , e oi s ou , mus e ai o e as a ow y as ossi e o e a ac io agai s e i egi ima e go e me a o i s eo e. " O cou se, as e o se es, a i e e io a a ge s a i egi ima e go e me may u a oi a y a ec e i oce ci i e s oo. I suc a case, e oc i e o ou e E ec as o e e oke . is oc i e esu oses a i e e was o s eci ic i e o ki ys a e s u ey ie y acci e i a ac io , suc a i e e io is egi ima e a e ea s a e e cusa e.
is o i ica i e a es ec i e was use i a ious s u ies o us i y i e e io s i e A ica co e , a oug e ocus was mo e o i e a io a Town aw a i s co ce s a ou i e e io . ewi s e am es o i e e io i e os Co Wa e a i A ica wou i e eso a oy e mo e ca i a e s a es a qua i ie o i e e io . See e ma i o e ea , i w ic ou o e i e e io s ( a is i e iaCape ( 0 , Sie a eo e ( , Gui ea issau ( 8 a e C ( 8 we e u e ake of agai s i egi ima e go e me s. ey we e aime a emo i g ic a o ia egimes, w ic we e commi i g g oss a uses o uma ig s.
University
4 . eso , A i oso y o I e a io a aw, . 40 . ewi , "A ica I e e io is S a es a I e a io a a e, i u ey, O. a May, . (e s , A ica I e e io is . S a es, . . Gi e , " e essio , Secessio a I e e io " i Mose ey, A. a o ma , . (e s , uma ig s a Mi i a y I e e io , (A e s o : As ga e 200 , . 2 22 and C. auss, "Mi i a y I e e io ", a www. eyo i ac a i i y.o g m mi i a yi e e io s , accesse 24 e ua y 200 . . eso , uma i a ia I e e io A I aui y i aw a Mo a i y . . . eso , A i oso y o I e a io a aw, . 62. I i , . 6 .
44 Town
Cape of
University Town
Cape of
University O e c i icism e e e agai s o i ica i e a ism e s ec i e is a i is o c ea w o eci es a a go e me is i egi ima e. O cou se s a es com ia ce o i e a io a co e io s suc as e U i e sa ec a a io o uma ig s, I e a io a Co e io o Ci i a o i ica ig s a I e a io a Co e io o Eco omic, Socia a Cu u a ig s a o e i e a io a co e io s o s eci ic as ec s o i e wou e use o measu e i a s a e is egi ima e o o com ia . owe e , is oo is a i su icie measu e, ecause measu i g com ia ce a so wou e e e e o ma y o e ac o s, w ic seem u i o m i e i e a io a e s ec i e u o some A ica s a es may o e e es measu e. o e am e, eso a gues a o eig e s a e e ig o ass u geme s a ou a s a e s i egi imacy o y i e e is oo o uma ig s io a io s a ye , e seems o co a ic imse y i sis i g a e i egi imacy o e a ge e egime is a ecessa y u o a su icie co i io o e a i i y o i e e io e o y ega u e o a i e e io i suc ci cums a ces is a , ega ess o e co i io s e ai i g i a s a e (ge oci e is e e ce io e e , i e e io is o i i e ecause i co a e es I e a io a aw. is is a so s i u a e Town i A ic e 2(4 o e U C a e , w ic s a es a :
All members shall refrain in their intonational relationsCape from the threat or use offs against the territorial integrity or political independence ofofracy stare or in any other manner inconsistent with the purpose of the United Nations.
C ea y, i e e io i a o e s a e o emo e a i ega go e me is o i i e , e e i e c ause o i e e e o e e a io a s is e oke is c ause wou e i a o ia e ecause e a io a s ei g e e e mus a e ei e eques e e i e e io (i.e. assis a ce om e i e e o o eyUniversity mus e o simi a a io a i y as e i e e o , i w ic case e i e e io wou e i e e e as a missio o sa e a a eo e i a ge " e 6 Is ae i i asio o Uga a o sa e Is ae i es w o a ee i acke y a es i ia s is i s uc i e e e Acco i g o eso , i egi ima e s a es o e e e i e e io s agai s ei go e me s, y a gui g a suc i e e io s a e o wa a e a y i ac em a ki g o cou e i e e io s o e g ou s a ey a e a i e e ig o e e emse es, w ic is
62 See . eso , uma i a ia I e e io : A I qui y i aw a Mo a i y, .28 e a a ces a simi a a gume i is ea ie wo k, . eso , A i oso y o I e a io a aw, (Wes iew ess: O o , 8 . o See . uga , I e a io a aw: A Sou A ica e s ec i e, ( E , ( a s ow e: u a a Co , . 02 a . 0 . . 0 66 I i , . 0 .
4 recognised by the customary law of anticipatory self-defence. Perhaps this is why interventions in Africa have often been perceived as illegal, because the illegitimate states are able to evoke international law to defend themselves against such interventions.'" The other concern that could also be raised to argue against Teson's prescriptions is that in a region such as Africa, where states characteristically have a poor record of handling intrastate conflicts, no strong tradition of handling opposition, and, above all, are authoritarian'", what right would a state have to intervene in another without examining its own domestic affairs? Besides, in the case of the GLR, where the various states' politics are extricably tied to each other, it becomes impossible to justify interventions: this is because what happens in one state is often a result of the actions of non-state actors that inhibit proximate states. In such a case, it would be impossible to apportion blame. In spite of its limitations, Neo-liberalism provides a good comparative theoretical framework because it has been advanced to explain the resurgence of intervention in international politics of the post-Cold War era, especially in the Kosovo case of 0s and now the Iraq case of 200 . In the study it will be used to examine theTown extent to which Ugandan's claim that it intervened to remove illegitimate governments from its neighbouring states can be qualified as a comprehensive explanation of Uganda's interventionist foreign policy. Cape The other criticism that Political Liberalism hasof faced comes from its sister theory, the Utilitarian Liberal position, which positions intervention within the framework of wars over economic resources, which are prevalent internationally. For the Utilitarian Liberals, as well as for their counterparts, the International Political Economists, intervention is synonymous with exploitation of the resources of the intervenee. Their view is that, no matter what the intensity of the humanitarian situation is, states will intervene with the express aim of benefiting from the resources of the interveneeUniversity during and after the conflict period with the ultimate aim of developing the intervenor's power and economy!' Gilpin argues that a state will seek to change the international system through territorial, political and economic expansion until the marginal costs of further changes are equal to or greater than the marginal benefits!' In other words,
66 A o e a a ysis o ese ega im ica io s o i e e io is o ossi e e e, u o a i e a a ysis o i e a io a aw a i s im ica io o i e e io s, see . Wa ace, I e a io a aw, ( o o : Swee a Ma we , 200 . 4 . ake , "Goi g o Wa emoc a ica y: e Case o e Seco Co go Wa 8 2000", i Co em o a y o i ics, o 6, o (2000 , . 26 282. 68 . Gi i , I e a io a o i ica Eco omy, ( ew e sey: i ce o , 8 a . Gi s, e o i ica Eco omy o i Wo I e e io : Mi es, Mo ey a U.S o icy i e Co go C isis, (C icago: e U i e si y o C icago ess, . 28 . " . Gi i , Wa C a ge a C a ge i Wo o i ics, (Cam i ge: Cam i ge U i e si y ess, 8 . 4.
48 s a es e o i e e e i o e s ecause ey a e gai e mo e owe i a egio a ecause ey wa o use is o e e ei co o o e e egio eco omica y a o i ica y.
e u ima e aim o s a es a i e e e i o e s is o ecome a egio s egemo ic owe . " Gi i a gues a o i ica owe is sy o ymous wi eco omic owe a su e io eco omic com e i i e ess is accom a ie y su e io mi i a y owe ." I s o , s a es i e e e i o e s a ai s o e a ce a o ec ei ow eco omic i e es s o o u sue eco omic o o u i ies a e a ge s a e o e s. Gi i a e e ises is osi io i a a e ook, a gui g a a io a secu i y a es ige ay a equa a eque y a e e g ea e o e i mo i a i g e e a iou o a io a go e me s." e a so o se es a e co ce o a io a i e es is o imi e o i i i ua s w o a e o e i owe a a a icu a mome , u a i is ase o e i e es s o ose i owe a e ci i e s o a a icu a s a e. " I s o , i s a es i e e e, i is o o y o o ec ei ow eco omic i e es s u a so a io a i e es s, suc as a io a secu i y. Town
e mos im o a em i ica co i u io s o is u i i a ia i e a e a e i A ica is Gi s " usi ess co ic mo e " i w ic e emo s a esCape ow e gium, e US a Swe e i e e e o gai access o e wea o of e C, usi g e us i ica io a ey we e es o i g o e i e ew s a e." I e e io s y e US i a i Ame ica, i Asia a i e A a wo a e a so ee a i u e o eco omic i e es s. o e am e, Ge a e s a gue a e US i e e io i ie am was e e ic a e ou come o a Ame ica i e o secu e co o o e e eco omic esou ces o e o commu is wo wi e u ima e aim o ese i g i s ow osi io i e wo . " Simi a y, e os Co Wa i e e io s i A g a is a ( 8 ,University I aq ( a 200 , a e C ( 8 200 a e co ec i e y ei g a i u e o eco omic ac o s a ega e as e o s y i e e o s o wie mo e owe i ese egio s. o Ca ou a ie , eco omic i e es s, w e e ea o o e ia , mo i a e u I i . lbid, . . . Gi i , G o a o i ica Eco omy: U e s a i g e I e a io a Eco omic O e , ( i ce o : i ce o U i e si y ess, 200 , . 44. Ibid, . 44 4 . 4 . Gi s, e o i ica Eco o o i Wo I e e io : Mmes Mo ey a e US o i i e Como C isis . 28 . . . Ge , a . e s, e I o y o ie am: e Sys em Wo ke , (Was i g o .C: e ooki gs I s i u io , 8 . 6 . Owe s, " eo i i g Mi i a y I e e io " i I e a io a A ai s, o 80, o 2 (2004 , . . Ca ou , "Ki i g, e i g ie a e a ege ecessi y o mi i a y i e e io " i eace a Co ic S u ies . Ca so ,
4 e US i e e io i I aq. ie emo s a es em i ica y ( om e esea c e co uc e i I aq ow e US s a io e oo s o y o o ec e I aqi Mi is y o Oi , e e w e e e we e o e mi is ies ea y a ee e o ec io oo. "
W e eas e U i i a ia e s ec i e is a ac i e o e ai i g i e e io s, i s mai imi a io is i s i a i i y o e ai i e e io s a a e o o ious eco omic a ue, a icu a y i s a es i e y io e wa a e, ge oci e o e eme e e s o ci i ia iso e ie ce suc cases i c u e wa a, u u i, Soma ia a ai i. Seco y, e eo y oes o i e e ia e e wee s a e i e e io s a a e i e y eco omic i e es s a i e e io s y o s a e ac o s w ic a e a so i e y eco omic i e es s. A goo e am e o suc a i e e ce is e US i e e io i I aq (s a e i e e io i com a iso o a o s a e ac o i e e io suc as e Co ec a Com a y Oi o oo Sca a o ec i e e io i I aq. " A o e is e case o e ai e Co go, w e e Gi s usi g is usi ess co ic mo e , emo s a e ow u i a e a a mu i a e a i e e io s i e Co go c ea y s owe a eTown i e e o s we e ac i g ou o o ec e so a a ami y usi ess i e es s. Simi a y, e ami ies o some US ea e s a a o e Swe is U Ge e a Sec e a y ( o e am e, ag amma sk o a a co ic i g i e es s i e Co go (s eci ica y i e a ea o Ka a ga Cape a om e ei i e e io s, a oug ese we e sim y ca ego ise as s a eof i e es s. I e G , owe e , e u i i a ia e s ec i e o i e e io s as o e ee use o esc i e e egio s i e e io s. Co seque y, i is ecessa y o e iew is eo y a es a is e e e o w ic i cou a equa e y e ai Uga a s i e e io is o icy. e mai easo o e i c usio o e U i i a ia e s ec i e is a u ike o e e s ec i es, i e e i s om muc s a is ica a qua i a i e e i e ce a is use o o s e i s use. is e uces e o ems a me o o ogica imi a io sUniversity wou ose o e me o , w e i is com a e wi o e eo e ica amewo ks.
°S a i g U.S o icy o A ica: i a s o a ew S a egy" i S a egic o 2 0 (2004 , . . ie , A e oi o e Gu : emoc a ic eams a A me I e e io , ( ew Yo k Simo a Sc us e , 200 . ie , "Koso o: e E o a E a" i Weissma , . (e , I e S a ow o us Wa s": io e ce, o i ics a uma i a ia Ac io , (I aca: Co e U i e si y ess, 2004 , . 286 2 6 a 0. u ey a . May (e s , "I o uc io ", i u ey, 0. a May, . (e s A ica I e e io is S a es, . . m . ie , A e oi o e Gu : emoc a ic eams a A me I e e io , . 2 8. I e Co ec a Com a y i e e io i I aq o a e ia e oo sca ci y ecame co o e sia ecause i was o aye as a com a y a a u e io eco omic i e es s. e com a y a Ko i Ko o ( e o me U Sec e a y Ge e a as o e o i s o ie o s. o a e ai e e ose o e case, see "Ko i, Ko o a a o o s e e ocume s" i e Eco omis 2 A i 200 .
0 Both Political Liberalism and the Utilitarian Liberal theory have been used extensively in the literature that has covered interventions in Africa during the post-Cold War era (which will be discussed in the following chapter). In this study, thus, these two theories are used in comparison with the constructivist, poliheuristic and realist theories (in the latter case specifically the Security Dilemma theory), which have not thus far been given sufficient importance in the analysis of Uganda's interventions in the GLR. However, emphasis has been put on the Utilitarian Liberal perspective because it has featured prominently in the GLR interventions explanations. In the following sections, the constructivist and poliheuristic theories are discussed as possible alternative theories that are salient in explaining the foreign policy behaviours of states.
2. Co s uc i ism
Constructivism is a framework that has relevance to the analysis Townof interventions particularly in the post-Cold War era. Constructivism focuses on how identity, norms and culture influence state behaviour within international politics. a i g entered the realm of International Relations in the late 80s and early 0s following the changesCape that were beginning to occur in the international system, and the challenges facedof by Realism and Liberalism in trying to explain these changes. Constructivism has gained ground in the analysis of international relations following its development by scholars like Onuf, Wendt and Katzenstein whose works have come to constitute Constructivism as an international relations analytical tool!" Constnictivism was originally confined to the US but has since become viewed even by Europeans as an important framework for understanding international relations and its practice!' To date there are three outstandingUniversity books that provide an indepth analysis of Constructivism and its importance to the field of foreign policy and international politics: °nut's book, World of Rule- Orientated Constructivism in the Making, and his follow-up article "The Politics of Constructivism", Wendt's Social Theory of International Politics and Katzenstein's edited The
K. M. ie ke, "C i ica Me o o ogy a Co s uc i ism", i ie ke, K. M a o ge se , K. E. (e s , Co s uc i g I e a io a e . io s: e e Ge e a io , ( o o : M E S a e, 200 , . . Ku a ko a, " o eig o icy a I e a io a o i ics, a Co s uc i ism”, Ku a ko a, . (e o eig o icy in a Co s uc e Wo , ( ew Yo k: M.E S a e, 200 , . a M. G i i s, i y Key i ke s i I e a io a e a io s, . 200. 8° K. M. ie ke a K. E. o ge se , "I o uc io " i ie ke, K. M. a o ge se , K. E. Co s uc i g I e a io a e a io s: e e Ge e a io , ( o o : M E S a e, 200 , . .
Cu u e o a io a Secu i y a e e key ooks o Co s uc i ism 8 More recently, the edited works of Kubalkova's o eig o icy i a Co s uc e Wo and Fierke and Jorgensen's Co s uc i g I e a io a e a io s: e e Ge e a io , all provide more grounding on Constructivism.'" Central to all these books is the argument that Constructivism provides a useful framework of analysis of international relations, although it is not a theory in itself.'"
Constructivism has come to be associated with an approach that identifies a causal relationship between ideas and material relations.'" Constructivism like Realism posits that states are the principal units of analysis of international politics. The difference between the two is that Realism is opposed to the salience of identities,' or norms in differing state actions in international politics' s', whereas Constructivism is not. Constructivists focus on how norms, culture and identity influence national security matters, as well as how ideas change identities of states and thus their interests and policies."' Norms, they argue, constitute the collective expectations about proper behaviour for a given identity, which Towncan either define identities (m which case they are "constitutive") or prescribe behaviours for already constituted identities (in which they are "regulative").' The norms establish acceptable behaviour, and who the actors are expected to be in a particular environment. AnythingCape done outside the expected norm is considered a breach of the norm, and anythingof done in accordance with the norm is upheld.
8 . Ka e s ei a is g ou s Co s uc i ism a s y e a e come o e associa e wi e ° ew secu i y s u ies" a c o i e a io a e a io s. o a comme a y o Ka e s ei s °Co s uai ism" see . Ku a ko a, " o eig o icy a I e a io a University o i ics, a Co s uc i ism ", . . 8 A c i ica e iew o a ese ooks is o ossi e a is ime u ey a e c ucia o a u e s a i g o Co s uc i ism a i s o e i wo o i ics, ecause ey a ocus o key i ems, i c u i g u o imi e o a guage, cu u e, s a e e a iou a ow wo o i ics is s uc u e . 8 See o ge se s c i ique o Co s uc i ism, i K. E. o ge se , " ou e e s a a isci i e", i ie ke, K. M. a o ge se , K. E., Co s uc i g I e a io a e a io s: e e Ge e a io , . 6 . 4 K. M ie ke, "C i ica Me o o ogy a Co s uc i ism", . 2 . 8 e e ce io e e is a y ose w o uses "i e i y" as a as ec o is a a ysis o e secu i y i emma amewo k. e uses i e c usi e y o e e o e ic secu i y i emmas u oes o e a e e w e s a es ace a secu i y i emma, ei i e i ies a e im o a oo. See . ose , ° e Secu i y i emma a E ic Co ic ". es s G i i s, i y Key i ke s i I e a io a e a io s, . 20 . 8 . Ka e s ei o i es a i e a a ysis o ow cu u e, i e i y a o ms ay a ce a o e i s a e e a iou , see . Ka e s ei , "I o uc io " i Ka e s ei , . (e , e Cu u e o a io a Secu i y: o ms a I e i y i Wo o i ics, (Co um ia U i e si y ess: ew Yo k, 6 a . Ku a ko a, " o eig o icy a I e a io a o i ics, a Co s uc i ism" . 19. . . e e so , A. We a . . Ka e s ei , o ms, I e i y a Cu u e i a io a Secu i y" i [Ka e s ei , J. . (ed), e Cu u e o a io a Smi ks , : o ms a I e i y i Wo o i ics ( ew Yo k Co um ia U i e si y ess, 6 , . 54.
52 I e i y, w ic is a sa ie ea u e o Co s uc i ism, e e s o a "mu ua y co s uc e a e o i g image o se a o e ", " o o " e images o i i i ua i y a is i c i e ess ... e a o ec e y a ac o a o me ... oug e a io s wi sig i ica o e s " ." S a es o ec o i e i y emse es i a is i c way a co s uc o es a ey esume gi e em s ecia es o si i i ies i e i e a io a sys em." S a es e ie e a ei ac io s (as esc i e y ei i e i y a e u ic y u e s oo s a a s o ac io a e o a ess a a icu a si ua io , suc as co ic ma ageme i a ge e a y ag ee u o way." I is es ec , ac o s i g mea i g o ei i e i ies, ac ices a i e ac io s ", w ic eme ge i o a c ea e a cu u e. S a es wi us y o a e e o is cu u e a ea o e a e i a way o i ways a a e mu ua y acce a e o eac o e . "
Co s uc i ism a I e e io
e mai c aim o co s uc i is s is a e secu i y e i o me Town is cu u a a i s i u io a , a e a ma e ia . A cu u a e i o me is a o uc o uma ei gs e a io s wi ei ma e ia e i o me " As uma ei gs i e ac wi e ma e ia e i o me , ey c ea e a ma e ia cu u e a a o ma e ia cu u e." $ W i eCape e ma e ia cu u e is a gi e, e o ma e ia cu u e ma i es s i i eas, e ie s a of i oso ies, as we as i a cu u e o secu i y " e e a e wo e e s o co s uc i is a a ysis: e omes ic a e i e a io a . A e omes ic e e , ey a gue a s a es es o ses o ce ai si ua io s e e o e i eas a i e i ies a c a ac e ise ese s a es. o e am e, some s a es e cei e emse es o e es o si e o e secu i y o o e s, w i e o e s a es e ie e a ey a e a socia o e o e su e a ey coo e a e wi o e s a es o make e wo secu e. University
88 I i , . 8. 8 I i , . . ° 1bid, p. . A so see 0. A uko, " e e e mi a s o e o eig o icies o A ica S a es" i A uko, 0. (e , The Foreign o icies( o o : o o e A ica a S a es, S oug o , , . 2 . i e ge , °Ge ma y o eig o icy Si ce U i ica io : eo ies Mee ea i y" i i e ge , . a Wag e , W. (e s , o eig o icy o e ew Ge ma y: eo ies a Cue S u ies, (Ma c es e . Ma c es e U i e si y ess, 2000 . Co e a , " e Co s uc i is C a e ge o S uc u a ea ism" i I e a io a Secu i y, o 2 , o 2 (2000 , . 8 2 2. 191 . Ka e s ei , "I o uc io " i Ka e s ei , . (e , e Cu u e o a io a Secu i y: o ms a I e i y i Wo o i ics, . 2 . 192 K. ie ke, "C i ica Me o o ogy a Co s uc i ism", . 22. 0 . . e e so , A. We a . . Ka e s ei , " o ms, I e i y a Cu u e i a io a Secu i y", .4 . 4 M. G. Mugo, °A ica Cu u e i E uca io o Sus ai a e e e o me " i M. W. Makgo a (e , A ica e aissa ce: e ew S ugg e, (Ca e ow : a e e g, , . 2 4.
196 Ibid.
A e i e a io a e e , wi e e e o me o I e a io a uma i a ia aw I s a es a e e ec e o a i e y ce ai u es a egu a io s se ou y E o o ec uma i y. S a es us ecome co scious o uma i a ia co ce s a o ow e o i ica e i o me a ec s uma i y, a a e co seque y o ce o i e e e o uma i a ia easo s. " is ew es o si i i y o o ec uma i y accou s o ma y i e e io s i e os Co Wa e a, a co s uc i is s a i u e suc s a es e a iou o e a a io a ac o s ike e s uc u e a e ec a io s o e i e a io a sys em as we as e s a us o a icu a s a es i i e a io a socie y. " ey a gue a e socia a u e o i e a io a o i ics c ea es a o ma i e u e s a i g amo g ac o s a ey s ou e a e i a ce ai way a a icu a imes. " is o ma i e u e s a i g a ou socia o es o u es assig e o eo e o ac o s, ace imi s o e a ge o ac io s a a e a ai a e o em. o e am e, u es cou i c u e ow a s a es ca go i e ms o i e e io , u a e o ecessa i y imi e o is e am e. I ge e a , co s uc i is s a gue a s a es may o y i e e e i e usi ess o o e s a es i ey a e com e e y a acce e o m o i e e io , suc as a uma i a ia Town isas e , i w ic ma y i es wou e sa e as a esu o e i e e io . awi g o Co s uai ism, a e o se es, as o ows, Cape St t v r nt l t t t r p n b l t . Y t t t v r nt n t f x d t r . It h n n t f pr t rrd bl t n . St t of a e es e i a we o n t t t rr i e a io a th t pl l l nd n r t v l t n th r t n nd p v r bl t n . h pr t n l d h & t t t t h n t th r t t nd th r t z n . h bl t n n l d rr t t nt thr h nd th r l t r l lt l t r l h n t r n t n .
I is ue a , o e ime, s a es a e co s uc e u es amo g emse es a ou w y a w e i e e io s ou ake ace. I is a so ue a e e is a co se sus amo gs co s uc i is s a , y i ue o s a esUniversity e o gi g o e U , i e e io s mo i a e y uma i a ia co ce s a e we ou e ecause ey a e su ose o i g e ie o eo e a ic e i eme ge ces,
r" It . pp r n, A. W ndt nd . K tz n t n, " r , Id nt t nd C lt r n t n l S n l t ", p. . l" S. W lt, "Int rn t n l l t n : On rld, n th r ", r n ol , ( 8 http✓ . nd n l . , d n br r 200 M. nn r , "C n tr t n r f n t r n Int rv nt n" n K tz n t n, . ( d h C lt r f t n l S r t : r nd Id nt t n W rld l t pp. 8 nd . n, " h b r l f r n t r n Int rv nt n" n lz r f , . . nd K h n , ( d , n t r n Int rv nt n: Eth l, l nd l t l l , pp 2 nd . K tz n t n, "Intr d t n" n K tz n t n , ( d h C lt r f t n l S r t : r nd Id nt t n W rld l t , p.24. S. W lt, "Int rn t n l l t n : On rld, n th r " n r n l ( 8 M. nn r , "C n tr t n r f n t r n Int rv nt n" n K tz n t n, . ( d , h C lt r f t n l S r t : nd Id n i y t pp 8 20 . K b l v , °A n tr t v t r r" n K b l v , ( d r n l n C n tr t d W rld, ( Y r : M.E Sh rp , 200 p.6 . 2° M. rn tt, E tn t G n d : h Un t d t n nd nd , pp. 0 2.
4 suc as ge oci es, i e se wa a e o a u a isas e s. W a is o c ea , oug , is w y s a es o o a e e o e u es a egu a io s se ou y e i e a io a aw o i e e io ." A o e ques io is w o eci es o e o ms amo gs s a es o ac i ce ai ways? ese ques io s sim y i ica e a Co s uc i ism is goo i eo y u weak i ac ice, ecause i is o e ici o ow o ms eme ge amo gs s a es. I ey a e acce e o ms, w y is i a some s a es a e a e o ake u c a e ges o i e e e a o e s o o ? O e ma o c a ac e is ic o e co s uc i is e s ec i e o i e a io a o iga io s, o e am e, is a some s a es seem o a e mo e es o si i i y y i ue o ei osi io o e i e a io a s age. o e am e, e US is o e e ec e y a o e s a es i e wo o ay a ce a o e i a y co ic i e wo , a o e mo e o e a a uis ic a a y o e s a e 03
Co s uc i is s ake cog i a ce o e o e o owe a eco omic i e es s i e ai i g i e e io a e ac a some imes i e e o s i e es s c a geTown u i g e cou se o ei i e e io s. owe e , ey a so o a owe a eco omic i e es s a e imma e ia , es ecia y i i e e io s w e e uma i a ia eme ge cies ike ge oci es o g oss a uses o
uma ig s occu . awi g o e US i e e io Cape i Soma ia ( 2 , ey a gue a is i e e io a o geo s a egic o geo eco omicof a a age a , i ac , a e US use co ossa sums o mo ey o i e e e.
e co s uc i is s ismiss e ea is c aim a a i u es mo i a io s o i e e io s o e a a c ic a u e o e wo , w ic i c eases s i a s o os i i y amo g s a es a esu s i wa . O e co a y, ey a gue a s a es e a e i a a icu a way, ecause o ei ow socia ac ices, w ic e o uceUniversity egois ic a mi i a is ic mi se s. I e a io o i e e io , e e o e, s a es wi i e e e i si ua io s w e e ey e cei e emse es o a e a o iga io o i e e e ecause e socia s uc u e o e i e a io a sys em e ec s em o o so. Co s uc i ism o i es a goo o ie a i g amewo k i e ms o w ic s a es o eig o icy
2°2 S a es o e e oke e cus oma y i e a io a aw o us i y i e e io s w e i e a io a aw oes o e mi em. S a es assume a ecause i is o e o sa e eo e i ge oci e e ey a e us i ie o i e e e i s a es a y o commi ge oci e o ei ci i e s. 203 M. a e ie o a o io ame i es ec o e ge oci e i wa a a a gues a e US a a sig i ica o e o ay, ye i oo a i s ow imi a io s o owi g e isas ous a em o ma age e co ic i Soma ia, see M. a e , Eyewi ess o a Ge oci e: e U i e a io s a wa a, . 2. 20 o a e ai e e ose o co s uc i is s see M. i emo e, "Co s uc i g o ms o uma i a ia I e e io " . 6 . ms o a e ai e iew o w a e co s uc i is s iew as a ea is s weak ess, see . Co e a , " e Co s uc i is C a e ge o S uc u a ea ism" i I e a io a Secu i y, o 2 , o 2 (2000 .
behaviour can be analysed, especially considering that it pays attention to important factors that are often neglected in international relations, such as identity, culture and religion, all of which are indeed salient in foreign policy behaviour."' In spite of this, it should be noted that Constructivism has inherent limitations, which compromise its application. Firstly, it would require interdisciplinary methods, which would be complicated, particularly in the field of security studies. Secondly, the constructivist definition of culture is very inflexible, which complicates its analysis. As observed by Seegers and Farrel, studies of culture often lack intellectual rigour and discipline,' which compromises the nature of information collected in a study and how it is analysed. This however does not compromise its usefulness for analysing state behaviour, as these methodological limitations could be dealt with by a careful triangulation of research methods.
2.4 o i eu ism Town
A theory that has received little attention in the analysis of international politics is Poliheurism, also known as the Psychological Reductionist School.Cape This school attributes foreign policy behaviour and decision making to the particular nature of the leaders of a state. Poliheurism is a new theory in the realm of analysing foreign policyof decision-making, which is slightly older than a decade but is already making its mark as a respected theory.2©8 Founded by Alex Mintz, the theory addresses the dynamics of decision making in foreign policy and builds on the works during the 60s and 0s of Allison Graham'', Hilsman210, and Robert Jervis'" predicating foreign policy responses of 6. 2 " Poliheurism has emerged at a time when foreign decision- University 206 I is s u y Co s uc i ism as ee esc i e as a eo y, u o e a muc as i o i es a goo ou a io o eo ies o i e a io a e a io s, i is o a eo y e se. See K.E. o ge se o a e ai e ge ea ogica su ey o Co s uc i ism a w y i is o co si e e a eo y, i K. M. ie ke a K. E. o ge se , "I o uc io " i ie ke, K a K.E. o ge se , Co s uc i g I e a io a e a io s: e e Ge e a io , ( o o : M.E S a e, 20 200 . . I am g a e u o A. Seege s w o s a e wi me e c i ique o Co uc i ism. See a so . a e , "co s uc i is Secu i y S u ies: o ai o a eseac og am" i I e a io a o o4, I (2002 , . .S u ies e iew, 2°8 S. . e , " o i eu is ic eo y o o eig o icy" i Mi , A. (e , I eg a i ga a io a Cog a i e eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g, ( a g a e Macmi a : ew Yo k, 200 , . 0 . 2 " A. . G a am, Esse ce o ecisio : E ai i g e Cu a Missi e C isis, ( os o : i e ow a Com a y, . 210 K i sma , e o i ics o o icy Maki g i e e ce a o eig A ai s, ( ew Yo k a e a ow u is e s, . 2 R. e is, e ce io s a Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics,( i ce o : i ce o U i e si y ess, 6 . 2 2 . i s e g, " e o i eu is ic eo y o ecisio a e Cy e e ic eo y o ecisio : A Com a a i e E ami a io " i Mi A., (e I eg a i g Cog i i e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g, ( a g a e Macmi a : ew Yo k, 200 , . .
6 making analysis has become an important subfield of international relations and an explanatory framework in national foreign policy behaviour." The theory has been applied to many real world foreign policy situations in which the decisions taken by leaders and key actors in the international system are analysed. The poliheuristic theory, which is contained in an edited book by Mintz, is used to examine renowned poliheuristic foreign policy decisions in international conflicts in Dien Bien Phu in 1954, Kosovo (1991) and the ongoing conflicts in Pakistan, Iraq and Israel.'"
Poliheurism has followed the earlier theoretical perspectives, like the rational choice perspective', which has been used in game-theoretic analysis and the cybernetic decision perspective.216 Cybernetic decision-making attempts to answer the how of foreign policy making while the rational choice theory explains the why of foreign policy decision making. Poliheurism addresses both the how and why by examining how leaders, groups or the elite in a given state [p]oliheurismmake particular foreign policy decisions.'" As Redd observes, Town
h b t t x t n , f r v r h rt h l b t h d n f nt St lt t rd b n r p t d th rn n th f ld f f r n p l n l ... nd n t br d n th p b t n n n t v p h l nd r t n l h ppr h Cape t th t d f r n p l d n 2 8 of Poliheurism has focused specifically on the role that leaders play as units within the decision- making structures of states. As Liu argues, national leaders are assigned a special role within states to make decisions that translate national interests into discrete objectives, such as power, prestige, wealth, territory and the like. Leaders' decisions are extremely important and, as expected by the state,University they have to evaluate different policy alternatives, and behave rationally by
2 I i . 2 See Mi A., (e , I eg a i g Cog i i e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g, ( a g a e Macmi a : ew Yo k, 200 , C a e s 2 . I ese e eo y as ee em i ica y es e wi esu s a o i e s o g su o o e eo y s e e a ce i a a a ysis o i e a io a e a io s a s a e e a iou . 215 . a i o ic o ou s a i a io a c oice, ecisio make s make c oices e wee a e a i es wi e goa o ma imise ei e e e ces. ei c oices ecome a io a i ei e e e ces a e co ec e a a si i e. See . a i o ic, " e a io a Cog i i e e a e a o i eu is ic eo y", i Mi , A. (e , I eg a i g e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g, ( a g a e Macmi a : ew Yo k, 200 , . 28. 2 6 ., o i es a i e a a ysis o e Cy e e ic eo y. I ie , e a gues a ecisio maki g wi i e Cy e e ic amewo k is com omise ecause ecisio make s o o co si e a a e a i es a a ossi e ou comes ue o cog i i e com u a io a imi a io s, e i o me a u ce ai ess a i com e e i o ma io . See . iu., " e o i eu is ic eo y o ecisio a e Cy e e ic eo y o ecisio : A Com a a i e E ami a io ", . 42. 2" S. . e , e o i eu is ic eo y o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g: E e ime a E i e ce °, . 0 . 2 8 i .
se ec i g o icy o io s a wi ma imise ei success i ac ie i g ei goa s." is eo y us co ce a es o ea e s a accou s o e ways i w ic make ecisio s i o eig o icy. e sc oo us a i u es s a es o eig o icies i ge e a o ig me s i iosy c asies, ega ess o w e e a o icy is goo o a .
o i eu ism as ee ce a e e s. i s y, e eo y osi s a e o eig o icy ecisio maki g ocess o ows a o com e sa o y wo s age a oac , i w ic e i i ia s age o o eig o icy ecisio maki g, cog i i e a o i ica ac o s a e a icu a y im o a . a i o ic i e ai i g o i eu ism a gues a o icy make s usua y em oy mu i e eu is ics (cog i i e s o cu s, w ic a u es o e cog i i e mec a isms use y ecisio make s o sim i y com e o eig o icy ecisio s a use y o i ica ea e o measu e success a ai u e, cos s a e e i s, gai s a osses, a isks a ewa s usi g o i ica u i s." Seco y, e ocess is gui e mo e y e u es o ma imisi g e u i i y o e i a c oice. A is s age, ecisio make s swi c ei ecisio maki g oce u esTown o e se ec io o a e a i es, o e su e a ey o o com omise e ou come o ei ac io s. wo key as ec s o e wo s age ecisio maki g ocess eme ge om is eo y: i s y, ecisio make s e su e a e ecisio s ey make o e a e a i esCape ey c oose, o o com omise ei we a e o u ei i i i ua as we of as s a e o i ica i e es s a a s. Seco y, ecisio maki g is a g ou ocess, a o ecessa i y a o e ma ocess. e key ecisio make ( ea e us co su s a g ou a o i es im wi a i e e iew o e a e a i es o e a e im o c oose e es a e a i e. A g ou may com ise e esi e ,
A. Mi "I eg a i gUniversity Cog i i e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g: A o i eu is ic e s ec i e", i Mi , A. (e , I eg a i gCog i i ees o icyMaki go i o o eig ecisio a a io a e ( a g a e Macmi a : ew Yo k, 200 . 2 a . iu, " e o i eu is ic eo y o ecisio a e Cy e e ic eo y o ecisio : A Com a a i e E ami a io ", . . 22° A. Mi , "A ie ecisio A a ysis: U i i i g o i eu is ic eo y o E ai a e ic o eig o icy a a io a Secu i y ecisio s", i I e a io a S u ies e s ec i e, o 6 (200 , . 4 8 A. Mi , "I eg a i g Cog i i e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Ma i g: A o i eu is ic e s ec i e", . a K. e oue , " e ecisio o o Use o ce a ie ie u: A o i eu is ic e s ec i e", i Mi A. (e , I eg a i g Cog i i e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g, . 28. 22 % iu " e o i eu is ic eo y o ecisio a e Cy e e ic eo y o ecisio : A Com a a i e E ami a io ", . 4 . 222 . a i o ic, " e a io a Cog i i e e a e", . 2 a . . 22 I i . 22• A. Mi , "A ie ecisio A a ysis: U i isi g o i eu is ic eo y o E ai a e ic o eig o icy a a io a Secu i y ecisio s", . 4 a A. Mi , . Ge a, S. . e a A. Ca es, " e E ec s o y amic a S a ic C oice Se s o o i ica ecisio Maki g A A a ysis Usi g e ecisio oa a o m" i Ame ica o i ica Scie ce e iew, o ( , . 4. 22 K. e oue , " e ecisio o o Use o ce a ie e u: A o i eu is ic e s ec i e", . 2.
8 ime mi is e s, o e o eig o icy ac o s, a e esi e s co i a s. I e e i suc g ou s is e ac a mem e s o e ecisio maki g g ou ( ike e US esi e s i e ci c e ecome ce a o e o mu a io a im eme a io o o eig o icy. ey e e esi e o e i e e a u e o e o em a ese a o ia e o io s a s a egies o iscussio i e com e o eig o icy a e a Suc e e e cy o esi e s o g ou s o s eci ic e so a i ies o a ise em o e es o icy o io i s eci ic ci cums a ces is ase o e assum io w e e ue o i ea is ic a ese a iso s a e o e su icie ackg ou wo k o e u y i o me a ou e o icies a o io s ey o ose." es o ca s is g ou ase a oac o ecisio maki g e " oa ase i o ma io ga e i g e wo k"." is may e o e a a o ma o i o ma e e . I es ec i e o w e e i is i o ma o o ma , e u e yi g o io o is g ou s ecisio maki g ocess is a e su seque ac io s o e s a e e e o e im o a ce e ea e a ac es o is g ou a e us ace i ei a i i ies. Town e seco e e o o i eu ism o s a ecisio maki g i o eig o icy is o e mu i ime sio a a o com e sa o y. Mi a gues a ecisio make s e imi a e a e a i es a a e e ow e cu o e e o eCape omes ic o i ica ime sio , a o o make a eo s ac oss mu i e ime sio sof o com e sa e o a ow sco e o e omes ic o i ica ime sio .2 I o e wo s, i a a e a i e is goo u as i e e imi a io s, e ecisio make s wi o o y co si e e goo a o e a e a i e a c oose a ma c i g osi i e a e a i e om a o e o io . I s ea , ecisio s wi e ma e wi e u ima e ou u
226 . es o , e esi e a is I e Ci c e: ea e s i S y e a e A iso y ocess i o eig A ai s, ( ew Yo k Co um ia U i e si y ess, 200 . 222 e e m "I e Ci c e"University is use y es o a Ga iso o esc i e a esi e s i y Cou ci o se ec e co i a s o w om e e e s w e maki g ecisio s a o mu a i g o icies. o a e e si e iscussio o e o e o esi e s g ou s i ecisio maki g, see . es o , e esi e a is I e Ci c e: ea e s i S y e a e A iso y ocess i o eig A ai s a . Ga iso , " ami g o eig o icy A e a i es i e I e Ci c e: e esi e , is A iso s, a e S ugg e o e A ms Co o Age a" i o i ica syc o ogy, o 22 (200 , . 80 . 228 e imi a io o suc e ia ce o a g ou o o a e g ou wo k equi e i a ecisio maki g ocess is a some imes e g ou o "a ise s o ec oc a s" may o o a o e a a ysis, w ic i u a ec s e ou come o e ecisio ake . is as ee emo s a e y e US i asio o I aq i 200 : US oo s i a e I aq o e g ou s a I aq a uc ea wea o s a ye i ea i y i i o . 22 See . es o o a o oug a a ysis o e ecisio maki g c a e s o e US ea e s. e emo s a es ow eac ea e a i e a a se o ac io s a we e ake y e US go e me . See a icu a y Eise owe s i e e io i ie ie u. es o esu oses a some ea e s make ecisio s a e u i i i g e g ou o co ec a wi e a ie y o i o ma io ega i g e ausi i i y o easi i i y o e ac io a e ike y co seque ces o a ac io ey o e o ake ( . 8 6 . 2 6 A. Mi , " e ecisio o A ack I aq: A o com e sa o y eo y o ecisio Maki g", i ou a o Co ic eso u io , o ( , . 6 8. i ma
59 level that best matches the interest of the leader or his group. For example, if the decision to intervene in a conflict is likely to 'benefit' the intervenor in terms of economic resources but may result in people dying during the military deployments and warfare in the intervene state, the intervenor will not necessarily decide against the intervention because of its potential impact on the populace. He is more likely to authorise the intervention, with the consequences being borne by the actors in the conflict, provided the decision made is likely ultimately to benefit the decision maker.
The third tenet of Poliheurism takes cognizance of the fact that several factors affect the foreign decision-making process. The first factor points to the varied way in which decision makers may present issues in areas about which they must make choices, which may affect the decision especially when determining the best alternatives.' The second factor that plays an important role in the decision making itself, in managing tasks and in reaching a final decision are the cognitive characteristics of the national decision makers. Lastly,Town they also observe that the manner in which decision makers cognitively define and represent situations about which they must make choices leading to national action has important implications for how the same decision makers process information, how they perceiveCape alternative options, how they apply decision strategies, and how they make finalof choices!" It is implicit from this discussion of poliheurist theory that decision-making in foreign policy is a salient aspect of foreign policy that requires a thorough analysis into the leaders. It seems to provide good empirical outcomes if properly utilised. The only limitation that can be discerned from this discussion of the theory is that it requires good data or documentation that is relevant. Yet within the realm of international relations access to documents is sometimes limited especially depending on the laws of the state where such researchUniversity would be conducted. The available alternatives to such limited access to documentation would be to rely especially on interviews and newspaper material, which equally often have their own biases.
2 Cog i i e c a ac e is ics i c u e com u a io a ski a e o is ic i o ma io ocessi g ca aci y equi e o a io a ecisio maki g, so ea e s e gage i a se ec i e o o is ic i o ma io ocessi g w e a i g com ica e , mu i ace e i e a io a c ises: ey ack e com u a io a ski a e o is ic i o ma io ocessi g ca aci y equi e o a io a ecisio maki g so ey e gage i a se ec i e o o is ic i o ma io ocessi g w e a i g com ica e , mu i ace e i e a io a c ises. 2 " A. Mi , " e ecisio o A ack I aq: A o com e sa o y eo y o ecisio Maki g", . 596.
60 Politeurism and Intervention
Poliheurism provides a useful framework for analysis on how decisions to intervene in states are made and if these decisions are important as a motivation for the intervention process. This study draws on poliheurism to examine the cognitive factors that influenced Uganda's foreign policy decision-making leaders to pursue an interventionist foreign policy in the region. Poliheurism has been used to analyse the US interventions and what emerged from the studies is that leaders and their groups are very central to the US interventions in states and in influencing the nature of foreign policy that US undertook at particular times. A good example of an intervention that was based on group decision-making is the US foreign policy decision to intervene in the "Bay of Pigs". Scholars argue that there was group pressure to obtain a consensus and refusal to accommodate dissenting views.' This interaction made it impossible for President Kennedy to make sound judgements as to whether it was worthwhile to intervene or not.' If a President considers it a good option and his group Town"advisers" are positive about it, then the leader will easily commit the army to war. Note, though, that sometimes leaders have a strong view which they impose on their informal group. The action then taken is identified with this group when, in fact, it was the leader's personalCape preference. p l t ll d r nd n n l t b d f n t n h l t S nt p l t l f t r n n &S n& h r of nd f l r t nd b n f t , n nd l , nd r nd r rd n p l t l n t . h f t n f , n n p n t r r t r n pl f n l l : p l d n pr bl pr r t pl n r l b r t v , n l t processors.236
Redd emphasises further that, when leaders make foreign policy decisions, they will measure gains and losses, costs and benefits, risks and rewards, success and failure in terms of the political consequences to theirUniversity leadership. In other words, leaders are concerned with their level of support, challenges to their leadership, and prospects of their political survival, which in turn affects their foreign policy choices in situations of crisis or in an anarchic international system.'
Another dimension that is close to Mintz's poliheuristic theory is that decision makers will sometimes intervene in other states in order to divert their populaces' attention from internal
J. Ga iso , " ami g o eig o icy A e a i es i e I e Ci c e: e esi e , is A iso s, a e S ugg e o e A ms Co o Age a" 80 .
2 i , 2 6 S. . e , " e o i eu is ic eo y o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g: E e ime a E i e ce", . 0 . 2 i , . 0 04. A e ai e a a ysis o e i e sio a y as ec o ea e s e a iou is ese e i C io a Giacomo, " eace oug I secu i y", i ou a o Co ic eso u io , o 4 , o 4 (200 , . 44 468.
6 weak esses a u o u a o ices. Suc i e sio a y mi i a y i e e io s, w ic a e com e e y ai i g omes ic o i ics, o e ma i es i ee ways. i s y, esi e s wi use o ce o oos ei o u a i y a o e omes ic a i e a io a e e s. Seco y, ey wi i e e e i o e s a es o i e u ic a e io om i e a y e ai i g oo eco omic co i io s. i y, esi e s wi i e e e i co ic s wi e u e io mo i e o o s e i g ei u ic a o a a i g i a im e i g e ec io . ake , o e am e, ci es e 8 i m Wag S w e e a ic io a esi e ma u ac u e a mi i a y co ic wi a mi o s a e o i e e u ic s a e io om a se sca a . ake u e o es a i e e io s a e e c usi e y o e y owe u cou ies a mos commo y y e su e owe s, a oug , i e os Co Wa e a, e e sma s a es a e s a e o ay a ma o o e i i e e io s i s i e o ei g sma , weak a , a o e a , au o i a ia .
I e Wes , i is a commo y use s a egy o esi e s o em a k o i e e io s a seek o o s e ei u ic a o a a i g i e ec io s o a seek o i e Town a e io away om a i e a o icies. is is ecause e o u ace s e e o o i ica a ici a io i e Wes is ig a ei o i io s a e im o a . A case i oi is e 2006 Co g essio a e ec io s i e US i w ic e e u ica s os o e emoc a s ecauseCape e o u ace i o e cei e e US i e e io i I aq y e Geo ge us a mi is a io of i a osi i e ig .
E e s i A ica a o e a s o e i Wo ai a e y i e e ic u e. S a es wi i e e e i o e s s a es i e a a ai s wi ou ea i g a ei i e e io s wi make em u o u a o a ey wi ose e ec io s o e o osi io . a icu a y i A ica, u i g go e me s wi u e ake u o u a i e e io s wi ou ea ecause ey o o e e o University 2 See W. ake e og a wo Wag: esi e ia Use o o ce a e i e sio a y eo y o wa " i Strategic s, o , o (2004 , Ce e o Co em o a y Co ic , : www.cce. s. a y.mi isi 2004 may ake May04. , accesse May 2004, a . icke i g, a E. . Kisa ga i, " emoc acy a i e sio a y Mi i a y I e e io : eassessi g egime y e a e i e sio a y y o esis" i I e a io a S u ies qua e y, o 4 (200 , . 2 4 .
24° oug a o o e o is i e sio a y eo y, ake is e o y o e w o is u es e ac a e a ack o I aq (200 was esig e o o s e e esi e s o u a i y o o i e e a e io om a ack us e eco omic eco e y o w ic ma y sc o a s a e oi e . See, o e am e, . ie , A e oi o e Gum emoc a ic eams a A me I e e io , .2 8 w o succi c y emo s a es a e US i e e io i I aq was eco omica y mo i a e a aime a e i g us gai o u a i y, w ic e a os ecause o is oo eco omic o icies. 4 W. . ake , " e og a wo Wag: esi e ia Use o o ce a e i e sio a y eo y o wa ". 242 S. uke as a gue a i e US, co a y o e e ec a io s, omes ic o i ica co s ai s a e ecome ess im o a , a a e i i i ua ecisio make as eme ge as e e emi e e e mi a o Ame ica i e e io is e a iou . See S. uke , "A eo y o Ame ica I e e io ecisio s", . . (U i e si y o Ca i o ia, os A ge es, 200 .
62 e o u ace o s ay i owe . e o y imi a io o e i e sio a y sc oo , w ose o o e s a e e oue , ake , Ko wa a A u u (2002 a icke i g a Kisa ga i (2002 , is a i seems o co ce a e o ma o owe s, w ic u e ake i e e io s o i e ei o u ace s a e io om u o u a o a o icies I is ecessa y o es a is i ea e s o A ica s a es a so i e e e i o e s a es i o e o is ac ei o u ace om u ai omes ic o icies. e o i eu is ic amewo k is e e a o a a ysi g A ica i e e io s ecause, w i e i e e io s a e o ious y i ke o secu i y, e o e o e ea e a e i ue ce o omes ic o i ics i i e e io s a e im o a a ia es o e ami e. I is s u y, e o ima e causes o Uga a s i e e io s a e iscusse agai s e o i eu is ic amewo k.
e o i eu is ic sc oo is mos e e a i a a ysi g e o eig o icies o A ica s a es os i e e e ce a i si ua io s w e e e o mu a io a im eme a io o suc o icies a e a e c usi e ese e o e esi e " e o y imi a io o is sc oo is a i assumes a ea e s wi ca y ou a cos e e i a a ysis o ei ac io s, a Town a ey wi isca ose o icies a a e ike y o cou agai s em o i ica y o equi e co si e a e i a cia i u , ye e o osi e is ue i A ica. I mos cases, A ica o eig o icies e ec e i e es s o e esi e ." e sc oo u e esu oses a esi e sCape a e accou a e o ei ci i e s, ye ey o e o o commu ica e wi ei o u aceof a may o e e ee o ige o accou o ei o eig o icies, ecause ey ca emai i owe e e i e o u ace is isg u e , I A ica, i is a so im ici a e e w e ci i e s use egi ima e c a e s o o es agai s ei ea e s ac io s o ema accou a i i y om ei ea e s, ey o e o o o ai w a ey wa ecause ei esi e s o o ee o ige o e ai ei ac io s. e e o e, i i e e io s a e u e ake , ey a e u ici e as a o e oa e o eig o icies o e s a e w e ey ac ua yUniversity e ese e c usi e y e i e es s o e esi e a is co i a s.
A seco weak ess o e o i eu is ic eo y is a , w i e i o oses a s a es wi e ai om ac io s a a e o ike y o e e i em, e ea i y is a is oes o a ways s o em.
m See . icke i g a E. . Kisa ga i, " emoc acy a i e sio a y Mi i a y I e e io : eassessi g egime y e a e i e sio a y y o esis" a a A Ko wa a . A u u, "Sou e A ica S a es o eig o icy a o eig o icy Maki g ocess: A I o uc o y Co e ua isa io " i G. A Ko wa a . A u u (e s , G o a i a io a Em i A ica S a es o eig o icy Maki ocess: A Com a a i e e s ec i eo Sou e A ica (As ga e: A e so , 2002 , . 44 . sma , e o i ics o o icy Maki g i e e ce a o eig A ai s, ( ew Yo k a e a ow u is e s, a A. O a i e, " e e e mi a s o e o eig o icies o A ica S a es i O a i e, A., (e , e o eig o icies o A ica S a es, . 2 . 45 . . Sc oe e , A ica o i ics a Socie y: A Mosaic i a s o ma io , . 2 2.
63 The US intervention in Somalia and NATO's intervention in Kosovo are very good cases in point. Although these interventions were allegedly compelled by reports of suffering people and intolerable human conditions, decisions to intervene were clearly going to cost colossal sums of money and manpower. According to the poliheuristic theory, alternatives that may have a negative political effect or that drain economic resources are discarded first and the remaining alternatives are evaluated based on rational calculations." Clearly, this was not relevant in these two cases. It is also questionable whether leaders do in fact carry out such effective or detailed planning with regard to interventions in other states as the poliheuristic theory proposes. If effective planning does occur, then the interventions should have produced better results. Unfortunately, they do not. This weakness notwithstanding, the poliheuristic approach does provide good insight into the role played by leaders in their states' foreign policies, and specifically with regard to interventions.
The main criticism of Poliheurism is that it assumes that decisionTown are made by means of an organized process in which detailed discussions are held and decisions are arrived at in the interest of the state. Other than De Renouen's analysis of the US decision in the Dien Phu case and Allison Graham's analysis of the Cuban MissileCape Crisis, where US decision-making process was carefully studied, attempts to conduct a similarof analysis on other cases, especially in Africa, would be very difficult. Poliheurism has a methodological limitation. Poliheurism's use as a theory nonetheless provides a unique understanding of the poliheuristic decision-making model's ability to account not only for simply situations but also for cognitively demanding and complicated foreign policy decisions that are made in critical areas of world politics."' These areas, argues Mintz, include world trade, multilateral aid decisions, global environmental issues,University armament and disarmament programs, counter terrorism or the use of force and war and peace decisions."'
A. Mi "A ie ecisio A a ysis: U i i i g o i eu is ic eo y o E ai a e ic o eig o icy a a io a Secu i y ecisio s ", . 2 a K. e oue , " e ecisio o o Use o ce a ie ie u: A o i eu is ic e s ec i e" (200 , . 2. 247 A. Mi , "I eg a i g Cog i i e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g: A o i eu is ic e s ec i e, . 6 . 4 I i .
64 2. CO C USIO : A COM A ISO O E OU EO IES
In this chapter, I have discussed the theoretical antecedents to this study and their relevance. The theories discussed in this chapter seem to have one inherent problem that is common to them all, i.e. they all have methodological limitations of varying degrees. Although these are not insurmountable, the use of each as an isolated framework of analysis would not yield the desired results and therefore all of them need to be included to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the case study.
Of the four theories, the poliheuristic theory has the most limitations when used to explain African state's interventions: it is likely to yield only partial results because there is limited documentation available and even if documentation does exist, access to it is likely to be limited. As will be discussed in Chapter Seven when Poliheurism is used in a theoretical case study that examines decision making as a process of foreign policy formulation,Town it would be unable to yield very good results because it is not yet fully developed!' Yet it cannot be completely ignored because the motivations and chokes that prompt leaders to make particular decisions, be it at the domestic or the international level do play a central roleCape in African politics. of In the case of Uganda, the decision-making process is an exclusive preserve of the High Command and the decisions are tacitly made. Evidence of the decisions made is often reflected in presidential speeches, which provides a good basis for analysing the role of leaders in foreign policy behaviour even though it is not sufficient for a detailed analysis: after all, it is possible that a president may be projecting his state policies in a way that is acceptable to people, although it is actually doing the converse.University Of course, leaders' decision-making processes are important in determining the foreign policy behaviour of states, particularly in Africa, but the problem with this theory is that it is difficult to find sufficient relevant material to support its position, especially in Africa where decisions are made tactily in secret. An analysis to establish if the leaders have used their cognitive skills to arrive at decisions to intervene in another state or whether they used the non-compensatory pay-off in selecting a specific foreign policy action often requires information that is classified and, even if it is available, may be difficult to find.
24 K. e oue , " e ecisio o o Use o ce a ie ie u A o i eu s ic e s ec i e, . 24.
65 e co s uc i is s o i e a goo e a a io o i e e io a , u ike e u i i a ia i e a osi io o e Secu i y i emma o a ma e , Co s uc i ism ca e ai i e e io s i s a es a a e o ecessa i y e owe wi eco omic wea as we as i s a es a o o ecessa i y ose secu i y o ems o e i e e o . e weak ess o e co s uc i is a oac is o y i e a io o i s me o o ogy. ow ca o ms e measu e a o w a asis wou a o m e ega e as ei g em ace y a s a es, es ecia y w e some s a es ca o ake u simi a es o si i i y o i e e e i s a es. ow ca o ms e i e e ia e om e u e io mo i es o a i i i ua ?
e u i i a ia a oac oes o a e a y o e o ems a o i eu ism a Co s uc i ism ese . I is a s o g a oac a as e a a age a s a is ica a a ca e use o e e i s osi io . e o y imi a io o e eo y is a e a a o i e cou e use se ec i e y o augme eco cei e osi io s ega i g s a e o eig e a iou . a a emo s a i g eco omic e e i s a acc ue om a s eci ic i e e io wou Town g ea y e e o w o co ec e em a o w a u ose. is wou equi e a i e a a ysis a a a ecia io o e co e i w ic suc a a was co ec e , w ic i u wou i ue ce e e a ua io o e eo y a i s e ec i e ess i e ai i g a i e e io Cape a is mo i a e y eco omic i e es s. I is s u y, i is oi e ou a eof u i i a ia a oac as ee use e e si e y o accou o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy. is s u y u e mo e e iews e osi io o e eo y i co i mi g o e yi g w a mo i a e Uga a i i s i e e io a i es a is i g w e e i i ee e e o e ecause o i s i e e io is o eig o icy i i s wes e eig ou s.
e Secu i y i emmaUniversity eo y o e comes some o e a o e imi a io s o a e o e eo ies. I is a e o accou o i e e io s a a e o ecessa i y aime a eco omic i e es s, as we as i e e io s aime a s o i g uma i a ia isas e s i eig ou i g s a es. I ca us accou o e ma y a ie y es o i e e io s a e is . e o y aw ack o e Secu i y i emma eo y is em i ica . I is o ema ic o o e o eig o icy ac io s a a e s ou e i sec ecy a a icu a y o es a a e co e y ca ie ou . O e a a a e ease y e e e a ac o s, i i i icu , i o im ossi e, o i a a i secu i y ma e s a a e ima i y a c assi ie a ea o i e a io a e a io s. e eo y us e ies o s eec es a o a accou s o e e io ic i e e io s, w ic a e some imes im ossi e o co o o a e. e e e ess, ey o o i e a s a i g oi o i qui y a ey ca e use i co u c io wi e o e eo ies o e ai i e e io s.
66 In conclusion, in order to arrive at a comprehensive explanation of Uganda's interventionist foreign policy, this studywill be using an eclectic approach. The study will examine the theories that best explain the motivations of Uganda's intervention in the GLR from 1996 to 2006. In table 2 overleaf, a summary of the theoretical positions is done.
In the next chapter, the existing literature on Uganda's foreign policy behaviour is discussed with a view to providing a favourable grounding on which the theories will be analysed. This is followed by a chapter on the study methodology and a chapter on Uganda itself. Thereafter, the empirical part of the study that draws on the four theories discussed in this chapter is organised in four chapters, with each chapter discussing the aspects of the intervention that relate to a specific theory. Town
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67 Town
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University CHAPTER THREE AFRICAN INTERVENTIONS A LITERATURE SURVEY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
I is c a e , a e iew is o e o some o e i e a u e o i e e io a Uga a s o eig i e e io s i e G . e c a e iscusses e ma o sc o a y co i u io s o e i e e io e a e a ow ese co i u io s a e i ue ce e way i w ic Uga a s i e e io s a e ee i e e e . y e ami i g s u ies a a e co e e se e a i e e io s i A ica, e c a e a em s o wo k ou e eo e ica a em i ica im o a ce o ese s u ies o Uga a s i e e io s. e ce a aim o is c a e is o i e i y, om e wi e s ec um o i e a u e a ai a e, ose eo ies a ca o i e a com e e si e e a a io o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icyTown i i s eig ou i g s a es o u u i, e C a wa a.
e c a e is i i e i o ee sec io s: e i s sec io e ami es ge e a wo ks o e o ic o i e e io , a e seco sec io ooks c i ica yCape a e i e a u e ea i g wi Uga a s i e e io s i a icu a . e as a is a mo eof ge e a eo e ica iscussio o e i e a u e, c ea i g a amewo k o e su seque c a e s o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy.
. A ICA I E E IO S: A O E IEW
I e e io s a e ee a commo ea u e o A ica i e a io a e a io s a A ica o i ics. e e as ee University e o mous co e age o s eci ic e e s i A ica. Mos omi e o w ic a e ee e US i e e io i Soma ia ( , ge oci e i wa a ( 4 , e e s i i e ia a Sie a eo e i 6, cu e c ises i a u a Soma ia a w a as come o e e me o u a y "A ica s i s Wo Wa ", o A ica s ea ies co ic si ce Wo Wa wo, i e C.2 0 om e o o e Sou , om e Wes o e o o A ica a o e G , e e y go e me as i e e e i a o e cou y, ei e co e y o o e y.2 A
° i e a u e o i e e io i A ica is ow e e e wi se e a accou s o e C wa , w ic as ee e me "A ica s i s Wo Wa ", a i g c aime u o 600,000 i es, ase o Am es y I e a io a s a is ics. 251 C C a am, "E io ia a Eii ea.. I secu i y a I e e io i e o " i u ey, 0. a oy, M. (e s , A ica I e e io is S a es (As ga e: A e s o , 200 , . a gues a i e o o A ica a o e, a go e me s e ce o i ou i a e ee ee y e gage i e a ai s o ei eig ou s.
o i e a io o i e a u e seeks o e ai A ica i e e io s a a e c a ac e ise e os Co Wa e a. I a icu a , e i e a u e a esses i e e io as a ge e a e a e ami es w e e ey a e i ac so e o ems o A ica s a es o wo se e e si ua io . ee mai co ec i e wo ks a e a esse i e e io ism i A ica wi s eci ic case s u ies co e i g e Co Wa a os Co Wa e as. e wo ks ocus o eo e ica e a es a a e ee s eci ica y ame o sui e A ica i e e io is co e , w ic o i es a goo asis o w ic i e e io i A ica ca e u e s oo .
.2 E S EC I ES O I E E IO
A ica I e e io is S a es, e i e y O i e a May, is e i s ook o i s ki o e o e e wi i g ess o A ica s a es o use mi i a y mea s o e ec c a ges i eig ou i g s a es a e c a e ges i o e i oi g so. I o i es a use u ack ou o i e e io i A ica. I oi s ou a e a a ia i e e io i Uga aTown i 8 wi e aim o o e owi g e go e me i owe se a ece e o A ica s a es i e e io s i o e s a es. e ook co e s mai y e causes o i e e io , a c i iques e ega amewo k i w ic ey we e u e ake . I o i es c assi ica io sCape o i e e io s a a e a gua y ecu ia o A ica a oug , i u e c i ica y a a yse ,of ey a e aki o e c assi ica io s a Sc ae e a o e s a e o i e i ei e a a io o e US i e e io is o eig o icy i e i Wo "
u ey a May gi e a ee o c assi ica io o i e e io s. e i s c assi ica io co e s regime supportive i e e io s a o i e mi i a y assis a ce o a ea e e egime " e seco ca ego y, regime opposingUniversity interventions , seek o o e ow a es a i ise a go e me i owe . as y, state supportive interventions a e u e ake o e su e a a s a e su i es i e ace o se e e i e a is u io s o e e a agg essio . " ese c assi ica io s a e im o a i i e i yi g e a u e o i e e io a oug w e i comes ow o i , w e e e i e e io is egime su o i e o s a e su o i e, e mo i es wi o i e sig i ica y. e ma o i e e ce e wee i e e io s wou e e o e e w e e e i e e io
2 2 See . Sc ae e , I e e io i o e 0: US o eig o icy i e i Wo , ( o o : y e e e , 2 . 2 i ey a . May, "I o uc io ", i u ey, 0. a May, . (e s , A ica I e e io is S a es, (As ga e: A e s o , 200 , . 2. 2 4 I i , . 2
2 u e ake is o u a y o so ici e , w e e i as ee u e ake wi i e amewo k o e U C a e , a w e e i co o ms o i e a io a aw. e e is a co se sus amo gs e au o s a e mo i es o A ica i e e io is s a es a e commo o a i e e i g s a es. I ei a a ysis, si mai ac o s eme ge. e i s commo mo i e, w ic is gi e g ea sig i ica ce, is e eco omic i e es s o e i e e o s. O e cou ess i e e io s ca ie ou y A ica s a es i cou e sa e y a gue a a eas 60 o ese cou e co si e e esou ce wa s. e mos sig i ica e am es i ica e i e ook a e e C, A go a, Sie a eo e a e e u ic o Co go. ese ou e am es a e a a yse i e , a i is ou a ey we e ima i y a ou e co o o wea , as e mi i a y e gageme s we e im ici y ce e o mi i g a eas o o a eas wi eco omic sig i ica ce."
e seco ac o a eme ge as a ce a ea u e o A ica i e e io s is e egio s s eci ic geo o i ics. e o i ica u ea a s i egio s o A ica we e g ea y ca a y e y e geog a ic e ai a o i e sui a e a i a o i su ge cies.Town e ook co e s e geo o i ica oca io o s a es, w ic , o e o e a , o i e o e si e a a ages o e e g ou s, w ic o ces eig ou i g s a es o i e e e o s o suc i su ge cy. O e o e a , o ous o e s a ow s i o e e ec s o ci i wa a Cape io e co ic , w ic a so o ce s a es o i e e e o co o o co ai e ea ." of e oca io o a u a esou ces i s eci ic geog a ic o es is a so ig ig e as i s ume a i causi g i e e io s. a eac i g em i ica esea c y i e a io a o go e me a o ga isa io s ike uma ig s Wa c , Am es y I e a io a a I e a io a C isis G ou (ICG a e i s uc i e i is co e .
e i ac o is a ea e s w ose e o u io a y gue i a wa a e succee e we e com e e o i e e e i o e University s a es i su o o ei e ow gue i a g ou s o o osi io g ou s, w ic ey e ee e o e ee om e su uga io o go e me . o e am e, C a am e e s o e success o e E io ia eo e s e o u io a y emoc a ic o (E a uses i s assis a ce o e E i ea eo e s i e a io o ce (E a o e e s
255 See e a k es y . McQuee , "A go a, i i ey, 0. a May, (e s , A ica I e e io is S a es, (As ga e: A e s o , 200 , . 8 . Woo wa , "Su a , i u ey, 0. a May, . (e s , A ica I e e io is S a es, . 2 M. Mc u y, " om I e e e o I e e o . wa a a Mi i a y I e e io i ai e C, i u ey, 0. a May, . (e s , A ica I e e io is S a es, . G. C ea e a S. Massey, " C: A ica s Sc am e o A ica, i i ey, 0. a May, . (e s , A ica I e e io is Siam, . 2 0 a G. C ea e , °I e e io is Com a ies: i a isi g e Mi i a y O io , i u ey, 0. a May, I (e s , A ica I e e io is S a es, pp. 26 286. 256 See M. Mc u y, " om I e e e o I e e e : wa a a Mi i a y I e e io i ai e C, . 4. 252 See C. C a am, "E io ia a E i ea: I secu i y a i e e io i e o , . 2 .
i i ou i, i Yeme i e i o y, as e am es o ow e success o e E s s ugg e i ue ce o e cou ies a e cou age i e e io ." Me Mc u y si g e ou e success
o Uga a s a io a esis a ce Mo eme ( M 2 as a key ac o i a cou y s i e e io s i o e co ic s, wi Uga a s Muse e i as e "key a ise "." Muse e i a e a success u wa o i e su o o e Su a ese eo e s i e a io A my (S CA o Su a ." wa a s wa a a io ic o ( su o o A ia ce o emoc a ic o ces o e i e a io o Co go ai e (A , a y o a emoc a ic Co go Goma ( C Goma a i s a ege su o o eo e s e em io A my ( A o Uga a as a so ee a i u e o i s success i gai i g owe om e a e esi e a ya ima a o wa a. A ese cases a e i s uc i e e e.
e ou ac o a as ee a a ce y e ook as a ce a ea u e o A ica i e e io s is e egemo ic am i io a ea e s i e egio a e, w ic com e s em o i e e e i e o e o gai i g o i ica owe a i ue ce i eTown egio . owe e , C a am o se es i e o o A ica cases a o a i e e io s a e e esu o suc egemo ic mo i a io s. e oi s ou a e i e e io is s a es a e i e e o ems o ei ow a a e o com a i e wi egio a egemo y o Cape e am e, ey a e a im o e is e , ei o e s a e i secu e, a ey a e i e a i isio sof a o o y make e ea e s a ei s a es i secu e. egemo y, as ig ig e y Susa S a ge, equi es se e a key s uc u es, i.e. a k ow e ge s uc u e, a i a cia s uc u e, a secu i y s uc u e, a a o uc io s uc u e. A egio a egemo ic owe , i o e wo s, ee s o a e e owe o s a e e amewo ks wi i w ic s a es e a e o eac o e egemo ic s a es mus us a e e owe o eci e i gs a e a e o ake es o si i i y o e a o o e s w ic A ica s a es a e o ca a e o oi g. University
2 2 e a io a esis a ce Mo eme was e a mi is a i e wi g o e a io a esis a ce A my a wage a gue i a wa a e a saw esi e Yowe i Muse e i come o owe i 86. 26 M. Mc u y, " om I e e e o I e e o . wa a a Mi i a y I e e io i ai e C", . 80 8 . 26" success o e A was i u o owe y i s assis a ce o e , A , a y o a emoc a ic Co go ( C Kisa ga i, M C a o e mus oomi g g ou s i e C, a oug muc a e i e c isis i e C. 62 C. C a am, "E io ia a E i ea I secu i y a I e e io i e o ", . 8 26] S a ge, S a es a Ma ke s: A I o uc io o I e a io a o i ica Eco omy, ( o o : i e , 88 , . 24 2 . 26 makes a simi a o se a io o a o S a ge. e a gues e sew e e a A ica s a es a e so wea a e ea e s o ese s a es a e eoccu ie wi egi imisi g emse es i owe a mo o o i i g e s a e, a so ei co uc o o eig e a io s is aime a s e g e i g ei omes ic egi imacy mo e a ecomi g egio a egemo ies. C a am o i es a e ai e e ami a io o e o eig o icies o a ious os co o ia s a es see C. C a am, A ica a e I e a io a Sys ems, (Cam i ge: Cam i ge U i e si y ess, 6 . .
4 e i ac o o A ica s a es i e e io s i eac o e s s a es is a ey a e ima i y ee a esu o e ec i e i e ca aci y o e U o ma age o eso e e co ic s. is ca e see , o e am e, i Su a , Soma ia, i e ia, Sie a eo e a , mo e omi e y, wa a. e ai u e o e U as i u o ce A ica go e me s o i e e e i o e s a ai s o so e ei ow o ems." I a i io , owe s ike Ame ica a a ce a e i e a io a commu i y, a e a so o o y ai e u a e ecome oa e o i e e e i ese co ic s. e co ce o "A ica so u io s o A ica o ems" as ecome sy o ymous wi i e e io ? C ose y e a e o e ew o e aye y A ica s a es wi ega o so i g ei ow o ems, is e i e ay e wee i e a io a o i ics a egio a o i ics, a i s i ue ce o i e e io s.
e as ac o a as mo i a e i e e io s i some s a es is e i eo ogica ac o . Usi g Su a as a e am e o is, Woo wa a gues a Su a ese i e e io s i i s eig ou i g s a es we e i e y i s i e es i s ea i g Is am, a icu a y a e Town assa a u a i came o owe . A u a i e a Su a a a o iga io o e su e a Mus ims we e i ke oge e i w a e co cei e as e "Commo wea o Mus ims a a Is am". As a esu , e su o e e i e a io s ugg e o e E i ea E Cape a e ig ea eo e s i e a io o ( i a cia y a mi i a i y. Woo wa sof iscussio emo s a es ow Uga a ecomes a ic im o e i e e io is o eig o icy o Su a a ow muc e g ou s su o e a s o so e y e Su a ese a my a ec e Uga a." I wou a e ee i e es i g o com a e a co as e i eo ogica s ugg e e wee e A g o Sa o a a co o e s a es wi e e a e a ou e s ea o Is amic u ame a ism, u is is o e e sew e e y O u u, Wa is a C a k?" ee o em i ei ow s u ies a gue a e i e e io s i e UniversityG suc as a ce s i e e io i wa a a Uga a s i e e io i i ia y i wa a a a e i e C we e i i ec y a s ugg e o i ue ce a owe i e
265 u ey, O. a May, , "I o uc io ", . . 266 I i , . . 262 I i . 268 . McQuee i ica es ow e co wa i ue ce e e o me s i A go a a si ua io a co i ue a as ow c a ac e ise e o i ics o A go a. See . McQuee , "A go a, . . 269 . Woo wa , "Su a " . 2.
2 0. aw "Uga a as a egio a Ac o i e ai ia Wa , . 4 a . 8 A. Wa is, Si e Accom e U o S o y o a ce s o e i e wa a Ge oci e, . 64 a . C a k, "Muse e i s A e u e i e Co go Wa . Uga a s ie am" i C a k, . (e , e A ica S akes o e Co go Wa , (Kam a a: ou ai u is e s, 2002 , . 4 . A so see . C a k, "E ai i g Uga a I e e io i Co go: A ick esc i io " i Ka we u, M. A., (e , Uga a i i g e o i ica ige : Wa s i e G ea akes eeio , (Kam a a Ma w e e U i e si y i e y, 2004 , .6 .
egio e wee e a co o e a e A g o Sa o s a es. Mo e s eci ica y, e i e e io s we e e cei e as a A g o Ame ica o o co o e e i e G . e mai co a ic io i is a gume is i s ai u e o o ice a e e was a ge e a ise gageme om A ica a ai s y e A g o Ame ica s. I ac , e ge oci e i wa a, e cu e s a ema e i Soma ia, a e c isis i a u a e a e i e ce o is ise gageme . I s e g e i g ei i ue ce i e egio a ee e A g o Ame ica s a egy, e ei ways o ac ie i g is s a egy we e e a s o we co cei e .
u ey a May s ook o i es a e y i e es i g e s ec i e o e mo i a io s o i e e io , a a oug ey o o o i e a eo e ica a a ysis o e ai w a mo i a es s a es o i e e e i o e s, ei case s u ies o i e a use u em a e o w ic su seque com a a i e a a ysis o s a es i e e io s ca e ase . A oug e ook o i es a e y i o ma i e asis o w ic o e ca u e s a e o i ics e i e i e e io s i e egio , a e ega amewo k a ega im ica io s o eTown i e e io s , i s ocus o Uga a s i e e io is o say e eas wa i g. I s co e age o e Uga a case co sis s mai y o occasio a e e e ces o Uga a s o e i e ise o wa a u si a io a ism. " Uga a is o aye as a ic im o e a a ia i e e io Cape a as a ic im o e wa a o i ica c isis o . of
. A E A I E E S EC I ES O I E E IO
The African Stakes of the Congo Wa , e i e y o C a k, is a e ce e su ey o o e a icu a y sig i ica case o i e e io , e C case. e i e e io s i e C y e s a es a i e e e University a e ese e as i e ica y i e wi e wi eac o e o e am e, o u e s a Uga a s i e e io i e C, i is a so im o a o u e s a e wa a i e e io i e C. Simi a y, o u e s a wa a s i e e io i e C, i is c ucia o u e s a Uga a s a A go a s i e e io i e C. es i e ese com e i ies, e ook o i es a goo asis om w ic o e i e e io s i A ica i ge e a ca e s u ie .
C a k s o oug e iew o e C co ic i w ic i e A ica s a es i e e e mi i a i y, as a a yse e i e e io s y s a es a mu i e e e s. I ocuses o e e e o s a es, o e
2 2 See a ic e y . e i , "A ica I e e io is S a es a I e a io a aw, . 0. 2 See G.e y C ea e a S. Massey, " C: A ica s Sc am e o A ica, . 6, a . Woo wa d, "Su a , i u ey, O. a oy, M. (e s , A ica I e e io is S ages, (As ga e: A e s o , 200 , . 4 44.
6 e e o o s a e ac o s a , a o e a , o e e e o i e a io a o ga isa io s. e au o s co ec i e y osi a e mo i es e i e i e e io s i e egio we e co o u e . o sig i ica y i e e om u ey a May s A ica I e e io is S a es, e au o s i is ook a so a i u e i e e io s o s a egic eco omic i e es s, egemo ic am i io s, uma i a ia co ce s, i eo ogica co si e a io s a e geo o i ica oca io s o e es ec i e s a es. A mai ai a e i e a io a e i o me is sig i ica i s a i g e a u e o s a es o eig o icies. o e am e, ey sugges a s a es i e e e ecause e i e a io a commu i y is o o ge ocusi g as muc o A ica co ic s. I a icu a , ey assess e U s e o ma ce i co ic ma ageme a a gue a i s ai u e as g ea y com omise i s o e i ma agi g co ic , com e i g s a es a egio a o ga isa io s o ake o e i s o e. e o y i e e ces e wee ese wo ooks ie i ei o e i g o e im o a ac o s, u is oes o a e a sig i ica im ac o e i o ma io o i e .
e a ic es i e ook succi c y emo s a e a , i i e e io sTown i A ica a e o e u e s oo , ee eo e ica e a a io s a e o e use o e ai e e o i e e io s a as eme ge i e egio . i s y, ey ig ig egime . tr n t as a amou i com e i g s a es o i e e e i o e s, a icu a y i cases w e eCape s a es a e ea e e ei e y i su ge s ° ase i eig ou i g s a es o y omes ic ea sof o ei egimes." e seco eo y, ca e e nt n nt l tr nd, is a sa ie e a a io a a ce y C aw o , w ic o o y e ec s o a si g e ac o u com i es se e a ac o s o ui a si g e oa e e a a io . e com i es e eme ge ce o wa o ism, eco omic i e es s i e a u a esou ces o o e s a es a us o owe ."
e im o a o eUniversity a ea e s ay i o eig o icy ecisio maki g a e i i i ua i e es s ey a e i o e s a es o m e i eo y a e ook a a ces. e eo y o o eig o icy ecisio maki g ocesses is o ye u y e e o e u C a k o e e ess
4 . C a k use e e m egime secu i y o e e o ea e s i e e io s i o e s a es o i ics wi e e ess aim o ese i g emse es i owe . o a e ai e iscussio o egime secu i y, see . C a k, "I o uc io : Causes a Co seque ces o e Co go Wa ". i C a k, . (e , e A ica S akes o e Co go Wa , . . u e , "A go a s o e i e Co go wa , i C a k, . (e , e A ica S akes o e Co go Wa , . 6 a . o gma , " e Com e easo s o wa a s E gageme i Co go", i C a k, . (e , e A ica S akes o e Co go Wa , . 0. A so see a e a e wo k y . C a k, " ea ism, ee ea ism a A ica I e a io a e a io s i e os Co Wa E a, i u , K. a S aw, . (e s , A ica s e I e a io a e a io s eo y, ( ew Yo k: a g a e, 200 6 , . 8 02. 2 Y. C aw o , "Co e ua isi g Co go Co ic s: O e a iso e i os co o ia A ica", i C a k, . (e , e A ica S akes o e Co go Wa , . 28.
o i es a e y goo a a ysis o e ecisio maki g c a ac e o e esi e o Uga a e a gues o i s a ce:
Undemanding Uganda's recent intervention is largely a matter of understanding the motives f th person, President Yoweri Museveni, who ordered S UPDF [Uga a eo e s e e ce o ce] into Congo... S decision to intervene cats made by the president himself; after consultation witha...S few zedl. Unlike only dose of the inmilitary mote institutionalisedadvisers settings,
president himself is indisutably tlr key to . poky decision making M Uganda. However, one nea k completely confident about estimating Museveri's motivations, and east the president himselfertain762 hate what maynotbeen they c were.
A oug e ocus is o Uga a s esi e Muse e i as a si g e case, i oes o i e goo a ame e s i e ms o w ic o e ea e s o eig o icy ecisio maki g ocesses ca e a a yse . I is s u y, C a k s eo y is iscusse u e e ea i g o e o i eu is ic eo y, as o ou e y Mi . awi g o Ayoo , C a k equa es A ica ea e s o eig o icy esig s wi ose o ei Eu o ea cou e a s. e a gues a Town e co em o a y ea e s o e e e o i g A ica s a es we e emu a i g ei Eu o ea cou e a s w ose mai goa i e ea y mo e e io was o se u ei s a es eco omica y, a mi is a i e y a mi i a i y wi e mo i e o e e o i g emse es e oi sCape ou a o e way o e su i g e e o me was y ig i g a i e e i g i eig ou i g states.' is im ies a A ica s a es we e a so em a ki g o i e e io s o e e o emse esof omes ica y. O e isa a age o is e s ec i e, oug , is a i assumes a ea e s o s a es ac o e a o o i e i e es o e s a e, ye i e a u e o s a e ui i g i A ica as a so i ica e a , w e s a es i e e e i o e s, suc i e e io a e o e o e i e y o e e e i o ei s a es. e a a ogy e wee e Eu o ea ea e s a e A ica ea e s is goo i eo y, u i mus a so e o e i mi a e ea y mo em e io i o a e ma y aws a egu a io s o i i i g i e e io , w e easUniversity e mo em s a e is ace wi i e a io a aws a o oco s a egu a e i s ca aci y o i e e e i o e s a es.
Wi s eci ic e e e ce o e Uga a i e e io i e C, some a ic es i e ook u e sco e Uga a s esi e o egime secu i y a e s a egic eco omic mo i es a
2 6 . C a k, "Muse e i s A e u e i e Co go Wa . Uga a s ie am?, i C a k, . (e , e A ica S akes o e Co go Wa , . 4 . 2 See e iscussio o e o i eu is eo y i C a e wo o is esis. 2 8 . C a k, I o uc io : Ca es a Co seque ces o e Co go Wa , i C a k, . (e e A ica S akes o e Co go Wa , (Kam a a: ou ai u is e s, 2002a . 4 . 2 . C a k use e e m egime secu i y o e e o ea e s i e e io s i o e s a es o i ics wi e e ess
8 com e e i o i e e e. I oes ack ow e ge, oug , a Uga a a mi ima secu i y co ce s. is is a ig y co e ious osi io . I o e ooks a e e io 0 , as e ook oes, e ma y secu i y ma e s a e o ake i o co si e a io , w ic is w y Uga a s secu i y i e es s a e a ke so muc owe a o e ac o s. e ook a so ismisses e a gume s a Uga a s i e e io s we e mo i a e y e esi e o s ea emoc acy w ic is a iew s a e y ma y o e sc o a s." Ma y sc o a s ismiss e c aim a Uga a was i e i g o s ea emoc acy i i s eig ou i g cou ies. ey ig ig Muse e i s cu e e o o i ics, w ic si e i es e o osi io , oes o seek ega ma a es om i s egis a u e w e maki g im o a ecisio s o o omes ic a o eig o icy ma e s, io a es i e a io a aw, a oes o o ai ma a e om e U SC o au o ise i s i e e io s." e issue a eme ges e y s o g y om e i e a u e iscusse us a is a i e e io s i A ica a e mo i a e y mi e i e es s a e e o e i wou e i co ec o a i u e a i e e io o a y o e causa ac o . Town I a i io o e ooks iscusse a o e, a as a ge o sc o a y i e a u e as ocuse o s eci ic as ec s o A ica o eig o icy a i e a io a e a io s. e e as a so ee a o i e a io o a i e se i e a u e o co ic s, wa s,Cape i e s a e e a io s, i su ge cy, ge oci es, of aim o ese i g emse es i owe . o a e ai e iscussio o egime secu i y, see, . C a k, °I o uc io : C i es a Co seque ces o e Co go Wa ", . 2, a . C a k, " ea ism, eo ea ism a A ica I e a io a e a io s i e os Co Wa E a, . 8 02. Simi a y S ea e a gues a Uga a wa e o ese e i s ow egime, see . S ea e , "A ica s G ea Wa ", i Su i a , o 40, o 2 ( , . 8 0. 2 . C a k, "Muse e i s A e u e i e Co go Wa , . 0. 28 M. Mam a i, " wa a Uga a I e e io i e Co go, i Ma a a , I (e , e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, (SA I S Se ies, . 4. See a so M. Mam a i, " e imi a y oug o e Co go C isis, a e ese e a e Wo ks o o Co go, ( a a e : SA ES us , 8 G. as , " e I e i a e Ame ica Co ec io ,University i Ce a A ica Wa c , Se em e ( 8 , a . Cam e , " emoc a isa io , Ci i e s i a eace i e Co go, i M a egu (ee , C isis i e C, SA I S Se ies : (SA ES us : a a e, , . 2 M. Ku um a, "E oce ism a Mo eme o i ics i Uga a: A a a ysis o E ic Co ic i Ki aa e Co ic , i Ka we u , M. A.,(e , a a i i g e o i ica ige : Secu i y a e Wa s i e G ea akes egio , (Make e e U i e si y i e y: Kam a a, 2004 , . 4 8 A. Mukwaya, "Uga a s o e i e co ic a secu i y i emma i e G ea o o A ica u e e Mo eme oc acy", i K. Mukwaya (e , Uga a i i g e ige e Wa s a i e G ea akes egio , . 42 a S. Maka a, "Maki g Se se o e se se ess A me Co ic e wee Uga a a e C, i Mukwaya, K. A. (e , Uga a i i g e o i ica ige . Secu i y a e Wa s i e G ea akes egio , . 0 . C a k, "E ai i g Uga a s I e e io i Co go: A ick esc i io ", . 6 8 A. Mu a u, " ow o make Se se o e E e s aki g ace i e G ea akes egio , i a egu, M. (e C isis i e C, SA I S Se ies : (SA ES us : a a e, , . 8 8 .. Susa , "S a eme e o e e Su Commi ee o A ica, Se a e o eig e a io s Commi ee, Was i g o C, ese e o 2 Ma c ( 8 0. Oge ga, "Uga a as a egio a Ac o i e a ia Wa , . 260. 282 . uce., "Goi g o Wa emoc a ica y: e Case o e Seco Co go Wa 8 2000, i Co em o a y o i ics, o 6, o (2000 , . 26 282 . C a k, "E ai i g Uga a s I e e io i Co go: A ick esc i io ", . 6 8, a Akiiki Mu a u, " ow o make a Se se o e E e s i e G ea akes egio , . 84 8 .
a o i ica is o y o e egio , as we as ea i g wi i e e io u i g e os Co Wa e a." W i e some o e i e a u e a i u es i e e io s o o i ica owe s ugg es e wee i su ge s a u i g egimes, o e s em asise eco omic i e es s as e ima y causa ac o ? ey a so ocus o omes ic as ec s a c ea e i secu i y i e a y, a a com e eig ou i g s a es o i e e e ecause ey ose secu i y c a e ges o em. awi g o e omes ic i secu i y a is o e a esu o e ic co ic s, i as a e owe o i ics, a egio a owe o i ics, ey a so a gue a i e e io is wa s s ou e see as a co i ua io o e o i ics o su i a o e a o e i e e o s, o a omes ic a egio a e e ."
A o e iew o i e e io s comes om Mam a i 286 w o as o uce a co si e a e amou o i e a u e o e ici y (a ew o e s wi simi a se ime s i c u e U i 28 , ema c a , C e ie 28 u e a ey e s2 . Mam a i as soug o emo s a e Town 28 A. ea e a A. S a ou, " io e ce, eco s uc io a I e i y: e ei eg a io o o s esis a ce A my C i A uc ees n o e Uga a, i ISS Mo og a m , o 2, o em e (200 W. e o, "Uga a s o i ics o Wa a e e ie , i e iew o I e a io a o i ica Eco omy, o , o (2002 , . 4 4 I ema c a , " o eig o icy Maki g i e G ea akes egio , i K a iaga a, G. a yo s, . (e s , A ica o eig o icies: owe a ocess, ( o o : y e e e , 2002 , . 8 06 . ema c a , " e C isis i e G ea akes, i a eso , . a o c i , . (e s , A icaCape i Wo o i ics: e A ica S a e Sys ems u , (O o : K o iew ess, 2000 , . 24 2 . ic a . S u s, "I o uc io : e Cou e I su ge S a e" i ic , . a S u s, . (e s , e Cou e I su ge S a e: Gue i a Wa a e a S a e ui i i e we ie Ce u y ( ew Yo k S Ma i s ess, , . 2 of a G. u ie , e wa a C isis: is o y o a Ge oci e, ( ew Yo k: Co um ia U i e si y ess, . 24 S. Samka ge, "A ica e s ec i es o I e e io a S a e So e eig y, (2002 . . : www.iss.co. a u s AS o iSamka ge. m accesse 26 Augus 200 . Ki asom a, "A ai i g S a e: e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go", i Caw a, G. a I uck am, (e s , Go e i g I secu i y. emoc a ic Co o o Mi i a y a Secu i y Es a is me s i a si io a emoc acies, ( o o : e ooks, 200 , . 2 4 2 M Mam a i, U e s a i g e C isis i Ki u, (SA ES, 200 , a M. Mam a i ., " wa a Uga a I e e io i e Co go", i Ma a a, I., (e , e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, (SA I S Se ies, , . 4. " . Ci ie s, a M. Ma a , " eace Kee i g i e emoc a ic e u ic o e Co go: MO UC a e oa o eace, ISS mo og a se ies,University o 66, Oc o e 200 I ema c a , " o eig o icy Maki g i e G ea akes egio , . 8 06 . ema c a " e C isis i e G ea akes, . 24 2 a .. ema c a , " e i e i e G ea akes", i Cu e A ai s, ( , . 20 M. Mam a i, W e ic ims ecome Ki e s, Co o ia ism a i ism, a e Ge oci e i wa a, ( i ce o : i ce o U i e si y ess, 200 a M. Mam a i, U e s a i g e C isis i Ki u, . 84 M. Mam a i, " emoc a ic eo y a emoc acy S ugg es i A ica", i Okwu i a, , (e , Go e me a o i ics i A ica: A ea e ( a a e: AA s ooks, 2000 , . 220 2 M. Mam a i, " wa a Uga a I e e io i e Co go" i Ma a a, I, (e , e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, (SA I S Se ies, , . 4. 288 A e aus i e e iew o Mam a i s wo ks o e G is im ossi e e e is sec io ocuses o ou o is e a e wo ks: M. Mam a i, W e ic ims ecome Ki e s: Co o ia ism, a i ism, a e Ge oci e i wa a M. Mam a i, U e s a i g e C isis i Ki u, (SA ES, 200 M. Mam a i, " emoc a ic eo y a emoc acy S ugg es i A ica, i Okwu i a, , (e , Go e me a o i ics i A ica: A ea e , ( a a e: AA s ooks, 2000 , . 220 2 M. Mam a i, " wa a Uga a I e e io i e Co go, i Ma a a , I.(e , e ec io s o e C isis n e emoc a ic e u ic o Co ga, . 4 a M. Mam a i, " e imi a y oug s o e Co go C isis, a e i e e o e wo ks o o e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o 28 Co go, 2 Se cm e ( a a e: SA ES us , 8 . . U i , Ai i g io e ce: e e e o me E e ise,Wes o : Kuma ia i wa a ess, 8 . 288 I ema c a , " e C isis i e G ea akes", . 24 2 . ema c a , " e i e i e G ea akes, i
80 that ethnicity is the underlying cause of the insecurity in the region and that it thus accounts for the fundamental cause of the GLR interventions. Mamdani introduced the concept of a "crisis in citizenship" as something that has characterized since the collapse of the Tutsi rule in Rwanda which was marked by the genocide of 1959. The 1959 genocide had had severe repercussions for the Tutsi in Burundi and for those who had fled to the DRC, namely the Banyamulenge, who suffered from state recrimination and discrimination, especially in Mobutu's postcolonial regime. The accounts of the discrimination against the Rwandan Tutsi refugees in Uganda, in contrast with Tutsi refugees in other African countries of refuge initiated the growth of "Tutsi nationalism", which slowly grew into a strong force. The subsequent political and military struggle by the Tutsi to return to Rwanda had sparked off hatred of the Tutsi in the region and led to a grand plan by regional leaders to stop the growth of the Tutsi insurrection, which was spreading not only throughout Rwanda but also through Zaire and Burundi. The central argument of Mamdani in his collective works was that, to understand interventions in the region, the question of citizenship has to be carefully analysed becauseTown it is so significant in the contemporary crises in Eastern Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi .'
Given this background, it is doubtful that the thesis Capeof Hima-Tutsi empire building advanced by some scholars as a motive for Uganda's interventionsof in neighbouring states could be realized, given the animosity that the Tutsi in Rwanda, for example, felt for Museveni. In general, though, this literature provides a good background to the genesis of the ethnic conflicts in the region as well as an understanding of the nexus between Uganda's political development and the entire ethnic Tutsi question. Mamdani's works show how inextricably tied Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and the DRC are. It is implicit from the literature that Uganda's interventions have come to be associated with PresidentUniversity Museveni's ethnic class Hima' affinity for his close neighbours, the Tuts?", but it is not necessarily applicable to Uganda's interventionist foreign policy.
Cu e A ai s, ( . 20 a . ema c a , "Socia C a ge a o i ica Mo e i a io i u u i", i ou a o Mo e A ica S u ies, o 4, o 4 ( 66 , . 40 4 . J. . C e ie , e G ea akes o A ica : wo ousa Yea s o is o y, . 4 . 2 G. u ie , e wa a C isis: is o y o a Ge oci e, a G. u ie , " e Geo o i ica si ua io i e G ea akes A ea i i o e Ki u C isis, i e ugee Su ey Qua e y, o 6, o ( , . 2 . 2 . ey e s, " ie i g e Seco Co go Wa , mo e a a emake, A ica A ai s, o 8 o ( , . 24 2 0 a . ey e s, e ew Geos a egic Si ua io i Ce a A ica", i Issue: ou a o O i io , o 26, o ( 8 , . 0 . 2 2 M. Mam a i, W e ic ims ecome Ki e s: Co o ia i a i ism a e Ge oci e i wa a . 2 4 240 2 u ey a May use a i i y o i ica e e c ose ess o e wo e ic ca ego ies, e u si a i a .
8 I is e i e e e o e om e ge e a i e a u e o i e e io i A ica a om s eci ic case s u ies a i e e io s a e mu i e causes. e mo i a io s a e simi a , oug e mos commo , acco i g o a e sc o a s, is a ea e s wis o e su e a ey emai i owe . O e mo i es, w ic a e o i e i g e e a ce i a ious cases a e egemo ic am i io s, i e e io s a a e aime a c ea i g i eo ogica s e es o i ue ce, a si ua io s w e e success u e o u io a y ea e s a e o e o e o e s i ei s ugg es o o e ow au o i a ia egimes. I e e sec io , e i e a u e o Uga a s i e e io s is iscusse wi a iew o e ami i g w a ac o s a mo i a io s a e a i u e o Uga a s i e e io s i e egio .
.4 UGA A S I E E IO IS O EIG O ICY E IEWE
Se e a sc o a s a e o uce a su s a ia amou o i e a u e o Uga a s i e e io s i e G egio . e e a e i ume a e ou a a ic es, co e e ceTown ocee i g a e s, me ia a ic es a e o s, as we as e i e a u e i e ooks a a e ocuse o e su ec o Uga a s i e e io s. I s i e e io s a e ee c i icise i e me ia a y o ga i a io s, o i e a io a a o go e me a , w ic a eCape o uce e o mous esea c . e as ec s o Uga a s o eig e a iou a as ecei e of e wi es co e age a e ee i s i e e io s i e C, o owe y wa a a as y u u i.
Sig i ica wo k oca e o wi i e ea is a e i e a amewo k as a i u e Uga a s i e e io s o eco omic a a io a secu i y i e es s. Uga a s i e e io i e C, o e am e, as ee esc i e as "a se se ess wa ", o "Muse e i s ie am". Suc ega i e e ce io sUniversity o Uga a s i e e io s a e e a e , a i is i icu , i o im ossi e o i s u ies a o ay Uga a s mi i a y i e e io s i a y e e ig . e e is i e a u e a ocuses o e eco omic i e es s o e cou y, acke y s a is ica igu es o ow muc i come Uga a gai e om e a e su seque o ecause o i s i e e io s. o o e s o is iew a gue a Uga a i e e e o eco omic easo s. ey u e a gue a ,
2 4 . Ci ie s, a M. Ma a " eace Kee i g i e emoc a ic e u ic o e Co go: MO UC a e oa o eace, ISS mo og a se ies, o 66, Oc o e 200 . Ki asom a, "A ai i g S a e: e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, . 2 4 2 . e s a G. Mi s, " e u u e o A ica: A ew O e i ig , A e i a e 6 (200 A. Mu a u, " ow o make Se se o e E e s aki g ace i e G ea akes egio , . 8 8 Y. a o , "G o a isa io a e G ea akes egio a C isis, i Ma a , I. (e , e ec io s o e C isis i e o Co go, ( a a e: SAWS us , , . e s , "Se e e mi a io a e u u e o e A ica S a e", i Si i o o ous, E. (e , A Co i e A a ? Koso o, A ica a uma i a ia I e e io , o a es u g: SAI A, 200 , . 2 0.
82 wi ou suc a e a co si e i g a Uga a i o a e e mi e a esou ces o a e ea e e amou a acc ue om mi e a a e u i g a a e e i e e io e io , Uga a wou o a e e e o e a e e e i i . e mos omi e o suc i e a u e a e e o s a a yses o e Uga a geo eco omic a omes ic o i ics a , e a gues, we e ce a o ei i e e io s. Simi a y, e U a e o E e s e o o 200 a i s A e um o 2002 o ay Uga a s i e e io i e C as eco omica y mo i a e o e, owe e , a i may o ecessa i y e ue. ee a gues, o i s a ce, a a e e was a o e a c i g e o om e 0 s o wa s o e e o , w ic o ce A ica s a es i o mu i e egio a a e o ga isa io s. Uga a oo oi e a e egio a a e o ga isa io s, e ce w e e e geog a ic imi a io s cou o e o e come "
I e e io s a we e co uc e o cou e ea s o a io a secu i y, w ic e go e me a a ce as e e omi a mo i e o i e e i g i i s eig ou i g s a es, a e ecei e e ea ies c i icism om sc o a s. ew sc o a s a e a gue i Town a ou o iewi g Uga a s i e e io s as mo i a e y i s s a egic a e e ce co si e a io s. " I ac , is e s ec i e as ee wi e y co es e . I a ea s om some sc o a s e a es a ey ca o com e e w y e Uga a go e me e ec e a eig ou i gCape s a e ike e C, w ose go e me a esse ia y co a se , o secu e i s o e sof w e i was e i e a i i o a e e ca aci y o o so. u e mo e, i was c ea a e e Uga a i se a ie a ai e " O e s a e c i ica o w y Uga a a c ose o i e e e i e C a e a i Su a , w ic as a a eco o a o e o icy o c ea i g i su ge cy i Uga a si ce e i ce io o e M egime i 86.299 Some sc o a s we e co ce e wi e e o e e a io o e Uga a
2 W. e o, "Uga a s o i icsUniversity o Wa a e e ie " i e iew o I e a io a o i ica Eco omy, o , o (2002 , . 4 .4 W. e o, "S ea i g ike a a i , S ea i g ike a S a e, a e ese e o e e a me o o i ica Scie ce Make e e U i e si y, 4 A i (2000 W. e o, "Mi es, Mo ey a e o em o S a e ui i g i Co go, i Issue: A ou a o O i io . o 26, o ( 8 , . 4 U a e o E e s yo : 200 oge e wi i s a e um o 2002 a . M, G ig o a E. . Kisa ga i, e emoc a ic e u ic o Co Eco omic ime sio s o Wa a eace, (I e a io a eace Aca emy Occasio a a e Se ies, 2006 , a e su seque U G ou o E e s I e im e o o e emoc a ic e u ic o e Co go, u sua o Secu i y Cou ci eso u io 6 8 (2006). 2 6 See M. ee, e o i ica Eco omy o egio a ism i Sou e A ica, ( o o : y e ie e , 200 . 2 28. 2 2 E. E a im, "Semi a iscussio s" i Ka ima, . a C Ka em a, (e s , W i e egio a eace a Secu i y? e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go a e e Wa , (A ica I s i u e o Sou A ica: e o ia, 2000 , . 46 48 a G. C ea e , a S. Massey., " C: A ica Sc am e o A ica, . . 2 C. Ka em a, " e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go: e Ques o Sus ai a e eace, i Ka ima, . a C Ka em e, (e s , W i e egio a eace a Secu i y? e C a e e Wa , ( e o ia A ica I s i u e o Sou A ica, 2000 , . 2 0 a I. Ma a a, "W y Wam a ia Wam a s ou e ea . , i Ma ca [, I. (e , e ec io s o e C isis i e C, ( a a e: SA ES SA K S Se ies, 2000 , . 2 24. 2 FL Campbell, "Democratization, Citizenship and Peace in the Congo, in Mwesiga, B. (ed), e C isis i e
83 U i o e C, a s eci ica y wi ow i co o e a si ea e amou o e Eas e Co go a a icu a y e mi e a ic a eas. ©° Mos i e es i g y, o e s a gue a Uga a " ea e w a i sowe " i i s e o a io o e o u io s (e i e om i s e i g o e e o u io a ies i wa a a E i ea : e e e cussio s o oi g so o ou y a ec e Uga a oo, ecause o e s a es w ose i su ge s a ee e e y Uga a eci oca e y a so s o so i g Uga a s i su ge g ou s?"
a ious au o s e e o e secu i y co ce s a we e use y Uga a o us i y i s i e e io s. o e am e, Ki asom a, o go o a a a, Gi ye a i cywa a Mam a i a a gue e y succi c y a Uga a s i e e io we e i ee mo i a e y some secu i y co ce s, e a i g mai y o e C s ack o ca a i i y o eu a ise issi e s o e e s." Sa i 0 com a es Uga a s secu i y i emma o a o Is ae . As is e case i Is ae , e ac a Uga a as a ge eig ou s s ou e iewe as secu i y u e a i i y. Sa i i em asises ow e e e s a e e oi e e o ous a u e o Uga a s o e sTown o ease ei mo eme s ack a o a o use e o e a eas as au c a s o mi i a y ac io . e e ume a es e e e g ou s a a acke Uga a usi g e C, u oes o i c u e ose a use wa a a u u i as o e a io a g ou s. C i iques o Cape e o o e s o e secu i y a gume o ay Uga a as a im e ia is s a e a a of a e a sio is o icy o co o i g e e i e egio usi g e ic a i i ies suc as e ima u si a io a ism o ui a em i e o Uga a s ea e s?
University
e u ic Democratic Congo ( a a e: SA ES US , . 24. 3°3 Y. a gu a, "Comme s o egio a Secu i y a e Wa i Co go", i Mwesiga, . (e , The Crisis in the Democratic Republic o Co ( a a e: SA ES US , . 0 . 3°1 I oom a K. asse oo , "Ko y s message: A ew Koi e? e A i o e Uga a, i African Aff r o 8, o 0 ( , . 6. 301 . Ki asom a, "A ai i g S a e: e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, . 2 8 G. o go a a a a, " e C isis i e G ea akes egio , i M. W. Makgo a, (e , A ica e aissa ce: e ew S ugg e, (Ca e ow : a e e g, , . 2 A. A. . Gi gye a,"Uga a a Mi i a y I e e io i e G ea akes egio : e ec io s o wo is o ica o es Si ce , i K. Mukwaya (e , Uga a i i g e o i ica ige . Secu i y a e Wa s i e G ea akes egio , (Make = U i e si y i e y: Kam a a, 2004 , . 62. 3°3 Sa i i Mu e gesa, e a U o ice , sig a e e o e ia secu i y a eas o co ce . See M. Sa i i, "S a egic ime sio s o e a io a Secu i y o Uga a: A a ia Age a o esea c , a u u is e a e ese e o e U semi a o e Age a o eace ( 6 . 3°• W. Mako e o, " ackg ou o e Co ic a I s a i i y i e A ica G ea akes egio ", i Ka i . a Ka em a, C. (e s , W i e egio a eace a Secu i y e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go a e e Wa , ( e o ia: A ica I s i u e o Sou A ica, 2000 , . .
84 A huge amount of literature attributes interventions to the West's' failure to intervene in conflicts at the critical time, and to its failure to support the UNSC in its bid to stop the conflicts. The Western power that has received more than a fair share of the blame has been the US. Its reluctance to engage directly in the conflicts as well as its half-hearted contributions to the UNSC has been attributed to its experience in Somalia but mainly, to its change in policy, shifting responsibility to the African states to find solutions to their problems."' The US Disengagement Policy and its development of the African Crisis Response Initiative have been projected as a shifting of responsibility to Africa?' France has followed closely behind the US in being apportioned blame, particularly with regard to what happened in Rwanda. An example of this is Linda Melvem's critique of France's decision to provide political and military support when it was sure something bad was happening in Rwanda.' Furthermore France's decision to delink from Africa is evidence of the change in France's foreign policy and, as Mitterrand is quoted to have said, "the time has come for Africans themselves to resolve their conflicts and organize their own security". This attitude from Mitterrand wasTown a result of the realization that French intervention simply aggravated the conflicts in the GLR and had come under continuous attack from the international community for its role in the conflict in the region. In a quote that ridicules the French in their role in catalyzing conflictCape in the GLR, Prunier is quoted as follows, "France's role is like that of a person giving ofa bottle of brandy to an alcoholic. The drink does not cause the man's death but it contributes"?'
The West is also blamed for several specific reasons: Firstly, it is blamed for having supported the authoritarian regimes that abuse the rights of their citizens and engage in kleptocratic behaviour, which provided the ingredients for insurgency and violent conflict that set in motion spirals of conflict in UniversityAfrica. Secondly, the West's role in supplying military equipment to these African governments are blamed for leading to an escalation of warfare and violence, and subsequently to the increase in interventionist wars?' Supplying small arms and light weapons to
0 e e m e Wes e e s o e a ue s a es o e wo , suc as e US, i ai a Eu o ea s a es. 3 A. Wa is, Si e Accom ice: e U o S o y o a ce s o e i e wa a Ge oci e, . 204. 3° . ase , a . e s , °U i e S a es o Ame ica I es me i Secu i y O e a io s i A ica" i Mo iso , S., Cooke, . a C ocke , C. (e s , A ica o icy i e C i o Yea s: C i ica C oices o e us A mi is a io , (Was i g o .C: Ce e o S a egic a I e a io a S u ies, 200 , . 2 a . o c i , e Im ac . o US ise gageme o A ica I as a e Co ic eso u io , i a eso , . a o c i , . (e s , A ica i Wo o i ics: e A ica S a e Sys em i u (Co o a o: Wes iew ess, 2000 , . 60 8 . 308 Me em, Co s i acy o Mu e . e wa a Ge oci e, ( o o : e so, 2004 . 4 A Wa is, Si e Accom ice: e U o S o y o a ce s o e i e wa a Ge oci e, . 206. 0 M. i a, A eo e e aye : e o e o e Wes i wa a s Ge oci e, . 0 . U ey, " o o o ess u o o e e . e c Mi i a y o icy i A ica, i I e a io a A ai s, o 8, o (2002 , . 2 46 I Wi so
8 the region has had a profound and damaging impact on the region's security. The key scholars on this issue are Alusala and Thusi, Hartung and Mott, Hartung and Montage, Hartung, Berman and Batchelor. All of them have concluded that the insecurity in the region is the result of an indirect reciprocal relationship between Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)."1
The third issue for which the West has been blamed is its direct or at times indirect influence on the UN, at the decision making and implementation level of its peace enforcement and peacekeeping activities. The most prominent of this literature of blame has looked at the UN role in Rwanda. Barnett and Miskel312 have demonstrated how the UNSC's habit of dragging its feet, being indecisive and getting the wrong information has resulted in the genocide in Rwanda. It can further be construed from their works that many other conflicts have received similar treatment, and that they have thus escalated and claimed lives that would otherwise have been saved, if the UN had acted promptly. Town Others scholars have pointed out that the US has long condoned and even encouraged Uganda's interventionist behaviour, by providing massive transfers of military hardware and even training of its officers!' In this respect, these scholars argue,Cape Uganda was being built as a new regional of
" e o em wi o eig Mi i a y Sa es ei e io , i Wo A ai s, o 64, o (200 , . 26 4 a . U i , Ai i g io e ce: e e e o me E e ise i wa a, (Wes o Kuma ia ess, 8 , a wo s o e ow e i s i u io s suc as e Wo o icy esea c Ce e (US , e I e a io a I s i u e o S a egic S u ies (UK , I s i u e o Secu i y S u ies (Sou A ica , e Sma A ms Su ey (Ge e a , a e A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies (ACSS a e o i e s a is ica a a o ese wea o s a a ms a s e s a a e a y es o si e o e co ic s i A ica s s eci ic egio s. . A usa a a . usi, °A S e owa s eace: isa mame i A ica, i ISS Mo og a , o 8, e ua y (2004 W. a u g a .University Moi , " ea y egacy: US A ms o A ica a e Co go Wa , i Wo I s i u e: A ms Co o e o s, (2000 , : wwwwo o icy.o g o ec s a s e o s co go. m, accesse 2 A i 200 W. a u g a . Mo ague, " ea y egacy: US A ms a ai i g og ams i A ica, A ms a e esou ce Ce e, (Wo o icy I s i u e, 22 Ma c 200 , : wo o icy.o g a msi (wai a e0 220 . im, accesse o 22 u e 200 . a c e o , e Secu i y C a e ge o SA W o i e a io i A ica: Im ica io s o A ica Secu i y, a e ese e o a Kam a a o ica Semi a : A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies, (2004 , a E. e ma , " e Sma A s a e i A ica A O e iew, a e ese e a e A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies o ica Semi a o " e Secu i y C a e ge o Sma A ms a ig Wea o s o i e a io i A ica, e i Uga a Kam a a, 4 Oc o e (2004 312 M. a e a . Miske , "A e We ea i g e ig esso s om A ica s uma i a ia C ises?" i a a Wa Co ege e iew o 2 o. ( 6 4 313 I. Ski e Co go C isis: A e ay o e Mi e Eas ?" i Ma a a, I. (a , emoc a ic e ec io s o e C isis i o Co go , SA I S Se ies ( , . 6 . Caso i a a . Ca e o, " e A ica G ea akes e yea s o su e i g, es uc io a ea " i C is ia isme i us icia, oge e ui a , 080 0 a ce o a (S ai a : wwwies i a com es i a I i ie . , accesse o 2 u e 2004 W. a u g a . Moi , " ea y egacy: US A ms o A ica a e Co go Wa " a W. a u g a . Mo ague, " ea y egacy: US A ms a ai i g og ams i A ica, i A ms a e esou ce Ce e, a M. O away, "A ica" i o eig o icy ( , . 24 a M. O away, " os Im e ia A ica a Wa , i Cu e is o y (May, . 202
86 mini-power by the US to champion the Africa Force. The main reason why the US chose Uganda was the nature of leadership of Museveni and because the US felt it could depend on Uganda as a 'mini power' for geopolitical and ideological considerations?" The refusal of the US to condemn Uganda's abuse of human rights as well as its undemocratic regime on the pretext that Museveni was one of the models of the new kind of leadership that was needed in Africa was a fundamental flaw in US foreign policy."' These scholars attribute the refusal of the US to reprimand Uganda to Uganda's Cold War geo-strategic importance as a US base for keeping a close eye on Sudan?' Shivji thus argues that the US would not let go of Africa and would want to make sure that Africa does not subscribe to the "enemy" values propagated by Sudan."'
The failure of the UN to act gave the African states a reason to intervene, and influenced the timing of their interventions. For example, Ogenga-Otunu argues that the timing of Uganda's intervention in the DRC (in fact, the same argument couldTown apply to all the subsequent interventions, even the recent case of Somalia) was the failure of the international community to prevent the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. This failure to act undermined the credibility of the international community, and thus it suffered aCape profound deficit of legitimacy and moral authority. This gave Uganda the opportunityof to intervene before the international guilt could erode."'
The analyses of Mamdani, Chretien, Clark, Ogenga-Otunu and Afoaku with regard to the intervention process and its consequences also provided an analytical perspective that is critical to foreign policy analysis. They have argued that the timings of the interventions, the nature of the decisions madeUniversity and the prevailing circumstances were instrumental to Uganda's interventions. Uganda could have avoided the interventions but, given the nature of geo-politics and regional ethnic violence in the GLR, it had little choice because it is inextricably tied to all
20 .
4 M. O away , A ica s ew ea e s: emoc acy o S a e eco s uc io ? (Was i g o : Ca egie E owme o I e a io a eace, . 315 I i . 6 . CIA, "Muse e i s A e u e i e Co go Wa Uga a s ie am?, . 4 6 a . o gma , " e Com e easo s o wa a s E gageme i Co go, . 2 44. I. S i i, " e Co go C isis: A e ay o e Mi e Eas , . 66 a . S ea e , "A ica s G ea Wa " i Su i a , o 4 , o 2 ( , . 00. o. Oge ga, °Uga a as a egio a Ac o i e a ia Wa , . 6 .
87 the other states by virtue of sharing ethnicities across borders. The only limitation with this argument is that other states in the region, like Tanzania and Kenya, also share ethnicities with their neighbours, but even though these neighbours have conflicts and are anarchic with violent ethnic outbreaks, yet they refrain from intervening militarily.
Reviews of the literature discussed above show that there is still a need to study the motives of Uganda's interventionist foreign policy, because the existing studies have mainly focused on the case of the DRC because this was the main 'military intervention'. Other studies that focus on Uganda's role in Rwanda have dealt with the intervention in light of its historical relationship with that country. Here Prunier, Gourveitch, Melvem, Wallis and Mamdani are the exception. An intervention that has not been discussed adequately is the Burundi intervention: it is not clear why, but two specific arguments can be made here. Firstly, the Burundi case has not received much attention because Uganda did not intervene militarily, and secondly, because the events in Burundi ran parallel to the violent and highly publicized DRC andTown Rwandan cases, Bunmdi was easily ignored.
Literature on decision making in foreign policy is variedCape and covers decision making mainly in the US and Britain, particularly because their offoreign policy documents tend to be declassified, which simplifies research. As Preston and De Rouen have demonstrated, it is thus easy to conduct research into the actual decision making processes.' In Africa, however, where the leaders, or elites, play a central role in foreign policy decision making, it is hard to obtain information that reveal the leaders' motivations. This is because, as many studies have established, leaders in Africa are at the centre of decision making in foreign policy, albeit not as heads of governmentsUniversity but most often by making these decisions at an individual level or with the help of their elite groups or family members in a very confidential way. This information is often not recorded nor declassified making it impossible to access accurate information.
e a i i y o sc o a s o e e o ecisio maki g e e s i e US as ee a y emo s a e y . es o , e esi e a is I e Ci c e: ea e s i S y e a e A iso y ocess i o eig A ai s ( ew Yo k Co um ia U i e si y ess, 200 a K e oue , , " e ecisio o o Use o ce a ie ie u A o i eu is ic e s ec i e, i Mi g, A.(e , I eg a i g Cog i i e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g. ( ew Yo k: a g a e Macmi a , 200 , . 28.
88 3.5 CONCLUSION
In the chapter, it has been found that a significant amount of literature concentrates on African interventions at different levels, namely at domestic, inter-state, regional and international level. There is a consensus that African interventions are motivated by national security interests, as well as by economic, hegemonic, ideological and geo-political considerations. However, the personal interests of leaders and their bid to legitimise themselves and secure their regimes are critical to understanding African interventionist foreign policies. While some scholars attribute the increased African interventions in other states to the incapability of the UN, the international community and the reluctance of powers like France and Britain to continue engaging in African conflicts, others posit that it is the nature of conflicts and nature of political structures in the region that have made intervention inevitable. Other scholars for example posits that domestic weaknesses greatly influence the nature of foreign policies that states adopt. It is evident from these views that African interventions need to be analysed becauseTown African states are increasingly intervening in others. Uganda is good case to study considering that it has emerged as a significant actor in regional politics. From the literature, it was evident that Uganda's multiple interventions in the GLR have been under theorizedCape and the focus has been mainly on intervention in one state. While Uganda's securityof concerns have been underestimated and often dismissed as negligible, emphasis has been put on "you reap what you sow" or the "sorcerers's apprentices" type of explanation of the repercussions of conflict. There is need to examine the best theory that explains the motivation of Uganda's interventions in the G in the period 6 o 2006.
In this study, Uganda'sUniversity interventions in its Burundi, Rwanda and the C are analysed. Based on fieldwork and on site visits to the conflict zones, the study examines the multiple interventions and their uniqueness. The study takes cognizance of the fact that a single framework approach cannot provide a comprehensive view of Uganda's interventionist foreign policy and that therefore an eclectic approach is required. Originally, I felt that a single framework approach would be sufficient and I focused on the Security Dilemma framework, but the findings from both the fieldwork and desktop research revealed that much as the Security Dilemma is the most parsimonious theory to explain Uganda's interventionist foreign policy, there are aspects of interventions that it could not account for. This necessitated the application of other theoretical considerations to be able to have a comprehensive view of Uganda's interventionist foreign policy as a whole.
8 If the International Relations theories on intervention are compared with the Africanist Interventionist perspectives, it is evident that there is a common strand that runs along the two bodies of literature. Some central tenets of specific International Relations theories are implicit in the Africanist literature. The specific theory's depth of analysis of events surrounding an intervention is what varies. If critically analyzed, the tenets of Constructivism espouse the "Crisis in Citizenship" that Mahmood Mamdani advances. Furley and May who position interventions in the economic war analysis highlight the Utilitarian Liberal position. Similarly their Realist explanation of interventions as being motivated particularly by the "spill over" effect and the "regime change" further strengthen the Security Dilemma theory that has been used in explaining ethnic conflicts and inter-state conflicts else where other than Africa. The study uses the Security Dilemma theory as an alternative interpretation of Africa's interventionist foreign behaviour. Poliheurism is akin to Clark's perspective on foreign policy decision-making process and as earlier noted in Africa, this theory of foreign policy decision-making processes is not yet fully developed. It is against this background that the studyTown seeks to examine the most parsimonious theory that can be used to explain Uganda's interventionist foreign policy in the following chapters. Cape In the next chapter, Uganda's security frameworkof is contextualised. It covers aspects of Uganda's security structure as it evolved in the different political regimes. The empirical chapters that follow draw on the four theories i.e. Constructivism, Poliheurism, the Utilitarian Liberal perspective and the Security Dilemma to examine Uganda's interventionist foreign policy in the G . University
0 CHAPTER FOUR BACKGROUND: CONTEXTUALISING UGANDA'S SECURITY FRAMEWORK
4.0 Introduction
In this chapter, a brief history of Uganda's political development is presented. It also discusses Uganda's regional and international relations and demonstrates Uganda's geo-political importance in the region. The chapter also discusses the security structural framework, highlighting the defence structure, decision-making procedures and the financing of this structure. In the last section Uganda's regional and international interests as well as its threats are discussed, showing how these influence Uganda's foreign policy. Town The purpose of the chapter is to discuss how Uganda's political, regional and international relations in specific historical periods have fed into the foreign policy decision-making process, that eventually provides a favourable background toCape understanding Uganda's security challenges in the region. Uganda's regional vulnerability will become clear and provide grounding for the subsequent discussion of Uganda's interventionsof in its neighbouring states of Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC. The central argument of this chapter is that Uganda's political development and strategic location, and its leaders' perception of its role in the geo-politics of the region, have made it vulnerable and influenced the nature of its foreign policy.
4.1 A Brief HistoryUniversity of Colonial Uganda Uganda, it has been widely argued, was reluctantly occupied by the British, largely because it lacked any obvious material advantage. Like many other regions, it was perceived as a white man's burden.' Uganda was occupied because of its strategic location in what became the British sphere of influence. Britain had colonized India because of its potential economic value. If India's economic value was to be exploited, the British had to occupy and control the Suez Canal in Egypt, which was a strategic part of the sea-route from Britain to India. To be able to control Egypt, it was important to occupy Sudan through which the Nile passes, and Uganda where the source of the Nile is. Uganda's landlocked position made it necessary for the British to
20 S. Ka ugi e, oo s o I s a i i y. (Kam a a ou ai u is e s, 88 , . a . o i so , . Ga ag e a A. e y, A ica a e ic o ia s: e O icia Mi o Im e ia ism (2 E ( o o : Macmi a , 8 .
occupy Kenya too, so that the British had access to the sea. This strategic location of Uganda was to generate other territorial problems for it in the subsequent years (see Map 1). British imperial policy thus regarded Uganda's occupation as a means to an end: it provided strategic advantage for Britain's long-term economic interests in the region.
Uganda became a British colony in 8 4 and Britain signed several agreements with various kingdoms to consolidate its power, the main ones being Buganda, Bunyoro, Toro and Busoga. Under colonial rule, the main administration was predominantly of British origin, while the Ugandans were employed as clerks and in other subordinate positions. Following the earlier resistance to colonial rule by some kingdoms, the British had established the indirect rule' system, where Africans were responsible for the immediate administration of the territory as clerks, chiefs and heads of regions, while the British oversaw their activities and supervised them. The indirect rule system had its own limitation, however, because in areas where British rule was resisted, they deployed administrators who were `Baganda', whichTown was an ethnic group that collaborated with Britain in its extension of British colonial rule to other regions in Uganda. This led to ethnic misunderstanding between the Baganda and the ethnic groups where they were deployed as administrators, clerks and regional leaders,Cape e.g. among the Bunyoro, Bugisu, Busoga. The Nyangire Abaganda rebellion was thus aimedof at the Baganda leaders who were perceived as sub-imperialists. This set the precedent for the subsequent ethnic clashes between the Baganda and other ethnic groups, particularly those that resisted them. The ethnic divisions subsequently influenced the nature of the political struggle for independence. Political parties that were formed to demand independence came to be organised along ethnic lines. While the Baganda manned the administrative sector of the colonial administration, the British employed men from the Northern region'University to manage the security sector as policemen and soldiers. It is from this
321 I i ec u e was e i is co o ia me o o a mi is e i g i s co o ies y usi g e e is i g o i ica au o i ies o go e ei as A ica em i e. e a io a e o i i ec u e was o o o e au e i ige ous sys em u o co i ue wi i , so a eo e wou com y wi ew o icies a e a a i g o e coe ce . A e ai e e ami a io o i i ec u e is o e y M. C ow e , "I i ec u e e c i is S y e" i A ica ou a o e I e a io a A ica I s i u e, o I o ( 4 , 8 322 uga a co a o a e u i g co o ia i usio a ga e i e esis a ce o co o ia e e a io . ey a ee use i e su seque esis a ce wa s i e o e a s o Uga a u i g e co o ia ocess. 323 e e ic g ou s om o e Uga a we e em oye i e o ice, i e a my a as secu i y gua s a ig a a io s, i e i us ia ow s e c. e g ou s i c u e e Kakwa, Ac o i, a gis, I eso, a some Ka amo o gs. om e o se , e co o ia is s ea e em as e ma ia g ou s, w ic e g ou s ook e y se ious y. om e o wa s, ey e ie e e secu i y sec o was ei e c usi e ese e. e seco , i , i a si esi e s o Uga a i ac came om ese o e a eas.
2 time forward that the Northerners' regarded themselves as managers of the security sector and transformed themselves into a military ethnocracy.3 2
The first political party in Uganda, the Uganda National Congress (UNC), was formed in 1952 by Ignatius Musazi. The patty demanded independence from the British. Like the Indian National Congress (INC) and the African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa, the UNC pointed out that independence in Uganda was the only way to national development. Considering that it was at a time when other African states were also experiencing a growth of nationalism, the UNC drew its inspiration from and designed demands similar to those of political parties in other African states. It preferred to use non-violent resistance, like the NC, but this was met with stiff resistance from the British. The party nonetheless appealed to many Ugandans because it was all-inclusive and non-ethnic based!'
The UNC was undermined from within with the support of the TownBritish, because it had drawn some logistical support from the East (China and the Soviet Union).' The members who dissociated themselves from it formed other political parties, for example, the Progressive Party (PP) in 1955, the Democratic Party (DP) in 1956, andCape the Uganda National Movement (UNM) in 1958. Just before independence, Uganda hadof seven political parties. Theirpolitical manifestos were not that different from each other, but all were demanding political power. Alliances and counter alliances were formed amongst some of them, while others became defunct due to limited membership and lack of proper organization. By the time the British granted Uganda independence, there were three dominant political parties: the Uganda People's Congress (UPC), the DP and Kabaka Yekka (KY). University The dominant position of Buganda within Uganda's politics was crucial and for independence to be meaningful, it' had to be at the helm of political leadership. It had three main advantages. Firstly, its ethnic category had had an upper hand in the political administration of many parts of Uganda, so they were more experienced in administration and management of affairs of the
324 " o e e s" is e co oquia e m o e e i g o e eo e w o come om o e Uga a. 323 A. Ma ui., So ie s a Ki sme Uga a: e Maki g o a Mi i a y E oc acy , ( o o : Sage u ica io s, . 326 See . Co i ., A Essay o o i ics i Ac o i, Uga a 62 6 , ( ai o i: Eas A ica u is i g ouse, 6 , . . 322 . Mu i a, " e o e o So ie oc Cou ies i e o i ica , Eco omic a Se ia e e o me o Uga a, 4 0", . . esis, i ce o U i e si y ( . . 323 uga a s omi a osi io was e cei e y ma y as su im e ia ism.
93 state. Secondly, the British had trusted them more than other ethnic groups and so felt more comfortable relinquishing their power to them. Thirdly, the colonial administrative capital Entebbe' was in Buganda, which would reduce the costs of infrastructural development; after all, it was adjacent to Kampala, another administrative town.' The implication of these political and geographic advantages of Buganda led to its demand for political positions to head the newly created Republic of Uganda. The first leader of the first postcolonial government came from Buganda while the security sector remained controlled by the so-called "Northerners".
Postcolonial Uganda
The first leader President Sr Edward Mutesa (former president of KY) was a Muganda Kabaka (king) of Buganda. The Prime Minister Milton Obote came from Lango."' The army commander Shaban Opolot was from Teso332 and the deputy army commander Idi Amin also from the (presumed) martial northern tribe of Kaluva.333 With theTown new political structure, the independent state of Uganda started the task of rebuilding itself. The president was perceived by many as an honorary president, and therefore power lay in the hands of the executive Prime Minister. The new administration had inherited severalCape problems from the colonial government, the most outstanding of which were the conflictsof between particular ethnic groups and the ir overlords, the Baganda, who had been preferentially treated by the British during indirect rule.'
The ethnic groups administered by the Baganda on behalf of the British rebelled against them; some wanted to secede while others wanted to be removed from the kingdom of Buganda, where they had been put coopted into the colonial restructuring. One ethnic group that was vehemently opposedUniversity to Baganda control was Bunyoro. The Banyoro insisted they neither wanted the Baganda to rule nor administer their region. This forced the Prime Minister to call for a referendum on the Bunyoro matter. When a referendum was held in 64 to decide where the
329 E e e was e i s a mi is a i e ow ecause o i s s a egic oca io . I is oca e o ake ic o ia, w ic aci i a e a e a e se o commu ica io . Cu e y Uga a s o y i e a io a ai o is a E e e, a i se es e U SC o e a io s i wa a a e C. 330 Kam a a as ee e ca i a o Uga a si ce 62. a go is a o o e Uga a w e e e co e e so e o e secu i y sec o o e cou y came om. 2 eso is i e Eas o Uga a u is o e oa y i c u e i e o ca ego y, ecause i oo a ee a ec ui me ce e o e secu i y sec o a was e omi a y " o e e " ase . i Ami a a ou u a e age a so i was a o e w e e e was a Kakwa o A ya ya. ese e ic g ou s a e ei commu i ies o o si es o e o e , es ec i e y o e o e si e o Uga a a o e sou e si e o Su a . 4 . Mu oo a, e igio , E ici y a o i ics i U & (Kam a a ou ai u is e s, , . 2.
4 Banyoro wanted to belong, they voted overwhelming to be part of Bunyoro and not Buganda, to which the British had previously allocated them. This sparked off civil disobedience in other areas. The fact that the Prime Minister was covertly involved in these demands for autonomy led to a constitutional crisis. The President was opposed to the referendum, arguably because his kingdom was going to lose a big region from which it received revenue. The President did not expect a Prime Minister to act without his consent, and thus developed an indirect struggle for power between the two; this became popularly known as the 66 "Kabaka Crisis". The Prime Minister with the help of the deputy army commander Colonel Idi Amin (hereafter referred o as Amin o e ew the President, forcing him to flee to England."'
e Southerners perceived this coup as a shift of political power from the south to the north because political power now lay in the hands of President Obote who was a Northerner. The security sector continued to be manned by the Northerners. Since this crisis, politics has been perceived in ethnic terms, as presidents increased their hold onto powerTown using ethnic affiliations and immediate family relations.
Postcolonial Regional and International RelationsCape ( 62 0 of Uganda's drive to independence coincided with the demands of other GLR states for independence. The UN declaration that granted independence to Uganda in 60 seemed to create an advantage for the struggles and growth of nationalism in general. In Rwanda, the struggle for independence had resulted in a massive ethnic clash between the Tutsi and Hutu, which deteriorated into genocide in . The Batutsi took refuge in neighbouring states and Uganda become hostUniversity to many of them. In Burundi, a similar ethnic clash between the Batutsi and Bahutu occurred with many fleeing Burundi and some finding refuge in Uganda and Tanzania. The Ugandan government did not have any influence inside the borders of Burundi and Rwanda, though, and looked on helplessly while all the ethnic murders and expulsions took place.
o a e ai e accou o e owe s ugg e e wee e ime Mi is e a e esi e , see wa ga u yigo , ° e Co o ia oo s o I e a Co ic ", i u esi g e, K. (e , Co ic eso u io i Um& (Os o: I e a io a eace esea c I s i u e, 8 , . 24 4 . Mu i wa, Uga a si ce I e e e ce: A S o y o U u i e O ( o o : u s a Com a y, 2 G. Ka yei am a, Co s i u io a ism i Um& (Kam a a ou ai u is e s, 2002 .
In Zaire, the struggle for independence was extremely violent and because the Prime Minister Obote was sympathetic to their cause, he engineered support for then key nationalist, Christopher Gbenye in his struggle against the colonialists and Mobutu.' Uganda intervened to assist the hard-pressed Congolese against Mobutu's troops in 6 . Obote sent Amin to Aru where the Congolese revolutionaries had temporarily established their headquarters.' Amin was tasked to act as liaison between the Congolese and Uganda, and was also supposed to procure the necessary logistical requirements for the training of the rebels. Uganda did not only assist the Congolese with logistics, however, but it became involved in the trade in gold and ivory. It is recounted that Amin who had allegedly obtained ivory that he traded in at a customs post at Vurra, had also brought seven bars of gold into Uganda.' Congolese revolutionaries contested the purchase of vehicles and equipment by the Ugandan government and alleged that the money raised for their revolutionary movement was being banked in Uganda at different banks. This turned into a national scandal, and parliamentarians demanded that a full inquiry be held. Although the inquiry exonerated the Prime Minister, the so-calledTown "gold scandal" nevertheless continued to embarrass the presidency.
Obote's decision to choose the East as his ideologicalCape partner created differences between him and the British. He declared that all privateof enterprises be nationalized, and in his 'Common Man's Charter' and subsequent Nakivubo settlement declared that the country was pro-East and was going to adopt socialism.' The capitalist reaction to this ideological move was to secure those parts of East Africa, for example Kenya, which had not been influenced by socialism. Tanzania had already adopted socialism in their Arusha Declaration in 6 . The capitalist reaction in the GLR was similar to how it had responded in other parts of the world that had become socialist.' UniversityUganda had followed suit. In , in what Mamdani has termed an
336 K. I g am, O o e: A o i ica iog a y, ( o o : ou e ge , 4 , . 0 0 . 337 I i . 338 I i . 8 Commissio e o , 66, . . 4 See M. O o e, Mo e o e e : e Commo Ma s C a e , ( ocume o. E e e: Go e me i e , 0 M. O o e, e Commo Ma s C a e , (E e e: Go e me i e ., 86 a M. oom os, "C a gi g e s ec i es o Co ic a I eg a io i Uga a", i U oigwe, G. (e , Uga a: e i emma o a io oo . ( o o : ok u is e s I e a io a , 82 . 22. 341 ose s a es a a we e a ig e o e Eas we e o e a ge y e ca i a is owe s. e US, o e am e, usi g a ow i e si y co ic s a egy, wou s o so issi e s agai s e socia is ea e o e o e ow . Goo e am es o is a e e Sou a o Ko ea wa s o 0, e ie am wa a i ge e a e US o eig o icy owa s Cu a. o e ai s o US i e e io i socia is s a es, see . Sc ae e (e , I e e io i o e 0: US o eig o icy i e i Wo , ( o o : y e ie e , 2 , C a e s 6, , 2 .
6 imperialist coup, Obote was overthrown by Amin with the help of Britain and Israel?' Ir n lly, however, Amin's coming to power with pomp and ceremony was soon to end in years of immense abuse of human rights and violence towards the country's citizens.
Three significant issues emerge from the political development of Uganda in the first and second postcolonial governments. Firstly, political power shifted from the Southerners to the Northerners while the security sector remained an exclusive preserve of Northerners. This domination of power by the Northerners accounted for the political instability that followed: Firstly, the Northerners had to use force against the Southerners in order to manage them more easily. Doing so led to human rights abuses against anyone who was considered an opponent of the state. Secondly, independence struggles in neighbouring states had generated a mass exodus of refugees that were absorbed into Uganda, later to be integrated into the various structures of the state?' Lastly, Uganda's involvement in Zaire's politics, even though it was covert, marked a big shift in Uganda's foreign policy. Although these were notTown documented policies, it was implicit that a tendency was emerging in which foreign policy decision making had become exclusively the responsibility of the country's leaders?" Cape Uga a s Seco e u ic ( of
When Amin came to power after the coup, it is argued that Uganda had the best civil service in the whole of East Africa and that it would have developed even further had Amin not failed to manage the state. Amin's regime soon slipped into dictatorship, forcing many people to flee Uganda for fear of being killed. He set up a very strong military presence in his regime and ruled by decree, rather thanUniversity making decisions after consultation. Whereas Obote's administration may have had a foreign policy document that guided foreign affairs, the second republic had no proper foreign policy document that described avenues through which decisions were to be
341 M. Mam a i, Im e ia ism a ascism i Uga a, ( ai o i: ei ema , 86 . 343 Some o e a ya wa a e ugees ( u si oi e e mi i a y a ma e e i e ige ce o e Ge e a Se ice U i u i g e egime o O o e I, Ami s S a e esea c u eau a i e ge e a a my. O e s oi e e ci i se ice w i e o e s emai e as easa s i is ic s o e i g wa a. o a e ai e iscussio o ow e i e e e ce s ugg e i e egio i ue ce o i ics i Uga a, see M. Mam a i, W e ic ims ecome Ki e s: Co o ia ism a i ism Ge oci e i wa a ( i ce o : i ce o U i e si y ess, 200 , a icu a y C a e 6, a . Mu i wa Uga a si ce I e e e ce: A S o y o U u i e o , ( o o : u s a Com a y, 2 , 44 u i g e O o e a mi is a io , e go e me s assis a ce o G e ye o ai e was e e iscusse i a iame , a a em s y a iame a ia s o ema a e a a io om e esi e o e ma e we e com e e y ig o e .
taken. Amin's efforts to review the foreign affairs ministry were short lived, as his regime slipped into dictatorship."'
On the regional and international front, his foreign relations were unpredictable.' In one of his erratic moods, Amin declared that the banks of River Kagera belonged to Uganda and not Tanzania and promised to return them to Uganda He thus attacked Tanzania. Tanzania reciprocated by invading Uganda in 1978, and fighting Amin's regime until it was overthrown in April 1979. Tanzania harboured a large number of Ugandan dissidents who had unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Amin in 1972. In 1978, when Tanzania reacted against Amin's claim by countering his occupation of parts of Kagera, many of Uganda's dissidents joined the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF). The leader of these dissidents at the time was Milton Obote who had been overthrown by Amin in 1971. This invasion was the first in Africa to remove a president from office and set the precedent of how governments would be changed in Uganda and other parts of Africa."' Town
During his rule, it had been hoped that Amin would be pro-West to enhance the interests of the capitalists after all they had put him in power. It turnedCape out that he did not intend to be loyal to the capitalists nor socialists instead he arguedof that he borrowed from both ideologies and did what was good for Uganda Amin had a mixed foreign policy, ranging from dealing with the
Soviet Union (SU) 48 in increasing his military capability to being an accomplice in the Palestinian hijack of Israel nationals. Amin refused to collaborate with the Israelis to release the hostages, which led to an Israeli attack on Uganda in 6. 4 He provoked Kenya by insisting that part of Uganda's land had been taken by Kenya and that he would get it back. Kenya responded by threatening to stop Uganda'sUniversity export trade (particularly the transportation of fuel to Uganda).
345 Go e me o Uga a S a eme , Ac ie eme s o e Go e me o Uga a u i g e Seco e u ic, u a e . 346 . we gye, e Ago y o Uga a om I A i a, o O o e: A a a ysis o e 80 Co o e sia Ge e a E ec io a i s A e ma , ( o o : ege cy ess , 8 Y. Muse e i, W a is A ica s o em? (Kam a a: E I u ica io s, 2 a 0. O o go, A o i ica is o y o Uga a Yowe i Muse e i s e e e um 2000, ( o o : WICU u is i g ess , 2000 . 347 e ai e accou s o is i asio ca e ou i 0. a ey " a a ia s Mi i a y I e e io i Uga a", i u ey, 0. a May, , A ica I e e io is S a es, . 6 2 a . C e ie , e G ea akes o A ica: wo ousa Yea s o is o y, ( ew Yo k: o e ooks, 200 , . 2 2 8. Mg Acco i g o G. Oko Uga a sig e a ew ag eeme wi e So ie U io i Se em e 6 o e u c ase o a wi e a ge o mi i a y a wa e a some o g a ge mi i a y ai c a a commissio e wo ew squa o s o So ie su ie MIG a MIG 2 ig e a es. See G. Oko , "I e mi e e sio s i Uga a Ke ya e a io s: is o ica e s ec i es", i a sa ica ou a o is o y, o 2 ( 2 , . . 344 uga o i es a e ai e ega e ami a io o e us i ica io o Is ae s a acks o Uga a i 6. See . uga , I e a io a aw a Sou A ica e s ec i e ( a s ow , u a a Co , 200 , . 4.
98 This would severely affect Uganda, since Tanzania could not be an alternative route to use, because Ant had bad relations with Nyerere. He also made a claim of land extending towards Kagera that was Ugandan but that had been taken over by Tanzania. His military adventures in Tanzania soon ended his dream of proving that he was a regional power, though, and in 1979, a combined force of Ugandan rebels and the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) overthrew him. The Uganda army of the time was poorly trained and educated, particularly the non- commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.' Previously, they had been highly disciplined, although meagrely paid, but when Amin assumed power, the system broke down and there was indiscipline in the army. The army became involved in looting, stealing and terrorising the populace to give it money, watches etc. Besides providing security, the army had been used by Obote and Amin to ensure that they remained in power, to hold in check any potential or prevailing dissidents and to beat up the opposition if they posed a threat to the ruling regime."'
O o e II o i o Oke o u wa ( 80 8 Town
When Amin was overthrown in 1979, Uganda went through a phase of turmoil and instability. Within two years, there were four rulers. Professor CapeYK Lule ruled for a record sixty-eight days, backed by Tanzania. He was replaced by Presidentof Godfrey Binaisa, who ruled for eleven months, and was overthrown by the army commander, Oyite Ojok in May 1980. The military set up a Military Commission to rule Uganda, as it prepared for elections. These were held in December 80, on a multi-party basis, and Milton Obote became president for the second time. During this period, however, it was hard to speak of a functional government. The civil service had broken down, all the government departments were run down, and the countryside was characterized by insurgency:University in short, Uganda was a "failed state" . 323
The political parties that lost the election objected to Obote's UPC victory because they felt that the elections had been rigged. Some formed protest groups and others formed rebel groups.
5. Me , "A S a egic A oac o A ica Secu i y: C a e ges a os ec s", i A ica Secu i y e iew, o (2000 , : wwwiss.co. a u s AS o S a A i mk accesse 0 A i 2004. S. Aki ui a e, " emoc acy a Secu i y i A ica: owa s a amewo k o U e s a i g , i ou a o Co em o a y A ica S u ies, o , o 2 ( , .224 G. K a iaga a , "S a e Co a se a eco s uc io i Uga a", i a ma , I. (e , Co a se S a es: e isi eg a io a es o a io o egi ima e Au o i y, ( ou e : y e e e , , . . 2 . a ge a . Muga u., " owa eco s uc io " i a ge , a Muga u. , (e s os Co ic U ga a: owa s a Se ice, (Kam a a: ou ai u is e s, 6 8. See a so S. Ka ugi e, oo s o I s a i i y, . 2, a o a e i i io o a ai e s a e see . o , " es o i g o e ai e S a e: e ee o S a egy", i Sma A ms a I su ge cies, o 0, o ( , . 6 .
99 Following Obote's ousting in 1971, a rift had developed between the Northern region and the Southern region. When Obote came to power once more, he avenged his ousting by hunting down Amin's clansmen and the Southerners (particularly the Baganda) for having celebrated his downfall. These ethnic categories of the south (particularly the local leaders) were tortured and killed on grounds that they harboured anti-government forces. The ethnic groups in the south included the Banyankole, Batoro, Bakiga, Banyoro and Banyarwanda (Batutsi refugees).333 Throughout Obote's second period of rule, Uganda was plunged into serious guerrilla warfare. Obote was preoccupied with keeping himself in power and was not willing to negotiate with the dominant rebel group, the National Resistance Movement (NRM), which was headed by Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (a Munyakole) who used the South of Uganda as his operational base. In 8 , following a disagreement on how the rebel groups should be handled by the government soldiers and the persistent refusal to negotiate with the rebels who were exerting considerable military pressure on the government, forced the army commander (then Tito Okello Lutwa) to overthrow President Obote.354 Town
On assuming power, President Tito Okello engaged in dialogue and peace talks with the different rebel groups. The rebel groups included Capethe National Resistance Army (NRA), the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA),of Federal Democratic Movement of Uganda (FEDEMU), Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM), Uganda National Rescue Front (UNRF), and Former Ugandan National Aarmy (FUNA) with the aim of returned peace to Uganda In December 8 , during the peace talks held in Nairobi between the then rebel leaders and Tito Okello Lutwa's government, it was agreed that there would be a ceasefire and modes of power sharing, which would be agreed upon between the rebels groups and the government' However, in JanuaryUniversity of the next year, in contravention of the Nairobi peace agreement, the NRM fought and took power from Tito Okello on the 26 January 1986. It is to the NRM rule that this study now turns. The next section examines briefly how its leadership organised the security sector to ensure national, regional and international security.
From the foregoing historical account of Uganda's political development it is evident that it was characterised by ethnicized power struggles between the north and the south. The Northern and
353 e a ya wa a ( a u si e ugees a se e i Uga a o owi g e ge oci e. o a e ai e accou o e causes o e cou a w a e ea e s o e o ac ie e, see M. Mwagi u , "I e a co ic a e ocess o Me ia io : e 8 Uga a eace ocess", i Eas A ica ou a o eace a uma ig s, o 2 ( 6 , . 8 . 355 M. Mwagi u, °I e a co ic a e ocess o Me ia io : e 8 Uga a eace ocess", . 8 .
00 Southern dichotomy was applied to all sectors of the state, and the ethnic categorizations became even more pronounced. In addition, foreign affairs and foreign policy was exclusively the sphere of the leader and, in fact, other than the Amin regime, the rest of the regime's foreign affairs were not explicit as to what they were, what the state's priorities were or what exactly the leadership planned. Other than Amin having been helped by the Libyans in his war, and the Koreans being identified in Obote Ifs regime, the rest of the relations consisted only of the main formal relations with international financial institutions, the common bilateral relations characterised by exchanges of diplomats etc. The next section briefly discusses the NRM regime. Subsequent chapters will discuss Uganda's interventions in the GLR region.
e a io a esis a ce Mo eme go e me om 86
The NRM led by Museveni came to power in 86, following five years of protracted guerrilla warfare. The war had been fought by dissidents that were living in TownTanzania and other countries, peasants within Uganda and refugee forces, particularly the Banyarwanda Tutsi. The NRM inherited a state whose citizens were victims of guerrilla warfare, who lived in fear of the military and who suffered in abject poverty. The onset of theCape M regime catalyzed the already deep ethnic cleavage between the Northerners (leadersof from ethnic groups from northern Uganda who had held power prior to 86 and the Southerners (who had engaged the previous governments in guerrilla war and taken power from them). Ugandan political, social and economic sectors came to be controlled by the Southerners. The Northerners fought back to regain control and organised approximately six rebel groups, which fought to regain their lost power. The more the Northerners fought, the more marginalised they became, and the more dilapidated the regionUniversity became. Many people were displaced within the country and moved into camps where they hoped to be protected from the rebels. The plight of these people and the war zone in the north became a concern to many, including the international community. The whole situation in the north came to be termed the "Northern Question"?' The Northern Ques io has dominated Uganda's politics since 86.
356 e o e Ques io is a e m a was use o oa y esc i e e a u e o e owe s ugg e e wee e o a e Sou . o e a e o is o a omoge ous egio : e e a e i e e e ic g ou s wi i e o a a e i u e gage i i e e ic co ic s amo g eac o e e.g. e a gi a e Ac o i.
0 4.2 Uga a s Secu i y amewo k
Before President Museveni came to power in 1986, Uganda did not have a clear national security policy. The two governments preceding Museveni's government were engrossed in "regime security' and fighting rebel activity with limited time to design meaningful security policies. Like all other armies in Africa, the Ugandan army was fragmented, characterised by ethnic cleavages among its regular members, most of whom had had limited education.'
Uganda's security sector had been manned by the Northerners but with Museveni in power, the army was manned by several ethnic categories, although the dominance of the Southerners was evident. The first security policy embedded in the "Ten Point Program" set out to guard the territory and sovereignty of Uganda, as well as to promote good neighbourliness and regional cooperation in the GLR. In order to achieve these objectives, a new security framework was conceived with the creation of the National Resistance Army StatuteTown of 1992. The National Resistance Army was established as the army of the state. The statute stipulated very clearly the structure of the army and relegated decision making to the National Resistance Army Council (NRAC), ideally the High Command. The statute wasCape more concerned with the conduct of the officers and the men of the army, than howof it was to set out to guard the territory and sovereignty of Uganda. It could be argued that the emphasis on the structure of the army, its conduct and its decisions was more crucial at the time, because the government had no immediate security concerns in 1992 when the statute was passed. Although there were
University 357 egime secu i y is a co ce o owe om E. A a a C u g i Moo i ei " egi imacy, I eg a io a o icy Ca aci y: e So wa e Si e o i Wo a io a Secu i y", i E. A a a C u g i Moo (e s , a io a Secu i i e i Wo : e Ma . • eme o I e a a E e a ea s (A e s o : E wa E ga , 88 , . 02. ey use e e m o e e o ow e ea e s i o s a es y o egi imi e ei owe . M. Gasio owski ca s i " egime egi imacy", see M. Gasio owski, " egime egi imacy a a io a Secu i y: e Case o a a i I a ", i A a , E. a C u g i Moo (e s , National Security in the Third World: The Management o Internal and External Threats, (A e s o : E wa E ga , 88 , . 22 2 0. Simi a y i e G , . C a k uses egime secu i y as a co ce o e e o e way go e me s ame ei a io a i e es s. W e s a es i e e e i o e s, ey a gue a i is i e i e es o ei ow s a e, w e i ac ua ac ey o i o e su e a ey emai i owe . See . C a k, " ea ism, eo ea ism a A ica s I e a io a e a io s i e os Co Wa E a", i K. C, u a M. . S aw, Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory, . 4. 358 See A. Seege s o a a a ysis o e a u e o A ica a mies, i A. Seege s, " ime sio s o Mi i a i a io : Se a a i g e e o me , S a e s uc u es a e ise o e Mi i a y i Sou A ica", a e ese e o e Co e e ce o Eco omic e e o me a acia omi a io , U i e si y o Wes e Ca e, 8 0 Oao e ( 84 . M. Sa i i., "S a egic ime sio s o e a io a Secu i y o Uga a . A a ia Age a o esea c ", a u u is e a e ese e o e U semi a o e Age a o eace ( 6 o i es a goo ackg ou o Uga a s a my. See a so A. Oma a O u u, Politics and the Military i Uga a (Kam a a Make e e, 4 .
102 ski mis es o i s o e wi Su a a a oug e wa a u si i e A a i a e wa a, ese we e secu i y co ce s a we e ei g co ai e .
o owi g e omu ga io o a ew Co s i u io i , e go e me e ise a seco secu i y o icy. e Co s i u io c ea y se ou ow e secu i y sec o was o e o ga ise , a is was o e a io a ise wi a e a i e ways o a essi g si ua io s a wou a ise ou si e e ag ee a iame a y equi eme s. I is ew secu i y amewo k, secu i y a ai s we e e e c usi e ese e o e secu i y sec o . e secu i y sec o com ise e U , w ic was su ose o e i c a ge o e secu i y o e s a e as a w o e, o o ec i s o e s a o o ec e i es a o e y o e o u ace. e o ice was o e i c a ge o aw a o e i e s a e, w i e e iso s se ice was o e es o si e o e sa e cus o y o c imi a s, e y aw eake s a o e e so s. e a ami i a y was o o i e com eme a y se ices o e U i cases o ig e e s o i secu i y. I C a e 2 o e Co s i u io , Uga a s secu i y is ea wi e c usi e y as e es o si i i y o e U .Town A ic e 208 (see e ce e ow ea s s eci ica y wi e c a ac e o e a my.
r : C n t t t n l Ex rpt n f n Cape nd t n l S r t of
University
Source: The Constitution of Uganda, 1995
e i asio o wa a a ee s ea ea e y wa a u si so ie s w o a se e i e i e e a mies i Uga a, mai y i e i e ige ce wi gs. I e i s go e me ey se e i e Ge e a Se ice U i (GSU o O o e I, e S a e esea c u eau (S o Ami , e a io a Secu i y Age cy ASA o O o e II a i e A, ey we e i e I e a Secu i y O ga isa io (ISO a e E e a Secu i y O ga isa io (ESO a o e au i ia y o ces o e Muse e i a mi is a io .
0 Art l 20 nd 2 0 f th C n t t t n xpl tl d l th th tr t r thr h h h r t d n r d . App nt nt, pr t n nd d pl n n th f r r th r p n b l t f p rl nt, lth h p r ll l rt n d pl n th f r ft r r f l n l f br h f th r d t r th r b h v r th t n t n n n n th th xp t t n f th r . A n t t t n l r r nt, th p l tt n r d nt l nd r n Aff r nd th tt n f n nd Int rn l Aff r d b t pp nt nt t th M n tr f f n (MO . It n t v r l r f r nd t n fr th p l tt r n d r d r f nl th r p n n n rn n r t tt r h p t nt l nv n r d pl nt f f r r ht ( b l f r x rpt f th C n t t t n th t d r tl r f r t th f n t n f th U nd th r l f p rl nt . r x pl , n ll U nd nt rv nt n th t r nd rt n b th t t b t n nd 8, t n t l r f th d pl nt f tr p t d n Art l 2 0(d xh t v l d lt th b th p rl nt. h C n t t t n l nt n n x l v rt l n nt rv nt n, h h ll th v rn nt t ddr r t tt r th t ld th r ff t th r t Town f th t t n h rt t fr nd th n nf r th p rl nt.
r 2: n t n f th Cape f n r of
University
60 h tt pr t nt b r th f v r bl r pr nt t n fr ll p l t l p rt . 6 h tt pr d f xt n b r , f r r pr nt t v fr th U n r ff r , ll b r f p rl nt fr th r l n p rt nd th pp t n. Ir n ll , th tt f r d fr pr d n ntl th rth rn nd E t rn thn r p (r n h r th n r t pr r p nt r , f fr th r l n W t rn thn r p nd nl n fr th ntr l r n.
04 National Defence structure
h tr t r v pr t th M n t r nd St t f f n th h h t d n r f th MO , lth h n r l t t th C nd r n Ch f (th r d nt . h v r ll MO nd t , b d pr t t n th t t fr nt rn l t r l, xt rn l thr t nd n r n t t l p n th ntr , l t f rd th l v f th p pl , t pr t t th r pr p rt nd t f t r h r n nd nd r t nd n b t n th d f n f r nd v l n . It r p n bl f r d n n nd n n th t r h r n r b l d n tr t th tr t r f U nd r t t r.
r : U nd M n tr f f n Str t r
Town
Cape of
University Decision Making in the Uganda People Defence Force
Alth h b th th r n r nd th Wh t p r n th f n r n f r t n f l t t t h d n r d th n th p n nt p rt f th MO , . . th U , nd h th r t fr r r p t th l l v rn nt l v l, pr v n n th U M l t r St t t nd th l l v rn nt tr t r xpl n h th t p r t . h M l t r St t t r t h hl ntr l d l d r h p tr t r f d n n . " h U pr t p rt nt p rt , v z. th Ar C n l nd th h C nd. h Ar C n l n t rn pr th r t r nd tt l n C nd r . h h C nd, h h th x t v r f th U , pr th U (th h f nd th v n C nd r . h r r n n h f : th Ch f f r nn l nd Ad n tr t n, th Ch f f l t l C r, th Ch f C ntr ll r f n n , th Ch f S n l Off r, th Ch f f M l t r Int ll n , th Ch f f Op r t n nd r n n , th Ch f f M d lTown S rv , th Ch f f En n r n nd t nd th Ch f f C b t Op r t n h b d r n tr th t r th nd pr v d rv t th MO n l d th M n tr f r n Aff r , th M n tr f n n , th M n tr f Int rn l Aff r nd th M n tr Cape f l G v rn nt. of h r d nt h ld th pr t t tl f C nd r n Ch f f th r d f r nd v r th d f n f r p r t n nd lf r . n n rn n th r t f th t t nd p rt l rl th d n t t ld r n n r t p r t n, b t d t , r n l r nt rn t n l f n rt, d d t th Ar C n l l v l, h h h pr d v r C nd r n Ch f. On d n h b n r h d, th h C nd t t d n th d t l f th University nt rv nt n nd t p r t n l t n. h d l r l f r d nt nd C nd r n h f p t h n th l n f n r th f r t p r n t b r p n bl f r d f n , ll b n n r bl t th p bl nd nt rn t n l n t t h t t n U nd h t n n v n t t . Cr t f th d l r l h v r d th t th r d nt t n n t h r r r p n b l t , nd th t th pr th r t r f v rn nt th t r ll r l. r x pl , th Int rn t n l Cr Gr p (ICG p nt t th t M v n t b d r tl nv lv d n b t, h h th ttr b t t h l f nf d n n h nd r nd h n ll n n t n l d th d t n t n
62 On h r t r t f th t p f tr t r th p t nt l r n f ntr r n t n l p r tr l , h h l tr f th U . 6 Int rv th UG MO h ld n 24 br r 2006, C p n.
06 b t n tr t p r t n l nd t t l l v l f nd th t n bl ff t v p l t l nd l t r n r ?" Id ll , th pr p th t pr d nt h ld r n t th l v l f tr t pl nn n nd n t t th b t l v l . h , f r , n d th t f l t n d r M v n b r nd ld r nd h p r n l t f b n n h pr f r d r t p rv n f th r f th ld r . "
In t r f Art l 24 f th U nd n C n t t t n, d l r t n f r p r tt d bj t t th ppr v l f p rl nt th t th rd v t . v r, th C n t t t n l r nt th r d nt th p r t h d r t n t d d t d l r r nd t nf r p rl nt ft r rd , th h th t h pp n th n v nt t h r f d l r n r. h xpr l p r tt d n th nd r t nd n th t r n th t p t t t r t t t ld r r pr pt t n, h h ld b d l d f th r d nt h d t t f r p r n fr th p rl nt. It , h v r, pl t fr Art l 24 th t th r d nt ll r t d n n n lt t n th rl nt, nd nl f th r n tTown n h t , h pr v d d th n lt rn t v rt l th t p r h t t t n nd nf r rl nt l t r. In th t t n, t n t th rl nt, h h d t r n th n t n l r t nt r t b t r th r th r d nt n n lt t n th th MO . " h Cape p rtl xpl n h t h b n n pr t th t r d l r d f r t nd th t rl ntof nf r d l t r: t th r d nt h d d h n n t n l nt r t rr nt l t r t n.
h d n nt r l f th r d nt l ppl t tt n pr r t f r th r t nt r t . Unt l 200 , th r d nt nd U h d th x l v p r n t nl f d t r n n r t nt r t b t f l pr r t n th nt r t f r th t t . rth r r , th r d nt nd th U d th Universitythr t , f r l t d r t tr t nd pl nt d th r t p l . rth r r , th xt n v r l f th r d nt d n t xt nd t th r l n , b t l t th r p l n th n , p l t l nd l t r. A n t th r t n d l f th
364 Int rn t n l Cr Gr p, " rth rn U nd : Und r t nd n nd S lv n th C nfl t", (Apr l 2004 p. 4. 365 h r d nt pt n f r p n b l t f r h t n nd h ll n n t f ht l n d th r n r n t nl b t th nf d n f th r b t pr v d b tt r nd r t nd n f th r p r t n th n nl l t n n t l t r dv r nd nd r . h r d nt ll n n t f ht n th r h lf h h lp d h t d nt f th n pr bl th t h v h r t r d th r , l rr pt n, h t ld r n p r ll nd n r p l pr r nt . 366 h r d nt h d l r l h d f t t nd nd r n h f f th r d f r t t h r f th n t n l r t f th ntr .
0 h d f t t b n " r t r" 6 th r d nt, b f h tr n n d f r p r nd ntr l, t nd t ntr l p l pr nd pr f r t b nv lv d n ll f th . d n th n t ht nn r r l f dv r ( nl h pr t nd r l t v , dv t h n pr f r n r rd n p f p l nd p r n ll d p l l n p th n t nt th h n p r n l pr n pl , v r xp r n , rr p t v f h th r th r d r ll nd r n th t t ." Ex pl f h d n n p l r h r nt d n t d z tt p rt nt t nd v th t "f r n nv t r " f r d v l p nt, v n th h th Env r n nt l I p t A nt h v nd t d th t th d z tt n f th r n t h v dv r ff t n th l t f U nd h l . h n r nd d th d n b f th p bl t r . In n f th n t n l tr n t th d n, n Ind n n t n l ll d. h v U n d b d p bl t t t n t h ld th C n W lth C nf r n n 2007.
Aft r th d f n r v n 2001, th r t h ld r h v b n Town n l d d n th f r l t n f f th r t tr t nd p l . h nd rl n t v t n f r th l n th nt rd p nd n f v r t r n h v n t r t l . It r l d th t th MO ld n t d n ll p l nd pl nt th th tCape r v n np t fr th r n tr th t r nt n nt n th d v l p nt pr .of h d n t n, h v r, th t th r n tr r n t nv lv d n th p t: th r nv lv d, b t nl f r th MO ff t d th r n tr b d t . It ld b r d th t th n l n f th th r t h ld r nl d n r dr v n , t n r th t th MO nt bl nd ff nt n t pr v n f r t t ll th p pl rr p t v f th r l t n nd thn p t n.
G v rn nt l University h v r l d th t th r r t h ld r h np t f n v l f U nd t h v nd r t fr r . h t h ld r n l d th pr v t t r, nv t r n r n f n r t nd p n n l d r h h l fr v r p rt f
367 r d n n th t p f pr d nt nd th r h r t r . r n, h r d nt nd Inn r C r l : d r h p St l nd th Adv r r n r n Aff r , pp. 368 . r t n d th f r d n nt t p f pr d nt nd h th n th r pr d n . In h t p l , pr d nt xh b t th h r t r f d r t r , tr t , d n tr t r nd d l t r . It n t p bl t d th t p l h r , b t f l l n l d, th pr d nt l t f U nd n 86 nf r t th r t r t p f t . r d t l d d n . r t n, h r d nt nd Inn r C r l : d r h p St l nd th Adv r r n r n Aff r , pp. nd pp. 22 2 . 369 U nd d p nd n lt l t r l n l th Int rn t n l M n t r nd (IM nd th W rld n (W f r p rt f t b d t. h n h v p t nd t n l t n th MO l d b l z t n, l t d xp nd t r nd th n l n f th r t h ld r n t pl nn n tt t b bl t th d. S O t n, W , n l t r xp nd t r n M l t r Exp nd t r t n Afr : A S rv f C r n, Eth p , Gh n , K n , r nd U nd , (S I r h p rt : Oxf rd Un v r t r , 200 , pp. 06.
108 th ntr . Wh r th r n t n l d d n th d n tr t v tr t r f th n t n l r t fr r , th r n n th l nv lv d t th pl nn n tt l v l . h n t n l d f n r n r nd t h th M n tr r n d, pl nn d nd l n d t v r p n nt f th r n t n. It n tr t v t n l th d f n tr t r th v t nd r t nd n th h n f nd nd h th r p r t n l z d d r n th nt rv nt n p r d.
The National Security Council
h t n l S r t C n l ( SC n th r l nt t n f th r t t r. r r t th 2000, Art l 2 nd 220 f th C n t t t n d r b d nd pr v d d th p t n nd f n t n f th SC b t h t p r t n l d n t l r. p t th f t th t th SC n p rt nt p rt f th r t fr r , t n t r pr nt d n th tr t r n v rth l t th l n b t n th l t r , th d tr t r t t p nd th Ext rn l
S r t Or n t n (ESO nd Int rn l S r t Or n t n Town (ISO 70 h SC dv th r d nt n r t pl nn n nd r p n bl f r th r n nt ll n nf r t n n h h h f th n t n r t d p nd . Cape n t n f th t n l S r t C n l n l d :of • nf r nd dv th r d nt n tt r r l t n t n t n l r t • rd n t nd dv n p l tt r r l t n t nt ll n nd r t • r v n t n l r t n d nd l • r v nd t n r p rt fr th nt Int ll n C tt ( IC nd • rr t n University th r f n t n th p rl nt bl t th n l." At th d tr t l v l, b r f t ff nd d fr th r d nt ff r th l n th th SC. h r r p n bl f r r t nd d v l p nt nd h v n t bl h d tr t r . h n l d th d tr t d n tr t r tt h d t th r d nt Off th d nt tr t
0 A. S r n t th t h n th r t r n t t r t t n l S r t A n , t t r pr n r n , nd t f p l t l pp t n r l d r b d thr t t n t n l r t . It r t l t t bl h th r l th t ESO nd ISO pl n th nt rn l p l t th n th t t , p rt l rl n th nfl t b t n th f r r ISO b nd v rn nt. S A. S r , h M l t r n th M n f M d S th Afr , ( nd n: r bl h r , 6 p. 304. h t n l S r t C n l t ll b n r r n d t b bl t rv t p rp pt ll . C rr ntl , th l n b t n th d tr t nd th ntr l v rn nt n t bv nd h r t r d b n l r p l , h h ff t th ff t v n nt f r t n n r l.
0 C n r ( C h h r d th th r t lf r f th d tr t. l th C r th tr t Int rn l S r t Off r ( ISO , th tr t l C nd r ( C , th C ntr l Inv t t n p rt nt (CI , nd th l C n l , III, II nd I h r p r n nd th r t r f d f n t h f th l C n l l v l . It thr h th h r r h th t t z n r n t z d b t r t t v ll l l n l t n . h r t ld t b l rt t d t t n tr n r nd t n bl p pl ttl n n t th p p l t n. A r lt, th r v r t v n d nt f n n p pl nd t n n th n h th h v v d t n r . A r lt, th r b l h h v nf ltr t d v ll h v b n r p rt d t th th r t th h d n fl n th lv r f r t n t th U C d tr t n t r t th d Cr f r n rd tr n f r t th r f p n d b th Un t d t n h C n f r f (U C n
At th b rd r , th MO d pl U l n ff r h r th th rd r l p t, th I r t n Un t nd th C t p rt nt t n r Town r t t th b rd r nd pr v nt th pr l f r t n f ll l pr d t r r nd n t n nt r n U nd . h b rd r d n tr t n p rt f th l C n l r t t p f th d tr t. It r p n bl f r pr l d nt f n th t n f th b rd r Cape th t r pr bl t r p t nt l r f n rn. h r l pp d t rr tof nv t t n n h r r b l r p r t n fr nd t nf r th d tr t r t ff r, h n t rn nf r th C. Inf r t n r l d t th r U nd r t th d tr t h th n d d n th b t r f t n. h tr t r h b n v r v l nt n th W t rn b rd r r n n d nt f n th r f p t nt l thr t t p . h G t th b rd r d nt f d n n th nf r t n fl t , h h h d r lt d n pr d r t t t n. h nd t d thr n l t t n n th r r University r tl , th r l r p n fr th ntr h n r t r d. S ndl , th l t d l t l r r nd th d l n tr n tt n th r r p d d th r r h rdl , th n d t nf r t n b t r n , nd d l d n t n th th r n hb r n r t nt rp rt t l d t d tr n n l th r d n f v ll b r p f r d th , l t d tt n h h ld nd p tt th ft n r t d ?"
372 From h r th r f p nt th r t f th p p l t n t r r n th r l nd t n v nt . 373 Gr p n r h ld t th b rd r d tr t f t n , K r , K , nd b , nd d r n 200 .
0 On n n d r n f ld r , I n nt r d d tr t th t h d b n tt d b r d th . h l l p pl r p rt d t r t th ntr n f r d th (th th r ll n n t th v ll f r t rr r n p pl , t l n th r pr p rt nd t ll n th r . On th n h n nf r t n r l d, th ISO t h r f th f ld p r t n f rr t n th r d th ?" v r, h p t t f t n n th pr b f th d l d r p n fr th r nt rp rt , n l , th p l . It v d nt th t th r h d b n n ppr pr t r p rt n n h t p n th r d n n h d nd h n th r . f th n d t l, th ISO ll d. v rth l , th d nd t h r t n r p n b l t f ll th p pl , rr p t v f h t p t n th h ld t th d tr t. It l h th t th r t t r f r h ll n . h r ft n p r n t n r v n br d n n n t n b t n th d ff r nt l v l f th r t tr t r , h h nh b t d pl nn n nd ff t th r p r t n . An th r th rl n r n h h v l n r r d b nf r t n r v d n t pr p rl d n t d. Ov r ll, h v r, th U h Town b tt r r rd f l t r ff t v n nd nd t nd r th rr nt M v n v rn nt th n th r U nd h h d n th p t l n l r . " Cape Paramilitary Groups in Uganda's Defence ofSector
An th r r f th U th t n t n l d d n th d f n tr t r th p r l t r . Or n ll , th x l r f r r r r t d fr th l l p p l t pl nt th U n r th v r r b l t v t nd n th ttl r tl n r n f rth E t nd E t rn U nd . h n l d h rd , v l nt r l l d f n n t . Ex pl f th n l d th Arr b University n (E t rn U nd , th A r p, th h n Gr p nd th r p n G l , h r r p n bl f r pr t t n r d nd th p h r th Int rn ll pl d pl (I l v . In th rl r d , th f r r n th r f r ll
4 h t n tr t S r t Off r, tr Ed ll d n 28 A t 200 n r f r th nd r d th . f th th r ll d nd th r l v n t n r v r d, b t n th r n . S p pl n th r h v bl d h d th n th t t l b t rr r f tt n h th t f r t t bl h n th n b r f r d n t r n d , n t d f b h n th nd tt n th l t r. At th l t l l v l, th p l d l n n t h r d b l f f l. Wh t th n d nt d n tr t th t d tr t r t tr t r h ld b pr v d d th pr p r nd ff nt l t l r r t n bl th r ff t v l . In dd t n, th r l x t n nf r t n fl nd d pl t n f r l th t n d t b tr l n d f th r t b ff t v . 6 Int rn t n l Cr Gr p, "A f ll nt f th rl n r ", I. C. G p rt, 2004, p. . US r f l t l M l t r Aff r , 2002.
r n d n r p d l r b t j t l ttl t n f ppr t n. ll n th r d pl nt n n p r t n n th n r n rth, th h v n b n nt r t d nt th r , v n l t r tr n n , ll tt d n b r , nd r n n th p r ll.
h r p p r t l n d th U . On x pl "Op r t n Ir n t", l n h d n Apr l 2004 t r t t th rd t n Ar ( A fr S th rn S d n nd rth rn U nd . In th C nt rv nt n, f th l f n Un t ( U v t r n f th l b r t n tr l nd d b l d ld r r d pl d t b f p th U , h h v r tr t h d b f th lt pl d pl nt n th C, n W t rn U nd b rd r d tr t nd n rth rn U nd t th b rd r th S d n t v r th A pr r p nt . C ntr r t th C n t t t n, h h p ll t th t r r t nt f th ld r h ld b b d n d tr t nd t b v r n b th p rl nt th r r t nt f th p r l t r r p n f t d n b th U , th r b ntr v n n th C n t t t n. Oth r p r l t r r p th t h v n t b n v bl r l t d t th t t b t h v l n t th Town r l n p rt r th K l n l A t n l n (KA nd th p l r Int ll n t r ( nd r ." h r l r f rr d t th " l t n r n r " f th r l n p rt , th n r th t th r l n p rt v t d b nt p r. h KA h b n t d nCape n h n r ht v l t n n t th t z n h d n tr t d th r pp t n t of th r l n p rt .
h r n t n f th r t t r d n tr t n nt r t n t p, n th t th l l t r n d r l t v r r r t nt, n nt nd n r l r n t n f th d f n nd p l r t b t th t th r th n th p l , th l l t r d n t t h v d t ntr l v r th d f n t r. University
378 h v rn nt f U nd nd th S d n n d n r nt n t r f h h th U r ll d t p r t n S th rn S d n t r t t th A. h r v r d b th U l t d, th p r l t r r p r pp d t f ht l n d th U t pt r th b n A b th t ll pp d th v h l , r d n t n nd dv n d p nr r n ll ll pr v d d b th Kh rt v rn nt t th A. 379 O b rv th t KA nd nd r r r t nt, tr n n nd x t n r n t n l d d n th U b ll, lth h th r n tr nt l n th t t r t p r t n . S . O , nd h rd r l t : C n t t t n l nd nt nd M v n t f r f r d n n U nd , (In t t t f r Gl b l Ch n , O n l p r n 48, 200 . 80 Ib d.
2 Financing the army
n n n f th d f n t r r nl thr h th v rn nt, h h r v t n fr r v n fr th t t , b l t r l d n r b d , d nd r nt fr lt l t r l d n r n . In Art l f th U nd n C n t t t n, p rl nt r p n bl f r n l n pr r nd p l th t ff t th n t n l b d t nd n nd, h r n r , f r r nd n lt rn t v ppr h th t v rn nt n t bt n r r f r th MO (th U n p rt l r . h MO r r d t pr v d p rl nt th t nn l b d t nd d f nd t, f th n d r . h b d t d v d d nt t p rt , v z. th r rr nt b d t nd th p t l b d t. Oft n t d pl n l d th r rr nt nd p t l d v l p nt l t r xp nd t r p r nt f th ntr l v rn nt xp nd t r nd th t t l . Wh n th b d t x d d, p rl nt h th pr r t v f p r tt n th MO t f nd ppl nt r f nd th l t f fr th t t tr r . h tt n n n , l nn n nd E n v l p nt th r ft r v t , dj t Town nd r nd th MO b d t f ll n th n t t t n l l t t n th d f n p nd n . S r 4 b l f r n x rpt f Art l 2 f th C n t t t n, n d f n p nd n nd ppl nt r xp nd t r . Cape of
University
r th b v rt l , th r l r l r, lth h th f r b h n d. v r, n n v d bl t t n th r l r r v t d d p nd n n th r t pr bl t t nd pr v d d th M n tr bt n p r n t dj t th . r x pl , h n th thr t fr n r nt r p r n 8 nd , th v rn nt x d d t l t nd th d n r
n p nd d d. In 2002, n ntr t, th d n r p r tt d th n r nt n xp nd t r " nd lth h th r b l n r n r n d nl n th n rth, th d f n p nd n n r d f rth r b f th h n n th n t r f rr ll rf r . " h r h d rth p l nd bd t n th rr ll r n h n d t rpr tt n r l f n , th l l p p l t n, nd d pl d p pl p . h h nt n d t d t . h A r b l h v l j n d th r r p n All d r t r nt (A nd A n th E t rn C, h r r d t tt U nd . h r bl nd npr d t bl r b l n r n r r t h n r d n f th U t ddr th p nd n n r t n rn , h h n t rn r r l l f n t p nd r n th d l rv ll n n th r b l . An br d d r f th l t r b d t r nn n fr 2 t 200 ppl d n bl b l .
bl : h M l t r d t v r n th p r d 2 200 n U nd h ll n Town
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Source: Statistics generated from Ministry of Defence Policy Statement for selected Financial Years University r bl 2 b v , th v r MO xp nd t r b t n 2 nd 200 n v r ppr x t l 6 .4 b ll n U nd n h ll n f r th r rr nt b d t h l p t l d v l p nt nl r v d .6 b ll n. r th b d t, t nd t v th t th r h b n n v r n r nt f p t b t 0.2 p r r, ppr x t l 2 b ll n nn ll , x pt f r th 6 8 p r d h n th r l ht d r n xp nd t r . Alth h t th t th r
381 r d t l d n l f f r n d t th l t r n Afr t d b W. O t n, M l t r Exp nd t r t n Afr : A S rv f C r n, Eth p , Gh n , K n , r nd U nd , nd W. O t n nd . Eb ( d d t n f r th M l t r S t r n Afr : h r nd M h n f C ntr l, (Oxf rd: Oxf rd Un v r t r , 2006 . 382 M n tr f f n d t 2002, pr nt d t rl nt n n 2002.
4 r d n r n r b l n r n , th lt l t r l n d l n d th v rn nt r t t p nd r n . A MO ff l h h b n l l nv lv d n th b d t n t t d th t I I r nd r pr r fr th EU nd th nt rn t n l n t n t t v U nd n f r r t . h t I I f lt th t U nd n d n r th t n l n r d t t n r t b t n h nd n l r, h ff t r r nd t nd h rd r t pr d t. Wh t n b dr n fr th I I r l t n t v U nd n th t th n r n t nv n d th t U nd h d r t n rn rth ddr n b n r nt n t f nd n .
b bl t ntr l th MO xp nd t r nd t t th rr l r tr t r n d n n r rd n b d t nd th fr d l nt pr r nt pr n h h th MO l n l l f n , d t A t p t n pl . It nv d th t th A t ld r l t th d t r r d r nd t bl h t t nd ff nt b d t r r nd th r tt r nn t d th r t . h A t t Town n ff t n l 200 . h f ll d th h d r d v r p nd n n th l t r t r. h d t A t l d t pl nt n n rl r l l t n n th C n t t t n n h h th p rl nt h d b n nd t d t v t th xp nd t r f th MO .Cape h l l t n h d n t b n d t l pl nt d, h h r lt d n d nd f rof p rl nt t t p r t v t th MO p nd n , th h v n v r l n t v ff t n th n t n l b d t. h A t h t r l t d t d n r d nd t rt n h r r r b n d t pr r nf r r p nt, h h t th v rn nt l r f n n thr pr r nt th t r d p bl . h n l d d th p r h f j n h l pt r , xp r d f d nd l t r f t th t d d n t f t th ff r nd n f th d f n f r , nd l tl th r p r h nd l th tUniversity xt nd d t S th Afr nd th U r n nd th t nv lv d h dd r xp rt n f r n r t n.
Wh t p l r b t th f n n n f th r nd th d n n pr th t th r d d n t t h v ll t bl h d d n n tr t r . S U b r r nt d th t rd r f h n h d t b d p n d r d r d rr t ll b th r p t v d p rt nt , th l f pr p r h nd b l n . A r lt, th r n n t n n h t th b d t r nd n h t t ll p nt. r r t r n v r h r n z d, nd n d b r d d p nd n n h h h f ld d r p r ( n n
383 Int rv th UG MO 4 d t dr r, M n tr f n n h ld n K p l n 8 b r 200 .
h l t t th r d nt . In f t, th C nd r n Ch f ft n d t t d h t h nt d n th b d t h d b n p d, nd h pr r t ft n r n d fr l t r p nt t l t r b t. ld n tr t th t h nt d th f ll n : "I nt h n r , r r , nd b n r , ... f t h ld t th I r l ntr t r nd f r n d f r l f d ." r nt rv UG MO nt , t v d nt th t th r n pr p r pl nn n , b d t n r d n n n th U : nd r nt v ph n , n tr t n r t n t d b rd f th r ll h t f p p r r p d r nd fr ff t ff , h h d r p n b l t p bl t t bl h f n th n nt r n . h v l n h r d n th t p p t n n th r t d d n bl ndl th t n lt n th t hn r t n th tt r . A p f x pl f th th r th n p r n nt r t r r n Mb n ( d l d t r b pr f n . ft n d d n n h t h th ht r th b t nt r t f th t t r th r th t n d r n r d n th th r p t v h f f d p rt nt . " Y t h ld d n d r bl p r nd ll d "r ht h nd n" Town f th pr d nt? Wh t d th nf r t n fl r pl x h t n r ff r r f rr d t " v l n r " d n n pr An nt rv r nt d n r th t n x pl f h th r d lt th tr n t n ( th x rptCape b l . of
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84 Int rv th UG MO h ld n C p n n 24 br r 2006. 8 Int rv th UG MO h ld n C p n n 24 br r 2006. 86 r n Mb n l nd t h n ft n p n ll th r p r h nd l . 8 Int rv th UG MO h ld n C p n n 24 br r 2006.
6 h x rpt d n tr t thr p t f n rn n th r : th l v l f ll t r th t h r t r th r , p rt l rl t th h h r r n th l f nt b l t nd f n ll , th p r l v l f pl nn n . It l ttl nd r, th n, th t th r h b n h r t r d b ll d h t ld r , " n ppr pr t l t r xp nd t r nd t pr d b t p r t n ?" 2006, th C rt M rt l h ndl n , n th r , h r 28 r ff r r n tr l, ll dl f r ndl n n n nv lv d ppr x t l ll n U nd n h ll n , nt f r 6 0 ld r n 2000. In h , M v n r d t l t f nd v d l h ld b rt rt ll d. h n l d d h h r n n l t r ff r , h M j. G n. K z n , M j. r n , r . nr nd , r . St v n K h , r . b r , r . l O tt , C l. t l K v n , C l. hn M , C l. r d l t, C l. M r K d l, C l. Andr G tt , t. C l. r M M h nd , C l. St v n b nt , nd t. K nn th A b r . It ll d th t th h d ll b n nv lv d n th ppr pr t n f l t r r r , nd th t th r pl t d n th l f h nt f n th t h d b n nt nd d l r f r ld r r n n r lTown f r f n n n th r t t r. r . nd h n b n tt d f ndl n nd f bv r v t n t v rn nt: t th t h n h 4 th v n Ch f n G l , t h d b n ll d th t h h d ppr pr t d p t ll n U nd Cape h ll n nt t p th l r f 6 0 ld r ? h n b n tt d f ll h r . h n t th t nd n , f n n n f th r t t r t ll r n l , d p t th of n r t h ll n f d b th t t .
It n b n l d d th t U nd , l n th r Afr n t t , h d f n b d t n t , h h h r t r t f n v rn nt r n t f l b r t n tr l . h n b l t t nt f r d f n r r n t p l r t U nd : n f t, p nd n b rv , Afr n ntr University l tr n p r nt pr b d p n n t n l n n , f r d f n n r t , f r n h r nt n t n l r t tr t p l , ll t n r r rd n t th tr t , nd th n v r n t pl nt t n? h r n h U nd t nd t xh t t d f n b d t b f r th nd f th f n n l r, b t d n t
388 Gh t ld r t r th t h b n d t d r b th rr pt v t nd n f th v l rv th t pr d f t t pl n nd r rd th th nt nt n f dr n th r l r nd th r b n f t f r th lv . h h b n n pr t n t nl n th r b t n th r n tr . 389 S f r x pl t r n th r " n v r n th h t n U ", p bl h d n h M n t r n b r 200 . 390 S K. O n Al r , " n f z t l d n nv t t n" n h M n t r n b r 200 . 391 M. O r , " nd tt d" n h M n t r n 2 Apr l 2006. 392 . n nd M. p , nd n f n : Ch ll n f n M l t r C p b l t n S b S h r n Afr , (Str t St d In t t t M n r ph, S pt b r, 200 .
t ll t t d f n r r rd n t r dl d f n d tr t r nd b th r ppr pr t n f r r v d n d b th nt rv ."
W th l t d tr n p r n th r rd t th pr r nt f p nt nd l t d nt b l t , f n , th p t nt l f v r p nd n n th r h hl l l . h pl t n f th n th r h f r n n r t f th t t n th t th l tt r h hl d p nd nt p n pr p r n t n nd d n t n f nf r t n nd, b v ll, n th rd n t n f r r th t r r r d t ddr r t . U nd v r xp nd t r n th d f n t r n t p l r t th ntr t t p l f ntr th h t r f l t r z d l b r t n. C n t th ntr th ll t n f r r n r f pr rt th t r n t n r l b d n n r n th t t n t n l r t b t r n t d l n d t " nd v d l nt r t ", h h r r t n l z d b th n ntr l f th r r d l l n d t th n t n r t nt r t . Town 4.3 Uganda's Security Interests
r r t M v n n t p r n 86, U nd Cape r t nt r t nl nv lv d th pr t t n f th t t fr xt rn l r n,of p ll ft r th nz n n nv n f 8 nd th b nt v rthr f A n r n . h v v rn nt ft r th t r br l d n p r tr l nd n t ll d p nd d n th nz n n ld r nd l t d n b r f U nd t n l b r t n r nt (U ld r f r t rr t r l pr t t n. Wh n l t n r h ld n 80, th r t rn d nd l ft th U n h r f U nd r t . h r j t n f th l t n r lt b p l t l p rt f r d l d r f p l t l p rt t University rr ll rf r n t th v rn nt f Ob t II. A n th r th U nd pl M v nt (U M , h h f r d th t n l t n M v nt, th t l t r n b n th t n l t nt Ar . h n t rn f r d th U M nd th E EMU. In r d n r n nt th t t b th r b l r p nd th b nt rr ll rf r f M v n f r d th r l n v rn nt f n hb r n t t t r th lv n p r. h r r n t n l nt r t b d f n d b h b t th r r ld b r d nd n t n r l b t n nt nt th pr t t n f th p pl p r .
M t f th nt rv n th M n tr f f n h d th v th t th r ppr pr t n f r r n th r .
8 r n M v n r , n d v l p nt f G p l t l nfl t l th r nd p f 86, th n d f , th nd n nv n f 0 nd th b nt n d n th t ntr d r n 4, f r d U nd t r d f n t n t n l nt r t . 8 , r b l t v t n t th M v rn nt h d n d n rth rn U nd , nd b 4 th r r p t nt l thr t n th t rn fl n th t b rd r d nd nd th C. U nd h d t d v l p b tt r r t tr t t nt n th nfl t n ll th n hb r n t t . At th f r l l v l, n t n l r t pr r t d nd b dd d n Ch pt r 2 f th n U nd n C n t t t n. In th n t t t n, t n l r t d f n d n th tr d t n l n r t fr f r n tt r nf ltr t n fr n hb r n t t nd n p d fr d fr f r, nt d t n nd th r pr r r thr t , r l r p t nt l, fr h t v r r th t ld nd r n th b r ht , lf r nd pr p rt f th p pl f U nd . "
U nd n t n l r t nt r t r t r d nt n t n l, r n l nd nt rn t n l nt r t b nt t th d f n r v n 200 . At th n t n lTown (d t l v l , U nd r t nt r t r nt n d n th Wh t p r n f n r n f r t n (W nd v r d r n f r . r 6 b l r f th n t n l r t nt r t . h r t nt r t r rr v d t ft r n lt t n Cape nd d n , h h l d t th W . In r 6 b l , th x p f thr t t U nd of n t n l r t r h hl ht d.
University
3 " h pr v v rn nt d d n t l rl d l n t n ff l d nt h t U nd r t nt r t r .
A rd n t th b v f r , n t n l r t n b n fr t n r l p r p t v . On th n h nd, t v r th tr d t n l l t r nd t t ntr v (p rt nd f h l n th th r, t d f n d r th r r dl t v r d r n f p r v d n n l t r ." h t d t x n th l t t n t n l r t nt r t nt n d n th f r ( nd f . A n t n th t h th p t t d f nd t lf n t xt rn l thr t nd t nt n t n t n l v r nt , nd p nd n nd t rr t r l nt r t ht t h v b th l rl tr t r d r t t r nd n t n h nn l . A n t d rl r, th h, th t h r t r d b n d t nf r t n fl nd d rt l t d n t n l n . b bl t ddr th pr bl , U nd h n t t d d v l p nt pr r th n th MO nd p rt l rl th U t b ld p t nd t pr f n l z th r n pr p r t n f r t lt f t d r l t n t n l, r n l nd nt rn t n l l v l .
Regional and international interests Town M v n n t p r n 86, f ll n t f v l nd rr ll rf r , r tl nfl n d th n t r f r n l r l t n . r tl , th v l nd rr ll rf r h d h d v r r p r n f r th G h l b , Chr t nCape r , th M v n r rv d pr l d t th n r l nfl r t n n th of 0 . Chr t n d r b M v n f ll :
Musewni ultimately imposed his will on each of his neighbours; he was feared by the Kenyan and Zairian dictators... ; he irritated the Tanzanian President, Julius Nyerere , whose protégé vats discreditedandJuvenalHabyarirnana,whothe ethnicismhe symbolized Tarried that Rwanda's the Ugandan leader despised .. 6 G v n th nd f Universityp r pt n f M v n , t l ttl nd r th t ll h ff rt t t bl h r n l r l t n , r n l p r t n r r n l nt r t n r l p r v d b th r l d r b n t v t d b lt r r t v . In f t, Chr t n ttr b t th h n n th r n t bl h d rd r t M v n n t p r n 86: th v nt nv n d th x t n r n l l d r , l M b t nd b r n . th t t ld p r ff tt pt t
S . Er n, "Intr d t n" n Er n, . ( d , hr t l t : r p t v n S r t nd Cr M n nt, (A h t : Ald r h t, 200 p. . z n, 0. W v r nd . d W ld ( d , S r t : A fr r f r An l , ( nd n: nn nn r, 8 . r n, " h In r t l : t n l, nd St t S r t n th h rd W rld" n r n, . . ( d , h In r t l : t n l S r t f h rd W rld St t , ( nd n: nn nn r, 2 , p. 2. All f th xpl n th t n r l p r p t v f r t nd r th t n t n l r t n n l n r b n fr th tr d t n l l t r p r p t v b t th t t n l n l d f n n l t r n t r , l f d r t , h lth t . 6 . . Chr t n, h Gr t f Afr : h nd Y r f t r , ( Y r n , 200 , p. 2 .
20 r t r th r l f l nd t n t t d n r p t t n f r p l t l p r. In r tr p t, t l r th t M v n n t p r d d tr l p r ff p l t l p r tr l n th r n. Wh t r fr th n l th t M v n n t p r d d n t n r l r lt nt th p l t l tr l n th r ntr b t r th r th t th v t n p r b p t n r p pr v l nt nd b btl ft r M v n n n t p r.
At th r n l nd nt rn t n l l v l, U nd t nt t p nd t b l t pr r t z d t r nt r t, p r t n n ll r n l nd nt rn t n l n t t v f p nd d v l p nt. h v d n d b t nd rt n f n l t r pr r nd p n n p f n b l t r l r l t n th t t n Afr nd, n f t, th th r t f th rld. In t d t n hb r f S d n, M v n r l t n th Al h r r d p nd nt n h M v n ld r l t th th S A. M v n h t pp rt th l tt r t h v n t v p t n th r l t n b t n M v n nd Al h r. M v n r l t n th th r n l l d r r b d n t t r pr t rr n ntTown n h h th h lp d h th r t ddr h th r r t n rn . h phr "Y t h b h l I t h r " h r t r d th r n l r l t n . M v n r l t n th th , A nd S A pr d h r l t n th th nd n Cape v rn nt, M b t v rn nt. of In th r l b r t n tr l l h r n Afr , U nd pr v d d pp rt t th Afr t n l C n r (A C nd th n Afr n C n r ( AC n th r f ht n t S th Afr p rth d r . h A C h d f r f f r th nd f ht r h tr n d t K t n r d tr t, h l th AC f r f nl f rt n n r tr n d t K b b . 8
At th d pl t l v l,University U nd n t r t n r n l nd nt rn t n l nv nt n , pt n l pr t l nd d l r t n th t r d t pr rv n p nd lv n th r t pr bl th t ff t th G r n ll th nt rn t n l t h l . h K p l nt ( , th S t n th C n , th C nf r n n S r t , St b l t nd v l p nt nd C p r t n (CSS CA, 2000 , E A (200 , Int r v rn nt l A th r t
397 Ib d, p. . 398 h r v l t n r d b A Mb b z ( r r M n t r f f n t th Int rn t n l C rt f t rt n h ld n 8 Apr l 200 t th . 3 " r t r h ld n r rd t th G nfl t , f r x pl , th t r f ll t, th A rd, th SA C n Al n d M v nt ( AM t n rb n nd th t n M r t t nt n b t f h v r, d t l d nt f th nn t b d d h r f r p rp f br v t , b t th d r pr nt p t v ppr h f th G t t t rd p n th r n.
2 n v l p nt (IGA (200 nd th r S l l r t n (2004 ll d n tr t U nd r r t nt r t . U nd h nd rt n j nt r t v nt r t f nd n l t n t r t n rn n th G . It h p rt p t d n t , d t p t n n n n th r n r t n rn , p f ll n nd , r nd nd th C. r x pl , t p rt p t d n th S t t th t r ll , t th S th rn Afr n v l p nt C n t n Al n d M v nt (SA C AM ( rb n nd n M r t , h n ff rt r nd r t nd th r n th C. It h l b n nv lv d n j nt l t r n d t n p th n t nd rd n r t . r x pl , ME AG US K n , U nd nd nz n n j nt d l x r th t v d l r t th t z n f h f th b r ntr . Oth r pr j t r Ex r t r l r , h h n d n 2004, nt n Ex r r n h t n f r M r n, nd nt p rt x r n t ll h d l d f r 200 nd r .
Und r th r n l ff rt t rd p nd t b l t , U nd pp rt Town th t bl h nt f th E t rn Afr n St ndb r d (EAS IG , h h n t f th Afr n St nd b r r p n bl f r ddr n r t pr bl nd h r d th r t p r t n h r n r t br t nd thr t n th l v ndCape p n n r l. EAS IG pr r n l d v n f r t t n d t th G d ff of rr n nj (U nd . h r n l d v l p n nt n nt l rl rn n t t ddr nfl t t n rl t t v d n t b l t . h nt rn t n l n nt h r t r t d U nd t nt t r n l r t . S l rl , th US n pr v d d U nd th nt n nt f A r n tr p t tr n b tt l n f th U n p p n n Afr h US l nt r tr p t tr n th U n d ff r nt t p f tr n n nd pr v d d p nt th t nt nd d t nh n U nd p b l t ,University th th f nh n n t p t t rv b l r n t th pr d f I l f nd nt l n S d n nd th r n h l . , I r l, A r nd Ch n r l tr n n th U n d ff r nt p t f r t n nt.
Wh r th G t t h v n t n d n d f n p t , th d t h v bl n f r n l ll n t nd b l t r l d f n p t . An x pl f th th j nt l t r nt rv nt n n th C nd th d pl t nt rv nt n n r nd ntr t t nfl t. h
400 S th d t l d r p rt f th S t f E t rn Afr n d f St t nd G v rn nt n th t bl h nt f th EAS IG h ld n Add Ab b , 200 . 401 A. G nd , " r n l t n " n M j , . ( d , U nd A f f r : A Cr t l Ov rv , (K p l : nt n bl h r , pp. 80 88. 402 Ib d, p. 88.
22 r ll nd t n f n r ll r d fr r f p r t n. h d f n ll n r n t ft n t n d, th h, f r tl b f p r b l t r l r l t n nd ndl , b f p r n l d ff r n b t n l d r v r p f p t f r t , l n tr t r th b t t ppr h ntr t t r nt r t t nfl t .
Und r th r b r t l nd l r t n h h b ff t v n 2004, U nd h j n d th r t f th G t t nd th rn f Afr b r t rb th pr l f r t n f S ll Ar nd ht W p n (SA W . U nd h t n l l nt C tt , h h t bl h d t n l A t n l n n 200 t ll t nd d tr ll t f r r . h h ppl nt d t d r nt pr j t n E t rn U nd , lth h th r r t ll n h ll n . th r th th r t t n th r n, U nd h t bl h d n t n l rv nd pp n tr t nd n nf r t n th r n tr t thr h h h nf r t n n ll t p n th r d. Town C rr ntl , U nd n d r n nd n tr p ( nd r th p f IGA nd th AU t r r v d S l pr p t n th t nt t d b t n f th p p l t n p rt l rl th pp t n. h pp d t th nt rv nt nCape r th t U nd n nt rv nt n h b n pr d b v nt of n t nt rv nt n n th C. h n t v p bl t r rd n th pr p d nt rv nt n n S l h b n ttr b t d t U nd l f th t C t th Int rn t n l C rt f t r rd n t nt rv nt n n th C.
At th nt rn t n l l v l, th n r n tr n n t n l f r , p rt l rl n n t t t r l t rr r t , dr tr ff r nd p pl tr ff n nt rn t n ll , h p ll d U nd t r v t nt rn t n l nt r t University nd th r nfl n n t n t n l r t . U nd h th j n d th r t f th rld n f ht n t rr r , p rt l rl ft r t bj t d t t rr r t tt b t n 6 nd . It h r t f d lt pl nt rn t n l nv nt n nd th r r p t v pt n l pr t l . It h l p rt p t d n r n l ll nt rn t n l f ht n t d nd r pr l f r t n nd n d n p n . r x pl , t nt p p r t b r n 6. It pr v d p r t n l tr t b f r U SC p p n pr r , f r x pl , b n v l bl n r b f r th Un t d t n M n n th r t
403 Interview th UG MIA h ld n K p l n 4 O t b r 2004 t th nf r n n h S r t Ch ll n f S ll Ar nd ht W p n r l f r t n n Afr , h ld n K p l , 2 0 O t b r 2004. 404 A t ll , U nd h lr d d pl d n S l , d p t rn n fr Er t r nd Eth p th t t h d d n pr t r l nd ld ff r v r n n .
2 p bl f C n (MO UC nd U A t n M n f r nd (U AMI p n t Ent bb rp rt nd th r r tr p h n th n d r .
El h r , U nd h t bl h d nt rn t n l r l t n th A , p rt l rl th Ch n . At t n th Ch n p t r t r f Inf r t n G n r l h n l , th U r t r t d t nt r t n n n n r t l ll nd r n ll b f t tr t r l n th r n. h U C nd r n Ch f tr d th U d r t p r d th l t r t t h t nd rd th t r r r d t nd rt nt rn t n l p p r t n nd t n bl th U t b t b l z n f r n th r n."
r th d n, t v d nt th t U nd t nt t r n l p nd r t h b n p rt f t br d r r n l p pr r . U nd pt n th t t h tr t r l n th r n nd th l t r pp rt t h r v d fr th US nd th r t t t t r h v b l t r d t l t r nd ph d v n f rth r t p r v dTown r l n th r n. h p r pt n f t lf h r tl nfl n d t f r n p l b h v r. On f t r f th r n l r l t n th b l f th t n n pr t l nd r nt nd tt n p r n l f r nd r n l b d ld l d t f l t t nCape f nfl t n th r n, h h h pr v d p bl t h v . v rth l ,of t d n tr t ll n n t pl p f l n t r lv nfl t nd th ll n n t p r t n f f n thr t t p n th r n. M tz ld r th t h ll n n t p r t p l r t th Afr n lt r , h h pl h v l n ll t v t n thr h r n l r n t n nd h r n f pr bl r n."6
Uganda's threat perceptionsUniversity
At th ff l l v l, U nd h hl ht n n nt rn l nd xt rn l thr t t r . h thr t r t l thr t r l t t xt rn l f t r nd n l d th thr t f "f ll l nv n" b th r f n hb r n t t r " r b rd r r d " b ll r n r n f r . Ill l v nt f p pl h r f r r n l l nt th t ld d r pt r t nd
4° Afr n r h ll t n, "U nd Ch n : M l t r l ". n Afr n r h ll t n, 68 , v b r (2006 , pp 0. 406 r d t l d d n n h Afr n lt r l d n t rd r n l r t p r t n, S. M tz, " f n n A r n Str t n Afr ", n Str t St d In t t t M n r ph, br r 2000.
24 h t l p l t l nd n p l f th r t t r l n l d d n th thr t l t." A n th p t nt l nt rn l thr t n l d d b v rn nt p r v rn n nd p l t l p r p t t n, h h r v r b th t nd t d r pt th pr p r f n t n f v rn nt. Oth r p t nt l thr t r nv r n nt l d t r nd r r n tr nt th t ld l ff t th l v l h d f th p pl nd ff t th nf r l nd f r l n b f th p pl .
C p t t n v r n t r l r r t n ntr t t l v l h hl ht d t , b t t n f t tl n thn nfl t v r l nd nd, r r ntl , n nfl t b t n v rn nt nd th p pl v r xpl t t n f f r t nd th r n t r l r r n th n f d v l p nt. A n f nt p t f n t r l r r p t t n th t x l d d fr th thr t l t, lth h t h lr d h d r n n , th l b t btl nfl t v r t r r r ( nl th r rd t th l , h h ff t n th br d r h n ll n t n l r t f th t t . Alr d th p t f th l n th n r t n f h dr l tr Town p r ( E f r nd tr nd d t n n d r pt n . h d h r n d d t pr d th E fr th O n ll d n t ll r l t d b t h n r tl d t r r t d, h h ld l d t f rth r r d t n n nd tr l tp t.Cape It h b n r d th t, v n th rr nt r d t n n th t r l v l , U nd f r v r thr t th n d n f th th r l r p r n t t , h K n , nz n , r nd of r v n nd f r th t tt r.
G v rn nt l h hl ht l p l r z t n r t l nt rn l thr t, h h t ttr b t t l n l l nd n l n l . Ir n ll , v rn nt d n t n d r n b nd tr , p l t l r pr n, r d n r n nd v l d b d n r t l. h Wh t p r d n t v n n l d t rr r University thr t, v n th h th d nt d v l p d n n r h n t rr r ff t n th r n. All f th b v f t r h v n f t b n d r pt v nd nt n t b thr t t th t t h l , v n th h th r n t n l d d n th Wh t p r.
h thr t h v b n xtr l pr bl t t b th nt rn l nd xt rn l l v l b th h v r lt d n l f tr t b t n t t nd n th l t d h r n f r t nf r t n b t n t t . h h n ntl l t d nt r t n b t n t t nd, r t f ll t h
4° A d t l d br d n f th thr t pr v d d n th U nd G v rn nt Wh t p r 2004. 408 . C ll n , h l ( r n : Int r t d bl h n S l t n , 2002 , p. 8 nd . W t rb r , h l n: t n l t r n nt f C ll t v A t n, ( nd n: Y l Un v r t r , 2002 , p. .
2 p ll d t t t h rb r h th r r b l r p b r n n h p r r t r n . h ll b d d n th f ll n h pt r . f th n t r f th thr t j t tl n d, U nd n t Wh t p r f 2004 d v l p d n pr h n v r t p l nd tr t th t ddr th thr t t r n l d pl t l v l, t b l t r l l v l, ll t n t n l l v l. nd r t nd U nd nt rv nt n t f r n p l , t p r t v th t t nt rv nt n t p d b x n d. In th t n b l , U nd nt rv nt n n th G h v b n r d th v t pr v d f v r bl b r nd t th d n n th b nt h pt r .
Uganda's interventionist episodes in the Great Lakes Region
It d d n th pr d n t n th t U nd thr t p r pt n r nl xt rn l. h r tl d t r n d h f r n p l f r l t n . In th t n br f v rv f M v n nt rv nt n nt th n hb r n t t d n . Wh nTown M v n t p r, th nt rv nt n t f r n p l h d pt d n th r n t v t d b lt pl f t r . r th t h t p r n 86, th h h d l t p r t h h ll n d M v n r . Wh l th r f r d r b l r p Cape t f ht h r , th r j n d th pp t n th th h p th t th ld nfl n of h p l . h U nd n r b l r p th t f r d d S d n, C nd l t r nd b fr h h th l n h d th r tt n U nd . r n th t th G l h r t r d b d f n t n l t t th t h d nt r t t nd ntr t t nfl t th t p t th r n n pr r t t n. In r t n t th , U nd h d t r n tr t t lf nd r v t p l p rt l rl th f r n p l t n r th t t nt n d th t t n th t t b r n th r d v l p nt p l . On h f r n p l University nt rv nt n. U nd nt rv n d n r nd , nd nd th C n t ddr th G r n l h ll n .
U nd nt rv n d n nd n O t b r 0 nd nt n d thr h th r n l n t t v t pp rt th p f l r l t n f th ntr thn nfl t. Att pt t n n p r h r n r nt n b t n th t nd t n nd f ll d t. h r b l nd v rn nt ll r d t th t bl h nt f tr n t n l v rn nt n h h th t thn
409 In nt rv th th C nd ISO t ph d th t th r tr n l n b t n th nt rn l nd xt rn l thr t , p rt l rl b th p r nf r t n fl b t n t t r rd n th v nt f d d nt nd th r n n t t t r h ff t d th r t f t t , p ll n n hb r n t t . S l r v r xpr d n r b rd r t n h ld b t n nd nd U nd n A t 200 (M n t v l bl n r t .
26 r p ld h r p r d p t th d r ph b l n . Unf rt n t l , th r nt l n n th Convention f G v rn nt d d n t h ld. In t d, n d br t f ll n th pl n r h n h h r d nt b r n d d n 4. U nd nt rv n d n t t p th n d .
U nd n v rt nt rv nt n n r nd n d n 86 nd b r pr n n d n ft r th n t n f pr d nt d d . M v n thr h th r n l n t t v r d r nd t t p f ht n b t th thn r r v d n. In t t v t r lv th nfl t n r nd b nt rn t n l d nd n th C r C nf r n p n r d b C rt r h ld th th xpr f t bl h n r n l r p th t ld n t t th p pr . h Ar h r p f r d nd ntr t d th th r p n b l t f d t n b t n th t d n t thn r p th t nd t . h n C nf r n h ld n n f ll d h rtl nd d r n th nf r n , r r pp nt d t h d th n t t n f r th r nd pr . Wh l t th n t t n Town r n tr , th f r r pr d nt rr f r nd v rthr th C nv nt n v rn nt f r n th r n l p n t t v t p n t n n r nd . In , th p n t t v d h d x pl f d b th r C f r A r nt b t n nd n th t r b l. In 8, t th r th th t n l A bl Cape r d t h v n nt rn l p rtn r h p f r p . h r d th b nn n f th r nd of t t n n Ar h nd r th p f r r .
U nd nt rv nt n n th C t rt d n 6 h n r b l l d r th n, r nt K b l tt d r . U nd nt rv nt n h d b n r t d b K b l h n h r b l nd l t r h n b b pr d nt. 4 ° K b l n d d l t r t n t n bl h b l t r h r t n h v t t t .University th pr d nt h d t ll r d th t h l M v n d t rn C b t f ht U nd n r b l th t h d p t n d th lv n t rn C, U nd ld l pr t t K b l fr r n r b l . h p r n h d b n l d th r t l n d b b th pr d nt n 8. r v b r 6, U nd h d ff r d A tt n t t f r t tt fr th A r b l r p ll dl pp rt d b S d n nd I l f nd nt l t l Al Q d . h r b l tt d W t rn U nd nd nt n l d th C b fr h h th l n h d th r tt .
4 0 nt r v d n p t U nd nt rv nt n n r t h n t pr t d l nt n t nfl t t th b rd r r th r . In th t d 6 th r n d t f r th d n b t th t r h v l t r l h b n d t v r th nt rv nt n fr t n pt n.
2 In r f tt th t f ll d A r bl t bd t, ll nd U nd n . In r t n, U nd nt n t tr p t ntr l th C v rn nt n t ll t n , h rp rt , rf ld nd b t n n t rn C. h r t n l f r th th t U nd h d t n r th t ll th lt pl ppl l n r bl d, d tr d r nd r r l r rv ll n . h nt rv nt n n C n 8 h d b n r d p n b t n K b l nd M v n ll th th rd pr d nt f nd K . v r, f ll n d r nt b t n pr d nt K b l nd M v n nd K , f ll r br t b t n U nd nd nd n n d n t th C th t h d b n n ll . h r th t r v d n f r f r r dr n n th r t t th r n pp rt f th C r n th d f U nd nd nd . In th n xt h pt r, n n l f U nd nt rv nt n t f r n p l ll d n dr n n f r n th r t l fr r , C n tr t v , l h r , Ut l t r n b r l p l nd th S r t l . S App nd x A th hr n l f r d t l d br d n f th nt rv nt n nd tt pt t r lv n th n ll th t t h r U nd nt rv n d.Town
4.4 Summary Cape h f th f r n d n thr f ld.of h f r t t v br f h t r f U nd p l t l d v l p nt fr l n l r l t th p t l n l r . h nd t x n U nd r t fr r nd t p r t n, nd th l t t d U nd r t nt r t n th d r r n l fr r . Wh t r fr th h t r U nd r n l d v n, h h x rb t th thn d ff r n th t h v h r t r d U nd p l t l d v l p nt. h p r h ft b t n th rth rn r nd th S th rn r h v h d r p t n th University r t f th t t nd r t bl f r th l n t v l r n th r n, v z. th ll d " rth rn Q t n". h h pt r h l h n h U nd nt r r t tr t r l fr r h r t r d b tr n pr d nt l nd h h l t r p r n l nfl n n d n n n r t r l t d . Wh l t th C n t t t n xpl t n pr d r l tt r n rn n th r nd d n n n tt r f n t n l r t , t v d nt th t th l l t ppr h n t ft n d n r l t . Ev n h n th C n t t t n ll th U n t t f ll th d n f th pr d n , th t l pr t th t th d . h b l v th r d nt b v th C n t t t n h n t t th r t v t , nd f rth r r b l v th t th r r p n bl nl t th r d nt. In f t, th r l f l r p l n h n t n fl fr n t n t th th r, nd n f th p r t n t b b d n t t p l . U nd pr d nt l t , th n t t t n r
28 t p n h t n r n ntr t n f p r t th t p. U nd n ddr n th thr t h hl ht d b v ld th r f r d p nd r tl n l r nd tr t r thr h ll th r n , nd n xpl t p r t n l tr t r n th r nd. h h pt r h d r b d r t fr r th t h hl ntr l d, h h n t n r v l t n r v rn nt . It h l d n tr t d d n tr t h U nd h h r rd n r n l nd nt rn t n l r t tt r h h p d t p r pt n f t lf. U nd r rd t lf f tr t p rt n t th G r n h l . It v d nt fr th h pt r th t, h U nd h n p rt nt r l t pl n th r n p l t , t ll v ln r bl b f th n r h r n l nv r n nt. h h pt r h l pr v d d n v rv f th nt rv nt n nd rt n b U nd n th G . In th n xt h pt r , n x n t n f U nd nt rv nt n ll b d n th v t t bl h n pr h n v th r t l xpl n t n f t nt rv nt n t f r n p l .
C n l n Town
h h pt r h pr v d d th b f r dr n n r l n l n b t U nd r t t r fr r h r t t r nd rCape th M v n d n tr t n ( p r d t ll th l d r b f r h d n tr t t of l t r ll (fr th r n r h hl r n d nd ll tr t r d r t t r th n pl t th fl f nf r t n, v rt l d n n tr t r , nd d n th t r d ft r pr p r n lt t n. In r l t , th h, d n n d n t t b th t t t nd n f t t h hl p r n l d. r th v xpr d b th nt rv , t v d nt th t pr r nt f l t r t r l d n n n dh nn r, h h ld b r pr nt t v f th r p l d n r th b rd. d n t d l r dUniversity f r n p l , h v r, U nd nd r th M v n d n tr t n p r v t lf h v n r n l r l t pl nd t b tt d t p r t n th th r t t n r t tt r .
2 CHAPTER FIVE CONSTRUCTIVISM: NORMS AND TRENDS IN INTERVENTION
If the neighbour's house catches fire, the fire can spread also to your own house;
4 if there is fire in the next house you get out and see what is happening...
[I] don't accept Western guarantees. The people of African must guarantee their owen future 4 2
5.0 Introduction
In th h pt r, U nd t v f r nt rv n n n t n hb r n t t r n l d. r n n th n tr t v t fr r th t d t n r n thr r t l t n . W U nd nt rv nt n t f r n p l p rt f n r n tr nd f nt rv nt n n Afr ? d U nd nt rv n n t t rn n hb r n t t Townf r ltr t r n ? h t xt nt ld r th t U nd nt rv nt n r d t n n h n p t n n th G r n? C n tr t v pr nt d n lt rn t v ppr h t th d n nt tr d t n l ppr h f b r l nd l n Cape xpl n n nt rn t n l r l t n .
h h pt r f r t d C n tr t v ndof t ppl t n t nt rv nt n. In th f ll n t n, p f nt rv nt n th t nf r t C n tr t v r d d t d n tr t th r l v n f th ttr b t f C n tr t v n xpl n n nt rv nt n. h f ll d b d n f th r l v n f C n tr t v n ppr h t t d n nt rv nt n n th Gr t n (G . h ntr l r nt f th h pt r th t l d r nt rv n n th ff r f th r t t University b th h r d n pt bl r t : xpl n d n th pr v h pt r , n r nd lt r h v r d n th p t C ld W r r , h h h v l d t nt rv nt n b n n f t r f th nt rn t n l t . M r p f ll , t r d th t, n th G , U nd nt rv nt n r p rt f th n r th t h b n t, f r tl b th h ll n f th nt rn t n l t nd ndl , b th d nd f th r n. t r d th t U nd t v r p rt f n r l tr nd r n n Afr , n t r f h h t t f l bl d t nt rv n t pr v nt h n t r n d t r nd n r th t p pr v l n th r n h l . Of r , th f n h n t r n n d r t n t v f
4 M v n ddr t th S xth rl nt n 6 S pt b r 8, n rd, p. 4 0 . 4 2 r d nt M v n t t nt t th t n l M rn n C r n f r hn G r n , th S A l d r t K l l Ind p nd n Gr nd , U nd , f ll n th d th f G r n n 0 l 200 , v l bl n r t.
130 nt rv nt n n n t nt th th d n nt th r l l , h h f n th ntr l t f n t n l r t n xpl n n nt rv nt n , r th Ut l t r n b r l v , h h nt rpr t v r nt rv nt n n n t r .
5.1 Constructivism and Intervention
C n tr t v dv n n r , d nt t nd lt r th thr l nt v r bl th t nfl n th f r n p l b h v r f t t . r tl , n tr t v t ttr b t t t b h v r t th l n t r f nt rn t n l p l t , h h r t n r t v nd r t nd n n t t t r th t th h ld b h v n rt n , p rt l rl h n nd t n h n d , nv r n nt l d t r r v l nt nfl t r t thr t n h n t . In n , n tr t v t r th t h t t t d n nt rn t n l r l t n , th nt r t th h ld nd th tr t r th n h h th p r t r ll d f n d b l n r nd d r th r th n b bj t v r t r l nd t n In th r rd , t t h v lTown r l t pl t rd h th r th r f r , th r p r tt d t nt rv n n h th r ff r t ddr pr r t t n. h nd f r p n b l t n d t t t tr n l t nt n r th t th dh r t t v n t nd n p f nd t n . h n tr t v tCape ppr h f rth r p t th t n r p r t th n ll d f n d pt bl p r t r of th t t xpl tl h th t r h ld b ( n th , th t t r n th t r lth h n tr t v t l n l d th t nt rn t n l r n t n nd th " nt rn t n l n t " r t r t nd h t th t r h ld nd h ld n t d nd r p f r t n .
h nd p r p t v dv n d th l n f d nt t nd lt r n nt rn t n l r l t n r th r th n t r l University n d r t n l p r nd n n d r t n . It r d th t t t pr j t th lv n th t r d t n t nd n th lv r l th t b d nt f d th th . h t t th t th r d nt t , p rt l rl r f rr n t th th rr t t v t , d t n t nd th r f r pr th h v p l r l r r p n b l t th t r n l n d t th b th nt rn t n l t A rl r n t d, t t b l v th t th r t n ( pr r b d b th r d nt t r p bl l nd r t d t nd rd f r t n th t h lp ddr p rt l r t t n n n r ll p n r d tl , th r th t,
413 S . . r n, " l t C n tr t v ", n Int rn t n l St d v , l (200 , p. 26. 414 . K tz n t n, "Intr d t n" n K tz n t n, . ( d h C lt r f t n l S r t : r nd Id nt t n W rld l t , p.2 415 l p d
t r tt h n n t th r d nt t , pr t nd nt r t n h h r nt lt r . h tr t dh r t th lt r nd b h v n th t t ll pt bl t h th r. 417
C n tr t v t ntr l th th t r t f t t h ld b nd r t d fr lt r l nd n t t t n l r th r th n t r l n d r t n l n nd p r nt r t . Wh n t t nt rv n n th r , th r f r , t r d th t th r t v t d b n d r t n f n t n l r t nd b th lt r nd n r th t h r t r t f th r nv r n nt r p l r t th nd v d l t r p l th t . h r th t t t ll nt rv n n th r b th h v n d th lv r l t b t d n f r t n b h lf f th r pl n th t th n nt rv n n th r t t th th nt nt n f lv n n t t nd n pr bl .
Wh r th n tr t v t l r l t n l d th ntr l t f n t n l r t n d r t n , th r p r p t v n n t nt th th r l t l Town th t ttr b t t v t n f nt rv nt n t th n r h n t r f th rld, h h n r p r l f h t l t n t t nd r lt nt r. On th ntr r , th r th t t t b h v r th t r lt n n r t f th r r th r n t t r lt fCape th t t l pr t th t r pr d t nd l t r t nd t . 4 8 In r l t nof t nt rv nt n, th r f r , t t ll nt rv n n t t n h r l pr t f t t h v pr d d pr r t t n f r h n t . h r f r , th p r v th lv h v n n bl t n t nt rv n b th l tr t r f th nt rn t n l t xp t th t nd th nd t n f th t r t t t rr nt nt rv nt n. In r , th n tr t v t ppr h t nt rpr t n nt rv nt n t f r n p l f t t r l v nt t th Afr n t t n. h ppr h l rl d n tr t h n r d v l p University th n r n r nd v d l t t nd th d nt t th t r d v l p v r t . h tr nd f nt rv nt n th t h r d n th r n ld b ttr b t d t th d v l p nt .
5.2 New African Philosophy U nd nt rv n d n nd fr 0 p t h n n p l, p rl nt r nd pr d nt l l t n r h ld n h h r d nt K b th pr d nt. It nt rv n d
416 K. r , "Cr t l M th d l nd C n tr t v " p. 22 417 . . pp r n, A. W ndt nd . . K tz n t n, " r , Id nt t nd C lt r n t n l S r t " p. 4 418 r d t l d v n h t th n tr t v t v r l t n , . C p l nd, " h C n tr t v t Ch ll n t Str t r l l " n Int rn t n l S r t , l 2 , 2 (2000 , pp. 8 2 2.
2 n r nd t rt n n 86 b t r r dl n f ll n th n t n f th f r t d r t ll l t d t r d nt d d nd 6 h n t ll d f r n t n n t r d nt . h nt rv nt n nt n d p t 200 h n th nd d r t ll l t d t r d nt rr r nz nz t p r. S l rl r h v l r rd nd t th t U nd nt rv nt n n th C nd C n r n n U nd t rt d n , b t th n r l l t r t r h p t th nt rv nt n t rt n n 6 nd nt n n thr h t 200 h n t ff ll thdr fr th r t ntr ll d n E t rn C. 4
In th thr t t r nd , nd nd th C U nd t v f r nt rv nt n r l r n p t , h l n th r th r p f t th p rt l r nt rv n . On n f t r f ll th nt rv nt n th f t th t th r t v t d b th pr v l n n r n h h t t r nt rv n n n th r t ddr rt n . A tr nd r d n th t C ld W r r n h h Afr r n l n r f pr r p rt n t th p rp r . h nt rn t n l n t n r d th nfl t Townth t h d n d b t n t t r th n t t . Afr n l n r n th pr r t l t f th E r p n p r , th US r th nt rn t n l n t n n r l, th r lt d n n nd rt n b Afr n t t t ddr th r n pr bl . h n nd rt n ,Cape p p l rl r f rr d th " Afr n h l ph ", r d th b nn n f nof Afr n ppr h t th r pr bl . h n ph l ph h tr n l t d nt lt r nd n r th t Afr n t t nd r n l r p n h v br d t ddr th r n rn n th r n.
U nd nt rv nt n h v b n br dl ttr b t d t t ntr l t n th n ph l ph nd th d nt t t h n tr t d f r t lf th n th r n h l . S nt rv r d th t M v n nt rv nt n tUniversity f r n p l t b n fr h t nt t th n ph l ph f Afr n l t n t Afr n pr bl . On r p nd nt r d f ll ,
Museveni's leadership was visible in Africa and the GLR. He was wry crucial and extremely positive about conflict resolution involving Africans 'who best knew what was best for them. He had not only mediated in Burundi but had been instrumental in Somalia and Sudan. Uganda's interventions had a lot to do with Musereni's personality because Uganda could haw had a president who feels that it was not wise to invoke the state in conflicts in neighbouring states. Museveni, on the otherd been hang extremely had positive about conflict resolution in the legion.'"
4 r hr n l l r v f v nt n th G r n l r l t n , th hr n l pp nd d A. 420 Int rv th UG A U h ld n j b r r nd n th 2 th O t b r 200 .
h f t th t M v n th "f r t rr ll " t v rthr tt n v rn nt nd th t h br ht "p " t th ntr , n n f th t r f th n Afr n ph l ph f Afr n l d r lv n Afr n pr bl . M v n l d n tr t d, lb t thr h pr tr t d rr ll rf r [ h h n t x tl n f lv n pr bl ] th t h p bl f r lv n U nd p l t l r nd t pp n v h n r ht v l t n . In dd t n, h l d U nd t n f nt n r th h n t b r b d t th Str t r l Adj t nt r r (SA th t r dv t d b th IM nd W rld n f r d v l p n n t n . h h v nt l d t U nd b n d l n t h h th r t t r r d t t bl h h th r th SA r v bl . It h b n r p rt d th t M v n Str t r l Adj t nt r r h v p rf r d r r bl ll. Gr th v r d b t n 86 nd 6, r h n h h .2 n 6. Infl t n h d b n br ht nt th n l d t nd, n 6, t t d t t , h v n d r d fr r th n 200 n th p rv r . h p r p t r d t pr d t h d ppr h d n ll t h h t $2 0, r n n r nd l t d r n th 0 . 42 M v n h d d n tr t d p t Town t d l th r nd t br n b t p . h v nt n r t r n rd r n U nd t b t d th h t r f rr d t th " r d" f Afr n d r , nd h ft n r rd d th n "b n f h p " b th US. 422 Cape of M v n nn r bl h v nt n th p l t l r n p ll d h t nt rv n n th r t t , t n bl t h r h xp r n th th nd t t th r t t t d l th v l r n th r l b r t n tr l . " His commitment t th n ph l ph f "Afr n l t n t Afr n pr bl " b t d h nd, h pr t K d r b d h , M v n v r h l d b h p rt n n th r n nd f lt th t h h d t b p rt f ll p l t l v nt t th University h l f f nd n v bl tr t th t ld l d t t b l t n th G
f h , 421 M. "Str t r l Adj t nt n U nd ", http: b r . l. p l p .ht , d n 20 n 2006. S l , " r d & v l p nt C nt r, Int rn t n l v l p nt t r ". http: . td. r nd "U nd Inv t nt A th r t , ", http: . nd . . Inv t.ht , d n 20 n 2006. 422 M. Ott , Afr New d r : r r St t n tr t n, (W h n t n: C rn End nt f r Int rn t n l , . Y. n r h ll d th " t r r n l tr t t nd v n r " n h "C nt n n l S r t nd th W r n C n ", n M. r ( d , Cr n th C, (SA I S S r : SA ES r t, r r , , p. 2. 423 Int rv th r nd b ff l 2 h ld n 2 O t b r 200 n j b r . h r n f nt n n t n th nt rv th t M v n b l v d th t h nd r t d th pr bl f Afr b tt r nd nv n d h n h b t t lv th . 424 K b l v d th t M v n l v t d h lf t h nd r d th t, "M v n d th t h n v r th n b t v r th n , v r t ... " S App nd x 8 f r K p t n r rd n M v n p t n n r n l p l t . S l r v r xpr d b IO MO UC n n Int rv h ld n K p l n th 2 S pt b r 200 .
4 r n n p rt l r nd n Afr n n r l, p ll thr h h ntr b t n t th n r l d b t n p nd d v rn n n Afr ." rr ll rf r t l nd t t r p d b th r Afr n r b l l d r nd n hb r n t t d d nt th x d r lt . d r l K , n nd K b l l d M v n th d t t p r. A n p r p t v r d n t th l d r th r rd t h Afr ld lv t pr bl . h ll b r b d t th v th t Afr h d th p t t lv t n pr bl r th r th n h v n t r l n E r p n t t n th W t t lv th . In th n xt t n, U nd nt rv nt n n r nd , nd nd th C r d d.
In r nd , M v n n d th r nd rl 86 h n h t p r. v rt nt rv nt n n th thn nfl t n h n th f r t d r t ll l t d t r d nt d d n t d. pr d h nt rv nt n n th b th t h nd r t d th thn nfl t b tt r th n th x t n p l t l l d r h p nd th t h ld h xp r n n d l n th b th thn r p t rr v t n pt bl Town l t n. r tl , h n t d th t d pl t r th r th n l t r ppr h b d t r lv th nfl t, K n h d t d. pl t n ld r tl r d th p b l t f nt n d v l n n th r n. S ndl , th nv lv d n th n t t n Cape r r n ll pp d t p rt p t n n th pr , b t M v n rn d n t h x l n. r d th t nv l bl f r th r nd p pr of nd th t h h d t b n l d d f p h d t h ld. f rth r r d th t h d b n n ntr l f r h l n t , th t h ld n t l b n r d th t d r r lt . pp rt r n l d d n r l t nd th n h r f th r . Wh r f r d nd h t d b th t ll b h n thn tr b , th t , h n n th l nd r d p r nd h d t n f t h r v r d h . It University n t th b r nd f tr n th nd p rf l nfl n n th p l t l t th t M v n n t d n th f d pl t r lv th thn tr l f r p r n rd r t pr v nt n p nd n n d . h nt rv nt n v nt ll ld d p t v r lt .
425 h r t th K p l nt, h h th t p t n bl f d r pr t d. h f r nv n d n K p l n th 22 M . h K p l nt: rd C nf r n n S r t , St b l t , v l p nt nd C p r t n n Afr n n t t v f th Afr n d r h p r , h h pr d f f r r h d f t t nd pr n nt Afr n fr n ntr . 426 Int rv th UG A 4 h ld n 8 b r 200 t K p l , M n tr ff . 427 In n xpl n t n f M v n p t n n r nd b UG A 4, h r d th t M v n h d r f ll tl n d th f t th b r f th n t t n t d r n th pr d n f th n t t n . Int rv h ld n th 8 b r 200 t th M n tr Off .
428 Ib d .
429 Ib d.
In 6, thr r l t r h v r, h n v rthr th "C nv nt n G v rn nt" th t h d b n p t n pl b th G t t rl r n t t n , M v n r t d th t th G p n t n n . M v n r t n l f r th n t n thr f ld. r tl , h d ntr v n d th pr n pl f p t h h th G b r b d. S ndl , th n t n ld pr v nt th n d th t h d ll dl b n pl nn d b th r thn r p t nn h l t h th r. tl , th n t n ld f r th v rn nt, th pp t n p rt , nd ll n r nt r p t r t rn t th n t t n th t p h d nt rr pt d. h n t n r rd n l n t t t d n n 6 b th r t f th G t t .
h d n t p n t n n r nd (r f rr d t "t t " b nt rv d d n t nl rn M v n r p t fr th r b l r p nd p l t l p rt , b t l n r d th t th rr n f t n n d nf d n n th p pr . h b th t , h h d h p d th t M v n ld f v r th n th p n t t n ,Town r d pp nt d th h p rt l t nd h d th t h ld tr t ( t , th h M v n h d thn ff t , f h r " t ". 4" h n t n f r d nd n rd n , t r b l l d r, t r t rn t th n t t n . h r ft r,Cape pr f r r nt n d, n h h th r d t n Int rn l rtn r h pof f r . r r h n b th G n t t v t h d th p n t t n , h h ld b h ld n Ar h . h l t n f r r n t pt bl t t h f r d th t r r ld b p rt l nd f v r th t . v rth l , th n t t n n d. S t pr t n t nv lv d n th n t t n n t d th t r r b d nd n t ll r f d t p rt p t n th t l . It f rt n t f r th r p , th n, th t r r lln r r d n h d t r pl h . At f r t, r d nt M nd l University f S th Afr h r pl nt, b t h n t rn r pl d b S th Afr r d nt b , l f r h lth r n .
h f th p pr r d b th pl t n f th r nd Ar h A r nt n 2004, nd th b nt tr n t n t d r f ll n th l t n h ld n
4 0 h nt rv n r nd r nv n d th t M v n b n " ", n thn t r th t l t th t , ld d th th t , nd v n h n th t h ld r n p t n h h ld h v pl pp rt d th b th r t . 4 t r l f t t f ll th p f th nt rv n r nd r dr n fr f r t h nd r p rt b b nn r . S d t l d nt f th r l f n n v rn nt l r n t n th rd p rt d t r n . r , " r nd : A C f r r ll l pl ", n Cr r, C., p n, . 0. nd A ll, ., rd n C t : M lt p rt M d t n n C pl x W rld, (W h n t n .C: Un t d St t In t t t f , , pp. 8.
136 200 h b n ttr b t d t M v n r l n th n t t n . r nd n r p nd nt r d th t, th t M v n t th n t t n t bl , n n ld h v b n bl t nv n th t nd t t h r p l t l p r nd t n th Ar h A r nt. Al , b n f th r nd r b l r p r p t d h , M v n d th t t th t pt th t r f th Ar h A r nt, h h th h d pr v l r f d t nd r . In th nd, h d d n nv n n n n t n r b l r p nd p l t l p rt t n th p r nt. h n l d d t n l C n l f r th f n f r r nt f r th f n f r (C , h h th tr n t pp t n t th d z v rn nt. Oth r n l d d ll f r r , E n nd S l v l p nt ( A ES , t n l b r t n r nt ( O I A , t n l b r t n r I nz ( I nz , l p A z , rt f t n l v r ( A E A , M v nt f r th h b l t t n f C t z n (M C , Un n f r t n l C n r (U O A , r nt f r r n r nd ( O E U , nd MS In nz parties!" They signed the global peace agreement in spite of th r r rv t n . M v n bl t nv n Town ll th rr n p rt t ttl f r n thn d tr b t n n th r f 0 t 0 t n rd r t pr v nt n d nd t n r t n bl p . l d th ppr t th f t th t p nd v bl , n th n th t n thn r p nn tCape bt n p f n th r d n t h v t r d th t t th n b nt p n ofth t br th p pr nd d v l p th r t t . M v n ttr b t d t h d pl , lt r l nn t n , nd tr n n t n l l n . On p l t l p rt l d r r d th t:
Museveni it was very big role because I cart tell you tun for that signature all big presidents of this area and the world like Clinton etc was there. It was wry hard to get the signatories of our political groups. And I am tell you that; it's Museveni and Kagame who solved the problem probably because z are ah ... Uganda even z do not have a border with Uganda something is there which can be... eh... it's Universitylike that zee are brothers, zee are not eh... you know historically, I think, some Burundi people W lt to Uganda and we have many things together in terms of culture and behaviour and then as zee are like Rwanda. Rwandans is in Uganda and Uganda cannot be happy getting Rwanda stable and Burundi in war. So in terms of sub-region Uganda has a wry big Aux and I
432 Int rv th UG A U 4 h ld n th 2 O t b r 200 t j b r . 433 S App nd x f r th t bl f f th p l t l p rt n r nd th t n d n th p n t t n . S h d l t r n , h l th r d d n t. h n bl d n r ppr h nd n t t n b th th t d d n t h v l t r n h d n f r t f ll b n nd r f r d t pt th ttl nt . 4 4 r nd Opp t n r p nd nt n t th t th f n l Ar h A r nt th n d n t th r n d nt th t th h d r n ll d b t d. h d nd d th t th t h d n t b n n l d d n th f n l d nt b ddr d, nd n d th th t nd r t nd n . App r ntl , th h v n t b n n l d d n th pl nt t n nd h v b ntr l p nt f n rn. 4 Ib d. 436 Int rv th UG A U h ld n K p l n 2 l 200 nd 0 A t 200 . S l r v r xpr d b UG A U r nd E b ff l n n nt rv n j b r n 2 O t b r 200
think Museveni knows that and was obliged in teens of funds , in terms of cooperation because in this years you cannot be alone even you think you area big country ... 4
S f th t nt rv r v h ntl pp d t M v n h nd n v r p r t th t , th r f rr d t t. On nt rv h d th t :
Muserenisupportedthe requirement the peace of the process peace butprocess did not i.e. fulfil that investigations be done to establish who killed Ndadaye and ensure that any person responsible for genocide in and thereafter was not given political poser. He favoured Hutu against the Tutsi, because Hutu is majority and they call that democracy... democracy is different from ethnicity...
h p r n h d th t t nt l rl bl v f h t M v n h d d n , n l , t n t n n t n n t , f ll t ,4 nd th t th p t n nd t v f h t nt t th p pr . h l th t M v n n t t n t h d n t t p f ll n r nt d d n t n, h h ld br n th lpr t t b nd pr v nt th fr n n p r n th n v rn nt, ll b l .Town An th r nt rv r d th t th h n t d r d nt d d r t , nd th t th t n p r th r th t d n d t nv n th rld th t th r d l t h d t n d th n t n th t th t ldCape b bl d f r t, n t tr . h nt rv f rth r r d th t d n n th lpr t of ( f th r d nt f d p l t l p r t r l t th t , n b th th t nd th t r pl t d n th n t n. An n r nt th n t n ld n t nl h v t ll d th p pr , b t ld l h v nd r t n h v nt th t th p n t t v t h d d ." rth r r , th l th t M v n h d pp rt d th t n t th t l nf nd d b f h f nd nt l r nt th t p ld n t b h v d n d v v thn l n 442 M v n h d n t d thr h tUniversity th t, f p r t t r nd , t ld nl l t f th t
4 Int rv h ld n j b r UG A U 4 n 2 nd 28 O t b r 200 th f r r p l t l p rt l d r rr ntl r n f r v rn nt. h nt rv p l t l p rt d d n t t n t n th n r nd n v rn nt, t h t ll h r h d th r l th t M v n n nd v d l pl d. l ttl d r ntl d th t M v n h d n t h lp d th ( t p rt n th n t t n b t ppr t d th p t n th t M v n n. 4 8 Int rv th UG A U h ld n 2 O t b r 200 , n j b r . 4 h r n r l v n U nd th t M v n t t nd xp t d t pp rt t t h r v r th r . 44° Int rv th UG A 4 h ld n 8 b r 200 , n K p l . 44 Ib d. 442 S r nd t nt rv d r nv n d th t M v n h d d d th th t b f th f ll n t f th t l d r h p n nd th M v n . n l n r tr t d th t . v r, U nd ff l nv lv d n th n t t n nd r nd h f n t t r n t d th t M v n n r nd p rt l nd b l v d th t h t d f r th t d f r th t , th t n t n t nt n d n t n r nd n t f bl n th pr p d n r nd : f p t h ld, b th h d t h r p r.
138 d n nt thn r p pt d th t th h d t r t th r. h p t n h n ld d p t v r lt , lth h t t ll t rl t j d th f th p pr nd th t nt t th n v rn nt. In t r n th r nd p n t t n p t th r p t v pl t n, M v n n dv rt ntl n n h lf r l f rb t r, n t t r nd p r n th r n. W th r rd t U nd r l n nd n th r nd nfl ht, t h ld b n t d, th h, th t th r t r ( . . r n l l d r , n n v rn nt l r n t n nd f th b d r n t n r l p rt f th d pl t n t t n . h r r l r l, lth h n n l f th r ntr b t n b nd th p f th t d .
In nd , nl n r nd , U nd n t l nt rv nt n v rt nd n pp rt f th nd n t r b l h h d nv d d nd n 0 n U nd l t r b . M v n f n d n r n f th n t l tt th t th h d l n h d n nd t d n t d v rn nt nd n t d th t h d d n t pp rt th tt : n h ddr t rl nt h r d f ll : Town
Earlier on, I was telling you that our involvement with the problems of the Great Lakes Region started with Rwanda. 4,000 young Rwandese who had been part of our army, again contrary to my advice - because I tried to advice them not to go intoCape Rwanda to fight - escaped and attacked the Late Habyarimana's Government. They escapedof I repeat “ p d"... 444 Of r , M v n l h b n nt t d nd, n f t, t b r p bl t b l v b th d f n tr t r h n xtr l l d t th t t ld b pl bl th t h n nv n ld h v h pp n d th t h n l d . And t, n d r n th t th nd n t r n h r f th nt ll n t , t l nt r l pl bl th t th ldUniversity h v pl nn d tr t ll t tt nd n O t b r 0, h n r d nt M v n n v t t r .
h n t th t nd n , th r r nd t n th t M v n n d n d pl t t l th r d nt b r n n t t n th p bl r t rn f th t pr r t th nv n f 4.
443 El h r n Afr , U nd nv lv d n th p n t t n f S d n b t n Al h r v rn nt nd th S A G r n . t h v b n r t l t th n n f p r nt b n h l t G r n n A t 200 h h hl ht d h h h d b n d t p r d G r n t n th r nt. r nt th t nf rth, th r pr nt t v f r d nt f th US G r h t th n t t n , h d ll d M v n t r p rt G r n n pr n p t n. M v n r ll d th t h p t b th G r n nd nf rth nd r l d th t G r n r ht n r f n t n th r nt. M v n t t th t h d r d nt G r h t n tr t h r p t t p pr r n G r n . A pl t tr n r pt f th l v l bl n r t. 444 M v n p rl nt r ddr n 6 S pt b r, S xth rl nt, rl nt r n rd ( 8 p.4 08.
In th b v nt n d ddr t rl nt, M v n f rth r nd t d th t th U nd n v rn nt h d d pt d d l p t n. r tl , M v n n t t d f r th r t rn f th nd n t t nd nd p l t l ttl nt n h h th t ld b ll d t h ld p r. S ndl , th U nd n v rn nt t d th t t r ll th t th ld d f t th nd n v rn nt tr p l t r l . A l t r d f t f th t ld h v n t t d th r r t rn t U nd , h h ld n t rn h v d pr bl f r U nd ."
U nd t p rt n f rth r n t t n n t t d b th G l d r . h d pl t n t t n ht t r lv th t z n h p n t r f h h th t ld b ll d t r t rn t nd nd t h v th r t z n h p r ht nd n r n z d. h n t t n l d t th 2 r nt t S l , n h h t r d th t th nd v rn nt ld l nt th r t rn f th nd n t . S b nt n t t n r h ld n r S l n A t t h h th C pr h n v A rd n d: h d t r t r th r p t f r h n r ht f th t Town th n nd , ll t ddr d nd f p l t l p r h r n . It h d l b n r d n pr n pl n th A rd th t th tr p b nt r t d n th nd n r . v r, th r nt br h d b b r n n , nd t f ll p n t t nCape n h h th G nd n d b r n f r v l t n th r nt, b r n of d d n pl n r h n h fr th t n . Unl th r nd n t t n , th nd n d pl t nt rv nt n d d n t ld th d r d l . h nfl t n nd n b ntr t bl nd d t r r t d nt n d . A r lt, U nd h d t nt rv n t t p th n d , h h t d d n 4 n Apr l r ht p t h n th U pr d nt l, p rl nt r nd n p l l t n r h ld.
h C v nUniversity r pr bl t th n th t t n n r nd nd nd d d b v . ll n th f th n t n p r n nd nd th Int r h fl n t r , h r th p n d b n r f p , fr h h th tt d nd , U nd h d t nt rv n t pr t t th p p l th t t th ntr f th r b t n th nd th Int r h n d r , h r b n t d b th r n f r . Wh r U nd nt rv nt n d t r lv n th pr bl f th C, n th , U nd h d b n p rt f th "pr bl ", . . t h d pp rt d th A tt n M b t v rn nt r d b n OAU r pr nt t v ." It nt rv nt n th ld n t b n fr b tt r
44 Ib d. 446 OAU pr nt t v , " rd C f r nd th l t n f th C nfl t n th r t p bl f
40 p r p t v . U nd ff rt t br n rr n f t n n th C t th r d d n t ld p t v r lt . v rth l , b n f v r l t nd nf r n , U nd d d tr t n th v r r p n n t t n .
Cr t f th d pl t pl t r lv th nfl t n th C h v p nt d t M v n f l r t d th n h n t t , p rt l rl th h n r b l r p . h r t nd r t t d M v n d pl t n t t v n th C b th r d th t h h d lt r r t v f nt rv n n n th f r t pl . rdl f th v , t h ld b n t d th t th f n t t n d p nd n n f t r nd U nd ll d t th b t. r tl , th p rt t r t t th t bl t n t t . In th f U nd r b l , th r ll n n t n n d l th v rn nt d p nd d n f ntl n th r b l t t rv v . h th t r v r l tr n d b th rr ll rf r d d d t v p f ht n nd r t rn d t n t t . In f t, v d n fr th f ld nd t th t M v n d d n th r b l n t l nd p r d d th t v p n r n nd r t rnTown t U nd . S d d nd h v n ttl d. On x r b l h d th t ,
Governmentsent a letter to us saying that UNRF 2 come dozen and zee negotiate that is how zee Cape came down to negotiate but z did not surrender. We were called for a dialogue after realising that there wets a mistake and the mistake has alreadyof been given that is h z hawe come to settle. And our settlement now is a permanent resettle."'
h v d n f v rn nt n t t v t d l th r b l . d v l p nt n 2004 h v d n tr t d th t M v n rr ntl n d n n t t n th th d n nt r b l r p, th A. W th th lt p rt d t n, th A nd th M v n d n tr t n t b h d n f r n University nd t th n r n . In dd t n t th b v n r , th M v n d n tr t n h n t nl n d n d pl t nt rv nt n ( . . n r nd nd nd , b t t h l n d n h n t r n nt rv nt n , d d n th f ll n t n.
C n ", ( C : " h l f th S th rn Afr n v l p nt C n t (SA C Or n n l t , f n nd S r t ", p r pr nt d t th W r h p n C n , ( r r : SA ES US , 8 . 447 U x r b l nt rv d n Y b (U nd n l 200 .
4 5.3 Humanitarian Issues
h n t r f nt rn t n l p l t f th t 0 2006 r tl nfl n d th n t r f M v n nt rv nt n . It v t l t x n th t n f M v n nt rv nt n t th p nt. h f r t d d f th p t C ld W r Afr , 0 2000, r pl t th n l t r l nd lt l t r l nt rv nt n nd nt r nt rv nt n n n Afr n t t . Int rv nt n, h b n p nt d t n pr v h pt r f th th , nd f "n r th t h d r d n th p t C ld W r r , p r tt n t t t nt rv n n th r t t f r r n r n n fr th h n t r n t th p l t l. h l tt r r n d fr v rthr n tt n v rn nt t pr t t n th r t r n r th t r n th v r f ll p r t d b n r nt r p . An pd t d v r n f tt nt rv nt n tr x n tr t v h r . h pd t d v r n f th tr x n b f nd n Ch pt r (p 8 .
Afr n nt rv nt n r fl t d n th tr x r n nd t n f Townth n r d nt rv nt n n th d d f 0 2000 nd nd t v f th f t th t nt rv nt n r r rd d n pt bl n f lv n pr bl , v n th h f th h v bv l v l t d nt rn t n l l . Int rv nt n th t d d n t v l t Cape nt rn t n l l r th p rh d d b Afr n r n l r n t n . h n l d d:of th E n C n t f W t Afr n St t M n t r n Gr p (ECOMOG nt rv nt n n b r , S rr n nd G n th Int r Afr n M n t M n t r th I pl nt t n f th n A r nt (MISA n C ntr l Afr n p bl nd th S th rn Afr n v l p nt C n t (SA C n th nd th C, f ll n th U Ch rt r. h U Ch rt r Art l 2( t p l t th t n th n n th pr nt Ch rt r pr l d th x t n f r n l rr n nt r n f r d l n th h tt r University r l t n t th nt n n f nt rn t n l p nd r t , r ppr pr t f r r n l t n f h rr n nt r n nd th r t v t r n t nt th th p rp f th U . It l t p l t d n th U Ch rt r Art l 2( th t th S r t C n l h ll n r th d v l p nt f p f ttl nt f l l d p t thr h h r n l rr n nt r b h r n l n th r n th n t t v f th t t n rn d r b r f r n fr th S r t C n l. Al n Art l ( , t ph d
448 h f n r h r pr pp th t t t t t f th r p r pt n f h t xp t d f th h n r v d n r, h n d , r . St t nt rv n , f r x pl , t pr v nt d th thr t n n t t n, nd r f r d t d pl l t r l n ntr v nt n f nt rn t n l l th th xpr f v n p pl l v . St t l b th r l t n nd rt n th nd f nt rv nt n fr " nt rn t n l t r l ", h h r n th nt rv nt n dr v n b t t v l nd r p t f r l f . 449 j . tt, "Afr n Int rv nt n t St t nd Int rn t n l ", p. .
42 f rth r th t th S r t C n l h ll, "... h r ppr pr t , t l h r n l rr n nt r n f r nf r nt t n nd r t th r t . v r, n nf r nt t n h ll b t n nd r r n l rr n nt r b r n l n th t th th r z t n f th S r t C n l, th th x pt n f r n t n n t t .... ”4 0
It ld b r d, th h, th t U nd n l t r l nt rv nt n th t d d n t t n xpr nd t fr th U , n th nd n nd C , bt n d th r l t fr th t r nt rn t n l l . U nd n tr r nt h n t d f nd t lf n th nt rn t n l n t th t t nt rv nt n n th G n hb r n t t r t v t d b h n t r n n d r t n , h h r nd t n d b th n r h n t r f th G . In th d d 1990-2000, th r r n n t n nt rv nt n n Afr , th U nd h v n th h h t n b r f nt rv nt n nd th b t n b r f r f nv lv nt th th nt rv n t t . It n b r d fr th t t t , th t U nd h n d t lf r l f "p l n n th r n". h n r d nt rv nt n f Afr nTown t t n h th r ff r d n tr t th t th n pt f r n l ll t v r t n Afr h h n d nd th t t nt n n t v lv . Int rv nt n r Afr n t t tt pt t lv th r n h n t r n pr bl . Cape of In th , U nd nt rv nt n t f r n p l h h t d th th t n f th nt rv nt n n r l t n t th nt rn t n l n t r t n t h t h pp n n n th G n n r l. h h t S th nd h v ll d th C bl t r (C ff t. U nd p ll d t nt rv n b f th n d n r nd nd nd , th v l nt thn l h b t n th h nd l nd 452 n th E t rn C, nd th ntr thn l h n th University C, p rt l rl n th n l n nd nd n n t r nd th . S n U nd th n r t n hb r n ll f th , t h d t h lp r
4 0 h Un t d t n Ch rt r. 4 In th r n l f th t v t n th t dr v nt rv nt n , S th nd r th t, n , t t d n t nt rv n b th r bl v t nt rn t n l l r h v lt r r t v , b t b th d pr j t th t t xp r n n nfl t b n n v r r v t t n, h h f r th r t t t nt rv n t t p th t t n . r r d t l d d n f th r l f th d n nh n n th l l h d f nt rv nt n, G. S th nd . , "C n d nd th Cr n E t rn r ", n Cr r, C., O t r, ., A ll, . ( d , rd n C t : M lt p rt M d t n n C pl x W rld, (Un t d St t In t t t f : W h n t n .C, , pp. 02 4 2 h h nd l nd thn l h h v n t b n r rd d n d v n th h v r 00,000 p pl r r p rt dl ll d n n r. A d t l d d n f U nd nt rv nt n n th h nd l nd thn nfl t d n b C. K r n nd . p n , "Ch v n t Ethn n t n l n th r t p bl f th C n : A n l n n" n M , K. ( d , U nd d n th l t l r: S r t nd th W r n th Gr t n, (M r r Un v r t r nt r : K p l , 2004 , pp. 0 .
143 the local populations faced with genocide and ensure that the spill over effects of these mass ethnic violent reactions were contained. Museveni has argued that, although he is aware that international law prohibits states from interfering in each other's affairs, he is opposed to such a law if governments evoke it as a means to annihilate a population. In his defence of his intervention in Burundi, he said:
[I] would like however,, to clarify to the Ugandans that in my opinion, internal affairs should not he interferedwith,. InternalBut theseI agree affairs internal should he kfi to the people themselves affairs which cannot he interfered with cannot include genocide. You haw no right to commit genocide and say, that this is internal affairs. This is not acceptable .
This is why zee have not accepted the regime of Burundi. The regime of Burundi has been using this argument that, "this is internal affairs. We can kill Hutus as zee like". No zany. We are not going to allow it. If it is near here where I can walk, certainly, you are not going to do it. If it is far where you need planes, I may not reach there. But here, zee shall he there-where they are n to exterminate people, zee shall he them... 453 Town My appeal to the NRM is that all sane human beings and NRM should support intervention , Stop genocide, g‘ necessary. That is why zee are intervening against Burundi; W are putting sanctions on Burundi because of the threat of genocide... If the neighbour's house catches fire, the fire can spread also to your own house; if thew is fire in the next house, you get out and see what is happen* . 4 4 Cape
Uganda's intervention should also be seen as partof of the broader role that the UNSC has given to regional groups to complement it in its peace initiatives."' Its willingness to intervene and the timing of some of its interventions in the region have coincided with UNSC Resolution 0 84 6 . This Resolution had called upon member states to prepare for a possible military intervention, because the regime in charge of the genocide, which had escaped Rwanda, was returning to the camps and invading RwandaUniversity by using the DRC as a base. Uganda's intervention was furthermore part of the tacit policy that the GLR followed, which was for African states to find their own solutions to their problems. The underlying notion of the GLR initiative in Burundi was premised on the grounds that Africans should champion conflict resolution because they are
453 Note th ph n th p r n. 4 4 In M v n ddr t th S xth rl nt n 6 S pt b r 8, rl nt r n rd, p. 4 0 . 4 S K f Ann n " h C f C nfl t nd th r t n f r bl nd S t n bl v l p nt n Afr ", S r t r G n r l r p rt t th U SC, Apr l 8. 4 6 S r t C n l l t n 0 8 n th t t n n th G ll d p n th OAU t t f th r n nd th r nt rn t n l r n t n t x n h th ld ntr b t t nd pl nt ff rt nd rt n b th U t d f t n t n n th r n, n p rt l r n E t rn r . h l t n d pt d b th S r t C n l t t 0th t n n v b r 6. S S r t C n l r l t n 0 8 ( 6 n th t t n n th Gr t n, U . . S ES 0 8 ( 6 v l bl n http: . n . r , d n 2 v b r 2004.
44 r nv r nt th th pr bl . A r nd n v f th ppr h pp rt th p t n. t t d:
[W]ell there is an opinion or strong opinion in the African leadership of today that Africans must be involved in conflict resolution in Africa. And this was said in Arusha b Ugandans, South Africans, by Tanzanians, by everybody and I think it's a new philosophy which is very good'
h tr n th f Afr n nv lv nt n th p pr l n th f t th t Afr n ld b b tt r bl t nd r t nd th r pl x h t r nd, th r f r , ld b b tt r br r f n p d l . Ev d n n rl r nt rv nt n h d nd t d th t, h n f r n r nt rv n d, th b r pl x nd nfl t b ntr t bl . In th Afr n d r h p r , th Afr n t t r l d th t th h d n f nt r l t pl n r lv n nfl t n Afr . h th r lv d t t p h n f r d t n, n l t n, nd rb tr t n n th S r t C l b h f th K p l nt f 1991, h h r ntl r r d t pr v nt nfl t nd d p t fr l t n nt r d h t l t . h Town r nd nfl t th f r t b n f r f th nt rpr .
In th b n f p r n fr th U SC r Cape nd t t nd rt n nt rv nt n, t t t ll h v r r t t r nt rn t n lof l . It ld b r d th t, h r U nd d d n t r nd r n r n l r p, t nt rv n d b t h d n nt rn t n l bl t n r r p n b l t t t p n d nd ddr th h n t r n r th t h d r d fr th n d n nd nd th r n t th nd nd f th C. nt rv nt n l h r n K v nd S l , U nd nt rv nt n n t n hb r n t t p rt f t r n l ntr b t n t nt n d tr n n f nt r t t nd ntr t t p l t l pr bl University n th r n. A M v n t t d b v , t p rt f Afr n lt r t b r p nd t n n hb r pr bl : "If the neighbour's house catches fire, the fire can spread also to your own house; if there is fire in the next house you get out and see what is happening... " A ll n t , nd h b n p nt d t n pr v h pt r , n n n h r d n l b r l t t , n l d n Afr n t t , th t th r r l r ht t nt rv n v n th t U SC th r z t n n xtr , b t t r n t n d b th r p ll n r l p rp t v l v ."
4 Int rv th UG A U h ld n 2 O t b r 200 n j b r . 4 8 A. ll , " p n b l t t r t t r r j n r ? h Cr n rf r", n t r n Int rv nt n ft r Ir n Eth nd Int rn t n l Aff r , l , 2 (200 , pp. 4
145 Another important aspect of Uganda's interventions that has to be noted is that, regardless of its humanitarian considerations, its belief in humanity and its respect for the norms of the region in respect to assisting neighbours that have problems, Uganda's interventions in Rwanda in 1990 and the DRC in 1997 and 1998 are considered illegitimate interventions. It did not adhere to its 1995 constitutional obligations to respect international law and obligation and to coexist peacefully with its neighbours. The President is not oblivious to the law and he acknowledges it in justifying the intervention in Burundi but that he did not evoke the relevant international law to protect his actions makes his humanitarian concerns gain less appreciation. Actually, several interviewees asked to rank the motives of Uganda's interventions in three states in order of importance revealed an interesting picture of their perceptions of Uganda's foreign policy. See figure 7 below. Town Figure 7: People's perceptions of the causes of Uganda' s interventionist foreign policy
Cape of
University
Source: Data extracted from Interviews held on Uganda's interventionist foreign policy
The general picture created by Figure 7 above is that the potential of Uganda to be a regional power is perceived to have had less of an influence than did its humanitarian concerns or transnational links. In addition, the hegemonic ambitions of its leaders are perceived as being less
146 p rt nt th n th thr t t r n l t b l t r U nd r t n rn h l . A n r l n l n n b dr n fr th f r th t th nt rv f lt th t U nd h v h d h n b t n , b t th t th d d n t nfl n t nt rv nt n h th r l nt d d, h h n t r n n rn , r t f th t t nd t b l t f th r n.
M v n t l f ddr n nd n n pr bl n nfl t nd p t nfl t t t , v d n d b h d pl t nt rv nt n n r nd nd nd , ntr d d n d n n n nt rv nt n, h h d n tr t d th t h r rr d nt t p r n l b t n b p rt nt n t v t n nt rv nt n, t l d r r dr v n b ltr t r n .
5.4 Summary
U nd nt rv nt n n th G r l r t n th r nt rv nt n f th p t C ld W r r . It v d nt fr th pd t d nt rv nt n tr x f tt Town th t U nd nt rv nt n rr d t t h n l r d pl t nd h n t r n nt rv nt n r b n nd rt n b th r Afr n t t , n b l t r l r nt nd r n l r n t n pr t l . Cape of h d n h l h n th t U nd nl nt rv n d n th r t t f th r n d r thr t f n d r n v d nt thr t t r n l p . h ntr r ph pr x t t nfl t r dd n t t n r d th l l h d th t U nd ld nt rv n , b t t d d l ff r t nt rv n l t r l , d pl t ll , r b ntr b t n tr p t U p n n t t th t r f r , h b r . h rr nt d pl nt n S l n 200 , th t nd r th p University f th AU v d n n h f U nd t nt t r n l p . rth r, lth h n Afr n t t h d pr d t nd tr p t S l , t nl U nd th t h l v d p t t pl d ( h h Eth p ff rt t ddr th v l nt nfl t n S l l n t d .
4 tt r n l nt rv nt n tr x n b v d n . tt, "Afr n Int rv nt n t St t nd Int rn t n l ", p. .
4 5.5 Theoretical Implications
h h pt r h h n th t th n tr t v t ppr h f l n lt rn t v ppr h t nd r t nd n th b h v r f t t n th nt rn t n l t . C n tr t v l bl t nt f r h Afr n t t b r p t v b t nt rv nt n nd r nv lv d n nfl t r l t n, h h h d pr v l b n th x l v pr rv f th p rp r , p ll n th C ld W r r . It l nt f r th n r nt rv nt n nd th t n f th v nt , h h t ttr b t t th n r l n r f th r n t th t p f t . C n tr t v xh b t l r t n t t l t l b r l , h h ll l ph n th nt rv nt n b d n th n b l t f t t t pr t t t t z n . C n tr t v t , th l t l b r l t p r p t v ttr b t nt rv nt n t th d r t pr t t t z n f n ntr fr r, ff r n nd pr v n f h n t r n r l f. In n r l, n tr t v t r th t t t nl nt rv n n th b n f th r t t f th r p ll d b n pt d n r f nt rv nt n, h h n t r n d t r, Town n h h n l v ld b v d b f th nt rv nt n. C n tr t v t ld th r th t nt rv nt n pt bl b t t v l v . Cape h n tr t v t ppr h n t th l b lof l b r l v rn n p r p t v . th f n th h n t r n d t r th t nt rv nt n bl t r , n tt r h t nt rn t n l l t p l t . S l r t th E r p n t t h h r p nd d t th h n t r n r n K v , Afr n t t h v h n th t, h n n d r rd r r, th d n t n d t t f r th U r r n l b d t r nt th p r n t nt rv n . Unf rt n t l , th th l l t f nt rv nt n h hl nt nt , v n f l t pr d n h n t r n nt rv nt n .University h n tr t v t ppr h h r th th p l h r t ppr h th d f th "r l f l d r", h t xp t d f h r h r b th nt rn t n l n t n t t n f h n t r n d t r.
h nl l t t n f th n tr t v t th r th : If, th n tr t v t p t, n r nd lt r x t n t t t th t th r p n bl t th lv nd t th r t n r p n r n, th n t n l r l r h t t r n bl t nt rv n v n n l r n r n , h th n d n nd . Of r th n tr t v t ld r th t, b f th r t t r nd p t n n th nt rn t n l t t t h v r
460 . n, n t r n Int rv nt n: An In r nt nd M r l t , pp 6 .
148 r p n b l t t rd th r t t , b t th n t nt r l rr t. Aft r ll, t t l nz n , h h t th ntr f th d pl t n t t n b t nfl t n th G nd h h, l U nd , l t th nfl t t t , r f t nt rv n l t r l . r C n tr t v t b r ff t v n t nt rpr t t n f t t b h v r, t h ld t n z n f th tr t r f t t nd th r nfl n n nt rv nt n. A d pl t t rt ld b th n t t t n nd th d n n pr n th f r n p l ph r f t t .
It l rl n r t r v n tr t v t n r l t n f n r r n n r n nd th xp t t n th t t t ll t t ll br th n r t n n h n t r n nt rv nt n . E r nd S h n p nt t n r p t t n r nd th pr l f r t n f p nr , th t "n r d n t d r tl th t n f p rt l r p n . , ld r th t n r d n t t t t nt rv n b t r th r th t n r b r l v nt t t nt r t nd n th lv v l r lt r th t r p l r t th . h r l t n nd ppr t n f th r p r pt n f th lv Town h t t r l l th t th ll nt rv n . h nd l t t n, n t d rl r n th th r t l l t r t r r v , n rn th d f n t n f lt r th t th n tr t v t b r b t , h h d ff lt t t d . h th r h th d l l pl t n Cape r nd th r nt f lt r r n r . n th l , C n tr t v pr v d of d r nt t n fr r n t h h th f r n p l b h v r f t t n b n l d, p ll n d r n th t t p tt nt n t p rt nt f t r th t r ft n n l t d n nt rn t n l r l t n , h d nt t , lt r nd n r . v r, th r th r d v r f th th r t l nd th d l l l t t n f C n tr t v . On h lt rn t v th r , l h r , d d n th f ll n h pt r. University
461 S . . E r nd M. C. S h n, "St t , r nd th r l f r t n f C nv nt n l W p n ", n K tz n t n, . ( d , h C lt r f t n l S r t : r nd Id nt t n W rld l t , (C l b Un v r t r : Y r , 6 , pp. 2 .
149 CHAPTER SIX POLIHEURISM: LEADERS AND FOREIGN POLICY
6.0 Poliheurism
h h pt r dr n th l h r t th r t n l th t v f U nd nt rv nt n n t n hb r n t t . h h pt r t n r t t n f r t, d d M v n d n n t l nfl n th d n h d t nt rv n n th n hb r n t t ? S nd, h t r M v n d t nd f r n n d r t n n h f r n p l f r l t n? h ntr l r nt f th h pt r th t M v n pr d nt l d n n r tl nfl n d th f r n nd r t p l th t U nd d pt d. It r d f rth r th t, h r U nd n nt rv nt n d d r fl t th l d r nt r t , h h n t t t d r t l n t n l r t nt r t , th t v t n t b ld f r nTown p l ld n t b r l d t th r. h h pt r f r t d th t n t f th l h r th t xpl n th nd v d l l d r r l n h p n th f r n p l b h v r f h t t . h f ll d b n x n t n f th nt rv nt n , t h h l h r ppl d, nd l tl th h pt r n l d th th r t l v l t n f l h r Cape n p rt nt fr r f r nd r t nd n U nd n nt rv nt n n th of G .
6.1 Poliheurism and Intervention
h t d dr n th p l h r t th r , h h ntr n th nd v d l l d r t l f d n n n th f r n d n. l h r f r tl pr pp th t l d r d n t nt rv n University n th r t t ft r r f ll n d r n th t th nt rv nt n ll tr n l t nt n t n l nt r t . S ndl , th th r p t th t, n h n p l pt n , l d r ll v l t d ff r nt pt n v l bl n t t p . h f r t t p t r v th pt n d p nd n n th r d t p ff, nd t l t th b t p l pt n d p nd n n th r p rt nt d n n h th f r n n d r t n A nd t p, th t d n n , d t nd f r n, r p r d nd d n d t h h ld ff r b tt r p ff n t r f n t n l nt r t , r nd v d l n d r t n , r h h ld
462 M ntz A., "Int r t n C n t v nd t n l h r f r n l n M n : A l h r t r p t v " pp 6 , K. n, " h n t U r t n n h : A l h r t r p t v ", pp 6 nd K. n " r d nt nd th v r n r U f r : A r h t " pp 8
0 n t t ld b tt r r lt ." At th nd f th t t p pr , l d r th n th r d n t nt rv n r n t t nt rv n . h t pr r r t r r th t th h n pt n t h v b tt r p ff th n th th r pt n , nd th t t t n t h rt th l d r p l t ll t th d t l v l.
On v r nt f th l h r r th t l d r d n t nt rv n n th r t t l t r l d t d v rt n th p p l tt nt n fr th l d r f l r n d t p l . S h l d r h p n th t th nt rv nt n ll th p p l t b pr p d th th v nt f th nt rv nt n nd th t nd n v rn nt f l r t d l v r f v r bl p l r h n d d rv . l h r t n z n f th r l th t r p r dv r pl n th l t n f h , b t r th t th l d r th f n l h . Oft n th h b d n n d r t n th t d n t pr th b n f t xp t d fr th nt rv nt n n r r th l l t ff t th l d r p l t l p t n. A pt n f l h r th t l d r h v th n t v ll Town t r t n l h n th r f r n p l d n n . C n t v ll n l d p t t n l ll nd th h l t nf r t n pr n p t th t r r d t r t n l d n . d r r xp t d t b l t v n pr n nf r t n r th r Capeth n nd l n n n xh t v r h nd p r n pr h n n f r nof p l d n . G v n th b r nd n l h r , t r d th t th d n f U nd l d r t nt rv n r r f ll th ht t nd t l p r d n t th b t d t nd f r n d n n p ff .
6.2 Decisions to intervene militarily in Rwanda and the DRC
Ev nt n nd ndUniversity th C ft r M v n t p r n U nd t rt d t t n d ff r nt h p . A Chr t n h r d, M v n l d r h p p r d ff n rt nt n t h n hb r t h t h n xt v ld b . 466 n rt nt d n r t b f rf l f th r nt nt n , v r pr p t n M v n d t h f ll r n l l d r nt rpr t d l v l nt. r x pl , th d t r t b M v n t b r n t lv th t z n h p t n f th nd n t nd th b nt
46 K. n, " h n t U r t n n h : A l h r t r p t v ", pp. 6 . 464 j r n , nd E. . K n n , " r nd v r n r M l t r Int rv nt n: n p nd th v r n r p th ", n Int rn t n l St d Q rt rl , l 4 (200 , pp. 2 4 . 46 . n h n , " l h r t nd C b rn t h r ", pp. 46 4 . 466 . . Chr t n, h Gr t f Afr : h nd Y r f t r , p. 4 .
demands from him to Mobutu to consider the Congolese Tutsi as having Congolese nationality were interpreted by both leaders as the beginning of Museveni's interference in the affairs of its neighbours.
Following the Rwandan Tutsi attack on Rwanda in October 1990, and the subsequent genocide that broke out, Mobutu construed this as a signal for him to review his domestic politics and address the marginalization of ethnic communities, particularly the Banyamulenge. He was aware that the Banyamulenge had been recruited in the RPF ranks, which compounded Mobutu's political problems. His reaction was initially to assist Habyarimana's regime against the RPF attack but also to try to target the Banyamulenge and use the law to marginalize them further. The Banyamulenge had already joined forces with the ADFL to fight Mobutu. Museveni's perception of all these developments greatly determined his reaction. Using the theory of Poliheurism, it is clear from Museveni's address to Parliament in 1998 that he had weighed up his options. His options were either to intervene in Rwanda andTown the DRC or not to intervene and to let the two states handle their insurgency. At the level of foreign relations, he had weighed up his options and made the best decision in the circumstances. Cape With regard to Uganda's foreign relations withof its neighbouring countries, Museveni's decision to intervene in Rwanda in support of the Rwandan Tutsi was motivated by the inaction of the international community. He argued as follows;
Me decided tried to =vim the Late President Habyarimana to reach a political settlement with these young people (referring to the RPF) and the forte they we representing... These young boys ... had been in exile for years... what had the international community done to solve th t problem of Rwanda.University What had the UN done to solve that problem? What had the European Union done to solve that problem? So if the adults do not solve the problem, then the children solve it and they solve it in their own way 467
In the case of Burundi, he advanced a similar argument related to the failure of the Europeans to intervene to assist the Barundi in their political crisis. He stated:
These Europeans have been coming here. They said "wethink them is going to be a genocide in Burundi". I told them, "them will he no genocide in Burundi and I can tell you this again, there will be no genocide in Burundi, because we are not going to permit it. The moment they attempt
46 M v n rl nt r ddr t th S xth rl nt, n 6 S pt b r, rl nt r n rd ( 8 , p. 4 08.
152 genocide, z shall be there in form" I told these Europeans that there will k no genocide in Burundi. This was two years ago. They thought I was joking. There was genocide in Rwanda because er e waiting for the Europeans to be the ones to lv that problem-that was the weakness .468
r th b v t t nt ld r th t h d n t nt rv n n nd nd r nd b d n th f l r f th " d lt " ( n th r rd , th E r p n r, r br dl , th nt rn t n l n t t t. M v n t h v r l d f rth r r th t U nd nt rv nt n ld t l l n t b h ll n d b th nt rn t n l n t , t h d ft r ll f l d t nt rv n t pr t t th p pl f nd r r nd . M v n nt rv nt n d d h v r v l t nt rn t n l l , h h pr h b t n l t r l nt rv nt n b t t . h l p f ll pr h b t th f f r n th r t t . An n l f th f ll l l pl t n f th nt rv nt n nn t b d n h r . n th l , n pr n pl , U nd nt rv nt n ld b j t f d b n nt rn t n l t r l , h h p r t nt rv nt n t t p n d . Wh t h ld b n t d th h th t th d n t nt rv n Town d b th r d nt nd h h C nd. It pl t fr h f p r n "I told these Europeans that there will be no genocide in Burundi.... They thought I was joking... .Int rv th nt rv n d n th r l nd t d th t th t xpl t n tr t n Cape t nt rv n fr th r d nt. S l rl th ph p t n M v n d t rof nd h r l n r nd b d r n f nt rv n r nd l p ll t h l n n th p pr n r nd .
In th C, th r p r n f th nd n n d n n hb r n r (l t r r n d C r v r . M t p rt ntl , th nd n n d p r d ff d nd fr C n l r n l dUniversity r p t p rt p t n th v rn n f th t t . It l r j v n t d ld n t b t n th M b t nd nt M b t f r th t d th t t l d l n f M b t r l t tt th t ntr . h tt b v r r b l r p n r fr 4 t n d th t ntr f rth r nd l d t th ll p f M b t r l . h d n f U nd M v rn nt t nt rv n n th r n th r C n t ll t h v b n r f ll n d r d b , rd n t M v n , r d nt K b l f th C h d r t d M v n tr p t h lp h th h n rr t n n t M b t . M v n h d r f d n th r nd th t h ld n t v h tr p nd th t K b l n d d t b ld h
468 Ib d . 46 r n r pt f th nt rv r v l bl n r t.
n p t r th r th n r l n f r n tr p ." M v n r d th t h d d n t b l v n d p nd n n f r n r t f ht. Ir n ll , M v n h d d p nd d r tl n f r n r ( nd n t t f ht h rr ll rf r th t br ht h nt p r. It n t l r fr th r d nt ddr h th r d p nd n n n f r n tr p b d r r th r d p nd n n nd n ld r n p rt l r b d n v rth l , rd n t M v n , d p nd n n nd n ld r b d."
M v n l t r d n t nt rv n l t r l n , h r d, pr d n h n l f th t t n n th G nd h r l z t n th t th nd n h d nt n d t h lp K b l . th pr nt d thr r n t j t f th M v rn nt d n t nt rv n n th C, t h h h h d b n v h ntl pp d n t ll : • to stop the incursions of rebels that were using the DRC to attack Uganda; • to stop the genocide against the Banyamuknge, and the ethnic violence between the Henna and th Lend and Town • to ensure that the mutiny and war in the DRC did not spill over to Uganda. In Goma, vans had beenfiled by the Ugandan consulate in Gana that eight Congolese battalions had mutinied so Museveni had to intervene to stop the Tzar because of the potential impact it would haw on uganda.472 Cape It r fr M v n pr nt t n t of rl nt n 8 th t, n v r nd rt n , "th M v rn nt" h d d th f n l d n. pl t n, th C nt rv nt n h th t h n nd nt rv n d, t b bv th t U nd ld nt rv n t . Ir n ll , n t n l p rl nt r n h d t t n d r f th d n . S l rl , n r p rt h d b n v n t rl nt r r d b th l nt l th nt rv nt n h d b n nt rn t n ll nd n d. h x rpt b l fr th C n t t t n xpl tl t t th t d l r t n f rUniversity t b d n th n th fr r f th l .
4 0 Ib d. 4 In h p h t rl nt, M v n t t d th t h h d rn d K b l n t r l n h n th nd t f ht f r h . At n t h r d th t h h d l t nv n d th nd n t t f ht f r K b l , b t th t K b l n t d n n th . r f rth r d t l n h tt r rl nt r n rd, M v n p rl nt r ddr n 6 S pt b r, S xth rl nt ( 8 , pp. 4 6 4 . 4 2 Ib d.
4 Town Ev n th lt rn t v l , h h ll th r d nt t d l r r nd nf r rl nt l t r, n t dh r d t . r th hr n l (App nd x t v d nt th t rl nt n t br f d nt l 82 h r ft r r h d b n d l r dCape n A t 8 nd b ntl nd d n 8 S pt b r. h n d r t ntr v nt nof f th U nd n C n t t t n. It p rt nt f r th p l h r t n l th t th ph f th d n n pr r r n d. In th f r t ph , M v n h d d h n t v b l t t l t th b t pt n v l bl fr th t v l bl pt n , . . t nt rv n r n t t nt rv n . In t ll , h h d h n th l tt r. In h ft n h f r n p l , h v r, M v n th n d d d t nt rv n . h University t h v b n d n n d r t n f th f r n ff r d n n b t th d t l v l, nt rv n n r n t nt rv n n ld n t h v h rt h p l t ll . If h nt rv n d nd th t t n n th r t t pr v d, h ld t l l n f rth r r p t n lv n Afr n pr bl . h nt rv nt n l r v l th t, n rd n th th ntr l t n t f l h r , l d r th r n t v b l t t h r f ll th dv f th r t hn r t . In th r rd, th nt rv nt n n th C h d b n pr p rl th ht b t b th r t pr bl f U nd ld h v b n r lv d b nt rv n n , r t t nt n d f r h l . h d n t nt rv n ld n t h v ff t d M v n p l t ll th r . n th l , h th nt rv nt n h h r pt n, t t ll h n n n p n t r p ff. h p l h r t ld r th t t h d n t n r l d p nd n r f l n d r t n f nd ff t. f r t t nt rv n , f r x pl , t d v r th t th nt rv nt n ll b v r tl nd th t l v ll b
d tr d n th pr , t t ll t ll nt rv n , l n t n t n l r t ld b pr t t d nd t nt rn t n l nd d t p l t l n t h rt. In th n xt t n, t r d th t M v n d n t nt rv n t l b nd r t d fr h n d r t n t th nt rn t n l l v l, p rt l rl th r rd t h th r G t t v d M v n .
6.3 The Role of Foreign Powers in Uganda's Interventions
In t r f l h r , M v n f r n p l h t nt rv n n th n hb r n t t f r nd , nd nd th C r r fl t n f r f ll dr ft d r p n t r n l r . U nd p r pt n f t r l n th r n rb t r, d t r nd nt r d r nd th ntr l p t n t h ld n r n l p l t h b n r tl b l t r d b US nd r t h pp rt t rd t r l n th r n. h p r h v h h r rd nd pr b bl t ll d , f r M v n l d r h p, nd r p t h n h n b v n th r p n b l t t h lp rt t p l t l pr bl n Afr " S Town f th p pl nt rv d f r th t d r rd d M v n ntr l r l n th r n l p l t nd th pp rt f th US nd r t n nd t v f h b n h r d h nd f r t h nd A r n n l n l . h nt rv f lt th t th pp rt f r h nt rv nt n Cape th t h h d r v d fr r t n nd US r l d t pr t t n th n t n of p l t l nd n nt r t n th r n. It n t l r th h f th v t ll h ld , v n th h n n th US t n l Str t r r n 8 nd b ntl f ll n th t rr r t tt n th US. S b nt d v l p nt n Afr h v r d d t n t h ft n US f r n p l t rd Afr . th US h b n n r n Afr n n t n nd l d r t d v l p th r n p t , t p r th lv t h ndl th r n n r h t t n nd t r lv th r n pr bl n th tUniversity t th Afr n tt n .
h d tr US nt rv nt n n S l fr nt l th pr r r t th Afr n Cr p n In t t v (AC I nd l t r th Afr n Cr p n r (AC . U nd
473 Int rv th pp t n b r f rl nt h ld n 20 O t b r 200 nd U C pp t n b r f rl nt nt rv d n 4 v b r 200 n K p l r p t v l . h pp t n r d th t th v t f r d nt Cl nt n, h f nd h S r t r f St t Albr ht t U nd r th r n h M v n p r v d h lf h n p r, b h f lt f v r d nd th f lt h h ld b t v r n r l d v l p nt f th G p l t . 474 h th n r l v h ld b th pp t n n M v n d n tr t n. 4 St v n M tz n t d th t, n 6, Afr n l n r t p pr r t n th US 8 t n l S r t Str t . US r t nt r t n Afr r v r l t d. r d t l d d n f th US t n l S r t Str t , S M tz, " f n n A r n Str t n Afr ", n Str t St d In t t t n r ph ( br r 2000 .
6 b n f r f th AC nd t ld b r d, r tl nfl n d M v n b h v r n th r n. r U nd n f r t b tr n d AC nd r tl rr nt n M v n t b r l nd nd rt n f r n p l h f nt rv n n n t n hb r n t t f r nd , nd nd th C. U nd p r pt n f t r l n th r n rb t r, d t r nd nt r d r nd th ntr l p t n t h ld n r n l p l t r tl b l t r d b US nd r t h pp rt f t r l n th r n. ll n th r d nt l n r t v ( f 4, h h r d th t US nv lv nt n p p n b l t v nd r ff t v , th US pr f rr d n t t nt rv n n ntr t t v l nt nfl t b t r l t pr v d th n r fr r f r th p p n n t t v f th Afr n t t . r h t th h ld h t r d th "St bl r t St t ", th US l t d ll pp d, d pl bl , nt r p r bl , nd tt d f r , h h ld r p nd t p p n h ll n n th Afr n nt n nt. " Of th G b n f r f th AC I tr t , U nd th f r t t t t r v AC I tr n n nd p nt. It h d th l r t n b r f r r t , f ll d b nd . h US p rt nt f f n Town( O , th t n l f n Un v r t ( U , nd th Afr n C ntr f r Str t St d (ACSS n t t d thr pr j t f r th AC n r l . h f r t pr j t l t r tr n n nd r th Int rn t n l M l t r Ed t n r n n (IME nd nt C b n d Ex h n Cape r n n (ICE . h nd pr j t nv lv d pr r nt f l t r p nt,of r nd p n nd r th r t M l t r S l l n n (DMS). tl , thr h th r n M l t r S l ( MS r nt , th b n f r f th pr r r bl t f rth r l t r p nt.
h US pr v d d M v n d n tr t n th th n r tr n n nd l t n pr p r t n f r r n l r l . W th th p r p t v n nd, M v n br d n r l n th r n, th t f r n lUniversity p l n . S b nt n f nt v nt n th G nfl t t b d n t d b M v n nd h pr t K . An n l f th l t r d nd th r f r f pp rt pr v d d t th r n n n r l nd U nd n p rt l r ll tr t th US tr t t b ld tr n r n l r p th t ld nt rv n t t n th r n r n . U nd nt rv nt n t f r n p l th ttr b t d t th US b l t r l
4 6 S d t l d xpl n t n f th r d nt l n r t v n th US r f r f t lt l t r l p p r t n n htt .: .f . r rp . ffd dd2 br f.ht , nd th r d nt l n r t v 4, h h ll r tr d n th n br d " r l f fr nd ", th th f pr rv n th US p t t v p b l t nd n t n l r t thr h tr t f n nt n r , ll l t t n tr nt f f r n p l . S I. W l n III, " h r bl th r n M l t r S l nv nt n", n W rld Aff r , l 64, (200 , p. 28. 4 S . th h ld, " h I p t f US n nt n Afr n Intr t t C nfl t l t n", n . rb n nd . th h ld, ( d , Afr n W rld l t : h Afr n St t S t n l x, pp. 60 8 .
r l t n nd th pp rt v n b th r p r t U nd , h h r tl b l t r d M v n p r pt n f h lf nd h v rn nt j r t r n th r n d v l p nt. S bl 4 nd nd f r b l n l t r d ll tr t th l v l f l t r h lp r v d b U nd fr th US, h h t r d h r n ntr b t d n f ntl t t nt rv nt n t f r n p l .478
Table 4: Military Assistance and Training to States that intervened in the DRC in US dollars 1000
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bl 4 h th t r n M l t r S l ( MS nd r t C r l S l ( CS 4 r h h t f r U nd n 6, b t dr pp d r r bl n th b nt r . It f rth r l r fr th t bl th t, h r U nd r v d th h h t pr p rt n f IME r r n nd 8, t r v d th nd h h t t n ( ft r nd fr th nt C b n d Ex h n r n n University(JCET) n nd 8. h d n tr nt l n b t n U nd l t r p t nd b nt n nt n n hb r n t t . S l rl , n r v rl f l r r f th IME pr r d p t d.
478 h f r r dr n fr t d rr d t n US Afr n pr j t b th r n l In t t t f r h. h r d n th t d b f th d rth f r d l v l bl t d t n US l t r d t Afr n t t n U nd v r d r . 479 MS v rn nt t v rn nt r nt n t t d b th nt n nd th p r h n ntr . CS n r nt n t t d b t n th n f t r n p n nd th p r h n ntr nd th n l n d b th St t p rt nt. h n l d th l f SA W , l t , nd n t n p nt.
8 Figure 9 overleaf covers the period 1997-2005 of the IMET program. It demonstrates that Uganda received substantial amounts of aid, even though Rwanda received the most military aid during the time of what has come to be referred to as "the first African world war". Uganda came second in this period, except in 200 , when it received slightly more aid than Rwanda, and in 200 , when the program was phased out. When this figure is compared with the tables 3 and 4 in the subsequent sections, it can be argued that, after the regional war in the DRC in 8 August, the US gave aid on a uniform basis during the second half of the decade.
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Similarly, Table overleaf shows that the ACSS had relatively uniform figures of expenditure, although there were a few exceptions. Uganda received the biggest share compared to the other states, while the DRC and Sudan got less than Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Rwanda. Table also provides details of the JCET and ACSS training for two years, 8 , when the war was at its most intense in the GLR between Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi against the DRC and the war between Uganda and Rwanda. It demonstrates that Uganda obtained the highest amount of US military training in 1999 compared to the other GLR states and amongst those that were engaged in the DRC war.
r bl v rl f, t v d nt th t U nd nt n d t r v b t nt l nt f l t r tr n n nd l t r ppl v n ft r th 8 nt rv nt n n th n hb r n G t t . r 200 t 200 , r l nd r tr n f r l t U nd , t , r h h h r th n n th th r t t . h x pt n th C, h h h d bt n d th h h t r tr n f r f r n l t r l b t n 8 nd 200 .
bl : M l t r A t n nd r n n t C ntr n th C n v l r n $ 000 n t
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It n th b th t ld r th t U nd nt rv nt n t f r n p l r tl nfl n d b US r l t n th U nd , p rt l rl thr h th d v l p nt f U nd l t r p b l t nd v r l nd l t r tr n n . h Ar r d In d r nt d th p t nUniversity n th r r p rt, h h p nt th t ll th U nd n r d t f th CE nd IME pr r r d pl d n th C t f ht l n d th nd n tr p " nd l t r t f ht nd p nd ntl f r U nd "n t n l nt r t ". It p rt nt t ph z h r th t, h r th US pr r d d (IME , CE , MS, nd C h v l b n p rt f US f r n p l , h t th r p nt t t f th pr r d th th f r tr n d r n th x l v pr rv f th r p nt t t . n n d pl n th AC I tr p n th r n l nfl t r n th dv nt r th t th t t r n d n r nt r l th
480 rt n nd M x h v r d th t th nd n tr p th t tt d th C r r d t f th CE tr n n . S W. rt n nd . M x, " dl : US Ar t Afr nd th C n W r", W rld l In t t t : Ar C ntr l p rt , (2000 v l bl t http: . rldp l . r pr j t r r p rt n .ht d n 2 Apr l 200 .
60 r p n b l t f th l d r f th t t , lth h th US d nd r tl h v n nfl n n th r p nt d n t nt rv n b t h d r t d th AC I n th f r t pl .
M v n n t rn xpl t d h r l t n th th US nd th r t h t b ld h r n l p r t t . d h f v r d p t n t b l t r U nd p rt n n th r n nd f nd t n fr h h h ld nt n nt rv n n n th r t t . U nd nt n d t bt n v tr n f r f l t r d h l t nt rv n n n th r t t b f t d r l th r n p l ff r , v n th h t l r th t th nt rv nt n v l t d nt rn t n l l nd h d d n r ff r n t th p pl n th E t rn C.
M v n d n t nt rv n l t r l n th nd nd p rt l rl n th C r tr n l nd n d b th nt rn t n l n t , nd th US ll d p n t r pr nd U nd . h nt rn t n l nd n t n f th US pl t pp rt f r U nd f r d th US A t nt S r t r f r Afr n Aff r , S n , t Town t t nt t th US f pr nt t v Int rn t n l l t n C tt S b tt n Afr . In h r r b tt l f th p r v d r l pl d b th US n nh n n M v n h n d n f nt rv nt n, S n[O] r d d th l . Sh d: Cape of policy objectives in the Congo haw been consistent and dear. We haw sought peace, prosperity, democracy and respect for fundamental human rights. We haw worked to counter those who wouldperpetuate genocide in the legion. We haw encouraged the establishment of an inclusive political transition that would end the cycle of violence and impurity, build respect for the rule of law and human lights and ovate the conditions for a credible democratic transformation, economic reformandlastingAs,UV a theReconstruction consequence development stability required for hare been committed to a policy of engagement in support of the Congolese people, w1 sic fered so University 48 r r A r n A t nt S r t r f St t f r Afr , r n C h n, r ph d U nd f v r d p t n h n h t t d th t U nd h d l t t r n f r nt rv n n n th C n b t d t b l n U nd nd r f r n l n t b l t . S C h n t t nt t d n . C pb ll, " r t z t n, C t z n h p nd n th C n ", n r , M. ( d , h Cr n th C ( r r : SA ES r t, , pp. 2 6. 482 Int rv th U C , n pp t n p rt b r, h ld n 2 l 2004. 48 Int rv th pp t n b r f p rl nt h h d th v d d W. rt n nd . M x, " dl : US Ar t Afr nd th C n W r", (W rld l In t t t : Ar C ntr l p rt , 2000 . Av l bl : http: . rldp l . r pr j t r r p rt n .ht , d n 2 Apr l 200 . h t r ` n t r p l h r r f r t U nd ll p l p t th t br n h f th n US r n l p l . 484 S n th A t nt S r t r f St t f r Afr n Aff r n th Cl nt n Ad n tr t n. In h r St t nt b f r th S b tt n Afr , S n t r n l t n C tt , W h n t n C h n t d th t th US p l l r r rd n U nd nt rv nt n n th C. h US d d n t n n nd n U nd t n . r ( ddr n S pt b r , 8 v l bl t http: . th l . d d ntr l r .ht
6 much under Mobutu Sese Seko's tyranny. We have sought to do this notwithstanding the difficulties =haw had in working with the new government in Congo. ... Mr Chairman, let me b e dear: the US in noway supported encouraged or condoned the interventions of Rwandan or Ugandan fortes in the Congo, as some have suggested This is a specious and ridiculous accusations that I want to lay to rest once and for all. We haw indicated to both Uganda and Rwanda that vee fully understand their legitimate security interests in countering insurgent attacks from Congolese soldiers. We also share regional and international frustration with the Kinshasha government's failure with respect to both the democratisation and human rights. Nevertheless, zee haw finny expressed the United States' conviction that foreign intervention to topple the Government of the DRC is not acceptable...To emphasize our. concern, zee withdrew a short-term training team and an assessment team that were in Rwanda at the time.485
ddr v r n f nt n r l xpl n t n f US U nd r l t n n th h t r f U nd nt rv nt n . It h d th t th US ppr h n v b t th nt rv nt n , lth h t n l d d U nd r t n rn . It n t l r fr pr nt t n, h v r, h t t p f v rn nt U nd nd t pr t t ppl d n th C. d th US n d r th pr v l n r f M b t t b l t t r ll t t ?Town If t th f r r, th n th r n n t n n th US p l : ft r ll, th US h d n t t p nl t nd n U nd nv lv nt n th nd n nv n f th b r n r n th 0 nv n. Y t t n d t b n rn d b tCape U nd nt rv nt n n th C. E h n pr nt t n d d b v ,of th US n d f nd d t p t n r rd n th l th t t h d pp rt d U nd nt rv nt n . b n, A t nt S r t r f St t n th Cl nt n d n tr t n, n t d th t th US h d r d t n rn v r th r p rt f l t r pr p r t n , n l d n th v nt f tr p nd t r l b f r n b th d f th C b U nd nd th r t t l nd , An l , b b , nd Ch d. b n t t d th t th US n rn d b t th nt rv nt n b th nd r n d h n r ht nd v l t d th v r nt University nd t rr t r l nt r t f th t t . b n r p rt d f rth r th t, ntr r t th p r pt n th t th IME pr r h d nh n d th nt rv nt n , th US pr r h d b n d t f t r n l p r t n b t n th US nd U nd . It l d t rv n th n t n l nt r t f th US, t ht t r t t b l t n th r n, dv n l r l t r t l t r r l t n , pr f n l z th U , nd pr t h n r ht . n th l , th tr n n l t r p nd d nd f n t l , f ll n U nd nt rv nt n n th C.486
48 Ib d. 486 b n n h r p rt t th r f l t l M l t r Aff r f 2002 S pt b r 8
62 Cr t f th US f r n p l n th G r d th t th US h ld h v d n b tt r." h thdr l f th tr n n t n t ff nt t n. 488 It h ld l h v p nd d ll th r f r f d t ll th t t nv lv d n th C, nd t h ld h v v rtl nd n d th nv n. v r, th US nt n d t pr v d d, r nt , nd tr n n t th ntr nv lv d n v r n d r . It nt n d t pr v d tr n n t th v rn nt ff r nd n nt t US n t t t n , ll t ll r nd n t n t th t t . r f l t r t n n f r f d, r nt , nd tr n n t d fr th r n l r h In t t t nd t th t th US h n f t v n v t nt f l t r d t th U nd n v rn nt." h , d p t th f t th t M v n , U nd l d r ( h h d b n br d th n br nd f l d r h h d th p t nt l t lv Afr pr bl , n f t p r h d n th d t b l t n f th r n, r n ll ntr r t th US Cl nt n Ad n tr t n xp t t n .
rth r, th US r f l t r pr nd U nd nd d nd t n nd t n lTown thdr l fr th C t b n n th nt xt f br d r US p l t rd Afr f ll n th nd n G n d nd v nt n r nd . h US h d n t t d n th r f th , d p t th xp t t n f th nt rn t n l n t ." Cape h r f r , t ld b d l t t l , n h t b ld th US h v of t pp d th U nd n nt rv nt n n th C, f t h d n t d n n nd nd r nd ?
6.4 Domestic Motivations of Interventions
h ntr l t n t f th p l h r t h l th t nt rv nt n r r rd d tr t b h d f t t t d v rtUniversity p bl tt nt n fr th r f l n d t p l n rd r t n r th t th r n n p r. In th t n, x n th d t d n n f U nd f r n p l .
48 W . artung nd M nt , n th r " dl : US Ar t Afr nd th C n W r" http: . rldp l . r pr j t r r p rt n .ht d n Apr l 2 200 . 488 p nd nt h p nt d t th nt nt n t d th t th US h ld h v t pp d n nd f d r pp rt t th t t nv lv d n th C n r, t l t p r th xp t t n f th nt rn t n l n t . 48 An n l f US l t r t n t U nd f r th p r d 6 2004 d n l t r n th h pt r. r r dr n fr rt n nd M nt (200 p r l r p rt , h h nd t h US p l p nl pp rt d th " nd r t r " f K nd M v n b d n th r nd th t th r th n nd f l d r h p th t Afr n d d t , lv t pr bl . 49° In n nt rv th UG A US h ld n K p l n 0 b r 200 , th ff l r d th t th US tr t nt f U nd h ld n t b n d r d p r t l b t p rt f n r l US p l t rd t t n h r n th rld. US nt r t r l r b t v r n n t d fr nt n nt t nt n nt.
6 U nd nt rv nt n r n b nt rv M v n f b l t r n h n th r n f ll n th np p l r nd n nt rv nt n f 0 nd th b nt n d f 4, h h th (th nt rv r h d br n t b f th n t l nt rv nt n f 0. h l r d th t, n v f th p nd n l t n f 6, M v n h d p n d f r pr d n n th t t th t h ld tr n th n U nd r t . n t ntl p n n n t th lt p rt p l t l t n f v r f t f nd v d l r t. h nt rv l r d th t M v n bl t n th 6 l t n b h n ntr l f th r , h h nt th t h h d b tt r h n f pr v d n r t n t r b l tt th n th th r pr d nt l nd d t . v r h l n v t r f 4 492 h d b n ll rn d, b M v n t th t t t ll p p l r nd U nd t ll n h tr d n d v l p nt.
U nd nt rv nt n h v l b n ttr b t d t th d t Townd nd b nt r t r p t p l t l p r. A M v n h d b n th r d nt f U nd f r f ft n r , th r r p n th ntr t rt d t d nd th t h r l n h p r nd ll th r p pl t r l U nd . Wh n C l n l , r t r d r ff rCape fr M v n n p rt , r d p p l r p t t r, t nt th t M v n ofh d t r n h t n th l t n. h d b n rr d b h tt t d t rd h p t t r , p rt l rl , th h h h d h d v r d r l t n h p d r n h rv n th r . t nl d d th M v n v rn nt h r pp rt r f , b t M v n p rt pl nt d th K l n l A t n l n t r p pl t v t f r M v n r d nt, th r b v l t n th r ht f th pp t n. A r b l r p f r d b th d r ntl d U ff r h h d b n pp rt r f .University r n th pr d nt l p n f 200 , th A b th n r b l r p f ht n th v rn nt. r th nd t , M v n n d p r n th 200 l t n , th 6 b p pl b l v d th t h ld pr v d th th r t d p t h nh r nt fl n nd v d l nd th fl f h r .
491 h b r f th pp t n ll d d t th v . 492 U nd El t r l C n p rt, 200 r l d n M 200 . 493 h K l n l A t n l n (KA p r l t r n t f r d d r n th pr d nt l p n f 200 . It d v l n n t p pl n r h r th r d nt d d n t r h l p v t r n r n th t r l rl nt M v n . It h b n n f th n t th t h b n d n fr nt f th U nd n ht C n f r t b f th r ht f th t z n .
64 If th l h r t th r f d v r n t f nd pl n th p l t f U nd , th n th l t nt rv nt n n th G n 8 200 nd th b nt r n th C n d t b x n d. ll n th n r l p p l d nd f r h n n p l t l l d r h p, t r v l n th t ll l l t d v rr d t h n th C n t t t n t h n th n b r f t r th t pr d nt n r n n ff , n rd r t n bl th r l n p rt nd M v n t nt n n p r. Wh n th C n t t t n h d b n dr ft d n , t h d b n v r r f ll p f d th t th r d nt t r f ff f v r , h h ld nl b xt nd d t . A th nt rv nt n n 6 2000 n th n hb r n t t f ll th n th f r t t r f ff , t nl l th t th r d nt t v t d b nt r t t t n p r. Aft r ll, h d d h v n t t t n l nd t t th t .
S l rl , n th b nt nt rv nt n n th C th t nd d n 2002, h h d n nd t r n ff . If th r nt rv nt n h d t n pl t th t t , th h, t ld h v b n p bl t nt rpr t th d l b r t tt pt t r n n p r.Town In th t r rd, d r n th 200 r d nt l El t n p n , th G v rn nt f U nd t bl h d C n t t t n l v C n t r v th C n t t t n f U nd . h C n b tt d r p rt f t f nd n nd r nd t n n b r 200 .Cape h U nd C b n t, ft r t d n th r p rt, pr p r d G v rn nt Wh t p rof n S pt b r 2004. h l nd rl nt r Aff r C tt f th U nd n rl nt n d r d th G v rn nt Wh t p r nd b tt d t r p rt n b r 2004. rl nt b ntl p d th C n t t t n (A nd nt A t, n A t 200 . A n th v r nd nt d t th C n t t t n f U nd n th t l n t d th r tr t n n pr d nt l t r f ff . r v l , th C n t t t n h d l t d th r d nt t t f v r t r n ff . h pr v n nt n d n Art l University 0 (2 , h h t t d: "A p r n h ll n t b l t d nd r th C n t t t n t h ld ff r d nt f r r th n t t r pr r b d b th rt l ." h p t n h n d b r pl n Art l 0 (2 th th f ll n pr v n: "A p r n b l t d nd r th C n t t t n t h ld ff f th r d nt f r n r r t r pr r b d b th rt l ." h b v nd nt th ll d n n b nt t h ld ff f r r th n t t r . h l r d th f r M v n t r n f r pr d nt n n 2006.
In l ht f th , th t n f th nt rv nt n n th C p rf t thr h t 2005 nd rl 2006, th A h d v d b nd f rth fr th rn S d n nd th G r b f r t n th C, n fr h tt n t r t , f r n r , nd d r r . h A r r p n th A h d d pl d n th E t rn C n ll n th th A nd r
165 pr p r n n r n nt U nd . Arr t nd nt r tt f r b l h d th p p l t n th t M v n n d d t b r l t d th t th d v l p nt f r tt n d n th l t t nt r ld n t b l t nd r t rr nt d. h l t n r lt f 2006 nd t d th t th d t pr r n th p l t l p r d tr b t n v n h h r th h M v n t ll , r d n h d f th r t f h p t t r .
An th r d t d n n th t r t l t U nd nt rv nt n t f r n p l th nt rn l l t r p l t nd p r tr l n th h C nd nd n t th r l r b r f th U .4 h nt rv r d th t th r r bbl n th U b t n th t p l t r dr r rd n h h d r p r nd n nt n d b t n h t d M v n n p r. h r r ft b t n th l t n th U nd th l t r t ld r n UPDF: th l t , th h b tt r pl d t b n h r f th r r n t v n p r t n p f p t . In t d, f th l t r t ff r h r l r l t d t th r d nt r pp nt d t th h h nd. Town h l tt r h d r t r l t r p r nd nt d t ppr th f r r. M v n l t n t d f th p r tr l n th l t r t v r p n b l t t f th l t r t ff r t t h r f th C nt rv nt n. h t t f n n th Cape n h n xh t bl "l r t v v nt r " lv d th p r tr l n th h rt r n, b tof h d d r n n f r th C. h U ff r h l d nt n nt f ld r t th C n d n tr d nd xpl t d th r r n r th ntr ll d. h r d nt d l n t pp n th xpl t t n f th C nd th b nt d l n br n n t j t th ff r pl t d n th t v t " h v l b n ttr b t d t h v rt pl n t nd r t p t nt l p, h h ld h v r lt d fr th r ft n th UPDF 49g University
4 4 h n l d n t n t th f t th t th r b l r p , l A , A nd A, x t d b t p nt t th t th r d t j t f h th r l n p rt h ld r n n p r. 495 Int rv th UG MO h ld n C p n, br r 2006. 496 r t v v nt r r f r t th b n th t th U ff r rr d t n th r f I r , n , n , b , nd nd t , ll f h h r nd r th r ntr l. r d t l f th b n nt rpr th rt r p rt, p. 8 nd th U SC r p rt S 2002 46 b th n l f Exp rt p rt, p. 22. 497 h n l f Exp rt r p rt r nd d th t th v rn nt f th ntr h r th nd v d l r fr h ld pr t th f r th ll l xpl t t n f th r r n th C. r d t l d r nd t n , p rt, p. , n Int rn t n l Cr Gr p, " nd U nd : A n r W r f rv ", Afr r f n ( r b r l , b r 200 , p. 2. S l r l th U n l f Exp rt p rt, 200 nd t Add nd p rt, 2002 ph ld t p t n th r rd t th f nd lt f xpl t n C r r . 498 In n nt rv th UG MO h ld n 2 br r 2006 n C p n, th nt rv nd t d th t K z n , th C nd r n Ch f f th U n th C r f h p t n n th r nd d nd d th t h b p t n b tt r nd p t n. pp d t ll "l t r t " U nd tr d t bj t th . r f r th t h ld l n t t t p n t th r d nt, h d nd r n th C. h d n t th h nd p h b , t t th t p d ff. Int rv h ld n 2 br r 2006 n C p n.
166 6.5 Regional Hegemony or Warmonger
U nd nt rv nt n n th n hb r n t t h v b n t d th, n th n h nd, M v n nt nt n t r t r n l h n , nd n th th r,th h v b n nt rpr t d b n p rt f h p r n l t r n r. h nt rv nt n n nd , r nd nd, l t r, n th C n pp rt f th n l n ( t n r t n th t h d ttl d n th C h b n n tr d t v t d b M v n p r l t d n f r t n t p r n th r n. h pr p d t p r l d n r p rt d n b n d h . In 2004, f r x pl , d h n K n r t : For more than six years, Museveni actively plotted to overthrow the Moi government while Moi acutely engaged in counter-insurgence sending his intelligence officers on cattle raids into Eastern Uganda... According to Museveni's plan, pieced together by the Sunday Standard after intensive in &rya was supposed to be the first government to fall in a domino-like chain of military takeovers in the region covering Rwanda, Zaire and Sudan. TheTown Kenyan troops would then be used in the operations in Rwanda, then Zaire and then Sudan... but these imperial designs were checked by a lack of credible Kenyayn leaders willing to lead the assault on Nairobi... .502
h d r p rt h hl ht d th p r b ld n Cape d n nd th d n l h n f p th t r t t rt n K n , th n nd ndof f n ll r . Alth h K n d d n t f ll, th r r t p tt pt r h tr t d b th M K n , K n n d d nt r p, p bl pp rt d b U nd . In nd nd r , h v r, th r r v rthr n n 4 nd
4 " . K h n nd . d f n h n t h n n t t p rf l n h t nt n th nt l r l v rn n nt r t t r l t n nd ll n t d . S . K h n nd . , r nd Int rd p nd n , rd Ed ( Y r n n, 200 , p. 8. °0 h p t n h r d b nt rv h r n th pp t n f U nd v nth p rl nt. S h l r h v l p nt d t th v f th h n d n n b t p r . S M lv rn , f r x pl , h r th t,University n r , U nd nt rv nt n n nd n d r d t b p rt f U nd n pl t t r t t l nd. It t n f r r nt d th t M v n nt d t p r . nd M lv rn, A pl tr d: h l f th W t n nd G n d , p. 0. 0 h ll d t E p r pp d t tr t h fr M b t th W t rn n f th C n v r, nd p rth, p rh p t th b M nt n n S d n. h r v r d th pr l n l nt rl tr n n d th t xt nd d f r M d nd d n th n rth, K v r n n th t, K z b , K r , nd nd t th t, nd th p r ph r z nz nd r nd n th th. r d t l d nt f M v n p r l d n : M. K l b "Ethn ntr l nd M v nt l t n U nd : An n l f thn nfl t n K b l C nfl t" n K b r M ( d , U nd d n th l t l r: S r t nd th W r n th Gr t n, (M r r Un v r t r nt r : K p l , 2004 pp 4 8, 0. On n , "M v n : r n l S h r Or j t G tt n ?", n h E t Afr n, Apr l 28 M 4, , nd 0. rl nd . M , "Intr d t n" n rl , 0. nd M , . ( d , Afr n Int rv nt n t St t , (Ald r h t: A h t , 200 , pp. . r pr l n l h t r f th nt rl tr n r n, . r h nd, "S l Ch n nd l t l M d rn z t n n r nd ", n rn l f M d rn Afr n St d , l 4, 4 ( 66 , pp. 40 4 G. S tt n, " h Ant d nt f th Int rl tr n K n d ", n rn l f Afr n t r , l 4 ( , pp. 64 nd . b r , " r l n l r nd nd nd : l lt , n l lt ", n rn l f Afr n t r l St d , l 0, 2 (200 , p. 2 4. 02 S nd St nd rd, Inv t t n , 8 Apr l 2004, r b .
6 r p t v l . Alth h th v nt n th t th r nt f bl , p rt l rl v n M v n t t nt n 66 ( th p r ph t th t rt f th h pt r , f t n r n: r tl , t f bl t r t h tr n n t n l p r b d n n thn t r n h l r r n nd v n th nt rn t n l t f th t ? S ndl , d d U nd h v th pr r t f r r t n h h n p r d r n th p r d f th nt rv nt n ? tl , t n t l l , th t th r ld h v b n l h f nt r t th th r l d r h h d l r d n f b n th d n nt p r n th r n?
S nt rv n nd nd r nd h v d d th h n d n f t p r p l t n nd v n r n ph n pr p nd t d r d t M v n r l n th r n, b th r n h r l n th r r p n th r n th r pr t r b n v rthr n 04 h r p nd nt l r d th t t nd n t h h d p t M v n n p r nd th r f r d bt d h b l t t xt nd h r l n t n d nd ? " Ev n f th d b t r nd th r n l h n r pl bl , M v n Town l d th p t t rt h lf v r nd , h h h d n t nt r l d pt d th p l h h d r nd d f r th t ntr . In th C, l r tt pt t nfl n th p l t l d v l p nt f K b l r r b tr t d b nd , h h h d l rCape nt r t . h l h f nt r t b t n nd nd U nd f rth r l n t d b th t t of fr K b l nd th r nfl n b r tl r d d. In t d, U nd ttl d f r r l t n th th r b l r p n rd r t v t th pp rt n t t f rth r t nt r t n th r n.
r nd nd nd r xp r n n l r p l t l ph v l . C n d r n th t M v n nt rv nt n n r nd d pl t , b t p r v d f v r n th t , th p b l t th t University
503 Int rv th UG A h ld n K p l n 8 b r 200 . 5°4 Int rv th UG A U 4 ( l th l d r f p l t l p rt h ld n 2 O t b r 200 n j b r . r d th t th r n h r ff t d b th l f p l t l p r b r n ph n l d r t An l ph n pp rt d l d r n th G . A r lt, th r n h f br t d th t l t d r d t M v n h n th n r h t t f th l f p r f th r n ph n l d r . S l r v r xpr d b 0. O n , "U nd n l A t r n th r n W r" p. 0, h l p nt d t U nd nt rv nt n n th r n t thn xp n n t n t n l pp rt d b th US nd r t n. 505 Int rv th UG A W h ld n 0 O t b r 200 n K l . 5°6 M v n tt pt t h v n nd r d l d tr ht b K , h r d th t nd n t bl d t l t n t M v n r t n b d l . In h hl h t d d f n f nd , K n t d th t M v n r f rr d t th "... th n b . h nd d n t l t n t . h b I tr n d p r n ll ... ", h h n t rr nt d nd th r f r nd h d n bl t n t l t n t h . r f ll t xt f th xp , App nd x 6. In ntr t, C r b l p r v d U nd t b h n p r th t h d th p t t d h f r th C b t th t t n t d n n h t nd th C nfl t b M v n b n nf d b nd . A f r r C n l r b l l d r n t d th t f U nd t h lp th r n, t h d t b ld h n th t pr j t p r nd t v ff pr x r b n f ht n t t b nd .
68 he would rely on Burundi to be part of his empire was extremely slim. Given such an atmosphere, it was highly unlikely that Museveni could pursue hegemonic interests in a region where his fellow leaders were challenging his influence. Museveni himself dismisses the Hima- Tutsi Empire claim as rubbish, arguing as follows:
Thenwants the misperceptions which are being peddled by those against NRM, they say that Museveni to build a Hima Tutsi Empire. This is colonial trash... I think this is colonial trash, it is absolute rubbish. In the first place, there has never ken a Hima-Tutsi empire because these twn groups have near ken rulers, Himas have never been rulers... Hima and Tutsi are cattle keepers, they are always looking after cows in the bush. You cannot build an empire in the bush when you are looking after cows, you must be in the palace because that is where they build empires. 507
The other aspect of the regional hegemony design that makes the claim weak is the nature of Uganda's capabilities at that time. Did Uganda have all the prerequisites of a regional power? There are four prerequisites that a state must have to hold a regionally hegemonic position. Firstly, the state must have a good geographical position. Secondly,Town it must have natural resources and technological endowments. Thirdly, it must have immense industrial and military capabilities compared to other states in the same region. Lastly, it must have intangible resources, such as a national morale, and a high quality of governmentCape and diplomacy . 08 " To this, we could add a fifth prerequisite: it must be internationallyof accepted as having a central position in a specific region.
Uganda fulfilled only one of the requirements, which helps to explain why its bid to hold a regional hegemony cannot be convincingly defended. Geographically, Uganda is a landlocked country that depends on Tanzania and Kenya for most of its trade. This makes it vulnerable and unable to extend itsUniversity power even if it wanted to. Secondly, although it is endowed with natural resources, it lacks the technological capacity to exploit them optimally. Resources, like copper, that were once profitably exploited are nearly exhausted and its exports of other resources, like hydro-electric power, are also lagging. Whereas it could be argued that Uganda has a high quality of government by World Bank standards, these have not translated into better public welfare for its citizens. The last prerequisite, a military capability, could indeed be claimed by Uganda claim. However, events in the GLR have also demonstrated otherwise, particularly given the economic strain the GLR wars have placed on Uganda and the successive defeats it has suffered in the
507 Y. M v n n h ddr t rl nt d r n th Sp l n f 6 S pt b r 8, n rd, p. 4 4. 508 S . M r nth , " Int rv n r t t Int rv n ", n r n Aff r , ( 6 , pp. 426, nd S. Str n , St t and M r t , ( nd n: nt r, 4 pp. 24 , n th r n l f h n p r.
6 thr r f K n n . A f rth r n l f th l t r p t f th t t n th r n p t U nd nd t S d n. S bl 6, h h p r th l t r p b l t f l t d r n l t t . Table 6: Military Structure of Five GLR States
Town
h r t tr t r b v n b d t p r th l t r p t . If U nd d d nd d h v d n f b n h n p r,Cape t ld h v r r d h h l br f ld r , x ll pp d l t r , tr n of l t r p b l t nd l l f n t ddr th r t pr bl f th r n. " Yet fr th b v t bl , t l r th t U nd l t r xp nd t r " f r l r th n th t f S d n. C n d r n th t U nd r v d tr n n fr th US, p rt l rl f r th ACM, ld r th t t d th pr f r t nt rv nt n , lth h l t r t l nt rv nt n r n t th l nt rv nt n nd rt n b U nd . W ld r th t t r th r l th t th US v U nd thr h th ACM r th rUniversity th n th r d nt n h n b t n th t t v t d t t nt rv n n th n hb r n t t .
509 h r r n f r n th C l n b d t ld n t b ll t d d t th r nd th p l t l tr n t n f th t t . 510 In th M n tr f f n p rt f 6 t , th M n t r f f n r t d b r b d t t p th r th r tr p rr r , t t n n f r nd r , nd t ff v h l f r l t r nt ll n nd l t r p l . h r t ll n d d n f r , h l pt r r p r , nd nt n n f t t r v h l t pr v p r t n n rth rn U nd . S l t t nt f r M n tr f f n f r th f n n l r 6 , p. . 511 h t l f r f th M n tr f f n xp nd t r r f r r t r th n th r t . h M n tr ft n n t t f r r n n th j t f t n th t t ddr n th r t t t n n U nd nd th t t t t v ff n f r tt n U nd .
170 M v n nt rv nt n n nd n 0 nd th l t r nt rv nt n n th C h v b n ttr b t d t h n t r n r5 nd r n r. 513 S th n th t M v n nt rv n d n th r t t b h b l v d th l d th p t t n th r n ff r . Ir n ll , h p tr n z n b h v r nd b l f th t h r n l p l n h d nv lv d M v n n v r nfl t n th G . 514 M v n d p t d l th t h p tr n z n , h v r, nd r d th t th r n r t pl t t xpl n U nd nt rv nt n . p nt d t th t r n l l d r , l K b l , h d ppr h d h d r n th r rl r tr l t r t l t r pp rt, h h h n t ll bj t d t v n . r d th t h n t r n r nd d d th h r th t U nd h d f ht nd n nd l t r n 2000 v r tr v l , h th tr d n f n lt . In h n rd , r d nt M v n d:
I have, h v r, been told that the differences between Uganda and Rwanda are caused by Ugandans looking dozen upon Rwandese. I was told by one of the senior leaders of Rwanda that somebodyhadis a districtsaid that of the Uganda; RPA vas and part of UPDF• that Rwanda Town that Brigadier Kayumba, the RPA Chief of staff; was a Sergeant in Uganda... [therefore, if somebody can really believe that those are the kinds of issues that can cause people to shoot at each other, there must be something wrong with our ideas! I told the leaders of Rwanda that some Rwandese are always abusing me, even in the newspaper,Cape but I cannot take that as a national policy. Even if somebody abuses me, so what? That is his problem, not mine Gm I pick a gun and shoot people just because somebody has said thatof Museveni is senile, as they have keen saying.. ? 6
Irr p t v f h p t n th t h n t r n r, th r n n n th pp t n nd b ff l th t U nd h d n t nt rv n d n th r t t nt l M v n t p r. h th nt n d M v n pp rt t th S A f S d n, nd h nt rv nt n n nd n 0 nd 4 t pp rt th r v th t M v n r n r. M v n University n t n th t U nd n l d r b f r h h d nt rv n d n
2 On n Obb r r d th t, "W ( pl n U nd p r v d r lv th Gr t K n r , b t ll tr t d b th pr v t v n p pl h ld ( nd t ll h ld f nd U nd tb ... r n K n b , d t r f th Sh r t ( l l n p p r , xpr d th v p bl l r rd n U nd xp n n nt nd d r b n t U nd 40th d tr t h r t r z n th " d nt tr t C n r". h j l nd d h n pr n, b t t r fl t d th nd f v p pl h ld f U nd ". S 0. On n , "M v n : r n l S h r Or j t G tt n ?" h E t Afr n, Apr l 28 M 4 ( M v n d th t r t xpr h nn n t h p pl (p rt l rl th pp t n r f rr d t h . S M v n ddr t rl nt n S pt b r 8, rl nt r n rd, p. 4 06. 4 K , n h nt rv th M n t r r b , r d th t M v n nt rv nt n r t v t d b M v n nv t n th t n n n b tt r th n h d d nd th t h p r v d h lf b t t d t lv th pr bl f Afr . S th f ll nt rv th t pp r d n th M n t r p bl t n n App nd x 8. M v n r p rt d t rl nt, pr nt d n 6 S pt b r 8, rl nt r n rd, p.4 0 . 6 M v n ddr t rl nt, h ld n 28 M 2000, "U nd Inv lv nt n th Gr t n," p. 2 . (On n , h n r d nt M v n ddr th U nd rl nt th ddr p bl h d nt b l t. h b l t r r rd d rl nt r n rd b t r n t n r l v n n b r .
r C n nt t j t f h nt rv nt n n th C. It h ld b nd r t d th h th t, h r th C n th nl t t th t U nd h d nt rv n d n thr h t th nt r C ld W r r ( . . fr 6 6 . M v n n th p f t nt r ( . . fr 86 t 2006 h d nt rv n d l v n t n n hb r n t t , b th n l t r ll nd thr h th ll t v r n l rr n nt .
rth r pp rt f r th r nt th t M v n r n r h b n dr n fr th d n t nt rv n n nd n 0: th nd n t , h r f r rl n h r , tt d nd nd v r r n th E t rn p rt f nd f r pl f d . It l d th t U nd f l t t d th r t rn f th t r t nd , n h th b n th M r h ll . h t bt n d l t l ll f n n l pp rt fr U nd t r n nd t d n t d r f b r n . U nd pp rt h b n bl d n tr t d b n nt rv f ll : Town [N]tungamowasthepoint tactical that the and signal base and communications e RPF used Ntungcanowasit was wry proximate strategic to because Rwanda and from Mirama hills propellers or large artillery guns could easily fire into Rwanda,. Kizingo in Ngoma sub-county was another tactical base and front that the RPF usedCape in entering Rwanda . They entered through Nyakatare (local as Nyagatare in kinyarwanda). Secondly from a sociological point of view, the sub-counties of Ntungamo, Ruhama, Rwechiniroof and Ruhama were dominated by Ruandese of Tutsi origin who had fled in the 1959 and 1972 annihilation attempts by the Hutu government This provided the RPF with social support as well as fall bade bases in case of hot pursuit.
Another entry point was Kamwezi in Kabale. This was thee main route of the RPF recruits... Ntungamo was the drawback centre following the initial defeat of the RPF until they regrouped to attack Rwanda again.'"
Wh t r fr University th nt f th 0 tt n nd th t t ll rd n t d r, h h t h v b n d d b U nd t t . h r d nt d n d pl t n th tt , lth h r t n t th t h n tt ld n t h v b n r h tr t d th t h f ll n l d . It l r fr h ddr t rl nt th t pl n t nv d nd r n n t h nd th t, h t t , h dv d th [ ph ] t th pr p r t r t . 8 nf r h pl t n th b nt n rr t n f v nt pr d n th nv n f ll :
Int rv h ld th nd t f r r b t nt f th 0 nd n nv n, h ld n K b l , n O t b r 200 . 518 h t n f th tt ld h v b n th t h n l d nd th t xpl n n r p nd nt nf n f h ll pr p r d th h d b n th t t .
2 [T]heNRMadoptedwehard tried to government convince avery dual position. the late First of all President Habyarimana to reach a political settlement with these young people and the fora they were representing At the same time,we derided also to support these young people materially so that they would not he defeated militarily. In which case, they would be forced to come back to Uganda and that could cause us a lot of problems. So [zee] adopted a dual strategy. On the one hag give them material support; so that would not be defeated but on the other hand negotiate so that we get overwith this problem. ... [blames the international community for not doing anything to ensure that the Rwandese of Tutsi origin return to their country . What had the UN done to solve that problem?... We supported Rwanda materially. Again we gave them materials to defend themselves against these barbaric groups supported by Mobutu. But we refused to involve our own troops for the reasons I have mentioned above... 519
h l th t h r f d t nv lv U nd n tr p h b n h hl nt t d, nd n h l r h v r d th t U nd d d nt rv n d r tl b pr v d n l t r tr p ll v rtl d n th nv n l t ll . t l pp rt t r p f d d nt t v rthr t d v rn nt ft n t v t d b n f t r b t, n th f U nd , t h b n ttr b t d t M v n h r t r r n r. S nt rv Town p nt d t r pr l rr n nt b t n M v n nd th nd n t t p t h n p r n r t rn f r pp rt t p t th (th nd n t n p r. Cape 6.6 Summary of
h n r l v pr nt d n th h pt r th t nt rv nt n r r lt f l d r nd v d l d n . In th r rd , th l d r ll h p l pt n d p nd n n h t h p r v p rt nt t th t t , r t h r . h d n t nt rv n , f r x pl , rr v d t ft r th l d r h th v l bl pt n d p nd n n th f t r th t tt r t t h . h d n rr v dUniversity t n t b nt r l th b t, b t r h n b d n th r p ff nd th f t th t th r nl l t h rt th l d r p l t ll . It r d th t M v n d n t nt rv n n th n hb r n t t nl r lt f h t h p r v d th b t pt n n h v nd b d n h l d xp r n n th p l t f th r n. M v n p r pt n f h lf n p rt nt l d r n th r n nd th pl t r l th t th US, r t n nd th r E r p n t t v h p l ff r f th G r tl nfl n d h d n . It l nfl n d h b l f th t h nt rv nt n t f r n p l
M v n ddr t rl nt n th 6th S pt b r 8 20 S G. r n r, h nd Cr : t r f G n d , ( Y r C l b Un v r t r , pp nd . M lv rn, A pl tr d: h l f th W t n nd G n d , ( nd n: d , 2000 p.28.
173 r l b n v l nt tt pt t f ll th p th t th f l r f th " d lt " ( n th r rd , th W t nd th nt rn t n l n t h d l ft n th r v rt d n n t t nt rv n n Afr n nfl t .
h h pt r h h n th t, h r nt rv nt n t f r n p l b t v t d b tt pt t d v rt tt nt n fr d t d nd f r p r r d tr b t n nd pr r f r nt rn l r f r n p l t l r n t n , th r n t n f nt n nfl n n M v n d n t nt rv n . h b M v n h p rf l ntr l v r th v rn nt f th ntr , h h l l r d p t th bbl n t ff r , nd h h th j r t t n rl nt, h h h t r t n p r. th d d n t n d t d v rt tt nt n fr n d t pr bl f n t bl p r h r n . t th t p r h r n n U nd n n x t nt, ft r ll. Opp t n, nd p l t l pp n nt r t v l d r d, f n t thr t n d. h t n b r d th t M v n p rf l nt rn ll , th t h b r n nt rv nt n n h n hb r n ntr , b h n Townth t l n th ntr f ht n r xt rn ll , th p p l t n ll nt t p h n p r n n th t f h v t d t r d p d, th n th ll b v n r ff. Cape 6.7 Theoretical Assessment of
h p l h r t th r d n th n l f nt rv nt n t f r n p l n ppr pr t ppr h b t ph th ntr l t f th nd v d l l d r, h hl ht n h h d n n pr d r nf r h d n . h f n th d n n pr l v t l b , dr n fr th xp r n th h h th nt rv nt n r t n, t v d nt th t th r University h n t l th v t n th n t v ff t th ld h v n th l d r p l t l p t n t h , r n ll nd nt rn t n ll . h r nd rt n th th nt nt n t lv h t th l d r r d r bv r t n rn . Oth r b t n nn t b r l d t nt r l th h. h tr n th f l h r l n t b l t t xpl n h U nd nt rv n d n r nd , h h t th t h d n d t r d r t p t n U nd r t . h p l h r t th r pl th t l d r h v l l t d th r pt n nd h n th pt n th t t f v r th r p l t l p t n. It b rr t t n t th t l d r pl ntr l r l n d t r n n f r n p l b t, t th t , b th th n t r f r n l p l t nd th t n f j r r n l v nt nd th t l d r f r n r l t n r ll nfl nt l n th th l d r pr j t th r f r n p l . l h r d th r b t n b d t xpl n n t nl l t r
4 nt rv nt n , b t l th r f r f nt rv nt n , ll xpl n n h t t d d n t t nt rv n n th r .
Wh r l h r pr v d v bl nt rpr t t n f t t nt rv nt n t f r n p l p ll n f r l d r th r n t v b l t t d n, t n t n rl pr h n v n h t v r ll p r p t v f th nt rv nt n b f t th d l l l t t n . h r d rth f d nt r v d n th r rd t d n n pr , p rt l rl n Afr h r d n r d b h nd l d d r n r t. h t p bl t r v h th r l d r d h n th r n t v b l t v n p f n th f r n p l r n . r x pl , n t d n l d r d n n pr t d n t h lp nd r t nd h nt rv nt n r lt n r , h h r n t ll pp d t b v d d. A d h r r th K n n r b t n U nd nd nd n th C, t v d nt th t th l h ld n t v l ff t th l l p p l t n nd ld l d t l t r l , nd t th l t r Town nd r nt h d th f ht n .
Wh n l h r rt l t h l d r th rCape d n , t d n t t n n f th th r r l pl r , l l t r nd r of h ft n t p r nt th r n h nd r dv r h v th r n dv , h h ft n nt rv nt n d tr t . A n h n t d, "the methodology of theory-orientated case studies of foreign policy derision making is still in its infancy... [and]much 'work needs to be done before the method becomes a reliable intellectual tool 2 In p t f th l t t n, l h r r n d ppr h. h th d l l l t t n p bl t ntr l b tr n l t n r . h r ld n l d d r p rt , nv t t v r p rt University b r n t n t d th t t nd pr d nt l p h . In th t d , th r r nv l bl . Oth r th r n l br d th p th t l h r l v nf ll d. In th n xt h pt r, n h th r d d.
2 K. d n, " h n t U r t n n h : A l h r t r p t v ", p. 24.
CHAPTER SEVEN LIBERALISM: UGANDA'S ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION
In some cases, to get the economy going, you need some wars to change the situation, otherwise the situation does not change the economy will never grow522
[al intern. tons invoke the exercise of power, all involve, in one way or another taking sides in local political conflicts, and the motives for all interventions are mixed'
.0 Intr d t n
h h pt r n l th j r nt rpr t t n th t h h r t r d th d b t n U nd t v f r nt rv n n n n hb r n t t . U nd nt rv nt n h v b n nt rpr t d b n dr v n b p r l t d n t p nd ntr l th Town n t r l lth f ll p n t t . It nt rv nt n n th C n p rt l r h b n r t d b n M v n `r t n l pl n t b ld U nd n nd l t r pr n th r n b n th C lth th n b f r th pr j t, h h ldCape b ntl l d U nd t b r n l h n p r. S ndl , Oxf of d r b d th C nt rv nt n ll t v r bl f n r p l n hb r n t t f r th lth nd p l l ft n l d." h nt rpr t t n ntr t h rpl th U nd ph n t r t b n th n t v t n f nt rv nt n.
522 Y r M v n ddr t th Sp l S n f rl nt, h ld n 6 S pt b r 8, n rd p. 4 6. 523 Chr r n, " n t r n Int rv nt n nd Int rn t n l l t l h r ", n M l , A. nd h rd, . ( d , n ht ndUniversity M l t r Int rv nt n, (Ald r h t: A h t , 2002 , p. . 524 r n d pth v n n t v f nt rv nt n, f r x pl . Cl r , "Intr d t n: C nd C n n f th C n W r", p. . Cl r , "M v n Adv nt r n th C n W r: U nd tn ?", . 2 . Cl r , "Expl n n U nd Int rv nt n n C n : Ev d n nd Expl n t n", n rn l f M d rn Afr n St d , l , 2 (200 , pp. 26 28 C. K b b , " h r t p bl f C n : h Q t f r S t n bl ", n K d , . nd K b b , C. ( d , W th r n l nd S r t ? h r t p bl f C n ft r th W r, ( r t r : Afr n In t t t f S th rn Afr , 2000 , p. 0 Ot nn , 0., "U nd n l A t r n th r n W r", p. 48 W. n , "U nd l t f W r nd bt l f", pp. 4 4 W. n , W rl rd l t n th C n , p. 4 W. M n r , " r nd t th C nfl t nd In t b l t n th Afr n Gr t n". n K d , . nd K b b , C. ( d , W th r n l nd S r t ? h r t p bl f C n ft r th W r, ( r t r : Afr n In t t t f S th rn Afr , 2000 , p. C. Gr , Int rn t n l nd th U f r , (Oxf rd: Oxf rd Un v r t r , 2004 , pp. 62 6 nd A. z, "Wh n d f n b d n hb r : x d rd r , St t W n , nd Int rn t n l C nfl t", n Int rn t n l S r t , l , (W nt r 2006 0 , p. 0. 525 Oxf h r t r th nt rv nt n " l t r r l " n h h n t r l r r xpl t t n th f t r n d t r n n l t r d pl nt nd p r n th r n. S Oxf , r f n , v rt n th M d t f W lth, 2002, http: . xf . r . , d n n 200 .
526 b d.
6 h h pt r dr n th t l t r n l b r l th r , h h pr pp th t nt rv nt n r r v r r r , r rdl f th nt n t f th h n t r n t t n n th t t . G lp n nd G bb th r f rth r p t th t t t ll nt rv n n th r t n r th t th r n n nt r t r rv d. G lp n r d, f r x pl th t, " t t ll t h n th nt rn t n l t thr h t rr t r l, p l t l, nd n xp n n nt l th r n l t f f rth r h n r l t r r t r th n th r n l b n f t ". Id ll , h n t t n r p r n r n, th ll t xt nd th r t rr t r l ntr l b nfl n n th p l t l nd n r n f th r n. St t th nd v r t xp nd th th t v f b n r n l n p r , nt l th r l th t th t f f rth r xp n n x d r l t th b n f t f h xp n n t p l . l t l p r n n th n p r, nd p r r n p t t v n p n d b p r r l t r p r. In h rt, G pl n r th t t t nt rv n n th r t nh n nd pr t t th r n nt r t . Town
h ntr l r nt f th h pt r th , th t, h r th n t v f U nd nt rv nt n nn t b pl t l n r d"°, th pl xCape n t r f th nfl t th t rr d n th t t pr x t t U nd , h d r t rof nfl n n f r n U nd t nt rv n th n d d th n t v . It f rth r r d th t th ll t tr d , h h t l l pr b bl t rt d b U nd l t r ff r t th b rd r, n f t p rt f th lr d x t n n t r f r b rd r tr d , nd th t th r l pl f d b th nv lv nt f U nd l t r t r h p d th r n. h th rd r nt dv n d n th h pt r, b d n pr r r r h nd nv t t v r p rt f th nt rv nt n p r d, th t U nd pr v d n University p rf r n d r n th t d t t ntr t t n p l , p rtn r h p th n r n t n nd nt r t t tr d r l t n , nd th t n xpl t t n f th C h d ntr b t d n ll t t n r th.
2 . G lp n, W r nd Ch n n W rld l t , (C br d : C br d Un v r t r , 8 , pp. 0 . G lp n, h l t l E n f Int rn t n l l t n , ( r n t n: r n t n Un v r t r , 8 , p. 8 . l t r xp nd t n h Gl b l l t l E n : Und r t nd n th Int rn t n l E n Ord r, ( r n t n: r n t n Un v r t r , 200 , p. 44; nd . G bb , h l t l E n f h rd W rld Int rv nt n: M n , M n nd U.S l n th C n Cr , pp. 28 . 28 . G lp n, h l t l E n f Int rn t n l l t n , p. 8 . 2 Ib d, p. . 0 h f t th t b th nd nd U nd f ht h th r n th C, nd th t K n n d nd tr d ntr pl t f n t v . C. Gr h d r b d th K n n r th f r t t n th W rld W r II th t f r n r l r r n d th lv n th t rr t r f th th rd t t r bl th v t ppr pr t n th t t t lth, C. Gr , Int rn t n l nd th U f r , p. 6 .
177 7.1 Uganda's Economic and Security Nexus
In th l t 80 nd 0 , U nd f d t n h ll n n th r n. r tl , th n r t d b nfl t n th n hb r n t t ff t d U nd n , nd p rt l rl p pl l v l h d nd tr d n th b rd r d tr t . S ndl , U nd h d dr n p n n tr t , h h ld r r t t nh n t r n l n r l t n , t th p l t l h r t r f th r n nh b t d th tr t . If th r n t d v l p n ll , th n r t b n d b n r nt r p th h d t b ddr d. Ir n ll , f th r p d b th n r nt r p r th r th t r r hl nd d th n t r l nd n r l r r . h v r t d l f r U nd . W U nd n t r U nd b rd r th t xpl t n th n pp rt n t th r n ff r d?"
h f nd n f th t d nd t th t th r d l b r t d nTown n th l d r f th G t t f nd , U nd nd th C t r th r n n t th n n r nt r p n r t rn f r n ntr l f p rt f th C. h nt rv b l v d th t U nd h d n r l d r t th r nCape d v l p nd p ll t n n t ll v bl n r l t n , lth h th r of n nd r rr nt f pt , t h th r U nd n n l h d h n bl nt r t ? Int rv r d th t U nd nt rv nt n
In n nt rv th UG A SA h ld n 2 l 200 , h p nt d t th t, h r U nd nt d t f rd t b rd r , t nt rv n f r r l r n l n t nd . h U pp rt d r b l n th C h thr v d nd rv v d b f th ll l r l tr d n th C. h nt rv f rth r t t d " b (r f rr n t rr b th r b l l d r f M C r p n th C n f th r b l l d r nd f r r r l rd d l t f n fr th tr d nd bl t h v b r d r p b f th b n f t f th tr d . (r f rr n t nd n th r r b l h d n nd pp rt d r b n ht b th U .University h U ld l t h rr t d b t ll th p pl v r nd n K p l nd th ", th ff l ph d. h l t t S r t C n l Gr p f Exp rt n th C p rt f 8 l 2006, S 2006 2 h hl ht d th t h d b n p t n f n n l n t n nd tr v l b n b t th t n n f th G t t nd pl d th ph ld n th n t n b t n n t n n t , lth h h r p rt dl n tr d n b nd f rth b t n U nd nd th C. S r p rt p. 44. 2 U nd tr t l t n n r C r h It r r n p rt l rl n r th O p t n , S z r n nd M n b l nv r n , r n f nt ttr t n. S d t l d r ph xpl n t n b C l v , . nd C rr r , . " h Afr n Gr t : n r f ff r n , d tr t n nd d th", n Cr t n t , r d l r , 080 0 r l n (Sp n , http: .f p n l. p n l ll b n .rtf, d n 2 n 2004. In nt rv th UG MO , nt rv d n 0 l 200 , K p l , UG MO 8, nt rv d n 8 A t 200 , K p l nd UG MO 2, nt rv d n O t b r 200 , K n n t n , ll r d th t M v n , K nd K b l h d r d n f r f n p r t n n h h U nd nd nd ld xpl t rt n r r r . 4 r n f th nt rv p rt l rl th fr MO A nd MO , U nd h d n n t bl n dr v t d v l p t lf nd th r n n n r l. h t d U nd r n l tr d n t t v n tr d r n t n t p n th r n f r x pl , r f r nt l r d Ar ( A , C n M r t f E t rn nd S th rn Afr (COMESA nd th E t Afr n C n t (EAC . U nd Afr n Gr th Opp rt n t A t (AGOA b d, E A pl n , nd th tt n p f U nd Inv t nt A th r t th t r p n bl f r rd n t n f r n
8 7.1 Uganda's Economic and Security Nexus
I e a e 80s a 0s, Uga a ace wo mai c a e ges i e egio . i s y, e i secu i y cause y co ic s i e eig ou i g s a es a ec e Uga a s eco omy, a a icu a y eo e s i e i oo a a e i e o e is ic s. Seco y, Uga a a aw u a eco omic s a egy, w ic wou equi e i o e a ce i s egio a eco omic e a io s, ye e geo o i ica c a ac e o e egio i i i e is s a egy. I e egio was o e e o eco omica y, e i secu i y ei g cause y i su ge g ou s us a o e a esse . I o ica y, some o e a eas occu ie y e i su ge g ou s we e e same a eas a we e ic y e owe wi a u a a mi e a esou ces. " is ga e ise o a i emma o Uga a. Was Uga a goi g o secu e Uga a s o e s wi ou e oi i g e eco omic o o u i y is egio o e e ?"
e i i gs o e s u y i ica e a e e was a e i e a e ecisio Town amo g e ea e s o e G s a es o wa a, Uga a a e C o secu e e egio agai s e ma y i su ge g ou s i e u o eco omic co o o some a s o e C e i e iewees e ie e a Uga a a a ge e a esi e o see e egio e e o Cape a es ecia y o e gage i mu ua y ia e eco omic e a io s, a oug e e wasof a u e cu e o sce icism, as o w e e Uga a ge ui e y a suc o e i e es s. " I e iewees a gue a Uga a s i e e io
I a i e iew wi UG A SA e o 2 u y 200 , e oi e ou a , w e eas Uga a wa e o sa egua i s o e s, o i e e e o comme cia easo s was a so o i s age a. e U su o e e e s i e C w o i e a su i e ecause o e i ega comme cia a e i e C. e i e iewee u e s a e " em e ( e e i g o ie e em e e e e ea e o M C g ou i e C o e o e e e ea e s a o me wa o s ma e a o o mo ey om e a e a was a e o a e a ig a me g ou ecause o e e e i s o e a e. osco ( e e i g o osco aga a a o e e e w o ma e mo ey a su o e wa is ei g soug y e U . eUniversity U wou ike o see im a es e u a ese eo e mo e a ou i Kam a a a we see em", e o icia em asise . e a es Secu i y Cou ci G ou o E e s o e C e o o 8 u y 2006, S 2006 2 ig ig e a osco a ee u o i a cia sa c io s a a e a s u a o e o e G s a es a com ie wi u o i g ese sa c io s y aki g a y ac io agai s osco, a oug e was e o e y see a i g ack a o e wee Uga a a e C. See e o . 44. 2 Uga a s s a egic oca io ea C s ic I u i egio a icu a y ea e Okimo i mi es, Se e e mi e a Mo g a u e i o s, we e a sig i ica a ac io . See e ai e geog a ic e a a io y Caso i a, . a Ca e o, . " e A ica G ea akes: e yea s o su e i g, es uc io a ea ", i C is ia isme i us icia, oge e ui a , 080 0 a ce o a (S ai , : www. es i a .com es i a I i e . , accesse o 2 u e 2004. I i e iews wi UG MO , i e iewe o 0 u y 200 , Kam a a, UG MO 8, i e iewe o 8 Augus 200 , Kam a a a UG MO 2, i e iewe o Oc o e 200 , Ka u gu u gamo, a a gue a Muse e i, Kagame a Ka i a a ag ee o some o m o eco omic coo e a io i w ic Uga a a wa a wou e oi ce ai a eas esou ces. 4 om ma y o e i e iewees a icu a y ose om MO A a MO , Uga a a a i sa ia e eco omic i e o e e o i se a e egio i ge e a . ey quo e Uga a s egio a a e i i ia i e i a e o ga isa io s se u i e egio o e am e, e e e ia a e A ea ( A , Commo Ma ke s o Eas e a Sou e A ica (COMESA a e Eas A ica Commu i y (EAC . Uga a s A ica G ow O o u i y Ac (AGOA i , E A a s, a e se i g u o Uga a I es me Au o i y a was es o si e o co o i a i g o eig
8 was a y eco omica y mo i a e a a is was co sis e wi e esi e s esi e o mu ua a e wi e egio a s a es. A ig y ace i e iewee e ea e :
[After Kabila became President; Museveni selected us, a group of ten cabinet ministers; in , Kabila. We t discussed a wide range of issues Uganda was to b e in charge of commerce/trade with the purpose to haw economic "dominance " of the Eastern Congo and he had proposed a road from Mombasa to Kisangani so that trade and commerce %mid flourish but under Uganda's dominance. Museveni was pushing for Uganda's businessmen to harness the wealth of the... aah Eastern Congo. This did not happen because Rwanda tried to control the Kinshasha government. It tried to colonise the Kinshasha government Kinshasa government resisted Rwanda's dominance and of course Uganda opposed Rwanda's policy in the DRC. This was the beginning of the differencesbetweenUganda and Rwanda,'
e co o o Eas e Co go a a ee ag ee u o y e Uga a mi is e ia isi o s a Ka i a i o ake ace, as a o igi a y ee a e ecause Ka i a e u ia e e aci ag eeme . I s ea , Uga a s U e e u co o i g a s o u ya a Kisa ga i, i w ic e A a A o e a e , u w ic we e a so a uc a i eTown usi ess a eas. O e a eas co o e y Uga a w e e a e was ca ie ou o a a ge sca e, i c u e u a a Isi o, a e way u o Ma agi a Am." Uga a a so occu ie a e oi e o Eas e Co go s go ic O ie a e o i ce a eas o au uU e e is ic , Capea e Wa sa e i o y, co e i g e go mi es o Go um wa, u a a Ag a a o. of a sai , oug , e a e a eme ge om is acc aime mi is e ia isi i o u ou o e w a e esi e e isage . I s ea , e a e was ca ie ou co a y o e o e a io a o e s o Muse e i e eo e Muse e i wa e o o i u ge i a e i o ica y ecame e key aye s i e oi i g e esou ces o e C. O e o e i e iewees co i ue o a gue a : University From the joint military operations agreed upon', it was envisaged that Uganda would control the Eastern part and ensure that trade was carried out by Ugandan businessmen and that there zees to
i ec i es me a a ac i g o eig i es o s we e u e e am es o i s eco omic i s. I e iew wi UG A e o 6 o em e 2004 i Kam a a a e Mi is y o ice. I a co es o i g e o y e uma ig s Wa c , ey a gue a ecause o e usi ess a a geme s e wee e wo esi e s, Uga a occu ie o Eas e Co go om 8 o 200 i s so ie s ook i ec co o o e go ic a eas a coe ce go mi e s o e ac e go o ei e e i . 6 I e iew wi UG MO e o Oc o e 2004 a Kimaka, i a. I i , e aces e UG MO e e e o we e a so co ai e i su seque e o s y uma ig s Wa c , emoc a ic e u ic O Co go: e Cu se O Go , ( W, ew Yo k: 200 . . 8 I i , . . is oi mi i a y o e a io s o oco is e e e o i ma y e cou e s wi i e iewees i o e i e C Uga a e a io s u i s ysica a ea a ce as o ye ee e i ie . om i e e sou ces, is oi o e a io s
be mutual benefit for all thee parties... unfortunately, when commanders Muzoora, Kazini, Colonel Sonko, Colonel Otafire and a few others when they gott there, they got excited Saleh and Jovia found a state "raped" economically and forgot the mandate (operational order we call it in thee army) from the president They looked at the Colton, tinter, money, women, they were diverted This they did as individuals, those were not orders or objectives or policies that g0 " 077177071 had given them in the operational order in the DRC. So ifthey exploited they were doing it on individual capacity.'
Muse e i s es o se o e u icia Commissio s i qui y e ici y e ai s e ki o a e a e esi e a i mi . A e ce om e u a sc i o e us ice o e i qui y e ow a es s o Muse e i s osi io .
r : Ex rpt fr th rt r p rt
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Source: Judicial Commission of Inquiry Report, Legal Notice NO. /2001, p.29
I eme ges om esi e University Muse e i s su missio o e o e commissio a , e e oug esi e Ka i a a e oke e a a geme s ma e ea ie , e mi i g Uga a o co o a e oi a s o e C, some Uga a s a o owe oug o e ea ie a a geme .
o oco was sig e o 2 A i i 8 a i o i e o e oi ac io y Uga a a Co go ese a me o ces i e C o s o a me i egu a s i e o e egio . 4° I e iew wi UG A e o 6 o em e 2004 i Kam a a Mi is y O ice. 4 e u icia Commissio o I qui y ( e e a e e e e o as o e Commissio was se u y Uga a o i es iga e e C a ega io s a Uga a a i ega y e oi e C mi e a a a u a esou ce wea . W i e a ea i g i o o e o e Commissio , Muse e i i is e e ce o Uga a a imse i ega o e eco omic e oi a io i e C a gue a e a wa e e U a a y o ei e a io s o o ake a i a e.
80 A i io a y, e esi e k ew a a e was ei g ca ie ou y e U o ice s co a y o is o e s.
esi e Muse e i s i sis e ce a a e cou e ca ie ou y usi essme o ake su ies o e o u a io was i i se o ca e u y oug ou . is is ecause, i a i o ake su ies o e o i a y o u a io , e " o i icia s, so ie s a ei ami ies" w o ecame a e s, cou easi y i e ei i e i ies a a is w a ey i . 42 I ac , e so ie s use mi i a y ae o a es o ca y ou a e i ese a eas o ee yea s, es i e e ac a e esi e a o i i e is e ici y :
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us ice o e . Yes. W a was wo yi g us is a ea y ou ousa usi essme a e e ack om e Co go, o e e ee yea s a we a e a ki g a ou , o mi i a y ae o a es E a we i o i k a you a io message au o ise a ....Town
e esi e o o, o, a is a se a a e ma e I was o a ki g a ou a .
us ice o e ig . ecause ose w o au o ise ac ua y e y o is a io message....
E e esi e : u w a I was sayi g was a : so ie s,Cape o i icia s o ei ami ies s ou o o a y usi ess i Co go, ecause i ey o, i s , ey wou e i e e . ( is o e, o cou se, I i o a e o say a isof i e message . ey wou e i e e om ei wo k a ey may e i o e you k ow, ecause usi ess a ways i o e co ic a so o a i a ies a ey wou e i o e i a a . u usi ess eo e Uga a usi ess eo e s ou , i ecessa y, e assis e o o usi ess wi secu i y ecause o e i secu i y e e ecause, I mea , e e was a so i secu i y e e.... ecause e e, we a ... I was ea i g i mi a a ow ike Kisa ga i is a ow o a a mi o eo e. I ey go o wi ou su ies o wo weeks, ee weeks, you ca a e a uma i a ia isas e ....
Source: JudicialUniversity Commission of Inquiry Report, Legal Notice NO. /2001, p31
esi e Muse e i s s a eme e uci a es e si ua io o e g ou a co i ms a e was awa e a usi ess was goo a a e a e cou age i . is i sis e ce, oug , a e mi i a y, o i icia s a ei ami ies s ou o e gage i a e o usi ess im ies a e e we e a ea y e o s a ou ei i o eme . ega ess o w e e o o e U e gagi g i a e o e ooke is comma s o we e i ac e ia o e esi e , i is c ea om e
42 Sa im Sa e s wi e o ia Aka a a o a s a es i iamo smugg i g com a ies i e C, a a comme cia ea i gs wi key usi ess ac o s ame i e e oi a io o e egio , o e am e, K a i a eem I a im a e a ese, see e a e o E e s e o , S 2002 46, . 2 22 a o e e o , . 88. 4 us ice o e s o se a io o e esi e i e o e e o , see . .
8 o e e o a e esi e i o a e co o o e e Eas e Co go o o e is a my. I ca e co i me , owe e , a e su o e a i e e io i e egio wi a iew o es a is a e e wee Uga a a e C.
I u u i, e i oma ic i e e io may a e ee aime a im o i g e eco omy o e a ea. W e eas u u i a o o ious a u a o mi e a esou ces a Uga a wou e oi , i o e e ess o e e o e ia eco omic a e s i s, w ic equi e a s a e e i o me o mu ua eco omic e a io s o e ea ise . As e o i ica si ua io i u u i was o co uci e o a e, Uga a i e e e o a ess e i s a i i y. Muse e i was us a so us i g e Eas A ica Commu i y (EAC cou ci quick y o co si e e i c usio o u u i i e EAC i o e o co so i a e e egio a eco omic o ga isa io as we as o s a i ise a e. "
wa a s eco omic a ac io s (o ack e eo we e simi a o ose o u u i. Uga a s i e e io i wa a was ima i y aime a es o i g eace o owi gTown e ge oci e. ose w o a su o e e i e e io ogis ica y, a icu a y e " wa a u si", owe e , e ec e o e e i om wa a s ew go e me i e e . ey a e o e a ei Uga a usi esses i o wa a a o es a is ewCape a c es o ei com a ies i uc a i e usi ess a eas." of
I s ou e o e a , u ike e case i e C, wa a e ugees w o we e success u usi ess eo e i Uga a e omi a y su o e e Uga a i e e io i wa a. u i g e i a i e e io i 4, e i s a c es o Uga a ase u si w o we a se e i wa a we e wa a usi ess e so s w o a o e a e i Uga a." O e
0 i e iewee e e e oUniversity we k ow eo e ike, Muga e , Mugis a 4 Emma Ka o , a ma y
544 Co i e ia i e iews wi IO U C e o Se em e 200 , i oima, Uga a. 545 I e iew wi UG A U e i Kam a a, 2 u y 200 . e u e a gue a , " ei g a o e G ea akes egio , a eig ou o e C, wa a a a a ia, u u i s a es i e a e i is a mem e o COMESA so i o e o e cou ies ge s i secu e i a ec s e a e i e egio as a w o e. u u i a wa a oi e e Eas A ica Commu i y i o em e 2006." 546 I e iew wi UG A W e o 24 Oc o e 200 i Kiga i. 547 I i . 548 Muga e is a ame a ea u es i e a e o E e s e o A e um as a i g ee i o e i e i ici a e i e C. 549 ose Mugis a is i c a ge o a o o wa a s eco s uc io e e s i e ew wa ese go e me . 550 A a ms ea e i o e i wa a a Uga a s mi i a y ocu eme scams, see o e am e esi e Muse e i s o e i o a a ms ea . isio e o e , "Muse e i egi s o e i o a k u c ase", e ew isio , 2 a ua y (Kam a a, .
82 others. The other Ugandans who returned to Rwanda were described as "economic refugees" who sought jobs and other minor engagements in Rwanda.'
Uganda's economic interests in the region are also further supported by the graphic representation of people's perceptions of Uganda's intervention in the three states. The results of interviewees' perceptions regarding the question which of the three countries was of more economic value for Uganda varied significantly, as can be seen from the pie chart below.
igu e : eo e s e ce io s o Uga a s eco omic i e es s i se ec e G s a es
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Source: Census Results explaining Interviewees' Perceptions of Uganda's Economic Interests in the GLR.
e DRC's economicUniversity attraction for Uganda's intervention ranked highest, as compared to Rwanda and Burundi. What is puzzling about the results is why the interviewees thought that Uganda had higher interests in maintaining economic relations with Burundi than Rwanda when Burundi is located further away from Uganda.
During in-depth interviews, policy makers, the military and ministry official interviewees were asked whether Uganda had intervened because of its economic interests or because it had other
551 I e iew wi UG A W e o 0 Oc o e 200 . I s ou e o e , owe e , a e Uga a s e e e o e e a e mai y e wa ese w o a ee i Uga a i i ia y as e ugees, u a e gai i g a e uca io ey oi e Uga a s ci i se ice a e a my. ose i i a e com a ies soug o se u a c es i wa a.
8 interests (these other interests were also outlined in the schedule, see Appendix 2). The response was that, compared to other interests, the economic interest was ranked highest', when tabled against the other factors included in the schedule. See the chart below.
igu e 2: C a s owi g causes o Uga a s I e e io i e G S a es
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S r : C n lt fr In d pth Int rv p r n th v r M t v t n f Int rv nt n University The general perception of Uganda's intervention was that economic interests had been more important than its interest in the ruling parties of the neighbouring states or the fact that it it had an opportunity to intervene. The claims that Uganda intervened because it had interest in the parties that ruled in either state were rated less important than geographical proximity, except for Burundi. For Rwanda, interviewees thought its proximity and economic interests that Uganda had in it drove Ugandan's intervention.
552 o e a secu i y was o i c u e i is ca cu a io ecause i was wo ke ou se a a e y i e o e a assessme i C a e Se e .
84 A oug e esi e o ume ous occasio s e uc a y e use o ack ow e ge a eco omic mo i es we e a so a ac o i Uga a s i e e io s, i was e i e om is a esses a e e cei e eco omic i e e io as a e c usi e y Uga a c a ac e is ic o i e a io a e a io s. e o e ew o e 6 Uga a i e e io i e Co go o augme is a gume a Uga a go e me s a a ways a i e e io is o eig o icies. " awi g om Uga a is o y, e ci e a i ci e i w ic Uga a a ee i o e i a Go Sca a i e Co go i 6 555 : e im ica io was a e e was a a e o i e e io y Uga a go e me s i e as , a a ey eque y ecame i o e i egio a issues o o e s a es. I is c ea om e i i gs a Muse e i s i e e io is o eig o icy is emise o e o e a i a e a a e wou ou is a a egio a a e wou e e o a e e e o ga ise . e i o a ici a e a a e i e G s a es wou ea o ega i e i e s a e e a io s, w ic a e e i e case o e C. e i e e io s we e aime a e su i g a Uga a s s a egy o e e o eco omica y was o i e e y oo i a e a e a io s, w ic we e c ea i g i su ge cyTown i e egio . Muse e i s su o o e e u c e e e ia a e A ea ( A a i s su seque e aceme Commo Ma ke o Eas e a Sou e A ica (COMESA a EAC a e a e s i is c ea es imo y o is i e es . Uga a co i ue o a eCape wi a ee eig ou s es i e ei g c i ici e o i e e i g i ese s a es. e Cof co i ue o im o mo e me c a ise om Uga a i e i e e io e io , w i e wa a a u u i a a ie e o ma ce om yea o yea as ca e see i a es , 0 a .
University esi e Muse e i o e oas e a Uga a a os a es i o o o, i o o e i Muko a oi i e Wes e i a ey a i a o ye e oi e ecause o i a cia imi a io s. e a gue a i was mo e easo a e o e oi Uga a s a u a esou ces a e muc a e a ou mi e a s i e C a a e was e sua i g Ame ica s ase i Sou A ica o come a i es i Uga a. See o e am e is a ess o a iame o 28 May 2000 i Kam a a, "S eec o Uga a s I o eme i e G ea akes egio ", . 6 . a See Muse e i s a ess o a iame o 6 Se em e 8, a iame a y a sa , . 4 06. In 6 , Uga a i e e e i e Co go i su o o a ice umum a a o i e mi i a y equi me a ai i g o umum a s me . I e c a ge, e mi i a y comma e e "I i Ami " ( a e o ecome esi e o Uga a i o owi g a mi i a y cou agai s O o e was a ege y gi e some go a s a e a o ia e o is ow e so a use. W e e a iame mo e o a o e o o co i e ce i O o e ecause o is co e o e a io s i e Co go, i is a ege a e i s uc e Ami o ai e Ki g s a ace a w a e sue was e Ka aka C isis o 66, i w ic e go sca a was ig y im ica e . 6 om e ime Muse e i assume owe , e a gue a e A ica s a es o em was ei ai u e o a s o m e eco omic ase a o a e access o a ge ma ke s so a e A ica o uce s wou se sus ai a y i o e i e a io a a egio a ma ke s. See is Key o e A ess a a Sym osium o e G ea akes egio commemo a i g esi e Mwa im ye e e, e i e e o 8 A i 2002, I e a io a Co e e ce Ce e: Kam a a ( is ocume is a ai a e o eques .
8 7.2 Reflections on Uganda's Economic Relations
Uga a, ike ma y o e A ica s a es, as ee i c easi g y ma gi a ise om e wo eco omy, wi ei o a s a e o g o a a e a ca i a a i g om e ce i e 0s o 6 e ce i e 60s, ow o e ce o ay. 557 e Eco omic Sus ai a i i y I e (ES a was c ea e y e Eco omic Commissio o A ica (ECA s ows a o a e s a es a i e e e i e C, Uga a was amo g e e wo s e o me s, oge e wi C a , u u i, E io ia a e C.558 Uga a s s a egic oca io e o Su a a e C, o o w ic a e ig cou ies, as o im o e i s eco omic e a io s wi ese wo s a es. As e s a Mi o se e, Su a a e C i ac ose a co i ua ea o ei eig ou s si ce ei a eco omic eco as a a am e i g e ec o e y amism o e egio . " I ac , e co ic s i ese wo cou ies a e s i o e i mu i e ways, suc as causi g i c ease e ugee o u a io s, i c ease c ime a es a e o mous Sma A ms a ig Wea o s (SA Ws o i e a io . ese ou comes a e agg a a e Town i secu i y i e egio a , i u , a e a ec e e eco omic e e o me o e egio as a w o e. I s i e o is, Uga a co i ues o a e wi i s eig ou s a i a e a e e oug oca a e a o e c ossi gs a a egio a e e wi o e a e o esCape ike e COMESA a EAC. of Local Trade
A oca e e , a e ac oss o e s o e occu s o es a is e ma ke ays a a e e i ga e e aces, e ce o e sma e ai s o s a a e o e a ou e commu i ies. A is e e , a e e wee commu i ies is o e ma age a o e see y is ic e so e . wa a s a Co go eseUniversity i g i s eci ic me c a ise, suc as ue , c o , oo s u s a o e ouse o commo i ies. Some imes i i o es e e si e sa es i i es ock, ca s, a a 6 Uga a commu i ies a so a e i mo e o ess simi a me c a ise, suc as seco a c o es, ew C i ese a ics (o e muc c ea e a e ew c o es om o e cou ies ,
. e s a G. Mi s., e u u e o A ica: A ew O e i Sig ? (I e a io a I s i u e o S a egic S u ies: O o U i e si y ess, 200 , A e i a e s 6 , . . 8 I i , . . I i . 60 I i , . 20. 6 ocus g ou i e iews e wi o e s a a Uga a e e ue Au o i y a oca cou ci ea e s. See e ai s o ese i e iew a es ( ocus g ou iscussio s e o Augus 200 i u aga a, Kiso o o e wi e C a a o e a Kya ika (C a ika Kiso o, o e wi wa a e o 6 Augus 200 . is i o ma io is co o o a e y a e eco s e ease y e Uga a u eau o S a is ics (U OS .
86 match boxes, paraffin, food stuffs and other household commodities. Sometimes, if the Congolese or Rwandan have relatives in Uganda, they may even buy land from Ugandans neighbouring their relations to enable them carry out agriculture or set up small businesses.'" The common currencies used in the trade between Uganda and the DRC are Ugandan shillings and US dollars. The latter are used in local transactions and exchanged at gazetted places by mobile personal handling forex bureaus (i.e. money changers) on the Uganda-DRC border. On the Rwanda563-Uganda border and in Uganda-Burundi trade, either Ugandan money or Rwandan or Burundi francs are used In all the local currencies, the Uganda shilling is by far the weakest at a ratio of Rwanda: Burundi: Uganda, 3:2:1.'
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62 I e iew wi UG MO G 2 o u gamo e o Oc o e 200 . 6 wa a s a cs a e a so ca e ma a a ga Ki ya wa a, w i e ose o u u i a e ca e ma a a ga Ki u i. 4 e a io o e e c a ge a e ese e e e is ca cu a e om my e e ie ce as a esea c e . I a o u c ase oca cu e cy o e es ec i e s a es I was isi i g.
187 S r : C p l d fr Int rv h ld n th U nd n tr t b rd r n nd nd th C
igu e s ows a e e was a co i ues o e ac i e a e e wee o e is ic s, mai y i oo a i es ock. a e o mi e a s a im e was ig es i Ka a e a u i ugyo es ec i e y. " e a e i gu s a ammu i io was e y imi e , a oug , co si e i g a i was o e i a c a es i e ma e , i was o ossi e o es a is accu a e igu es o e co ac oi s o e a e s. " u e , e mi e a a e was o eco e a e o e oi s ecause ese i ems we e a s o e usi g ai ca ie s, w ic ook e mi e a s i ec y o e uye s. 567 " W e e a e s use oa a s o , e mi e a s a si e oug e o e c ecks as c assi ie goo s. " e es o e s a so me io e a a e i i ems ike a ms a ammu i io usua y i o e secu i y a mi i a y e so e w o co uc e e a e i a i ega ma e . is mea a suc a e was o eco e ecause i a ee ca ie ou i a co e ma e . is co as e wi e si ua io a e o e Town Uga a o e wi Su a a e eas e o e wi Ke ya, w e e, a oug o eco s we e ke o a e i gu s a ammu i io , ese i ems we e so i o e ma ke s i sma i es. A gu cos e same as a c icke i Uga a (a o ima e y $ 569 a suc o e Cape ma ke aces.
e es o e s om e o e commu i iesof ega e e e is i g G a e e a io s as co ia . ei o y com ai s a ou e oca a e we e e e o i a a es a a e s we e ei g c a ge a o cou y o e s a e co isca io o smugg e goo s y o e cus oms e e ue os s. e e we e a so e y e s a smu I : i g o goo s o o wa a a C o e s wi Uga a, w ic some imes c ea e some mi o i secu i y o e o e commu i ies. University
6 e e we e o co es o i g i ica io s a ese a sac io s i mi e a s o im e we e eco e y e Uga a e e ue Au o i y. e o e me c a ise a icu a y om Uga a i o wa a, u u i a C was a e a c ea a ce o i e o e a e s. e e ies we e mai y o a ge co sig me s o me c a ise, e c u i g e icyc e a e s a ea o age a e s. 66 e easo s w y mi e a s a a ms we e eas o ec e i e a e as i e iewees es o ses we e ecause e a e i o e ig secu i y e so e o we o ec e i ega e wo ks a e u e e o ice a o e a mi is a o s. 6 e es o e s a e o e os s s ecu a e a ou is ossi e mo e o a s o u i was e ec e i e U a e o E e s e o o a e i e C. 68 Co i e ia i e iews wi UG MO G 6 i c a ge o cus oms a e o e s o Ka a e, Ka ugu a u i ugyo. 6 I a co i e ia i e iew wi UG MO G 2 e i u gamo o Oc o e 200 e a gue a e gu s a ammu i io a e was o eco e u was o e y o e wi e u k ow e ge o e secu i y o e a i es i e egio . 0 e e a e ume ous secu i y ea s a a ec e e i e o e a e u ese a e ea wi i C a e i e.
188 Regional and International Trade
A e egio a e e , Uga a as egi ima e a e e a io s wi e G s a es a mo e s eci ica y wi i s wes e eig ou s o wa a, u u i a e C. egio a a e is co o e a e o icia e e y e Mi is y o a e, ou ism a I us y oug e a ious oa s o a e. e a u e o e goo s a Uga a a e wes e eig ou s a e i o o a y g ea y. Co si e i g a ey a e a aw ma e ia e o e s, u u i, wa a a Uga a com e e o mo e o ess e same i e a io a ma ke o co ee a o e aw ma e ia s. e o y a a age a Uga a as o e u u i a wa a is i s o imi y o e mai a e o o Mom asa, es i e i s a ocke a u e. e C as a com a a i e a a age o e e io ecause i as a u i a e access o e i e a io a ma ke s o e eme y ig y ice me a s, s o es a o e esou ces, i c u i g go , iamo s a o e s ecia ye c ucia mi e a s ike co a , co e , u a ium a o e s.Town A e egio a a e e e , u u i e e s ea i y o Uga a a wa a s commo i ies e o s. Uga a im o s a ess om wa a a u u i a w a i e o s o ese s a es. Cape e G a e occu s wi i a es a is e amewo kof o COMESA a ow EAC. 2 e i e s a e a e e ies o co o s es a is e a o e a e y eac mem e s a e a e o e a e oi s w e e e im o s o e o s ea e e e i o y o o e s a e a e e e e i o y o a o e . Ac ie eme s o is i e e e e ce equi e a ig eg ee o mu ua co i e ce a us e wee e s a es , ac o s a a e g ea y com omise y e cu e geo o i ica co ic s. University Uga a a es wi ma y o e s a es a egio s. e Eu o ea U io , o e am e, as emai e e ma o a i g a e oug ou 6 200 . Wi a o a ma ke s a e o 26. i 200 , i is seco o COMESA, w ic as a ma ke s a e o 2 . e ce o a e. COMESA mem e s a es a oge e co i u e o Uga a s ma ke s a e. e o e a e a e s
571 I e iew wi a UG I e i Kam a a o 2 o em e 200 . 572 y e e o 2006, wa a a u u i a oi e e Eas A ica Commu i y, w ic was o owe y e a i ica io o 8 u e 200 . 573 e e is g ea mis us i e egio amo gs e ea e s, as eac ea e accuses e o e o a ou i g issi e s a o i i g ases om w ic ese issi e s ca y ou su e si e ac i i ies agai s ei egimes. 574 e EU a e a e s i o e o ma ke s a e a e e e a s, U i e Ki g om, S ai a e gium. See U OS e o o 200 . 575 See e com a a i e a e igu es i e Uga a u eau o S a is ics e o u o 200 .
8 a e o Ame ica, w ic as 2. e ce o e ma ke s a e a e Asia co i e wi a . e ce ma ke s a e. Uga a e o s, amo g o e s, co ee, a i a, oses, cu owe s, is a is o uc s. I e Sou e A ica Cus oms U io (SACU egio , Uga a a es wi Sou A ica (cu e y, a key i es o a Swa i a . Egy co i u es o Uga a s ma ke s a e oo.
7.3 Uganda's Trade and Economic Performance in the Intervention Period
e i i gs o e s u y emo s a e a Uga a s i e e io s i o ecessa i y ea o
eme ous eco omic e e o me u i g i s i e e io is e a o 6 2002 , as e igu es e o e y e U i e a io s a e o E e s a o e c i ics a e c aime . I is a gue a Uga a s eco omic e o ma ce im o e u i g a e io , a a Uga a s s a egy o im o i g i s a e a e e o i g i s eco omy we e e e o e ac ie e as a esu o i s i e e io s a wi e eme ge ce o i ega a e a i ega e oi a io Town o e esou ces o i s eig ou i g s a es. Uga a s egio a a e co i u e g ea y o Uga a s eco omy a a e igu es i ica e a e e was o o e w e mi g i e e ce i ese igu es u i g e e io o i e e io com a e o w e Uga aCape was o i e e i g. u e mo e, e eco omic e oi a io o e egio a Uga a sof c i ics a u e o ig o es e ac a suc e oi a io a seco eco omy e is e e e e o e e i e e io e io . W a e i e e io s i was o e ose is i ici a e a e is ew aye s. I o e o es a is Uga a s eco omic e o ma ce u i g e i e e io e io o 6 200 , i is us ecessa y o i s e ami e Uga a s eco omic i e es s a e a io s i e egio a e a a yse i s a e e o ma ce. University
6 a e wi e U i e S a es o Ame ica as i c ease wi e es a is me o AGOA, see Uga a u eau o S a is ics e o o 200 . I Asia, Uga a s a e a e s a e Si ga o e, a a a o g Ko g o mo e e ai see e Uga a u eau o S a is ics e o o 200 . 8 o igu es we e a ai a e o e a e e wee Uga a a Egy . See a e o E e s e o A e um o 2002. e a e o E e s was a se ec e U SC i es iga i e g ou assig e o es a is a e s a es a i e e e i e C a i ega y e oi e e C a i e e e o eco omic e oi a io u oses. See a so e o s a a ysis o Uga a s a esse u e s w o use e om eig ou i g s a es o co so i a e omes ic o i ica gai s, i "Uga a s o i ics o Wa a e e ie ", i e iew o I e a io a o i ica Eco omy, . 4 4 6 a . 42 222. 80 I i . 8 e e m "seco eco omy" is o owe om MacGa ey a a e guissa Ga ga. I is use o e e o ac i i ies eo e ca y ou o su i e e a s i s o oo s a es. ese ac i i ies a e u measu e , u eco e a a e ca ie ou ou si e o o e ma gi s o e aw a e i e e s a e o e e ue, see . MacGa ey a . a e guissa Ga ga, A ica Issues: Co go a is a s a io a a e s o e Ma gi s o e aw, (O o : ames Cu ey, 2000 , . 4.
0 Uganda's Trade Performance 1996-2005
Uga a s i e e io s i e G s a es we e aime a im o i g i s eco omy a e o s om e a e o E e s i ica e a Uga a s a e a e oi s om e C o o y im o e i s eco omy u e e i ease e u e o i s g owi g cu e accou e ici s i . is was ecause go a go com ou s we e Uga a s seco a ges e o ea i gs a e coo e u i g 200 . 82 Uga a s a e i e egio a g ea y im o e i s e e ue a e ge e a eco omic e o ma ce e wee a 8. W a e a ai a e igu es o o e us wi a y eg ee o accu acy is w e e a e e wee Uga a a o e s a es ike wa a a u u i was a ec e . S eci ic ocus o ese s a es oes o o i e su icie oo o ow ei a e e o a im o e eco omic e o ma ce. A e ami a io o e e e ue om a ese s a es is c ucia o s ow w ic cou y s a e as oug mo e e e ue a i w ic yea . a a o Uga a s mi e a e o s e wee 4Town a 2000 i ica e a e ig es e o s we e u i g e i e e io e io 2000. See a e e ow. Cape of
University Source: Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, 2000 (Data covers January to October)
According to the table, Uganda exported more gold than it produced between 1999 and 2000 despite the marginal drop. This has been explained by the fact that huge amounts of gold exited Uganda's trade customs points so it was recorded as re-exports from Uganda even though the states of origin of the gold were not Uganda. Similarly, Uganda exported Coltan between and even it did not produce it. These exports have been used to explain Uganda's economic intervention in the regional (more specifically the DRC) with a view to exploit the region to its economic advantage. Diamond sales have also been used to bolster the argument that Uganda benefited economically from the exploitation of the DRC, see Table 8 below.
a e 8: Uga a: oug iamo e o s, Oc o e 2000
Yea o ume(ca a s a ue (U i e Town S a es o a s . 4 8 02 8 0 .86 440 000 024.46 Cape 8 00 2000 8 . of 26 8
Source: Diamond High Council The graph below illustrates this even more clearly:
igu e 4: Uga a: oug iamo e o s, y o ume, Oc o e 2000 University I is i is u a e a Uga a oes o a e iamo s ye eco s om e wo a e i ica e a i e o e iamo s. I e iewees e ai e a e a e i iamo was o ecessa i y ca ie ou y Uga a s e se. e iamo a e e e ue a acc ue was o ai e om e o eig com a ies a e s a Uga a s o s o e y a e i . u e , o e com a ies a e o ge o o e s a es a i o ecessa i y e o g o Uga a egis e e e iamo s a e i e Uga a. I was c ea a Uga a was a co ui oug w ic iamo was a e i u e e we e i e iewees w o oi e ou a e go e me was awa e a is a e was ei g ca ie ou . A o e mi e a om e C a i c ease Uga a s e e ue was io ium. e a e o E e s a gue a Uga a e o e g ea qua i ies o io ium e wee a , u a i i o e o a y io ium io o (see igu es e ow 8
bl : U nd : b xp rt , (th nd f Un t d St t Town d ll r
Yea io ium E o s 0 6 0 Cape of 8 580 82
Source: World Trade Organization (aggregated data)
e g a o e ea o aysUniversity a c ea e ic u e o is.
84 I e iew wi UG I 2, e a Mi is y o ice o 2 o em e 200 . e Mi is y o icia a so comme e a e Mi is y a o co c e e igu es o iamo s as a e o o Uga a so i was o ossi e o e ai e igu es. 8 I a e a e igu es iscusse i is sec io , o o ow u igu es we e o i e y e a e o E e s e o a e ai e Uga a s eco omic e oi a io o e C, e e o e, i was im ossi e o e ami e e e s o e a e o a i e a a co c usio a wou e i y a i ac Uga a i o co i ue o e o as muc o mi e a o o e a e i ems a i e a io a a e e e .
Town From the tables and graphs' above, Uganda's export of gold'', diamonds and niobium mineral in the late 1990s exceeded its exports of the early 1990s by far. The tables also show that these increases in exports were higher than production andCape coincided with Uganda's occupation of the Eastern DRC. The findings of the study indicateof that, although the increase in exports coincided with Uganda's occupation of Eastern DRC, Uganda's economic performance during this period can be partly attributed to internal economic adjustments and policies.' Uganda established a new trade liberalization policy in 1996, which gave more opportunity to conduct export trade by removing restrictions.' Proof of the impact of the trade reform on increasing market access was not only limited to the non-traditional exports for example gold, diamonds or other minerals but also to the traditionalUniversity exports for example coffee, tea and other agricultural products.."'
86 ese g a s a a es a e e ac e om e a e o E e s e o o e U SC ega i g e i ega e oi a io o a u a esou ces i e C. Co es o i g igu es we e a so o ai e om e a e a om e Uga a C cus oms o e os s eco s o 8, a 2000. 8 e a e o E e s e o e a e Ce a a k o Uga a o icia s e o e y ack ow e ge o IM o icia s a e o ume o Uga a go e o s i o e ec Uga a s go o uc io e e s u a e a some go e o s mig a e ee " eaki g o e e o e s" om e C. e ce a a k e o e a , y Se em e , Uga a a e o e go a ue a $ 0 mi io , com a e wi $60 mi io i 6 a $2 mi io i . e i e e ce i e e o s as ee accou e o y Uga a s e e o s, i.e. goo s a e e e Uga a a e i e Uga a as i ey we e Uga a o uc s goo s. 88 o a e ai e e a a io o is eco omic o icy, see 0. Mo issey, . u a e a wa a . Mo e , a e o icies, e o ma ce a o e y i Uga a, (O I, E C, a o i g am e o , 200 , . . ey a gue a i e ea y 0s Uga a a a s o g o ec io is a ig y is o e a e egime, wi a es o co ee ( e ma o e o a ig a i s a es ic io s o im o s. 8 I e iew wi UG MO , e o 2 o em e i Kam a a, Mi is y o ices. 0 0. Mo issey, e a , a e o icies, e o ma ce a o e y i Uga a. ey ei o ce e Mi is y o icia s
194 a e igu es om e Uga a u eau o S a is ics (U OS e ai e o ma ce i e e io 0 200 mo e c ea y. a e o i es a com a iso o e e o a e o o a i io a a o a i io a goo s. W e eas e a e i ica es a go , go com ou s a o e ecious com ou s e o me e y we , e e we e a ia io s om yea o yea . ( e e a e a so co a ic o , igu es: o e am e, i , e go e me e o e a i a e o e .0 e ce w e eas e a e o e E e s e o i ica e a i e o e .4 e ce as ca e see i a e 0 o e ea es i e e isc e a cy i e e ce ages, a e 0 oes o i e a o e a ic u e o Uga a s a e e o ma ce. a i io a e o s, suc as co ee, co o , o acco a ea, a o a i io a e o s co i u e e o mous y o is e o ma ce.
Town
Cape of
University
a gume a y e e o e 0s, a mo e i e a a e egime was i ace, wi u y a a e em io s a co cessio s as i ce i es o i c ease e o ume a i e si y o e o s. o a c ea ic u e o e a e igu es, see e a e o E e s e o A e um o 2002, . 6.
bl 0: C p t n f Exp rt ( h r , 0 200 S l t d
Town
Cape of
Source: Morrissey, Rudaheranwa and Moller, 2003: Computations from various years from the Background to the Budget (Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development (MFPED) and Uganda Bureau of Statistics) University
I a e 0, mi e a s a e ge e a y e e e o as ecious is co cea s muc i o ma io ega i g a icu a mi e a s, u e e e ess se es e u ose o com a iso . Go , go com ou s a o e so ca e ecious com ou s oug i as muc as o e o uc s. e e e i s i e ms o a es ecei e y Uga a we e ma gi a , u is is ecause e mi e a s usua y a si e oug i e e oi s w e e e e e ue co ec io cou easi y e co u e . 2 e e o e, o o e eco s we e ke . A ese ac o s o wi s a i g, e
2 O e imi a io o e e ec i e eco i g kee i g a e e e ue co ec io oi s ci e y i e iewees a o e a e e y a e is oi s, was e co cea me o a e i ems o e a e a a io .
6 U co i ue o a gue a e u e o a u a esou ces ecame e ima y mo i e w y Uga a s aye i ma y a eas o e Eas e C. 4
e egio a a e esu s gi e a a c ea e ic u e ega i g e e e ue Uga a o ai e a s e . See e a es a igu es e ow o es a is e eco e e e ue.
bl : U nd Exp rt l t th G t t n US $ f r th r f 6 2004
Cou ies Yea s
6 8 2000 200 2002 200 2004 u u i
88 , 6 8,84 ,2 ,08 0 ,8 6 2, 4 ,40 2, ,008 6,624,0 6 , 26, C
, , 2, 46, 2 2 6, 6 88 ,0 , 6 , 6 , ,2 0,0 0 , 6 , 22 2, , 42 wa a Town ,8 2,8 8 8, 2 ,6 8 0, ,8 4, 0 ,8 , ,0 6 4, 2 ,0 2 , 68, 0 2,8 ,6 6 , ,82 S r : Extr t d fr th U nd r f St t t p rt, 200
om a e 0 i is e i e a , u i g e i e e io Cape e io , Uga a s e o s o e G egio we e e omi a y i wa a, a e of a i e C a u u i. A com a iso o Uga a s e o s a im o s i e egio a e im o a o c ea i g a ue ic u e o Uga a s eco omic mo i es o i e e io . a e e ow s ows Uga a s im o s om e egio .
bl 2: U nd I p rt fr th Gr t n l t d t t n US $ f r th r 6 2004
C ntr Yea s 6 University 8 2000 200 2002 200 2004 u u i
24 ,6 2 6 ,2 ,82 24 ,6 2 4 , 2 , 6 .4 4 , 2 2 , 44 ,4 0 Co go 82, 8 6 , 8 ,4 ,086 82, 8 08, 6 8,2 .84 08, 6 0 ,280 2,2 4, wa a 0 ,628 806, 4 , 2,82 0 ,628 6 ,622.46 ,8 6. 6 ,622.46 ,6 6.00 6 6,
S r : Extr t d fr th U nd r f St t t p rt, 200
593 o e s ou e ake a i was e mi i a y o ice s w o e gage i is a e, so e mi e a s cou a e ee ec a e as "c assi ie o uc s". I o e so, e cus oms o icia s we e o e mi e o ques io o see em. 594 See U a e o E e s e o , 2002, . 2 .
I o y e igu es o 2000 a e e ami e , i is e i e a Uga a ecei e a mo e e e ue i i s a e wi u u i, C a wa a i ose yea s a i o e yea s. I a so ecei e mo e e e ue om e o s o wa a a o u u i a e C. Simi a y, i im o e mo e om wa a a i i om u u i a e C com i e . W a we ca co c u e om ese igu es is, i s y, a Uga a s a e wi e G e a e i o o ai a sig i ica amou o e e ue as com a e o e e e ue i ea e om e sa e o mi e a s mi e i e C a e e e o s es ec i e y. Seco y, co a y o e iew a Uga a s mo i es o i e e e we e eco omic a a Uga a e e i e g ea y om e i e e io s, e su seque a e igu es s ow a e a ega es e c aim a Uga a s eco omic e e o me was mai y a esu o e e oi a io o esou ces i e C e wee a 2000. e su seque igu es i a es 0 a ] a e a i ica io a e e w e Uga a was o i e e i g i i s eig ou i g s a es, i co i ue o ge e a e co si e a e e e ue om i s G a e. Town
Trade and Insecurity Cape W e eas a e is ic s i ica e a a eof was ca ie ou amica y, e e we e massi e i e u io s a ce ai imes. is com e e Uga a o s o e i cu sio s a we e e ime a o e ge e a we a e a eco omic e e o me o ese is ic s. S a eme s om e oca Cou ci a e ISO o e a i g i e Wes e is ic s o Kasese, o oko a e u i ugyo egio ismisse e o io a Uga a e e i e eco omica y i e Co go." ey a gue a ei is ic s we e se e e y a age y e eig yea s o wa a a o o u i ies o a eUniversity we e mi ima i o im ossi e. A Uga a secu i y o ice (a so i o e i e com a wi e A a Wes i e a k o (W e e s a gue a e e was o usi ess i e C o Uga a i e is ic s o u i ugyo a Kasese, o e am e. e wa a a ec e a me s w o e e e o e sa e o ei o uce i u a ma ke s, u ey a a o e ei c o s a s o e a i g w e e wa s a e . is i e u e oo su ies o e ow s. e is u io o a e e wee u a a u a a eas, oge e wi e is u io o comme cia ci cui s o a oca a egio a sca e, co i u e o
595 e se ec e yea s a e com a a e o e o es a a e ee use i e a a ysis o e e e ue a e a e o E e e o s o co i m e im o a ce o e i ega a e o Uga a s eco omy. 596 ocus g ou iscussio wi e oca Cou ci o icia s o e is ic s.o o oko, u i ugyo a Kasese. 597 I e iew wi UG MO G 2 e i u gamo o Oc o e 200 .
8 e eme ge ce o oo s o ages, o o y i e is ic s i ec y a ec e y e wa , u i e cou y as a w o e. I ac , ey a gue , i was e C a e e e o Uga a. o e am e, e Co go ese e e e o Uga a o ei i e i oo , ecause o e wa i e a ea. owe e , si ce e A a is u e a e, ocke a e ou es, massac e eo e, a o e em o ei o e y, a e a ee g ea y cu ai e ."
A o e o em a a e s ace i e egio was e s i ge a e egu a io s o s a es ike a icu a y wa a. ese egu a io s i c u e e o i i io o se i g a co o , Wa agi”600 a a y me c a ise a was o o oug y c ecke y e o e a e os s. I is ega , e i e iews co uc e amo gs e commu i ies a e o e s e ea e a Uga a a e s we e mo e i e es e i a i g wi e C a wi wa a ecause o e s i ge co i io s o e y a e cus oms os s a g ea e e i i i y a e C cus oms os s. A so, e a gai i g owe o e Co go ese was a e e a a o e wa a ecause e o me a sac e i o a s, w ic e Uga a s e e e o wa a Town a cs.
e i o em was e a ea me om a e o icia s a some o e os s, a icu a y
ecause i was e e i g smugg i g. ecause e Uga aCape e e ue Au o i y (U A i e e e wi ese so ca e "seco eco omy ac i i ies",of a e s soug s a e i e e io . O e ews a e e o e :
Sir I wish to pretest at the ?my the URA officials at the Congo-Bwera border handle business people. Ifyou are caught with smuggled goods from Congo, he or she is beaten thoroughly and all his goods taken away firm him. If he follows them, he is charged a fine 'which is more than what he bought them. So most people decide not to follow their goods once they are impounded.. Let the governmentssaveasinto602 it Congo.didour whenpeople it stopped the smuggling of Coffee University
598 I i . 599 I i . 600 wa a o i i e e im o a io o Wa agi, a o e ew a o e makes eo e w o ake i a ic e o i a e e s em om ca yi g ou ei wo k. W e eas wa a o i i e i s sa e o im o a io i o wa a, ey a ow ose w o wa e i o c oss o e a i k i . ey cou "Ca y as muc as ey wa e i ei S omac s" (sai a wa a o ice , o i e i was o i a o e. e e e io o e sa e o Wa agi was a key issue i c oss o e mee i gs e wee wa a, e ese e y e o i ce o u e ge i a Uga a, e ese e y Kiso o is ic . is was e ea e i a i e s a e secu i y mee i g. 601 "Seco eco omy" is a e m o owe om . MacGa ey a . a e guissa Ga ga, Co go a is a s a io a a e s o e Ma gi s o e aw, (A ica Issues oomi g o : O o a I ia a U i e si y ess, 2000 w o use i o c a ac e ise e i ega eco omy ( a e a eo e e e e o as a co i g mec a ism o a a egime i w ic ei socia a eco omic secu i y we e o gua a ee . 602 A Uga a smugg e s a ea e o e i e ew isio , o 28 A i 200 .
e ou o em was e c as o i e es s e wee s a es. Muse e i a Kagame em o a i y se e e e a io s o owi g e c as o e Kisa ga i, a a ea o i e se eco omic ac i i y, w ic esu e i mi i a y e gageme s e wee e wo a mies i a 2000. e mi i a y c as e wee e wo s a es as ee a i u e o eco omic i e es i co o i g is mi e a ic o e. Co a y o is i e e a io , i i gs emo s a e a e c as es o e wo a mies we e ac ua y cause y i isci i e a e a eco omic i e es s. ey we e o ig i g o o ec e u e a e Co go ese o u ace, u o co o e ai ases a a eas o "occu a io ", w ic is aki o e im e ia is s "s e es o i ue ce i e ea y co o ia ays". is u e sco es e sa ie ce o e eco omic mo i es o i e e io . e a e o is, a i e iewee s accou o Uga a s eco omic i o eme i e C ea s o e co c usio a Uga a may o a e sa c io e e i ici a e ca ie ou y i s mi i a y o ice s, u a i was o e e ess es o si e o ai i g o s o em om e gagi g i suc eco omic ac i i ies. As a esu , Uga a o e e u o a i g i e e e o eco omic easo s, a icu a y i e C. Town
ee co c usio s may e aw om Uga a s eco omic e a io s i e egio . i s y, Uga a i e e e o e su e a i c ea e a a mos e eCape co uci e o a e, es ecia y i ose a eas i e eig ou i g s a es a ec e of y co ic s a i su ge cy. Seco y, Uga a i e e e o s o co ic s a wa s ecause i oug a o ce ese we e emo e , e amica e a e wou comme ce e wee a amo g s a es. i y, e "i ici a e" a e U ca ie ou , a a ea y e is e e o e a sim y ecame mo e e ose . e e a e ce o ma y smugg e s o e a so ie s, w o ema e o ec io om e s a e, e ea s muc a ou w a e s a e was e ec e o o o w a i was i ac oi g. University .4 Summary
e i i gs o e s u y o o es a is ac s e y i e e om e ea ie a gume s ci e i e i s a o is c a e a Uga a s mo i es o i e e io we e eco omic. is s u y, owe e , as o i e c ea e i o ma io o ow Uga a s i e io o e e i secu i y a ge oci e i e G s a es was mi e u wi e eco omic ac i i ies a o i ica esig s o e ma o ac o s o e g ou . e c a e as a so s ow a Uga a s eco omic e a io s
60 Kisa ga i as e g ea es um e o go e osi s i e Eas e C. 604Co si e i g a e s a e was o ec i g e U o ice s i ei i ici a e, e o e oca smugg e s saw o easo w y ey s ou o e o ec e .
200 wi e G s a es o i e i wi e e ue a o e o icia e e a e i o ma e e . e o y i e e ce is a e o icia a e e o s ec a e i a cia e e i s a i ica e eco omic e e o me , w i e e u o icia a e acke eco s a cou a e ee use o a gue a Uga a s eco omy im o e g ea y ecause o e i e e io .
e C case was gi e mo e omi e ce oug ou is a a ysis o Uga a s eco omica y mo i a e i e e io s. imi e e e e ce was ma e o wa a a u u i ecause ei a e wi Uga a was o as o a i e as a e wee Uga a a e C, a ecause i i o equi e a o icia i qui y ike a e wee Uga a a e C. e C a e was "c a ac e ise as i ici a i ega " a us ecessi a e a i qui y i o s a e a o s a e ac o s o es a is w e e Uga a was es o si e o e i ega mass e oi a io o a u a esou ces a e i ici a e a C a e o e o e I e a io a Cou o us ice (IC . ecause o e ma y ac o s i e C a e, i c u i g e U o ice s, a i o e s a es ike wa a, im a we a A go a, a i s a a c ic a u e u i gTown is e io , e C ecei e mo e co e age a u u i a wa a com i e .
W i e e u icia Commissio s e o a acqui e Cape Uga a o e c a ge o sys emic a sys ema ic e oi a io o esou ces i e Cof60 (see u icia Commissio o I qui y ega o ice o. 200 .8 . e IC ou i gui y o i ega e oi a io o esou ces, mass a use o uma ig s a a a ge o o e c imes commi e agai s e s a e. e u geme s i o cases is ega e e ac a e e oi a io o ese ma e ia s a ei e o s cou o a e occu e wi ou e assis a ce o acquiesce ce o e oca Co go ese e e ea e s w o e e e o ese aw ma e ia s o ei ogis ica wea o y su y a e coo e a io o Wes e co o a io s,University w ic ee e ese aw ma e ia s o su y ei ig ec i us ies, s ace e o a io a so is ica e e e ce o ec s. A oug is oes o egi ima e
605 I a ag a 8 o e u icia Commissio o I qui y, ega o ice o. 200 , . 8 , e Uga a go e me was acqui e o e c a ge o Sys emic a Sys ema ic e oi a io y go e me , a e ame was u o o i i i ua s, mai y o a my comma e s. I s i e o is, e u ge co em e Uga a s com ici y ecause e e was e i e ce a e o i ica es a is me k ew w a was goi g o , es ecia y co si e i g e amou o a e a e e e o use o MO ai a es a i a e ai a es o e mi i a y ai ases a ye i o i g o s o i . 606 e I e a io a Cou o us ice u e o Mo ay ecem e 200 a Uga a a io a e e so e eig y o e C u i g e Wa o 8 200 , a i a io a e e i ci es o o use o o ce a o i e e io i i e a io a e a io s, a a i io a e i s o iga io s u e i e a io a uma ig s aw a i e a io a uma i a ia aw a o e o iga io s owe o e Co go. 607 See W. a u g a . Mo ague, " ea y egacy: US A ms a ai i g og ams i A ica", i A ms a e esou ce Ce e, (Wo o icy I s i u e, 200 22 Ma c : www.wo o icy.o g o ec s a ms e o s u a e0 220 . m, accesse o 22 u e 200 a a so see W. a u g a . Moi , ( " ea y egacy: US A ms o A ica a e Co go Wa ", Wo o icy I s i u e: A ms
20 Uga a s e gageme i e C a e, i e s o e ai Uga a s e gageme i is i ici a e as a o a oa e e oi a io ocess a c a ac e ises e g o a eco omic sys em. e su o sys em e cou ages e eco omic e oi a io o s a es y o e s a es. e U oes i e o e ima s a es a co uc suc ac io s (e.g. sa c io s we e e e im ose o Uga a ecause o i s a e wi e C . e i e a io a i a cia i s i u io s oo i o co em Uga a o u e i g o e s a es. S a es ike Uga a o e go away wi suc ac s.
I is c a e , Uga a s eco omic mo i es o i e e io i e G s a es a e o co es e p r . ee sa ie issues o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy eme ge om is c a e . i s y, Uga a s mo i a io s o i e e io we e mi e . I i e e e o e su e a i s a io a secu i y was gua a ee , a i occu ie a eas o e C o e su e a e secu i y essu e oi s we e co o e . owe e , Uga a a so co uc e a e a e oi e e esou ces o e C ecause e i secu e egio o e Eas e C a e i u a u a esou ces. So, w i e Uga a oug o secu e i s e i o y, i ecameTown em oi e wi e e oi a io o e esou ces i e egio s u e i s co o .
Seco y, e i i gs emo s a e a e o umeCape o Uga a s a e i e egio i c ease wi e i e e io s, a oug i s o icia e e ueof co ec io was ma gi a . e e o e, i ca o e co c u e a Uga a s e oi a io o e C im o e Uga a s e ici u ge as c aime y c i ics ea ie . e i c ease i e o ume o a e a Uga a e e ie ce u i g e i e e io e io was o o y a esu o Uga a s i e e io s u a so a esu o e i a egio a a e e o ms i es a is e a e ge e a goo eco omic e a io s i a i e G , as i ica e y e o goi g eco omic i eg a io e o s i e COMESA a EAC. e "i ici " a e, w ic isUniversity su ose o a e ee es a is e y Uga a a is a u e o as ei g es o si e o so i g a o Uga a s e ici u ge , a ea y e is e e o e. I was me e y am i ie y e i o eme o Uga a s mi i a y ac o s w o we e i c a ge o e occu ie egio s.
Co o e o s (2000 , : www.wo o icy.o g o ec s a ms e o s co go. m, accesse o 2 A i 200 . 608 W e eas i is Uga a i i i ua s w o we e es o si e o e e oi a io o e esou ces i e C, e s u y e e ea s em as a o e s a e. So e s a e is ega e as ei g es o si e o e i i i ua s ac s i e C.
202 i y, u e yi g Uga a s i e e io was e o io a s a i i y a eace i e G com o e s a es wou ea o e e eco omic e a io s a su seque eco omic e e o me o Uga a a e e i e egio com i e . e egio a i s a i i y a c a ac e ise e G o e eca e o 6 2006 g ea y a ec e e we a e o s a es. I i c ease e um e o e ugees, e e e esou ces o e s a es, a se e e y is u e e i e i oo o e o u ace i eac G s a e.
e s u y a so e ea s a e e e o i e e io a ie om s a e o s a e. I was s ee coi ci e ce a e C o o y ose a e o mous secu i y ea u a i was a so e owe wi a u a esou ces. E o s o co o e e e g ou s ecessi a e e occu a io o e ases a we e sus ai i g e e e g ou s wa s. is occu a io o i e Uga a wi wo a a ages: ( i was a e o co o e e e i cu sio s i o wes e Uga a a a s o o e Uga a, a (2 Uga a s mi i a y o ice s a e ig Comma e oye we e a e o e oi e oca esou ces. I com a iso , wa a a u u i,Town w ic a e simi a a e a e s u ewe e oi a e a u a esou ces, e e ie ce imi e i e e io s. u e mo e, i es ec i e o e e a e ce o a u a esou ces o e oi , e i a i i y o s a es o so e ei i e e o i ica o ems o e ma e em mo eCape u e a e o i e e io y o e s a es. wa a a u u i we e mo e o ga ise of a e C, es ecia y u i g e seco i e e io o 8. Uga a a o e s a es a i e e e i e C a mo e o o u i y o e oi e i su ge cy i i a i sis o occu yi g a s o i s e i o y o o ec ei ow cou ies. Uga a i us a .
e i a oi o e e i e om is s u y is a e e was o co s i acy y Uga a o e oi e a u a esou cesUniversity o e C: i was i i i ua s i e a my w o we e i ci a y i o e i suc e oi a io . e e was a s o g oca ase o Co go ese w o we e i o i ica osi io s a w o o i e e Uga a a my wi e ecessa y e wo k a a owe em o ca y ou e e oi a io a i ici a e. is oes o seem o come ou c ea y i e a e o E e s e o s o i e i a u geme s o e IC i e Uga a case. " e is s i ks om e ea ", is a Uga a e ic g ou sayi g, w ic mea s a e esi e as ea o s a e ea s e u o w a we w o g i e C. W e eas e s a e ca e e o e a e om i s o ice s ac i i ies o g ee a wea amassi g, e ega amewo k a a ows i e e io wou s i i e s a e cu a e ecause o A ic e 8 o e I e a io a aw Commissio 200 o (A i u io o e S a e o e Co uc o e so s ac i g i ac o e a o e s a e w ic s a es a " e co uc o a e so o g ou o e so s s a e co si e e a ac o a
20 s a e u e i e a io a aw i e e so s o g ou o e so s i ac ac o e i s uc io o o u e e i ec io o co o o e s a e i ca yi g ou e co uc ."
7.5 Theoretical Implications
I is s u y, we a e see a e U i i a ia i e a eo y is e u i e ai i g Uga a s eco omic i e e io i e G s a es. e s e g o e eo y is e qua i y o ac s a i emo s a es o s a is ica y as we as i o m o o icy, w ic gi es i a me o o ogica s e g a is g ea e a a o e o e eo ies iscusse i e e ious c a e s. e a a age o qua i a i e a a is a i is ossi e o ca cu a e i e igu es su s a ia e c aims a e eco omic e o ma ce o s a es as ee im o e y i e e io s. e o y weak ess o e eo y is i s i a i i y o e ai i e e io s ike ose o wa a a u u i a a o ou ig eco omic e e i s. e a e i come acc ui g om a e wi wa a a u u i, w ic was a ege y es o si e o Uga a s eco omic e e o me ,Town was e e is i g a e a a a ea y e is e e wee e ee s a es e o e e i e e io s. I ac i oes o ake cog i a ce o e omes ic eco omic o ices a we e es o si e o muc o e eco omic e e o me . I a so oes o accou o Uga a sCape eco omic e e o me ou si e e i e e io e io o s ow a , w e Uga aof i o i e e e, i s eco omy ec i e . e a a ce u i i a ia osi io o Gi s, ame y e usi ess Co ic Mo e , accou s o e o e o o s a e ac o s i e eco omic mo i a io s o i e e io . S ecia a e io is ai o e mu i a io a co o a io s o e i us ia i e s a es a o o e o s a e ac o s a a e ig ig e i ma y o e U e o s o e C co ic . e e i e ce emo s a es a e i i i ua s use o e s a e as a a e ue o i e e e a e o e oi e i e e e o e so a agg a iseme University is omi e i is o m o eco omic im e ia ism, a icu a y i e case o e C. e u i i a ia i e a e s ec i e is a goo eo y u ca e im o e i com eme e wi a o e a oac . I e e c a e , e Secu i y i emma as a a e a i e amewo k is iscusse .
60 e o o e I e a io a aw Commissio , i y i sessio , 200 0 .
204 Ma 2: emoc a ic e u ic o e Co go A ows s owi g A eas occu ie a co o e y Uga a ( 8 2002
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20 CHAPTER EIGHT: THE SECURITY DILEMMA: UGANDA'S INTERVENTIONIST FOREIGN POLICY
Interests are often not obvious, and much of politics is a struggle to define them. States and the people in them spend a great deal of time and energy arguing about what their national interests are They also spend a great deal of time and energy trying to persuade other people in other states whit their national interests are Much of international politics is about defining, rather than defending, 6 0 n t n l .
8.0 Introduction
is c a e e ami es e mo i es e i Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy y awi g o e Secu i y i emma eo y. e c a e e ami es ee ce a Town ques io s. i s , w a ea s i Uga a s wes e eig ou i g s a es ose o Uga a o wa a i e e io ? Seco , w a o e i Uga a ay i c ea i g i s a i i y i e egio a i u co i u e o i s eca ious si ua io ? as y, iscuss e iew a Uga a sCape i e e io s a e ee a i u e o egime secu i y i e es s o esi e Muse e iof a o ecessa i y o is co i ue c aim o e su i g egio a secu i y. e c a e e ami es ese ques io s awi g o e i e e y es o i e e io a Uga a u e ook. I e i s a , e e e s o e Secu i y i emma a e iscusse , o owe y a a a ysis o e i e e io s i e seco a . e as a co c u es wi a e a ua io o e Secu i y i emma eo y i e ai i g s a es o eig i e e io is e a iou . University 8.1 A Brief Review of the Security Dilemma Theory
e eo y as ee ce a e e s. i s y, s a es a e u a e o is i guis o e si e a e e si e ac io s o eac o e s mi i a y os u es a mi i a y ca a i i ies. e i a i i y o is i guis o e ce om e e ce esu oses a e mi i a y e a a io s o o e s a e c ea e a i eso a e u ce ai y i e mi o a o e as o w e e e e a a io s a e o
610 M. i emo e, e u ose o I e e io : C a gi g e ie s A ou e Use o o ce, . 4 .
206 e e si e u oses o y ( o e a ce i s secu i y o w e e ey a e o o e si e u oses." Sus icio is c ea e ecause s a es a e i ca a e o awi g accu a e i e e ces a ou w y o e s a es e i i s eci ic mi i a y os u es a a icu a mi i a y ca a i i ies, a s a es a e e aw i o com e i i e acquisi io a e e o me o e e mi i a y ca a i i y o o se eac o e s i e io s. is c ea es a s i a o com e i io e wee s a es o im o e ei es eci i e mi i a y ca a i i ies. " e s i a o a ms ace a eme ges om s a es a e i c ease i ei ca a i i ies i e si ies w ic i u ea i g i o a i emma. is i emma esca a es a cou e e io a e i o wa , a icu a y i e i e o secu i y o uces agg essi e ac io s o is i e e e y o e s a es as com omisi g ei secu i y. e a i i y o is i guis o e ce om e e ce may e am e e y ei e misi o ma io ega i g a s a e s mi i a y ca a i i ies o i accu a e e a ua io s o mis e ce io s o s a es ac io s y o e s. I es ec i e o e sou ce o e mis e ce io , e mai issue a c a ac e ises e Secu i y i emma eo y is a s a es seek o ui ei mi i a y ca a i i y, w ic com omises ei i e s a e e a io s, as eac is cau ious o e o e . " I a i o o se a y a ack, Towns a es a e us com e e o i e e e i o e s a es, w ic ey a e su e a e i e o a acki g em.
e seco e e osi s e su e io i y o o e ce Capeo e e e ce as a key c a ac e o i e s a e e a io s. " S a es a e cei e emse es asof s o g e o ecome agg essi e owa s weake s a es a a e ike y o e gage i e em i e wa s agai s em." e weake s a es i u esis e a a ce o e co o o e s o ge s a es, e e y c ea i g i e se secu i y i emmas i ei e a io s, w ic cou esu i wa , o i i e e io s i o eac o e s e i o ies." As eac s a e ies o i c ease i s ow a io a secu i y, i acqui es wea o s. is causes a a ms ace, as s a es sig a a ey a e e a e o ig , w ic u e i e si ies e secu i y i emma. eUniversity a imosi y e wee suc a e sa ies e uces e c a ces o amica y se i g is u es ecause ei e s a e is i e es e i ego ia i g. e ossi i i y o s a es o mi g a ia ces i a si ua io o a secu i y i emma is mo e easi e, a ese a ia ces e o
6 . W ee e a K. oo , " e Secu i y i emma", . 0. 612 . e is, e ce io s a Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics, . 64 a . W ee e a K. oo , " e Secu i y i emma", . 0 . 6 I i , . 6 . 6 4 C. G ase , " e o i ica Co seque ces o Mi i a y S a egy: E a i g a e i i g e S i a a e e e ce Mo e s", . . 6 B. ose , " e Secu i y i emma a E ic Co ic ", . 0 24.
616 Ibid . 6 S. a E e a, "O e se, e e se a e Causes o Wa ", . 0. 6 8 K. K ause, "A ms Im o s, A ms o uc io a e ques o secu i y i e i wo ", . 08.
207 e c a ac e ise y sec ecy. e s a es ecome e eme y sec e i e a ou ei secu i y a s, ei a ia ce i e sio a a o e a , ei o eig o icy ac io s. O e ce may a e e a a age o e e e ce ecause o wo sa ie ac o s, i.e. geog a y a ec o ogy. W i s geog a y ays a ce a o e i e e mi i g a s a e s ca aci y o a ack (o e ce o i a ou i g a o e s a e o e e e a a ce o i s a acke s ( e e ce , ec o ogy may a ou o e ce o e e e ce o v v r . ec o ogy i c u es e mi i a y a wa e a e a u e o mi i a y ai i g a oo s u e go K ause a gues a ese a e im o a i s a i g e e ce io s s a es a e o eac o e .6
e i e e o e secu i y i emma is e wi ow o u e a i i y a o o u i y. ose a gues a , w e s a es a e i a secu i y i emma, ey ake a a age o a e e a s i e e si i i y o a ack. e a gues u e a , w e s a es ea ise a a o o u i y as a ai e i se a may o e e e a e , ey wi ake a a age o gai as muc om ei a ack as ey ca . 6" ey ake e a a age o s ike w i e e Towno o e is weak a ca o access esou ces o mi i a y ai om a ies, o ey may a ack a a ime w e e i e a io a commu i y o i e a io a o ga i a io s a e oo usy a eoccu ie o a e o em. W e is a e s, e o e si e osi io gai s a Cape a a age o e e e e si e o e, w ic mos o e esu s i wa . of I e s u y i is iscusse a ea e s e ce io a mis e ce io s o eac o e s ac io s a i e io s owa s o i ica e e o me s i eac o e s s a es may cause a secu i y i emma. ea e s may ca y ou o eig o icy ac io s a sig a wa o i e io s o e gage eac o e . ey may o m aci a ia ces eaki g o e a ia ces, w ic i e si ies ei i i i ua i secu i yUniversity as we as a o ei egimes. e co seque ce o is o e i e e so a e a io s o ese ea e s is a secu i y i emma. ea e s wi e e o e i e e e i eac o e s s a es o ei e e em a y ac io s agai s em as i i i ua s o agai s ei s a es o o e su e a ey is ace e o e e o e e a e sa y o ga ises o wage wa o em. I is agai s is ackg ou a Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i i s wes e y eig ou i g s a es is iscusse a ee e e s. A e i s e e e Secu i y i emma eo y is use o
619 I i . 620 . ose s " e Secu i y i emma a E ic Co ic ", . 0 . 62 I i u, . 0 . 622I i , . 0 .
208 e ai ow e i e s a e e a io s a co ic s esu e i o Uga a s i e e io s. A e seco e e , e secu i y i emma a esu e om i e e ic io e co ic s a wa s a e iscusse o emo s a e a ese i e e ic co ic s g ea y co i u e o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i e egio . A e i e e , e im ac o e s a es secu i y i emma o e i e e so a e a io s o ea e s o e s a es is o e wi a iew o s ow a mis e ce io s e wee ac o s was o a e s a e e e a o e u equa y i ue ce e i e e so a e a io s e wee e ea e s. ese i e e so a e a io s i u c ea e a secu i y i emma amo gs ei s a es.
I e s u y, secu i y i emma as ee use o e ai Uga a s eca ious si ua io a com omise i s a io a secu i y. a io a secu i y is use o e e o e o a ca aci y o e s a e o o ec e s a e a i s ci i e s a o i e a secu e e i o me om e e a ea s a a e ea a imagi a y. e s u y emo s a es ow Uga a s a io a secu i y was c a e ge y a ious s a e a o s a e ac o s a ow i s ack o Town ec usi e e e ce com e e i o i e e e o s o e e e a a acks a s i o e s o i s wes e eig ou s co ic s om a ec i g i . Cape 8.2 Ugandan's Geo-political Position inof the Great Lakes Region
Uga a ies as i e e Equa o , e wee a i u es 4° 2 a ° 2 S a o gi u es 2 ° 4 W, a ° 0 E. Mo e a wo i s o e cou y is a a eau, yi g e wee 000 2 00 2 me es a o e sea e e . Uga a as a o a a a ea o 24 48 km .
o e o , Uga a o e s o Su a , wi e ou a y e wee e wo cou ies University ° ° s e c i g a ou 4 8. 6 km, om geog a ica coo i a es 0 " E a ° 2 " o " E ° a 4 4" . o e Eas , Uga a o e s o e e u ic o Ke ya, wi e ou a y e wee e wo cou ies s e c i g a ou .6 km om geog a ica coo i a es ° " E 0 a 4 4" o ° "S a 0° 0 " S. o e Sou , Uga a o e s o a a ia a ° wa a a e ou a y s e c es 082. km, e wee om geog a ica coo i a es 2 " ° E a 2 " S a ° "S a 0° 0" S. o e o , Uga a o e s o e emoc a ic
62 I is s u y, a io a secu i y as ee use i e a i io a e m o e e o e e e a ac o s a a ec a s a es secu i y.
20 e u ic o Co go, wi e ou a y e wee e wo cou ies s e c i g a ou 0.46 km ° ° om geog a ica coo i a es 0 0 . " E a 0 2 " o 2 " E a 2 " S. (O e ea is a Ma o Uga a s owi g i s oca io i e a io s o e G . e u ose o e ma i is e is o i us a e e sa ie ce o e i e s a e o e s i ig o eac s a e s secu i y co ce s .
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2 0 Uganda's western border security concerns
Uga a s a ow geo s a egic e a ack o ec usi e e e ce" agg a a e i s i secu i y ecause i was easy o o e u o ce a acke . e e e s we e a e o ea e o es s i e C, a ack Uga a s wes e is ic s, es oy i es, o e y a oo a e u o C e o e ey cou e u sue . e A ,630 we e a e o occu y a s o Kasese is ic ( o a s o ime oug ea we o i Mou ai , usi g i as a ase o co secu i e y ca y ou e o is a acks a wage gue i a wa a e i e is ic s o Kasese, o o a , oima, u i ugyo a o oko i Wes e Uga a. I e C, e u a i ga is ic , w ic is i ua y a o e a g o Uga a s u i ugyo is ic is o y a o ima e y 250 mi es om Kam a a, is o i e e e e s wi a o e si e a a age o e e U . is si ua io was wo se e y Uga a s o ous o e s. e o es s, as i ica e ea ie , i i i easy a o o e o e s. W e e e e a e o o es s, e e a e ew ga e e oi s a a e a o e y Uga a. o e oi s ike C a ika (Uga a wa a a u aga a ( C Uga a a e co o e Town i Kiso o is ic , w ic ea es a ge e a ses o a u e a o e a u o ec e . o e am e, usa a is cu e y use as a e y oi a Uga a e e s wi e e o e I e a amwe use o a ack e egio . I u gamo a Ka a e is ic s, e eCape a e ma y e y oi s a a e o ga e e , w ic o i e sa e co i o s o e e e s o e e a e Uga a. I Ka u gu ( u ogo a a ea , of 632 e e e s e e a e Uga a oug e wi i o es . e e e s a a s o g s a egic a a age ecause ey ai e easi y wi o e e e g ou s o ig e a ge go e me ey e eac o e o ces a some imes e e o i e i i g aces o e o e . is a y e ai s e eca ious ess o e secu i y si ua io o e egio . I u e ou a Uga a, o e am e, was o ig i g a icu a e e g ou s a ce ai imes u a w o e coa i io o e e s. is is w a ma e University e egio a ea e o wa , as i as ee esc i e (see a e 13 o e ea s owi g some o e e e g ou s a oug agai s a wi i e o e s o Uga a .
628 " a ow s a egic e " e e s o w e e a ea a s a e as o e e a acks om o e s a es is geog a ica y a ow, maki g i susce i e a u e a e o a ack. 62 " ec usi e e e ce" e e s o e a i i y o e s a e o e e i s o e s om e e a a acks. I is case Uga a acke e a i i y o e e i s o e s om o eig a acks. 6 0 e A was a Is amic u ame a is e o is o ga isa io e y S eik ami Muku u, w ic comme ce i s ac i i ies i e 0s a co i ue em u i 200 . 6 u a i ga is ic , w ic is co e e y a ge ac s o o es a a game ese e, was o e o e a eas w e e e Uga a e e s cam e , w ic we e ig ig e as a essu e oi i a i e iew wi UG MO e i Kam a a, 28 u y 200 . 6 2 O e o e e o is a acks w ic c aime eig Eu o ea ou is s was o c es a e usi g is wi i o es co i o as a assage o Uga a.
216 Map 3: Uganda's Geographical Location within the Great Lakes Region
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Uganda is a landlocked state that depends on its eastern and southern neighbours Tanzania and Kenya for most of its export and import trade. It neighbours the resource-endowed but anarchic DRC to the west and north-west. In the south, it borders Rwanda which is ridden with intense ethnic dissensions and while it does not share a common border with Burundi, it provides Burundi with an access route to the ocean. It shares ethnic communities with Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC. The colonial powers had drawn boundary demarcations in 1894 that divided these ethnic communities with some settling in one state directly oppoisite from their nexts of kin that settled in the opposite neighbouring state. Uganda, Rwanda and the DRC also share 211 geographic features that are critical to each state. The Mugahinga forest, an extremely vital forest, extends into Rwanda, Uganda and the DRC but with the biggest share of the forest on the DRC side. Ituri forest which is equally critical extends to Aril near Uganda's border. Virunga Mountain which is covered by dense forests, also extends across all three countries. All these ecosystems are critical to the security of the region.
This geographic character of the region gave the rebels a strategic offensive advantage over Uganda's UPDF and other states' armies. Large numbers of rebels from different states were able to inhabit and depend on Mugahinga forest and the forests surrounding Virunga because of their vast resources and space. The Ugandan rebels in particular used these bases in the forests to attack the western districts of Uganda and return to their safe havens, which hid them from the UPDF, the Rwandan People's Army (RPA) and the Congolese army. Out of the nine rebel groups that attacked Uganda between 1987 and 2000, six had their bases in the DRC (see a detailed table of the rebel groups on page 218. Rebels such Townas the ADF and PRA operated between Rucuru, Kiwanja, Namusengera and Vichumbi. Other rebels that did not directly attack Uganda but provided military back-up to Uganda's rebels, also used the DRC as their military base. These included the Interahamwe and RCD Caperenegades who occupied Mt Nyamurangira- North of Goma and Rucuru road. The rebelsof that had their bases in Sudan used the DRC as an alternative route from which they accessed and attacked Uganda once they were repelled by the UPDF in the Northern section.
The rebels benefited from the terrain because the forests, mountainous areas and expansive Virunga national park from Bukavu up to Kisangani, from which they operated, were dense and impenetrable. This Universitydelayed the Ugandan forces' advance when they pursued the rebels. This provided the rebels with a strategic advantage over the Ugandan UPDF. The region also provided the rebels with an economic advantage because they were able to replenish their supplies and use the resources from the areas they occupied to purchase arms and other logistical supplies. The rebels engaged in lucrative business and, because the area was also populated with many foreigners, the rebels were able to exploit the advantage of communication from the foreigners to whom they provided security. Lack of proper management of these forests meant that the rebels were able to establish firm bases without being stopped. In the DRC, for example, there were no proper policies and laws in place to regulate access and use of the forests by rebels. The DRC also lacked the manpower to supervise access to the forests and prevent rebels from
2 2 se i g e e. A a om a , i was eoccu ie wi ci i iso e ie ce, i as a e e ic wa s a owe s ugg es, so i cou o o ice is egio we . o esc i e i we , a i e iewee sai a , e e g ou s cou a e e e se u ei ow s a es wi i ese o es s wi ou e go e me i Ki s asa k owi g a e e was a o e " s a e".6 24 A ese imi a io s e a e e e e s o e e c emse es i ese a eas.
e u ga e e o e oi s ike usa a i Kiso o a Kisa a i u gamo we e use y e Uga a e e s a e e s o i s eig ou s o e e Uga a. W i s Uga a was isa a age y e ysica a geog a ica ea u es a co cea e ese e e s, i was simu a eous y a e o o i e mi i a y ai o e e s o e eig ou i g s a es a wou o i e em wi e equi e i o ma io ega i g i s e e s oo o ma io , e oyme s a a eas o o e a io . e g ou s Uga a a ie wi i e i e io o e C i c u e C Kisaga i ase i ucu u u, i i ia y e y Wam a ia Wam a, a a e y M usi yamwisi, a C Goma ow e y a yamu e ge. ese o i e TownUga a wi e ecessa y i e ige ce ega i g e osi io o e A a o e e e g ou s o e a i g i e C a Su a , i e u o Uga a s eci oca ma ageme o ese a ies i a equacies. Cape e is ic s a su e e e e i cu sio s ofwe e Ki ugum ( o e s wi Su a , Ka ugu, u i ugyo, a Kasese o e o e wi e C. ey a e ee susce i e o a acks om C Goma a o e me ce a y g ou s om e C. O e a eas o Uga a a a e su e e mos , a e ee o ogo a, Ki em e a Is as a, w e e e e e s o C Goma oo ugs, o es a mo ey om ea ce es (Ka ugu is ic a o oko, we ise go a Ka ugu u i u i ugyo is ic , w e e e e s ca ie ou e o is ac s, massac es a a i y. O e a Ka a e a University u gamo w e e e e a e mi o e e i cu sio s om wa a, e is ic s o e i g wa a a e ee a i e mo e secu e, sa e o e ew i ci e s wi a me ugs a massi e i ow o i ega mig a s, w ic is ike y o a ec e we a e o Uga a s i ige ous o u a io . (See ma 4 o Uga a o e ea age 2 s owi g e is ic s a e e e g ou s a ge e . ey a e ma ke wi a ows .
624 I a i e iew wi UG MO e o 28 u y 200 e i Kam a a. 625 yamu e ge C Goma is a so su o e y wa a. o owi g e i e e ces e wee esi e Kagame a esi e Muse e i, e C Goma is o o ge ai e Muse e i ecause i was oya o esi e Kagame.
2 Uga a i e e e i e C i o u sui 626 o e e e s o e su e a ey we e u a e o c ea e a a ou a e ase om w ic o o e a e i e C a i wa a. Uga a us occu ie Kisa ga i o e su e a e is a ce e wee e e emy u sue a e e i o y ei g o ec e i o o e a y s a egic a a age o e e e s w o we e a acki g Uga a.62 owe e , ecause o e i as uc u a u e e e o me o e Eas e C, i was a so ecessa y o e su e a e e e ases we e wa c e a co o e , a a e su y i es o a ms a esou ces we e cu , a issue a cou o e ac ie e i Uga a a sim y s o e a e C Uga a o e . A ms a o e ogis ica su ies we e ei g ai i e om K a oum o u a a om K a oum o e ai ie s a ai o o Ka a a a, a goka a Kisa ga i. I i ci e, e co o o e C ai o s o a goka a Kisa ga i y wa a a Uga a we e aime a e yi g e e e s ases om w ic o ecei e e mi i a y assis a ce a cou e use o a ack ese cou ies. Uga a u e mo e occu ie a eas o e ooki g e e e s o g o s o e o ces A mées ai oises ( A , Mai Mai, eo e s e em io A my ( A , A ie emoc a ic o (A a a y o a emoc a icTown Co go ase i Goma ( C Goma . ese a eas i c u e e Mai Mai co o e a eas ike ucu u, u e o, Goma, e a su cou y a Ki i i i, a omi e oca io i e i u ga mou ai egio (see Ma o e C o age 20 w e e e a ows i ica eCape e U mi i a y ases a a eas o o e a io . of
University
626 " o u sui " is a mi i a y e m use o e e o a si ua io w e e oo s o o e cou y u sue ei e emies a e su e a e is a ce e wee e e emy u sue a e e i o y ei g o ec e oes o o e a y s a egic a a age o e e emy o u u e ea . 62 I i e iews wi Ma o e o UG MO o 2 a 28 u y 200 i Kam a a, a UG MO e o 24 e ua y 2006 i Ca e ow , ey a gue a e occu a io o Kisa ga i was wa a e ecause o e e ec i e ess o o u sui . e occu a io o Kisa ga i as ee ig y co e ious ecause i is ig y esou ce a as suc eco omic i e es s ca o e u e ou .
214 Ma 4: is ic s o Uga a a ec e y e e I su ge cy
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2 Town
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University Terrorism in Uganda
As e Secu i y i emma eo y osi s, agg essi e s a es seek o co que ess agg essi e s a es, w ic i u esis e a a ce o e agg essi e o s o ge s a es. Su e io i y o o e ce o e e e ce is e a ce y e c a ac e o e geog a ica a ea i w ic e s a es a e oca e a ei e e o ec o ogy. I is ossi e o e a o a e is i o e G egio , w e e e e ai i g ci cums a ces we e e i e ce o a secu i y i emma. e ac a mi i a i y s o g Su a eig ou e Uga a mea a Su a was i s mai a e sa y, wi a o o u i y o a ack i easi y usi g e e s a o e i su ge g ou s. Uga a su e e i cu sio s om e e e s w o we e su o e y a usi g Su a as a ase a as a sou ce o mi i a y a wa e. Su a a so o i e su o o o e e e s a i o ecessa i y use i as a ase u a use e cou y as a co ui o eac Uga a.
e o ism as ee e i e y Sc mi as a a ie y i s i i g me o Town o e ea e io e ac io , em oye y semi c a es i e i i i ua , g ou o s a e ac o s, o i iosy c a ic, c imi a o o i ica easo s. e o ism i Uga a as ee ace ack o Su a a e C, wi e a e ac i g as a co ui oug w ic e e o is sCape s o so e y Su a o e a e . I is a gue a e e e s i a i i g e C o es s ook a a age o Uga a s e mea e o e s a e o es e ai o au c e o a acks ofo Uga a. y 8 a o e, A e o is s a e o e a o a o 8 Im o ise E osi e e ices (IE s om s i Kam a a a i a, ki i g 82 a wou i g 2 6 o e s. A o a o 184 ADF e e s we e a es e a 125 we e c a ge wi e o ism.6 e A ( a iques 6 8 w o we e es o si e o e wa e o e o ism i Uga a a acke u a ce es o Kam a a a i a. I ese u a ce es, e e o is s ace g e a es a om sUniversity i i ki g aces wi e c aim a e i ki g o a co o was o a Is amic ac ice. 6 See A e i o a e ai e c o o ogy o e e o is a acks o Uga a.
635 "Mi i a y a wa e" e e s o e mi i a y ca a i i y o a s a e o a i su ge g ou a i c u es o e a gi e i.e. wea o y, o ce s uc u e, a i a gi e c a ac e s ike mi i a y oc i e a a ues e mi i a y o s ea . 636 e e a e ma y e i i io s o e o ism u i is s u y, Sc mi s e i i io o e o ism is use . See A. . Sc mi , e o o U C ime a c , 2. 637 I e iew wi UG MO 2 e i Kam a a, 28 u y 200 . Simi a iews we e e esse y UG MO i is i e iew i u gamo o 4 a Oc o e 200 . 638 a iques e o ge o a Is amic sec a was e gage i a e igious wa wi o e Is amic g ou s i Uga a suc as ose a e o ge o e Mus im Su eme Cou ci . 639 I is o ossi e a e a iques we e mo i a e y Is amic aw as ey c aime o a ack Uga a so e a gume o om i g eo e i a s ecause ey we e aki g a co o was esi e e oi .
221 Uga a s a acks we e ca ie ou e o e e US em assy om i gs i Ke ya a a a ia o Augus 8. owe e , o owi g e em assy om i gs, e e o a acks i c ease i e is ic s o Kasese, u i ugyo a oima a i e o a o wes e a s o e cou y. e A a A a acke a u u ouses, ki e a maime eo e, a uc e c i e i a ge um e s a ook o e s os age. o e am e, e i s a ack o use uka a e seco ma o o e a M o we i Kasese c aime o e o e u e i es. I a eas w e e e A o e a e , e ea o was equa y ig a a uc io s o wome a gi s e y commo . A e e e g ou s a ca ie ou e o is a acks we e u e y mu i e age cies. I was o es a is e wi ocume a y oo w e e A Quae a was u i g e A . 640 ig y ace i e iewees i c a ge o i e ige ce owe e i sis e a A s e o is ac io s we e a o e wi e e o is ac s a e A Quae a a u eas e i e egio ."
e o ism e sew e e as ee a i u e o e essi e go e me sTown wi u ai eco omic a o i ica o icies." I Uga a, e go e me a i u e e o ism o ee mai ac o s. i s y, i was s o so e y Su a o c ea e i s a i i y as a eac io agai s Uga a s su o o e Su a ese eo e s i e a io A my (S A . Su a sCape i e io was o c ea e a o e secu i y ea a wou kee e Uga a go e me e gage o i e e o s, i e o e a is wou u e cu Uga a s assis a ce o eof S A. Seco y, ey a gue a e o ism was au c e o es a is ases om w ic e A cou o e a e easi y, ecause e wa i e C was o s uc i g e A o e a io s. as y, e ise o e o ism i Uga a, a icu a y y e A a c aime o e u e y e Is amic u ame a is s, was co em o a eous wi e i c ease e o is ac io s a a i e a io a e e . e A e o is s we e a o e igge A Quae a e wo kUniversity o e a i g i e wo . E i e ce u ea e ( om e e e ases i we o i Mou ai y e U e ea e a A a i ks wi A Quae a. e A Quae a wi e mo ey o ei i ks i Ke ya, w e e e Eas A ica ase was, a o i e A mi i a y ai i g a ai i g i assem i g om s. O e A Quae a g ou o e a i g om
640 o e a e U i e iewees a gue a ey a e i e ce u i sis e a is was c assi ie i o ma io a cou o e gi e o e esea c e . Simi a e i e ce e U a u e o is e e e o as a e i i i e I e a io a Cou o us ice Cou sessio s o e Uga a C case. 641 I e iew wi UG MO 2 e i Kam a a, o 2 u y 200 a a o ow u i e iew o 28 u y 200 a UG MO was i e iewe o 0 u y 200 i Kam a a. 642 . ei , C ime a C imi o ogy, ( u uque: ow a e c ma k, 4 .
222 A ica, a eas eig Uga a ames came u (see summa y o eco e ow om e Ce a Mi i a y I e ige ce .
h A was an Islamic fundamentalist terrorist organisation led by Sheikh Jamil Mukulu, Commenced their terrorist campaign in 0 n Kampala It was nurtured by the National Islamic Flynt (NIF) in Sudan (closely linked to Al Quaeda).
6 Six A operatives were trained in Khartoum in Sudan in bomb assembling. While others trained in Pakistan and Afghanistan. 1,Abdul Kassim Mulumba 2,Mohammed Bossa 3,Hussein Muhammad Senkisa 4,Abdul Majid Tiger 5, Yassin 6, Twahir Zubair Sebiryo In November 2000, Abdulla Kasujja together with Jamil Mukulu acquired a safe house in Pangani area in Nairobi, Kenya in which a group of 26 Ugandans were trained in assembling explosives (IED) The gimp later detonated we e (12) IEDs in Kampala and Jinja between January and July 200 . In February 2001, a suspected Al Qaeda operative in Saudi Arabia Towncalled Omran A Alomrani wired funds to an ADF terrorist cell in Kampala, on bhdf Sheikh Jamil Mukulu.
Source: ADF fact file sheet, courtesy of Central Military Intelligence Cape om is i o ma io , e U a gue a A Quae a s assis a ce o e A was a o a s a egy use y A Quae a o c ea e mo e of e o is s a s ea em ou o c ea e e o is e wo ks. Eas A ica i o ye a e a es a is e e wo k, a so e A wou e e i k oge e wi e e ai i g i k i e Su a a wou mi ou e o a acks o e egio ."
e o ism i Uga aUniversity was i e e o u is e Muse e i a mi is a io o ei g sym a ise s o e US a o c ea e a i e a io a ic u e a Uga a was a e a o as sa e as i o aye i se o e i e i e a io a commu i y. A a a ysis o Muse e i s eac io o e US em assy om i gs a is co em a io o Su a s o y a e e US sec e a y o S a e Ma e i e A ig s co em a io o Su a u i g e isi o Uga a cou a e i ue ce Su a s u e su o o e o ism i Uga a. We cou a gue a Uga a s e a io s wi Su a ecame s ai e ecause o Uga a s a ack o Su a , ye e wo a us e o se a
64 I e iew wi UG MO 2 e i Kam a a o 2 u y 200 .
223 ag eeme i e ms o w ic Su a e mi e Uga a o o e a e i si e Su a o wee ou e e e s o e o esis a ce A my ( A u e e "O e a io I o is ".
Co a y o a ese e a a io s, c i iques o e Muse e i a mi is a io a e a i e aca emic iscou se i ge e a oi o e ac a e o ism is a esu o oo go e a ce ey a so a i u e i o e a u e o Uga a s o i ica s uc u e, w ic e c u e o e o i ica a ies om aki g a i ac i e o i ics. e i e iewees a gue a e e o is s wa e o ake a i o i ics a a Muse e i s a io a esis a ce Mo eme ( M e ee e is. ese " e o is s", w o we e e omi a y om e a ica Mos ems ca e " a iques", e e ua y oi e e A .645 e o ism i Uga a was a so i ke o e issa is ac io o e ea e s i i e Mos em Su eme Cou ci a was ei e e a e o e " a u e o ea e s i " i e cou y o a y i ue ce om ou si e, as o e iews c aim. u e mo e, e e we e i a ai ea e s i squa es amo gs e Mus ims. e i i e a e a a ica Mos ems wa e o co o e mosques a ea e Is amic ai . 646" ig i g Towne sue a w e go e me i e e e , i se e a ica a iques o iso . W e ese go am es y, ey cam e a w a is o u a y e e e o as e "co ai e i age". ey ecame i o e i usi ess i is o c ea om e accou s o some o e emai i gCape a iques ow ey came o e i e we o i Mou ai s a oi e e A , u i is a a e a e Is amic u ame a is s o Su a w o a me em a o i e em ofwi ogis ica su o o e o ise Uga a i e i ie em. e e o ism a oke ou i i e e a s o e cou y was o se ious co ce o go e me . A em s o a ess i equi e a e A es o si e o e e o a acks e oo e ou om ei ases i e C. I e e io i e C o oo ou e e o is s was us o e a oac Uga a a o e . University
644 o e ai e iscussio s o e o ism i A ica, see M. C e s aw, " e Causes o e o ism", Keg ey, C. (e , e ew G o a e o ism, ( i e Sa e i e e ice a , 200 , S. E is a . Ki i g ay, "A ica A e Se em e 200 ", i A ica A ai s, (2002 , . 8, a G. M K a iaga a, " ega uma a Accou a i i y C a e ges o Com a i g e o ism i A ica", A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies Commissio e a e Se ies, ea e s Semi a , Ga o o e: o swa a, o u e 200 . 64 I e iew wi o osi io U C e i Kam a a o 4 o em e 2004, U C 2 i a es Sa aam o 8 o em e 2004, a o osi io e i Kam a a o 20 Oc o e 200 . 646 I e iew wi UG MO e i u gamo o 4 Oc o e 200 . "7 I i .
224 8.2 Proximity to a volatile neighbourhood
Uga a s i secu i y was agg a a e y i s geog a ic o imi y o e a a c ic s a es o e C, u u i a wa a. I a ese s a es, e e we e ci i e s i c ises , w ic a esu e i io e e ic co ic s a o i ica owe s ugg es a cause wa s a a mass e o us o e ugees i o Uga a.
As ose a oe a e a gue , w e e ic g ou s e e o misu e s a i gs a e s a e a e em oge e eaks ow , a secu i y i emma eme ges. As eac e ic g ou mis e cei es eac o e s i e io s, i e e ic co ic e sues. E ic g ou s a a e s o g ea e e weake o es, a o e is ea s o wa some imes, i e e e e io a es i o ge oci e, as e cases o wa a a Koso o a e s ow . Some imes e weake e ic g ou e em s e a ack om e emog a ica y s o ge e ic g ou , ea i g o a u e secu i y i emma. e im ac o ese e ic co ic s o egio a Town s a i i y is imme se, a icu a y i a egio ike e G , w e e ey es a i ise e e i e egio a cause secu i y co ce s o e i i i ua s a es. e u u u si e ic co ic i wa a a u u i, a i e C e a yamu e ge e sus o e e ic g ou sCape a e ema e u e ic co ic s i o e i o Uga a, causi g u e i secu i y.of O e o e a , e Uga a e e s e oi e e e ic co ic s i ese s a es o a ack Uga a o e e e a e e ic g ou s we e ig i g eac o e . O e o e , e ai u e o ese s a es o a ess ei ow e ic co ic s a co o ei e i o ies a so o i e Uga a e e s wi e equi e ases om w ic o ca y ou e o is a mi i a y a acks o Uga a.
I eac o ese s a es,University Uga a i e e e o a ess e e ic co ic s a we e o g a e uma i a ia a e i emio ogica co ce i e egio , a o e e Uga a e e s a
648 "Ci i e s i c isis" is o owe om M. Mam a i, w o uses e e m o e e o e i ica e a u e o e e ic co ic s i e G a ow ese s a e e secu i y sys ems o e egio . See wo o is i a ua e wo ks, M. Mam a i, W e ic ims ecome Ki e s, Co o ia ism, a i ism, a e Ge oci e i wa a, ( i ce o : i ce o U i e si y ess, 200 a a M. Mam a i, U e s a i g e C isis i Ki u, (SA ES, 200 . 64 A e ai e e iew o e causes o ese e ic co ic s a ei ma i es a io s i e egio ca o e a equa e y co e e e e owe e , a summa y as ee o i e o u oses o e iscussio . e ai e co e age o ese e ic co ic s as ee o e y ma y sc o a s w o i c u e u a e o imi e o . Gou e i c , We wis o i o m you a omo ow we wi e ki e wi ou ami ies: S o ies om wa a G. u ie , e wa a C isis: is o y o a Ge oci e, . U i , Ai i g io e ce: e e e o me E e ise i wa a, M. Mam a i, W e ic ims ecome Ki e s, Co o ia ism, a i ism, a e Ge oci e i wa a a M. Mam a i, U e s a i g e C isis i Ki u, (SA ES, 200 .
22 we e usi g e e ic co ic s i ese s a es as a e e o a ack Uga a. e ow is a summa y o e e ugee o u a io i Uga a co e i g a eca e o i s ma i es i e e io s i e egio . I was es ima e a Uga a om o 8 os e a o ima e y o e mi io e ugees om e eig ou i g s a es." a e 4 e ow s ows e e ugee o u a io i Uga a om 6 o 200 . e igu es o o ecessa i y ai e e i e ic u e o e e ugee c isis, o o ey i ica e e ea s a occu i e cam s u i e a io a o ga isa io s o e a i g i e egio o i e su eme a y s a is ics a ca e aw o o com e e e ic u e o e secu i y si ua io o e egio as a w o e.
Table 14: Refugee Population in Uganda from Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa
Town
Cape of
om a e a o e i is e i e a Su a o uce e g ea es um e o e ugees a a yo e ime. Su a was o owe y e C a wa a, a o w ic o uce a a ge um e o e ugees. e e was a so a ma ke i c ease o e ugees om Soma ia om 6 o 8. A oug u u iUniversity a ew e ugees i ge e a , e um e s i c ease om 2002 o 200 . O a e age, Uga a ecei e a o ima e y 2 0,000 e ugees a yea . I s ou e o e a ese a e e ocume e e ugees o e s w o se e ou si e cam s a ose w o e u e e immig a io e a me s y usi g e u ga e e o e os s o e y a e o i c u e i ese s a is ics.
6 0 Uga a as e e ugee cam s ma age y e U C , eac wi a a e age o 00,000 e ugees om u u i, wa a, C a Su a a o e.
226 Uganda intervenes in the Great Lakes Region states
I u u i, e Muse e i a mi is a io was co i ce a e e ic io e ce a e u e o owi g e assassi a io o u u esi e a aye u e Hutu i u u i i a ge ecause e u si we e e e mi e o a i i a e em. e u si we e a s o ge eco omica y a o i ica y, so ey wie e mo e owe . e o i ica a ies a a mi i a y wi gs us e gage eac o e o e am e, oo s oya o e a io a Cou ci o e e e ce o emoc acy o o e e e ce o emoc acy (C , a io a i e a io o ( a o o emoc acy i u u i ( O E U , a io a i e a io o ( O I A a a io a i e a io o ces Ica o ( Ica o , a i e Agaki a, oug eac o e . o i ica a ies a i o ecessa i y a e mi i a y wi gs we e equa y aw i o e ci i wa o e am e, a y o emoc acy a Eo omic, Socia e e o me ( A ES , a y o a io a eco e y ( A E A , Mo eme o e e a i i a io o Ci i e s (M C , U io o a io a og ess (U O A a MS I ki o (aTown e ai e is o ese o i ica a ies is o i e as A e i .
Muse e i as C ai ma o e G ea akes I i ia i eCape o u u i oge e wi e ego ia i g eam i e e e i oma ica y o a ess eof io e e ic s ugg e o owe a co ai a si ua io a was e e io a i g i o ge oci e. Muse e i was cau ious o o e e a e e u si agai s e u u, as e e ie e a e wo e ic commu i ies a o ea ise a ey a o co e is a a is e ica e a a ce cou o y e ac ie e i ey a s a e owe equa y. O cou se, ei e a y a ecia e is o io , u e mos c ucia issue was a ei e ic isse sio s a e o ge oci e a a eo a i e e secu i y o e e i e egio . Muse e i a gue a i a o emUniversity oke ou i u u i o wa a, is a ec e Uga a a o e cou ies o e egio .
I wa a, e ge oci e a su seque wa e wee e wa a a io ic A my a e a ya ima a egime a a so e o massi e i o u a y mig a io s i o Uga a. Uga a s o ous o e s a owe o me ge oci ai es, e I e a amwe, o e e a e a occasio a y ki a ew Uga a s, oo oo a me ici e a e u o ei o es ases. I i ia y e A a use Uga a as a ase o ig e um omi a e wa a go e me o a ya ima a. is a e o s i o e e ec s i Uga a. E e w e e oke i o e ac io s o Kagame a i imu gu, Uga a was i i ec y a ec e , i s y ecause i imu gu soug asy um i
22 Uga a a seco y, ecause wa a a ege a e e we e oo s is oya o a we e i i g i Uga a. Uga a a so accuse wa a o ai i g i s e e s o e eo e s e em io A my ( A . e mis us a Kagame a Muse e i a o eac o e a e o e ia ea ey ose o eac o e u eac s a e i a eca ious si ua io . o Uga a, i mea e su i g a o a ack occu e om wa a s si e, w i e wa a s e su e a o a ack occu e om Uga a s si e. ey o occasio a y e oye oo s a ei o e s as sig a s o wa u we e quick o e ea , o owi g i e a ego ia io s a e e a i oma ic i a y me ia io o ei co ic y i ai a e US.
e i e e ic c as es i e C, a icu a y i e ig y e a yamu e ge o ci i e s i ig s, e a ema a e u e ic co ic o e esou ces, a e o e a ec i i g co o o Mo u u o e e e i e s a e a e o wa i a cou y. e a a ce o e A ia ce o emoc a ic o ces o e i e a io o Co go (A a e su seque aki g o owe om Mo u u y e A u ima e y a ec e Uga a. i s y,Town au e Ka i a s go e me was oo eoccu ie wi e i e e e wa s o a e e oug ime o ocus o Uga a s secu i y ee s. e wi e y a gue ag eeme a e ee ea e s (Ka i a, Muse e i a Kagame a aci y ag ee o a secu i y a o e su e e secu i yCape o Uga a a wa a a o ee u i e co seque y, e e e s co i ue oof o e a e om wi i e C i a acki g Uga a a wa a. e as ess o e C ( iscusse i e ai u e e geo o i ica im ica io s i e i s a o is c a e o i e Uga a e e s wi a ase o a ack Uga a. Co seque y, Uga a i e e e , i i ia y i oma ica y a a e mi i a i y wi e aim o o e u i g e e e ases i e C.
Uga a i ec y i e e e University o ig i s e e s a we e usi g e C o es s as ases om w ic o a ack i . e mai easo o is was a e si i g go e me i e C (i e e was a y o s eak o a is ime was o i a osi io o co o e Eas e C. is was a as egio wi a a i a a c ea y a ou e e o is g ou s. o e a e o c eck e a a ce o e e e g ou s a cou e ei i su ge cy, Uga a a o ock o e ia ogis ica su y ou es a e e e s we e usi g. is was o a easi e u e aki g ecause o e geog a ica c a ac e o e egio . e C s Eas e egio s o e i, u em o a I u i 6 we e im e e a e a a a e y oo i as uc u e. e a e a i e was o Uga a o occu y a s
6 See ma o e C o age 2 2 e a ows i ica e e a eas a Uga a occu ie .
228 o Eas e Co go, a icu a y ose wi ai ases, w ic we e use as co ui s y e Su a ese go e me o e i e oo , a ms a ammu i io as we as o e ogis ica su ies o e Uga a e e s. Su a ai i e su ies om K a oum o u a a om K a oum o e ai ie s a ai o s o a goka a Simi Simi i e Eas e C. o Uga a o co o e ai o s e ec i e y, a icu a y i o Ki u, Kisa ga i a o e occu ie . e e as ee muc e a e ega i g e e o Uga a s e e a io i o e C a icu a y e occu a io a e e e u o Kisa ga i. W a s ou e c ea a is oi is a e geog a ica egio e wee Uga a a Kisa ga i o e e e e e s e e i e ou s a goo a age oi s o o e ce as we as e e ce agai s Uga a. Uga a wou ee a i m ase a was equa y accessi e a o e a e o e a e o u ow e e e s i e wee Kisa ga i a u i ugyo a oima a access o e ai ie s a we e ei g use o e i e ogis ics o e e e g ou s. "
As e C wa co i ue , Uga a e e e i s secu i y ases u e Town i o e i e io o e a e o ocus o o e ia secu i y essu e oi s ei g use y e e e s. " e U s o u sui o ese e e s a o e u i g o ei ases o ce em o i a e a i e ases om w ic o wage a gue i a wa o Uga a, i c u i gCape u i a, goma, ugoye, Ka i a goma a Ki e eya i e C. ese oo we e ocke of y Uga a. is o o y e aye su ies o ese e e s u a so u e mi e e e e s su o amo g e commu i ies a ey soug e uge om. e commu i ies we e wa y o kee i g e e e s ecause ey o e e u o e U a acks. Co seque y, e e e s ca ie ou iso a e a acks o U ases o o ai a ms a ammu i io a oo e i age e ai s o s a ug s o s o su ies. I is s eec , esi e Muse e i e e e Uga a s i e e io i e C as o ows: ... as I said whenUniversity I last addressed you on the issue, the following were the reasons why Uganda Free militarily involved in the Congo: 1. To maintain forces in A Congo in order to secure Uganda's security interests by denying the Sudanese government an opportunity to destabilize Uganda through Eastern Co ga We haw done this and that is why the ADF is no longer able to getting (sic) supplies. 2. To deny habitation to Uganda dissidents such as the ADF; . To ensure that the political and administrative instability arising firm rebel and government dashes in Eastern Congo do not destabilize Uganda;
6 2 I e iew wi UG MO e o 28 u y 200 i Kam a a. 6 I i . Simi a iews we e e esse y o e I e iewees, UG MO e o Oc o e 2004 a Kimaka, UG MO e o 0 u y 200 i Kam a a, UG MO 4 e o Se em e 200 i Kam a a a UG MO 6 e o 0 u y 200 a Kimaka, i a. A e i e iewees we e e gage i com a u i g e wa i e C.
22 4. To demobilize elements of the interahamwe and ex-FAR and pram: them fare terrorizing Uganda and Rwanda; 5. To pi= Uganda's territorial integrity from invasion by Kabila's force s654
Muse e i s osi io ega i g e C s o e i c ea i g i secu i y i Uga a is augme e y a s a eme y a Co go ese C a si io a go e me a y ea e as o ows: "We all know that what brought Ugandans to Congo 'teas the issue of Ugandan rebels here (in Congo) 71 se rebels are still in Ituri. Unless we face reality, a problem still lies ahead Kisembo told a meeting organized last week by the MONUC... Hema and Lendu (at this Bunia) meeting agreed on the cantonment of their forces Kiser& said ADF, RPA and Taban Amin had bases in Ituri. PRA were supported by Rwanda but mixed among fighters of Union of Patriotic Congolese UPC of Thomas Lubanga and that PRA are now based near Nyachucbu, south of Bunia t n but closer to Ugandan border. The ADF were regrouping in the areas of Kamango and Eringeti. Congolese were holding Ugandan rebels (especially the Lendu)... 655
is summa ises e a u e o e secu i y co ce s a Uga a a i e C. e secu i y co ce s wi wa a we e mo e i ea o a coa i io e wee wa a a e C agai s Uga a. A oug is e e ma e ia ise , i is s i oomi g. I u u i,Town secu i y co ce s we e mo e a ou e s i o e e ec s o e ugees a co ce s o a o e ia ge oci e y ei e e ic g ou , gi e a ey we e ei g o ce o s a e owe . e i oma ic i e e io we o o a e y o g ime a was ima i y aime a s o i gCape a im e i g ge oci e a e u i g e cou y o emoc acy a e equi a eof is i u io o o i ica owe e wee e wo e ic commu i ies.
The Sudan Factor
o u e s a Uga a s secu i y c a e ges i e G s a es, i is im o a o u e s a e Su a ese ac o i eUniversity geo o i ics o e egio a i Uga a s egio a e a io s. Uga a s secu i y c a e ges a e i e ica y ie u wi Su a ese omes ic co ic s a wa s e wee Sou e Su a a e A a ise o Is amise omi a e o a co o s o i ica owe . esi e Muse e i o i es a ie is o ica accou o Uga a s secu i y c a e ges as o ows:
Uganda's security trouble dates as far back as 1986 .... At one time you remember we had some problems.... With Sudan, we had been in Government for only six months and on August 22nd
654 esi e s a ess o a iame o 28 May 2000. 655 e u y ea e o USIC Kisem o i ama a. E ce s o is s eec e o e i e ew isio , 6 Oc o e 200 .
2 0 86, the Sudan army attacked us with rebels at Bibia. We haze been having problems with Sudan all that time We had problems with Rwanda under the late Habyarzinana , and we had problemswith Congo under Mobutu. We always handle all these problems by ourselves. We never call foreign troops to come and help us deal with our problems. therefore, the propensity for the foreigners to e involved in Congo is directly proportional to the internal weaknesses-both organizational and ideological (and in a later part of his presentation he reemphasized that) ... Uganda's security interest in the Congo has always been the problem of Sudan using Congo to deliver terrorists into the country... Security problems of neighbours should be handled correctly and on a durable basis. Otherwise, they will invite interventions from these regional states, or there will alwaysbe tensions with them
Uga a s i i ia y co e su o a a e o e i e e io i Su a s a ai s i su o o e Su a ese eo e s i e a io A my as ee a i u e o Uga a s a em o eci oca e Su a s assis a ce o Uga a e e s. Su a go e me e o e y o i e mi i a y ai i g a ogis ics o Uga a e e s a a e a i e ases om w ic o a ack Uga a. Uga a
e e s we e ai e i a eas ike Iko os , a Magwii, 6 w ic o e e Sou e Su a , a eco s i ica e a Su a o i e mi i a y equi me a o e Town e o a e e e s g ou s e ce ose i ce a Uga a a Eas e Uga a as a a e o o Uga a s su o o e S A. Cape Su a su o e a ious e e g ou s i Uga a om 86 o 200 . ese i c u e Uga a eo e s A my (U A , Uga a a io a escueof o (U I , Uga a a io a i e a io A my (U A , Uga a a io a escue o (U II , Wes i e a k o (W , o me Uga a a io a A my ( U A , a io a A my o e i e a io o Uga a ( A U , e o y S i i Mo eme ( SM , o s esis a ce A my ( A a e A ie emoc a ic o (A . See a e 2 o age 2 2 6 a o i es a summa y o ei i e es s a sou ces o ogis ica a i a cia su o . Su a e e e su o o Uga a s e e s e e i ei e e ases i eUniversity C a o i e mi i a y equi me o em. I is a ess o a iame , Muse e i e o e a e U a ca u e om e e e s mu i e wea o s w ic i c u e , 82 mm ecoi ess ca o s Se o e e Gu s (S G , a i a mou gu s SAM (Su ace o ai missi es a Ig a su ace o ai miss es ( a e 2. mm (a i ai c a mac i e gu s a mi es (a i e ic e a i e so e mi es ( o c o i g o eo e s ee 60mm a 82mm mo a s, mu i e g e a e au c e s a mac i e gu s k ow as G 2s (w ic
6 6 Y. Muse e i s a iame a y a ess o 6 Se em e 8, see a iame a y a sa , S ecia Sessio , . 4 0 a 4 0. 6 I e iew wi UG MO e i Kimaka, i a, Oc o e 2004.
231 we e i e agai s e esi e i Gu u a acks . i ee su mac i e gu s a ocke o e e g e a es ( Gs o ic sig , o e me ium Mac i e gu , i ee u y oa e SMG maga i es a eig em y o es a ee eco e e om Wes i e. i e G om s wi o e use, 4 a i e so e a mi es wi e uses, se e o oise g e a es a a a i a k a mi e we e eco e e i Yum e i is a ege a ese a ee o i e y Su a . e secu i y ma i o age 2 2 6 e ai s e wea o s a eac e e g ou ig i g Uga a a a e ossi e sou ces o ese wea o s. 6"
8.3 Uganda's role in destabilising the region
Muse e i s osi io ega i g e secu i y o e G a a ways a ou e eace u eso u io o co ic s oug ia ogue: i s o , a i oma ic a oac o issues. As Mam a i oi s ou , w e wa a eci e o o i e oo so ie s o s ea ea e a i Mo u u e e io i 6, e mai o ec io o is mo e came om esi e Muse e i.Town6 W y e i esi e Muse e i s i is o icy om is c e is e i oma ic a oac es o mi i a y i e e io i e C? I e ami i g is c a ge i o icy, wo issues eme ge. i s y, eac s a e i e G aye a o e i es a i i i g e egio i o e wayCape o e o e . Seco y, Uga a s c a ge o o icy was i e y i s a io a secu i yof co ce s a e o e ia im ac is C i e e io wou a e. e mai c a ac e o e G i e os Co Wa e a was a s a es o i e ases o eac o e s e e g ou s oug some ki o eci oca e e ge ase a a geme o "A eye o a eye". Uga a s o e i co i u i g o e i secu i y i e egio s ou o e u e es ima e . I u sui o i s secu i y i e es s, i a ec e o e s a o g e way. Uga a co e y o i e ogis ica a i a cia assis a ce o e e e s o o e s a es, us c ea i g i s ow University eca ious osi io ecause o e s a es e a ia e y assis i g Uga a e e s. A oug co e i e e io s a e mo e su e a yie e e esu s, as owe a gues, ey ea o mo e i secu i y a is o e a io s e wee ea e s, a esu a a E e a a gues is c a ac e is ic o a secu i y i emma."
6 8 See Muse e i s a iame a y A ess o 22 o em e 2002 i a iame a y a sa , 2002. Simi a i e o ies o wea o s we e o i e y e o owi g sc o a s, a im ici y oi o simi a a ms i e egio . See . oom a K. asse oo , "Ko y s message: A ew Koi e? e A i o e Uga a", i A ica A ai s, o 8, o 0 ( , 6 6 M. Mam a i, " wa a Uga a I e e io i e Co go", i Ma a a, I., (e , e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, (SA I S Se ies, , . 0. 660 o a i e iew o co e i e e io s, see . . a som, "Co e I e e io " i Sc ae e , . .,
2 2 E i e ce om is ic s o e i g e C i ica es a Uga a a us es a i ise e G , a e e y ma e i s ow osi io mo e eca ious. As ea y as 4, e o s i ica e a e Muse e i a mi is a io a a o e mi i a y os u es sig a i g wa , w ic se wa i g messages o e C. Uga a oi e o e i ci e o 4 Oc o e 4, i w ic e A a co uc e a mi i a y e e cise a Kyes e o u ogo a ea e Uga a o e , a ac a cause g ea a ic amo g e oca commu i ies. A mo a s e was i e i o Uga a y A a Ka uiyi i ea e M o we o e os a sus ec e ai ea i e ige ce age s we e a es e o Uga a s o e a u ogo a. I May , a egio a o e mee i g e om 28 o May i M a a a (Uga a e ea e a o Uga a a e C ca ie ou ac i i ies a com omise eac o e s secu i y. I ei e o s, eac s a e e ai e e mag i u e o i secu i y cause y e o e . Uga a a e oye oo s a uku gi i i Ka ya o ogo o ugi i i , i Kasese aci g Kasi i a i u i ugyo aci g e C o e uce e i secu i y a e o e s o u i ugyo, us e yi, Kasese a uku gi i.Town O u e , a ai ea ca ai om e Kasi i a my u i c osse i o Uga a a ea e e e wes e iga e y sayi g a e wou au c a a ack agai s Uga a. Uga a a so o e a ai e a co i ue wi ac s o agg essio , suc as e mo i i a io Cape o ai i g a a mi g o Uga a e e s. of e C was co ce e wi e i secu i y a Goma, I u i a o Ki u. ai e i i s e o i ica e a i was awa e a Uga a a wa a we e oi y ai i g e e s o o e ow Mo u u. ey we e a so i ci i g e ic c ea ages i e egio o Ki u. a icu a y amo g e a yamu e ge w o we e e a e o e u si o wa a. Uga a a e oye a e o e , w ic co e y assis e University ai ea ou aws. e ai ea e o a gue a e e oyme s we e ea y a ea e e e s a e, ecause ey we e i e e e as e a a io s o a i asio . e C a ege a i e ige ce e o s i a o ai e e ea e a g a a y Uga a, Su a ( ai e mus a e mea e S A ecause Uga a a e a io s wi S A a o e Su a ese go e me a wa a o o e ow Mo u u, u i g a sec e mee i g i
I e e io i o e 0: US o eig o icy i e i Wo , ( o o : y e ie e , 2 , . a . 2 .
2 Kam a a. Seco y, Uga a a co s uc e ai ie s i amia ( u i ugyo a i Ki yo o ( uku gi i o assis e e e g ou s i was su o i g. Uga a was usi g e e is i g ai e= e e s (su o e y Uga a o ca y ou i e ige ce. ese we e a es e i Ki u a Goma.
e ai u e o e wo s a es o a ess ese o ems e e a e e i oma ic c oss o e mee i gs esu e i mo e a imosi y o o si es. As e i e ce u o e o ow eac s a e was e a i g o wa o e o e , e ossi i i y o a y mea i g u i oma ic ecisio was u e e uce . y 6, e A e e wa comme ce a was a e oi e y e wa a s a Uga a s. is wa ook e A y su ise, a o ce em o make a ema u e a ack o Uga a wi a a o o ai a ase o o e a e om si ce e A was ow swee i g owa s ei i eou s. e e e s a o owe a e ee co e e i muc o e i e a u e, u w a is im o a a is oi is o es a is w y Uga a eci e o i e e e mi i a i y i e C.
e ece i g e o o Uga a s ac io s a e o e o e CTown is e u e yi g easo o Uga a s i secu i y. W e eas Uga a s su seque i e e io i e C as ee a i u e o e ac a e C was o i i g e e e s wi a ase om w ic o a ack Uga a, i cou a so e a gue a Uga a a c ea e Cape i s ow i s a i i y y i s iga i g wa i e C oug i s o ies ( e e e g ou sof i e C . I es ec i e o w o s a e i a , w e e i was Muse e i o Mo u u, ey a e a es o si e o e i secu i y i ei ow s a es. Uga a i e e e i e C occu ie a s o Eas e Co go a e ai ases a we e e mai co ui s o e e e ogis ica su ies a we e ei g ai i e om K a oum oug u a a oug o Eas e Co go o e e e s. o secu e i se , Uga a e e e i s secu i y ases u e i o e i e io o e a e o ocus o o e ia secu i y essu e s o s ( e e a eas ." I a so Universitycu i a e goo e a io s wi e oca o u ace i Eas e Co go. ese ac e as w is e owe s a i o me e U o e mo eme o e Uga a e e s. o e a e o sus ai is su y o i o ma io , Uga a a ie wi Co go ese e e s, a icu a y
66 e e o i ica i g ai e s secu i y co ce s is a ai a e o eques . ai e s ea o a cou came ue us a yea a e is e o was e ease . 662 is e o is a ai a e o eques . 66 e e o Uga a s e e a io i o e C as ee s o g y co es e , a icu a y ega i g e occu a io a e e e u o Kisa ga i. W a s ou e c ea a is oi is a e geog a ica egio e wee Uga a a Kisa ga i o e e e e e s e e i e ou s a goo a age oi s o o e ce as we as e e ce agai s Uga a. Uga a wou ee a i m ase a was equa y accessi e a o e a e o e a e o u ow e e e s e wee Kisa ga i a u i ugyo a oima. ese a o e e ma e ases i secu i y was o e e su e .
2 4 C Kisa ga i, e u Mi i ias e y o i e a u o e I eg a io is o ( I , o ces o A me Co go ese ( A C o Comma e e ome Kakwa a a e a y o e Sa egua a I eg i y o e Co go o C ie Ka wa a e a y o a emoc a ic Co go i e a io Mo eme ( C M . I a so su o e a y o a emoc a ic Co go Kisa ga i ew ea e M usa yamwisi664 w o was i e es e i co o i g e i a o Ki u. e i o wa e U o ea e e C ecause e e e i e om Uga a a wou use em o ig is ow a es.
I as ee iscusse om e o egoi g a Uga a aye a o e i c ea i g i s i s a i i y, u i s ou a so e o e a mi i a y i e e io s we e o e o y mo e o i e e io u e ake y Uga a. E o s o eso e co ic s a misu e s a i gs i oma ica y ece e e use o mi i a y o ce. oi commu iqués we e e o se as a mea s o a essi g e i secu i y i e egio . O e commo ea u e i a ese commu iqués was e wi i g ess o e s a es o use mu ua y ag ee s a egies o a ess secu i yTown o ems a e a e e G . W e eas e im eme a io o ese ag eeme s is ques io a e, i se es o s ow a a oug mi i a y o io s we e ake , ey we e ece e y i oma ic e o s. o e am e, i e oi Commu iqué o , e C a Uga aCape ag ee o a ess e A U, o ces A mées ai e (E A , o ces A mées wa aises (E A a e I e a amwe g ou s i e we o i mou ai s, w ic we e c ea i g ofi secu i y o o s a es.
ese i a e a e a io s we e co i uous y ogge y ai u es o o s a es o u o eso u io s a ecomme a io s ma e i ma y o e secu i y mee i gs. I u y , o e am e, a em s we e ma e o a mo i e a co so i a e e goo eig ou y e a io s e wee o Ki uUniversity o i ce a Uga a s Wes e is ic s o Kiso o, Kasese, uku gi i a u i ugyo. Ce a o is mee i g we e co ce s o e e ac i ism a o oca io s om e A U issi e s, e e ea e i cu sio s o Uga a s egu a a my i o e C, a e io a io o e i o ia o e s a ea ea s owa s a i io a a oca au o i ies. I c u e we e o ice a assme s a a ea me o e Co go ese i Uga a a Co go ese o u e o Uga a usi essme . A ese we e iscusse , u e wo s a es i o i e u o s o i g em. We cou a gue a e ai u e o coo e a e was ecause ei e s a e i o
664 A o e i e iewee oi e o e ac a M usa yamwisi was ac ua y a Muko o a a e was us a e o use e egio o is a a age (I e iew e i u gamo, 24 Oc o e 200 .
2 a e co o o e ei so ie s o e g ou , o ecause commu ica io e wee ose a e o a ose ac ua y i e wa o es was o e is e . A summa y o e commu iqués e ow emo s a es e i oma ic e o u e ake y e G s a es.
Town
Cape
O e sa ie ac o eme ges om ese i oma icof e o s o a ess i secu i y. W i s i is ue a o e a mi is a io me o ag ee o a ew secu i y a a geme s, i was o c ea om e ie s u ies w e e e ea e s we e a ise a ou ese commu iqués a e o iga io s e ec e o em. O cou se, eco s i ica e a e go e me s we e e ese e om e ig es secu i y o ices, a a o e a ese commu iques ci e , e e we e ma y mo e (see c o ic e A e i University u i is u c ea w a e cause ese commu iqués o ai o ac ie e ei goa s. e ai u e o ese commu iques a a em s o coo e a e i secu i y ma e s as ee a i u e o e c a ac e o e ea e s i e egio a ei com e i io o owe , au o i y a eco omic i e es s. e com e i io o ese ea e s is a wo e e s. A e i s e e , e mi i a y comma e s o wa a a Uga a w o we e i c a ge o e oo s i e C we e o ose o eac o e a e gage i wa ou o ei ow i e e ces. A e seco e e ( is is ea wi i e ai i e su seque sec io e esi e s o e ee s a es wa a, C a Uga a we e a com e i g o egio a owe . Mos omi e y we e e ea e s o wa a a Uga a w o i i ec y e gage eac o e oug ei o ies a use e C as e com e i i e ase. E i e ce o is a imosi y e wee e wo ea e s
2 6 is e i e i A e i 8 w ic i us a es esi e Kagame s i e iew wi a ou a is o e Kisa ga i c as es a esi e Muse e i s a ess o e Uga a a iame o May 2000 e wo mus e ea oge e o a ecia e e e sio a e is e e wee e wo ea e s. A a mo e su e e e , e ea e s i e egio , wa a, Uga a a e C e gage i a ms acquisi io as a mea s o e a e emse es o a y e e ua i y. ese a e iscusse i e e sec io .
Regional Competitive Arms Acquisition in the GLR
O e co seque ce o e secu i y i emma c ea e y e ic co ic s a o i ica owe squa es i e egio , is e a ms ui u , o o y y e s a es, u a so y e e e s a e ic g ou s as a mea s o secu e emse es. e i c ease i com e i i e a ms acquisi io " o a mame o e egio a s a es e o mous ocu eme s o wea o s u i g is e io agg a a e e secu i y i emma i e egio . As ose , e is,Town oe, a E e a a G ase oi ou , i c eases i esou ces y s a es i o e o e e emse es esu i s a es ge i g o oo muc a oo i e: oo muc ecause ey gai e a i i y o ca y ou agg essio , a oo i e ecause ose ei g ea e e wi i c easeCape ei ow a ms a so e uce e i s 666 s a e s secu i y. I is way, e a ms ui u of e a s i o a a ms ace, as s a es com e e o e e a mo e a a ce mi i a y a wa e, w ic may e e io a e i o a s a o e wee e com e i g s a es. a es o e ea s owi g e massi e ow o a ms oug u c ases a mi i a y e e i u e i e egio , emo s a e e mag i u e o e mi i a y ui u s a we e es o si e o e secu i y i emma.
I Uga a, e i c easeUniversity i i s mi i a y ca a i i y as ee a i u e o ee ac o s.66 i s y, e secu i y c a e ges a esu e om e a i i cu sio s o Uga a s o e s y e Uga a i su ge g ou s a e isco e y a e e e s a a a ce wea o y com a e o e U o ce i o i c ease i s mi i a y s e g wi e a io a e a ey wou cou e e
665 Com e i i e a ms acquisi io as ee use i ace o e a ms ace w ic is o e o e c a ac e s o a secu i y i emma. e ime se ies o e co ic i e egio ca o wa a a a a ysis o a a ms ace ecause i is so s o a ime. 666 . e is, e ce io s a Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics, . 64. O e sc o a s e ess simi a iews o a o e is wi ega o e a ms i c eme amo gs s a es. 667 E i e ce o Uga a s a ms ui u was i a e e y e ea e y some ig y u ici e i c es i e acquisi io o a ms i w a as come o e k ow as e "a ms sca a ".
237 i su ge s mi i a y ca a i i ies." Seco y, ecause o e i c ease i su ge cy egio a y, Uga a e a i a a sa ie o e o ay i es o i g s a i i y i e egio . is ecessi a e a Uga a acqui e mo e mi i a y a wa e. as y, e mi i a y ui u a a ms ocu eme we e a i ec esu o i a o ia e e a iou o e a o e o ice s w o soug o gai om e ocu eme oce u e o e so a agg a i eme ."
e o s e ea e o e mi i a y u c ases i 1999: Uga a oug T 55 a ks a US $30,000 eac , w ic was e cos o a ca ." W e eas e ious esea c es a e a em e o i k e i c ease e e i u e o a ms o e egio a wa s a oke ou e wee 1994 a 2000, it is a a e a Uga a s ocu eme o wea o s co i ue o i c ease, a icu a y e wee 2003 a 2005, e e w e e e ac i i y a su si e . I 2005 a o e, Uga a a e o acqui e A mou e e so e Ca ie s (A Cs om ussia s A amas E gi ee i g a , w ic a u u a wea o s s ow a e I E 200 i A u a i. Uga a a e o uy 14 BTR 80 A Cs Su a e a ia e y o e i g i y A Cs o i s ow a my. eTown a e o mi i a y e e i u e e ai s is c ea y. e s a is ics use i is s u y we e o ai e om ocume a y e i e ce om e I e a io a I s i u e o S a egic S u ies ( o o , e Sma A ms Su ey (Ge e a a e A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies (Was i g o Cape C ese a e e u a e esea c i s i u io s. of e im ac o Uga a s mi i a y ui u o e eig ou i g s a es s a ke o simi a a em s y ese o ocu e e e mo e wea o s, se i g i mo io a a i a ms acquisi io e wee s a es. A o e ac o a g ea y co i u e o e mi i a y ui u s u a as o ee gi e su icie ea me is e US o e i e egio . W e eas i was o ious a e US i University
668 I is A ess o a iame Muse e i sai a wea o s ca u e om e e e s we e a e e a w a Uga a a . e use simi a a gume s o us i y e i c ease i e u ge o e Mi is y o e e ce. See Muse e i s a iame a y A ess o 22 o em e 2002 i a iame a y a sa , 2002. 669 e ew isio , "Muse e i egi s o e i o a k u c ase", Kam a a 2 a ua y a . a is, "Uga a ays o e e o s o a ks a wi o wo k", i a e s I e ige ce e iew ( . oug e co i a ce o o mi i a y o icia s a ci i ia usi ess mi e me , e Uga a go e me ocu e wea o s a e ico e s o su s a a qua i y, w ic cos e go e me co ossa sums o mo ey. A ig y u icise case i w ic Ge e a Sa im Sa em, Kam a a usi essme Kwame uyo o a Emma ue Ka o e ea e a i e y a co u io a ee a commo c a ac e o e U i o i g sums o i e y as ig as .4 i io Uga a s i i gs. E i e ce e sew e e sugges e a e su ie o e a ms i Uga a a a so so simi a u k e ico e s o wa a. 670 S. Me ,"A S a egic A oac o A ica Secu i y: C a e ges a os ec s", i A ica Secu i y e iew, o (2000 , : www.iss.co. a u s AS o S a A . m , accesse 0 A i 2004. 671 e a s i ec o a e i Ko a ki , e o e i e ew isio o i ay, 2 e ua y 200 .
238 o su o a egio a wa , i s ea ie a co i ue mi i a y sa es o e G s a es o e e ess o i e em wi e o o u i y o equi emse es o wa . e mo e a ms o e s a e u c ase , e mo e e es acqui e . I A ica, e US co i ue o se e e mo e wea o s oug i s wo mai og ams e o eig Mi i a y Sa es ( MS a i ec Comme cia Sa es ( CS .6 2 I C a e Si , i was iscusse i e ai ow e US so a ge amou s o mi i a y equi me a ai e ma y so ie s. e ai a ai i g i a e e y e o a i c ease a ms acquisi io a a wi i g ess amo g e s a es o e gage i wa , ecause ey e ie e ey a su icie mi i a y ca a i i y o sus ai i . Uga a us ecame s o g e oug o i e e e i o e s a es ecause e ai i g a e mi i a y ocu eme s a im o e i s mi i a y ca a i i y.
O e a e ues oug w ic e egio was mi i a i e i c u e e i ec aimi g o e e s y eig ou i g s a es. A ms a icki g co i ue o e a commo ea u e o e mi i a i a io o e egio , a Uga a ecame a u o wea o a smissio Towni e egio . Co es o i g esea c i ica es a e ma o i y o wea o s u c ase y e C mi i ia we e o ga ise oug Uga a s seco a y a e a a geme s. Uga a o i e e i e me ia y oi s o a ms a icki g, a is co i ues o su y a ms a Cape ammu i io o o e s a es oug i s a ms ac o y i akaso go a.6 A ms we eof so o e e e g ou s wi w ic Uga a sym a ise , o e am e, em e s g ou i o Eas e Co go, w i e e es we e so i Ki s as a o a ou US $200 o a s eac ." Mo e e i e ce o e a ms acquisi io is o i e o s a es ike wa a , a oug i is o e ce a ocus e e.
is com e i i e acquisi io o a ms e ic s a secu i y i emma. As e is oi s ou , a secu i y i emma is cause yUniversity e mi i a y e a a io s o o e s a e, w ic c ea es wo si ua io s. O e
6 2 W. a u g i is e o o e osi g e US a ms e o o y, o i es a e ai e o e iew o ow US o i ics g ea y i ue ces e US a ms e o o icy. e a gues a ma y o e o ea e s o e US a e a e o ake o ice ecause ey i c u e i ei e ec io cam aig s o icies a a ou e ig mi i a y ec o ogy i us ies i e US. See W. a u g, e i g A ms, e i g I ue ce: E osi g e A ms E o o y, e o o e A ms a e Sou ce Ce e. ( 6 . See a so W. a u g, a . Moi , " ea y egacy: US A ms o A ica a e Co go Wa ", Wo o icy I s i u e: A ms Co o e o s, (2000 : www.wo o icy.o g o ec s a ms e o s co go. m, accesse o 2 A i 200 . 673 See A ica A a ysis, "Uga a s A ms a aa ", o Oc o e 200 , a e o y e A a iame a y G ou o e G , A ms ows i Eas e C: A e o u sua o Secu i y Cou ci eso u io o. a ag a 2, : www.a g ea akes.o g, accesse o u y 200 . 674 Sma A ms Su ey, S ecia e o , A i , 2002, . 4. 675 . Me e , A eo e e aye : e o e o e Wes i wa a s Ge oci e, ( o o : e ooks, 2000 .
239 o e a , e a ms ace c ea es a u easo a e u ce ai y i e mi o a o e s a e as o w e e e a ms ui u is o e e si e o o e si e u oses. a E e a a gues a w e suc a a ms ace occu s a s a es i c ease ei mi i a y ca a i i ies o ei a a age, ey e cou age s y es o i omacy a i c ease e o a i i y o wa ecause s a es ego ia e ess a a e mo e ike y o use fait accompli ac ics. is is ecise y w a a e e i e G : e i c ease amou s o a mame s i e egio e o wa s e wee a ies, ike e Kisa ga i wa s e wee Uga a a wa a, a egio a wa s suc as e C wa e wee A go a, im a we, ami ia, a C a i su o o e C a u u i, Uga a a wa a s coa i io o ces i 8 a . e com e i i e acquisi io o e o i c ease mi i a y s e i g a u e i s a i i y i Uga a. I a c i ique y a Sma A ms Su ey S ecia is , Uga a s acquisi io o a ms was o ecessa i y ecause o o y e secu i y c a e ges a icu a y cou e i su ge cy i a u a e sim y amasse wea o y wi a u e yi g mo i e o o ec i g i s mi i a y as o o e a ge. e s ecia is a is o say, Town Think about the material procured by Uganda. Was it suitable for a counterinsurgency operation against the LRA? ... the answer is, for the most part, no. And this is very important; the LRA at no time outgunned the UPDF. There was nothing sophisticated aboutCape the weapons that they had'
om is commu ica io i is e i e a o of a e wea o s acqui e we e ecessa i y o imme ia e secu i y use ( e e equi me suc as ig isio a a io se s o sma u i us o e a io s a e e e ce io u a e o mi i a y e a e ess as we as o o ec io o owe i e egio . O e ea is Uga a s e e ce u ge o e si yea s.
University
6 6 . e is, e ce io s a Mis e ce io s i I e a io a o i ics, . 6 64. 6 S. a E e a, "O e se, e e se a e causes o Wa ", . 0 2. 6 8 Sma A ms Su ey S ecia is , Emai co es o e ce a iscussio , o em e , 200
240 Town
Cape It could be argued from the defence budgets for these six financial years that, whilst the budget was increasing, the security of Uganda was notof necessarily improving. The figure also indicates that, in 8, in spite of increased external threats, wars and local insurgenciesm the defence expenditure was progressively reduced, from about 40 of recurrent expenditure to
(Minister of Defence: 1997/1998 Policy statement) 6 but this changed into a drastic expenditure increase, which was most likely a result of the precarious situation in the subsequent years. In his address to Parliament, President Museveni explained the common question that was being raised by the opposition andUniversity other citizens.
IS UGA A WAS I G MO EY I CO GO? I am always hearing false arguments by some people to the effect that we are wasting money in Congo. Of course we are spending money, but we were spending money anyway be we were fighting banditry hem in Uganda, only that We did not have a chance to soh this problem conclusively. We would operate on the Uganda side but the bandits 'wmid be on the Congo side and
679 E o s a ee ma e o i c ease e u ge u e I e a io a i a cia I s i u io s a e use a a o ce Uga a o s ick o i s e ious u ge . C i iques o is e e i u e a e s owi g a ec ease i e e i u e a gue a , w e eas e Mi is y a ec a e a i e u ge was as equi e y e o o s, e e we e i ica io s a some isc e io a y s e i g a ee ma e.
24 wea eare do wouldnotoperatingbe anything freeto on about both it. sides. Now Therefore, spending money, but we are now doing so profitably. That is how we have been able to capture the bandits in Congo. Therefore, the argument of spending money does not hold miter because even you do not operate outside your borders, if you haze security problems, which are part of the old security problems of our country, you will spend money within your country. However , you will have fewer chances of resolving the problem if the people on the other side do not co-operate. 680
om e g a , i ca a so e see a e e was a i c eme i e u ge e e y yea e e oug e e was a e y ma gi a i c ease i e ca i a e e o me . I s ou e o e a w i s e i c eme i e u ge ca e us i ia y e e e , as mai y a esu o i secu i y, e e we e i ci e s w e some o e esou ces we e use o e so a agg a iseme oug s o y mi i a y e e i u es a we e e e accou e o . e ea ie e e e ce o e u c ase o su s a a mi i a y a wa e is u o e o e ma y e am es o misa o ia io o mi i a y esou ces a as c a ac e ise e Muse e i a mi is a io .
e i c eme s i e e e ce u ge s we e o ecu ia o Uga a Town o e G s a es a so i c ease ei mi i a y s e i g, i ica i g a e e was i ee a secu i y i emma. e ow a e wo e ai e eak ow s o mi i a y ocu eme s a e e i u e i e G ea akes egio o A ica i e e io o i e se i secu i y om Cape . e a es o i e com a a i e iews o e e e ce s e i g i e egio . e of u ose o a e is o emo s a e a e i c eme i mi i a y e e i u e was o co i e o Uga a u a so e e a o e o e s a es i e egio , mos o a y ecause o e secu i y i emma i e egio . e a e emo s a e a e e was e i e a e acquisi io o a ms a wea o s o o y o cou e i su ge cy u a so o co e io a wa a e w ic is aki o o e mai c a ac e is ic o e secu i y i emma a ms ace. University
680 Muse e i s S eec o a iame o 28 May 2000, e a e I e a io a Co e e ce Ce e, Kam a a Uga a.
242 Town
Cape of
University Town
Cape of
University Town
Cape of
University Town
Cape of
University Town
Cape of
University 8.4 Perceptions and misperceptions of Uganda's regional actions
Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy was a o uc o s i i g a ia ces a i oma ic o e sig s a c a ac e ise e ea e s e a io s i e G s a es. ig om e ime a Muse e i came o owe wi e e o Uga a s o ose o e e gimes o Ami a O o e II a wi e e o e ic u si o wa a, u u i a e C e ugees, is eig ou s we e a ai a e wou e ei e ic mi o i ies o s ugg e o ei e u , a ea a i ee came ue.
I i ia y, Muse e i s e a io s wi e ea e s o e eig ou i g s a es we e co ia , oug , a i is ecou e a e esi e s s a e eac o e s o ems a co su e o ce a issues a co ce e e egio . ey a e e eac o e s ce emo ies, suc as swea i g i ce emo ies, a me o e o iscuss issues o mu ua i e es . owe e , ese e a io s oke ow w e e wa a u si e ugees i e a io a esis a ceTown A my ( M o Uga a a acke wa a i 0. is Muse e i a gues was e egi i g o Uga a s o ems i e G egio . 68 I s a ke o mis us o Muse e i i e egio a s ai e is e a io s wi o e egio a ea e s, a icu a y a ya ima a a Cape Mo u u. e co seque ces o e i asio o wa a usi g Uga a as a ase we eof ma y. e ea e s i e eig ou i g s a es e cei e is i asio as a ecu so o ei ow i asio s.
Muse e i s i sis e ce a a ya ima a a Mo u u a ess e ci i e s i ques io s o ei e ugee mi o i y e ic g ou s, w ic a ee cause y e co o ia egacy, cause a imosi y e wee Muse e i a is cou e a s. e i e i g iew o ow is c isis i ci i e s i " a o e a esse University was a y w a oug ou e i e e ces e wee Muse e i a o e ea e s i e egio . Muse e i s a oac was o e e e ic commu i ies e u o ei s a es o o igi a s a e o i ica owe wi e u i g e ic g ou s, u is o io was e ec e . e seco o io was o a u a i e em i Uga a a e C, a o io e e ic g ou s ( e ugees e eme y o ose a o e a e a ya ima a a Mo u u
68 esi e Muse e i i is a iame a y A ess o 6 Se em e 8, a iame a y a sa , . 4 0 . 682 M. Mam a i use e e m "c isis i ci i e s i " o emo s a e e i ica e a u e o e e ic co ic s i e G a ow ese s a e e secu i y sys ems o e egio . See wo o is i a ua e wo ks, M. Mam a i, W e ic ims ecome Ki e s, Co o ia ism, a i ism, a e Ge oci e i wa a, a M. Mam a i, U e s a i g e C isis i Ki u, (SA ES, 200 .
248 go e me s su o e . As co e i oma ic ego ia io s o so e e o em s a e , e wa a u si w o we e i Uga a s a my a acke wa a i 0 wi e i e io o o e owi g e si i g go e me .
I u u i e assassi a io o e i s e ec e u u esi e y u si a e aki g o e o u u i y a u si was iewe as a o ow u o e wa a e ic co ic i w ic e u si we e ig i g o omi a e e u u. I e C, e ic isse sio s comme ce o e Uga a C o e a o e wa a C o e wi e u si e e ema i g ecog i io y e C go e me . ese ci cums a ces c ea e a imosi y i e egio , w ic e e io a e i o egio a wa s i a e ee s a es. Muse e i o se e a occasio s a mi s a e co e y e e e i e a io s ugg es i e eig ou i g s a es. I o e i s a ce, Muse e i e o e a Ka i a aske im o oo s o e im i is wa agai s Mo u u u a e a ec i e a i s ea ga e im ma e ia s ecause e e e e Ka i a o ui is ow ca aci y. Simi a y, e e ea e s i e C a i u u i a ack ow e ge a Muse e iTown was e oi o e e e ce i ei s ugg e o o e ow ei ea e s. I e C e e ow e e e O eka e, e Comma e a e u y esi e o e mai s eam Co go ese e e ac io C Goma, a is o say: Cape
At the beginning of our struggle I met Presidentof Yoweri Museveni in Gulu. He had his generals. We went to see whether he could help us, we Congolese. The way the war began was very goo Uganda pr vided us with logistical support to liberate ourselves.... We did not know that meanwhileMusezenibuyingWhen we time wentwas to buildback Bemba'sto him, movement weMusevenisetwere conditions training butthat; I Ondekane, should take charge of all troops that I give Bemba a place with thee RCD, so he I one of the leaders.... Museveni then agreed to prvide me with guns and food for soldiers for two months. For that, and because he is an elder, we are really gra*University to him even ifthings have turned sour .. ." Muse e i s e a io s wi ea e s o e eig ou i g s a es we e s ou e i mis us . Muse e i s was e cei e as e "ki g make s a e" es o si e o e a em e c a ges i ea e s i i e eig ou i g s a es oug use o mi i a y o ce. I e su seque yea s a o owe e com e io o e i e a io wa s i wa a a e C a o e i oma ic ego ia io s i u u i, saw e o ma io o a a ia ce amo gs e ew ea e s o wa a,
68 A e ce o a a sc i o O eka e s I e iew wi Ke i A i o, "U ike Mo u u s A my O eka e", i e Mo i o , 20 u e (2000 , . 0. 684 C. O ya go O o, "Muse e i: o eig o icy Sc eme O us Ge i g y?", e Eas A ica , 28 A i 4 May ( .
24 e C, u u i a Uga a. I i ia y ey a ie o ig e e s i e egio a e emse es secu e ei egimes." is a ia ce e e o e c acks, o owi g i i ia misu e s a i gs e wee wa a s Kagame a e C s Ka i a. 6" Ka i a s ecisio o s o e wa a s om o i i g im wi secu i y a is ema a a o eig oo s e u o ei es ec i e s a es c ea e a imosi y e wee im a wa a. e a ies o wa a, u u i a Uga a ecame sus icious o Ka i a s mo es. o e am e, w e e se e esi e s me i a a e o iscuss e Co go c isis, i ecame a a e a Ka i a was co e y seeki g ew a ia ces a a a a mee i g io o e o e i a a e wi e Mi is e o o eig A ai s a e e ce o Sou A ica, e esu s o w ic mee i g Ka i a e e e ea e a e a a e mee i g. e su seque mee i g i w ic o y ou cou ies me o iscuss e C c ai e y Muga e ecame e e mo e sus ec o e o me a ies o Ka i a.
A cou e mee i g o iscuss is ew Ka i a s a egy o seek ew a ies was ca e i Kiga i wi e mai age a o iscussi g Ka i a s a ege a o e e Town e a yamu e ge om go e me . e ecisio o e e e a yamu e ge wou a e se e e co seque ces o Uga a ecause ei e u sio wou u e i e si y Uga a s i secu i y o e Eas e o e . e a yamu e ge ac e as a u wa k agai s Cape e e e i es e egio i e Eas e Co go a we e e i g Uga a com ou e A om e egio . Ka i a s u ie e u sio o e a yamu e ge a o e wa a s gua i gof im, a e Ka i a s su o e s a ack o Uga a s Co go em assy i mi Augus o 8 coi ci e o c a ge e a ia ce sys em i e egio . I ecame a a e o u u i, Uga a a wa a a Ka i a a se e e e a io s wi is o me a ies.
A o e sou ce o Universitymis us was Ka i a s s y e o i omacy. a e a aisi g is co ce s wi wa a a Uga a o e w a e i o ag ee wi i ei e a io s, e o e y c oose o ca y ou a s a we e i e e y a ea a o ema ic o e a ia ce. o e am e, is i i ia i e o e sua e e SA C cou ies o gi e im so ie s o ig w a e e me e
685 e co ce o e " ew ea e s" was use y O away o esc i e e ea e s w o a come o owe a e cou s a gue i a wa a e a o esse emoc acy e c. I e G egio ese i c u e Muse e i a Kagame. Ka i a was e e i c u e amo g e ew ea e s gi e is isc e i e ackg ou . o a e ai e iscussio o e ew ea e s see M. O away, A ica s ew ea e s: emoc acy o S a e eco s uc io ?, (Was i g o : Ca egie E owme o I e a io a eace, . 686 Ka i a was sca e a wa a wou o e ow im ecause wa ese we e i c a ge o is secu i y, es i e e ac a e wa ese k ow o a e e a io s wi e Co go ese e e s.
2 0 " o eig agg essio o wa a a Uga a", a ge e is o me a ies. Seco y, e si ua io was agg a a e w e e sec e y isi e Su a e ou e o im a we a a e i o i i mi Se em e 8. I was e ea e ( o sou ces o is e e a io we e co i me a u i g Ka i a s isi o as i , ey a ag ee o coo e a e i e i g e e e io i e C 6 7 as i s ecisio o e Ka i a was emise o e ac a Is ae a e US we e e i g Uga a a wa a, so e wou e a ia e y e i g Ka i a688 . o e a acco i g o a E e a, w e s a es a e i co ic wi eac o e , e a secu i y i emma wi eme ge, ecause ese s a es wi mis us eac o e a s ou ei o icies i sec ecy o e e ei a e sa ies om k owi g w a ey a e a i g. " is is w a a e e i e G , a i u e mi e e a ea y agi e eace i e egio . a E e a a gues u e a s a es wi eac ewe ag eeme s a a i oma ic i i ia i es o eso e co ic wi o yie a y osi i e esu s.
e ec io s i e ai y e o s69 o e e e io a i g si ua io a Towne e ua y e o wa i ica e a ag eeme s e wee Ka i a a is o me a ies we e im ossi e o a i e a a i ac , Ka i a a ca e u y aye is o me a ies i o a a , i a is ew a ies o A go a, ami ia, im a we, C a , i ya691 a Su a e a e im Capewi is wa agai s is o igi a a ies. A a a ce a y o u e s a e co ic e wee Uga a, u u i, wa a a e C commissio e y SA C o owi g e Mau i iusof summi a o yie e a y i g. 692 o owi g e ec a a io y i e e c s eaki g A ica cou ies a Uga a a wa a we e agg esso s 693 a ei ema a eacekee i g oo s e e oye , e o a u e eak ow
68 I e iew wi UG MO 2 e i Kam a a o 2 u y 200 . 688 I i . 68 S. a E e a, "O e se,University e e se a e causes o Wa ", i I e a io a Secu i y, o 22 o. 4 ( 8 . 0. 6 0 A c o o ogy o e e e s co e e y a Uga a ai y ews a e was e e o e i is s u y. e i o ma io i is iscussio is e i e om ese c o o ogies. 6 i ya was o o y a mi g C a u was a mi g a a k o i g Ka i a a is a ies. See A. Mwe a, "M i i ya", i e Mo i o , 0 Se em e 8. e e we e s ecu a io s a i ya s su o o Ka i a oug C a was aime a o ec i g i ya s eco omic i e es i e Co go. o e ai s o e C a i ya e a io s, see a u e o , "C a se s 000 oo s o Co go" i e Mo i o , 2 Se em e 8. o e a i e geo o i ica e a io s o e G , Uga a was k ow o a e e y goo e a io s wi i ya a a Muamma Ga a i a isi e Uga a wice i a s ace o si yea s ( 200 . So a s i i e a io s, e e oug i ya was oi g i oug a o y s a e, was o i ue ce ow Uga a a oac e e e i e o em a a . 6 2 Mo i o e o e , "Summi isa oi s Ka i a", i e Mo i o , 6 Se em e 8. A is mee i g esi e C i u a o am ia a ee ma a e y e Mau i ius SA C summi o isi Uga a a wa a a o es a is e cause o e misu e s a i g e wee e o me a ies. 6 ese e c s eaki g A ica s a es a co em e Uga a a wa a a a a summi a i e i e i Ga o o 2 Se em e 8. ey i c u e Equa o ia Gui ea, Came oo , Co go a a i e , C a , CA , ami ia a A go a. See Mo i o e o e , "A ica ea e s a Ka i a ig ic o y", e Mo i o , 26 Se em e
2 i Ka i a s e a io s wi Muse e i a Ka i a6 4 A wa us oke ou , w ic a ac e eig o e C s eig ou s, o imme ia e a i Sou e A ica. e wa a se e e e e cussio s o e egio ecause a ou ,000 u u c osse om Co go a a i e a oi e Ka i a s o ces o ig wa a. Su a o e e u a acks o e S A a simu a eous y o i e mo e mi i a y ai o e Uga a e e s o e a e em o ig Uga a. Su a e ie e a is wou u e cu Uga a s assis a ce o e S A, si ce i was a ea y e gage i a wa wi e C. e eig ou i g s a es ea e s eci oca e y a mi g Uga a s e e s.
I ca e co c u e om e s i s i a ia ces a ow ese e u o e wa a mis e ce io s o ea e s ac io s a s a egic a s y eac o e g ea y i e e coo e a io e wee s a es. e mag i u e o suc mis e ce io s o i e e wi ow o o o u i y a s a es e oi e o i e e e a ig eac o e . I is a so e i e om e e e s i e G a i e e io was a i ica e u e aki g. AsTown i emo e co ec y oi s ou , i e es s a e o e o o ious, a muc o o i ics is a s ugg e o e i e em. e same cou e sai o Uga a s mo i a io s o i e e e i e G . Uga a s ac io s, o co e a o e , a i s i a e a e a io s c ea e mis us Cape e wee s a es a ea e s, a u ima e y es a i ise a cou y. Co seque y, Uga a i i s e o s o co i u e o e i e a io o o e s a es c ea e i s ow i s a i i y. of
Summary
om e o egoi g iscussio s o Uga a s i e e io s i i s Wes e eig ou s, i is e i e a Uga a s secu i yUniversity c a e ges we e i e ica y ie o e geo o i ics o e egio a i as a e e ic co ic s o e egio as a w o e. I was a so iscusse a Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy ca e a i u e o i s o imi y o a a c ic s a es, a icu a y w e e e ic co ic a io e ce was i e se, a o e a u e o i e e so a e a io s e wee e ea e s i e egio . I is a gue a e secu i y i emmas a c a ac e ise is
1998. 6 4 Ibid. 695 Reuters, "Rwanda's flock join Kabila", cited in e Mo i o , 26 September 1998.
2 2 egio accou o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i a e ee s a es i w ic i i e e e . Uga a s secu i y c a e ges may e a esu o e e a s a e a o s a e ac o s, u i was a so isco e e a Uga a a a sig i ica o e o ay i c ea i g i s ow i secu i y i e egio as a w o e.
Theoretical implication
W e eas e Secu i y i emma eo y ocuses o s a e ac o s i i s a i io a o m, e i ks e wee s a e ac o s a o s a e ac o s ecomes im o a i accou i g o s a e ac io s. o s a e ac o s eme ge as a sa ie co ui oug w ic s a es ca y ou ei o eig o icy owa s eac o e . I emo s a es a ese o s a e ac o s seek su o om e o icia ea e s i o e s a es a a ey e oi e oo i e e so a e a io s e wee suc ea e s o ca y ou ei su e si e ac i i ies agai s em wi i e o o e oac om e s a es i w ic ey o e a e. Mis e ce io o s a es o eac o e sTown ac io s e e s o e ea e s mis e ce io s o eac o e s i e io s, w ic c ea es a secu i y i emma a wo e e s, a e e e o e s a e a a e e e o e ea e s. e s e g o e eo y ies i i s ca aci y o accou o e e ic co ic s a c a ac e ise Cape e egio a a com e e Uga a o i e e e i e a ai s o i s Wes e eig ou s. e eo y osi s a w e a s a e a e oge e i e se e ic g ou s co a ses,of e ic co ic s e sue a ese e e io a e i o io e ce a ge oci e, w ic ema s i e e io s ac io y e eig ou i g s a es.
e Secu i y i emma eo y o i es a co i ci g e a a io o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy e wee 1986 a 2006, a o i es im o a i sig s i o ow Uga a as e e o e i s a io a University secu i y o icies u i g Muse e i s a mi is a io . e eo y as ee a e o e ai a a ay o im o a issues o Uga a s i e e io s i a i e es i g ew way. o e am e, i ack ow e ges a geog a y ays a ce a o e i c ea i g i secu i y a a e mea e a e e ce ess o e s a e ike y o i e si y e secu i y i emma o a ocke s a es. I ack ow e ges eco omic mo i a io s oo, a oug i a gues a ese mo i a io s a e ecu ia o g ee y s a es a o ec emse es as secu i y seeke s, w ic Uga a ca o c aim o o e es ecia y co si e i g e eco omic e oi a io o esou ces i e C y i s mi i a y o ice s.
253 e g ea es weak ess o e Secu i y i emma eo y is i s ai u e o accou o e o e o mo a s, o ms, cu u e o i e i y as c i ica o s a e e a iou . ese i eas a a ues as mo i a io s a e ge e a y co sis e wi o e eo ies oug , o e am e, e o i eu is ic a co s uc i is eo ies a com eme e Secu i y i emma eo y i e ai i g e o eig o icy e a iou o s a es. is o wi s a i g, e Secu i y i emma as e e e ic i e owe o e egio as a w o e. S a es a e mo e ike y o i e e e i s a es a com omise ei secu i y u a so i ei ow i e a co ic s a ec ei eig ou i g s a es, e o e si y o i e e e is ig . e co c usio o is c a e is a Uga a s secu i y co ce s co i ues o e a esse ia i g e ie o i s i e e io is o eig o icy, e ey cause y s a e ac o s o o s a e ac o s a a a com e e si e eo y a e ai s Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy ca e e i e om usi g mu i e eo ies ame y, e Secu i y i emma, Co s uc i ism, o i eu ism, a U i i a ia i e a eo y. e s u y a gues u e a , o e ou eo ies, e Secu i y i emma eo y o i es e mos a simo ious eo y a es e ai s Uga a s i e e io i i s wes e eig ou i gTown s a es.
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2 4 CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION: UGANDA'S INTERVENTIONIST FOREIGN POLICY
9.0 The Study
W e s ou s a es i e e e i o e s a o w a easo s as emai e a c a e gi g e a e, es ecia y i A ica w e e i e e io as ecome a commo e ome o i e os Co Wa e a. I e e io is a so co e ious ecause o e ega c a e ges o i e a io a aw a ecause o e e e cussio s o i e e io s o e i e e ee s a es a egio s as a w o e. us, i is agai s is ackg ou , a e s u y soug o e ami e e mos a simo ious eo e ica e a a io o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i i s Wes e eig ou s o u u i, wa a a e C. e s u y co e e e Muse e i a mi is a io om 86 o 2006, w e Uga a os i s i s case a e IC o i e e i g i Town e C. Uga a was s u ie ecause o a e cou ies i A ica i as co uc e e g ea es um e o u i a e a i e e io s6 6 a a y o e A ica s a e i e e io 0 2006 w ic makes i a goo case s u y. e s u y e ami e Uga a s i e e io s ase o i e i e e io mo e s, mi i a y i e e io (w e Uga a i ec y e gage i s so ie sCape i eig ou i g s a es , uma i a ia a i oma ic i e e io , co e i e e io of a a ami i a y i e e io (w ic we e use a o gsi e mi i a y i e e io . ese mo e s we e se ec e ecause Uga a em oye mu i e i e e io s i s a es a i e e imes.
e ecisio o s u y i e e io usi g com a a i e eo y was ase o e ac a , Uga a s i e e io sUniversity we e u e eo i e . i e a u e o Uga a s i e e io ocuses mai y o e i e e io i e C. Agai s is ackg ou , s u yi g Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy was emise o e ac a i s i e e io s i i s eig ou i g s a es we e co em o a eous wi e a a c ic a u e o e geo o i ics o e G egio . ike ma y
6 6 is s u y o cou se e c u es e i e e io i Soma ia u i g a e 2006 Ma c 200 a e i e e io i i e ia i 6 ecause Uga a i e e e u e e aus ices o e A ica U io (AU a o owe e equi e ega equi eme s o e U SC a AU ma a es o i e e io .
2 o e u i a e a i e e io s a egio a g ou i e e io s i A ica, Uga a s i e e io aye a key o e i s a i g e geo o i ics o e egio a e a u e o i e s a e e a io s amo gs e G s a es.
9.1 Uganda's Interventions: An Audit
As i ica e a o e, is s u y was gui e y ou omi a eo ies, Secu i y i emma, Co s uc i ism, i e a ism a o i eu ism. e use o ese eo ies was emise o e ea i a io a us o e o ese eo ies o i s ow wou o e a e o a ess e esea c ques io u y. e eo ies we e us weig e agai s a com a e wi eac o e wi e aim o es a is i g e mos a simo ious eo y a e ai s Uga a s mu i e i e e io s. e s u y es a is e a , a em i g o isagg ega e e e e e a ia e ie Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i o s eci ic i e e io s i e G , ause eo e ica imi a io s ecause o si g e eo y was su icie o accou o Town a e i e e io s. I was e i e a s eci ic i e e io s co o m o s eci ic i e e io s a o e s o o . e s u y s owe a a e eo ies a e mu ua y ei o ci g, w e e o e eo y ca o e ici y accou o a i e e io , e o e eo ies ca . Cape of Co s uc i ism o e am e a ce e s o e o e i eas a cu u e ay i e e mi i g w e e s a es s ou i e e e o o gai e mo e e e a ce i e i e e io i u u i as we as i wa a i 4 w e e ge oci e oke ou mo e a e i e e io s i e C. Co s uc i ism emo s a e a c ose e a io s i wi o i ica i e a ism ey o a i u e i e e io o s a es ai u e o o ec ci i e s a i some e eme cases o s a es commi i g ge oci e o sec io sUniversity o ei o u a io . is com e e eig ou i g s a es o i e e e o o ec a o o i e ci i e s wi uma i a ia e ie .
I was a so e i e om e i i gs a , e U i i a ia i e a eo y was e u i e ai i g Uga a s i e e io i e G s a es. e s a is ica a a o a e ac i i ies ow o a e a e e i u e o e eco omic sec o emo s a e a e eco omic i e es s cou o e u e ou i e i e e io s a Uga a u e ook. e i i gs o e s u y we e a so a e o isco i m a wi e y e o io a Uga a s ea e Muse e i a a " a io a a " esig e o ui Uga a s eco omic a mi i a y owess i e egio y usi g e C s wea as e mai ase o is o ec . e a ege a was a e wou use e C s a u a a mi e a 2 6 esou ces o ui is egemo ic owe i e egio . u e mo e, i was sugges e a Uga a a e e i e g ea y om e e oi a io o e C, i a icu a om e iamo a go a e, w ic su ose y a e ia e Uga a s i a cia c isis a u e i s eco omic e e o me og ams. O e co a y, e i i gs emo s a e a Uga a s eco omic e e o me was o i ue ce y i s e oi a io o e C u a e y mac o eco omic o icies a e s a e u e ook. u e , i a y eco omic acc ua s om e e oi a io we e i ica e , ey a e e i e o s a e ac o s ike ig egio a a e ca e s o w ic Uga a so ie s e o ge a o e ig e ow e co o a io s. e ai s o ese e e icia ies a e wi e y u ici e . I was ou a Uga a s im o e eco omic e o ma ce u i g e i e e io e io was ue o i s i as a e eco omic o icies, a e s i s wi key eco omic o ga i a io s a i e s a e a e e a io s, w ic Uga a a o e G s a es, a icu a y ose i e Eas A ica Commu i y a soug o e e o u e i ei egio a eco omic e a io s. Town I e s u y, e i i gs emo s a e a o i eu ism o i e a goo e s ec i e o Uga a s i e e io s i e egio a icu a y ecause i o e a Muse e i s ecisio s o i e e e we e i e y is ow w ims a a o Cape is i y. is ecisio s o e oy Uga a oo s i o eig e i o ies was acea e o im i e a se ce o a c ea commu ica io o oco i e mi i a y s uc u e o Uga a s secu i yof amewo k a ack o egis a i e c ea a ce o suc c i ica i oma ic u e aki g. E i e ce o e s u y emo s a e a Muse e i wie e a o o owe i Uga a a i e egio i e e io o s u y suc a is i o eme i co ic s a es co ic mi iga io o eace ego ia io s was i e e e o mea a , i was is commi me o egio a eace a secu i y. u u i o i es e mos ou s a i g success s o yUniversity o is me ia io o e i co ic eso u io a saw e comi g o owe o a u u a o equi a e is i u io o o i ica osi io s e wee e wo wa i g i a e ic commu i ies, a oug is s i awai s e es o ime.
W e eas o i eu ism o i e a ia e i e e a io o s a es i e e io is o eig o icies es ecia y i as a as ea e s use ei cog i i e a i i ies o make ecisio s, a co si e omes ic ayo s i e o g u , i was e i e a Muse e i e ec e mo e o e i e a io a ayo s i is i e e io s i u u i i a i wa a i 4 a . e e ce io s we e e C i e e io a wa a i e e io i 0, w e e i as ee a gue a i e a owe squa es i e secu i y sec o a icu a y i e a my o e o i ica
2 osi io s com e e Muse e i o a e a "im e i g cou " y e su i g a e su o s e wa ese mi i a y i is a my o e u o wa a a i e case o e C e oyi g mi i a y o icia s i C co ic o occu y em as we as a ease em.
U ike i o e s a es w e e i e e io is aime a i e i g e a e io o e o u ace o e a ai i g socia o eco omic o icy, i Uga a Muse e i i o a em o i e e a e io o is o u ace i a im e i g e ec io ecause e was su e a e e we e o e ocesses oug w ic o ai i g a ea i a o i ica co es i o equi e i e e io i a o e s a e. A ea y e a ma e a im i i e mi s o e Uga a ci i e s a e was i is e sa e si ce e was e o y o e w o k ew ow o " o ec " Uga a s om e o is s, e e i cu sio s e c. e e we e iso a e i ci e ces w e ecisio s o i e e e a ee ma e c ose o a e ec io u ese oo we e o co c usi e ecause ey se ec i e y e e o e i e e io i e C. I is a so im ici a Muse e i s i e e io is o icy was ca cu a e mo e o e o eig i oma ic ay o suc as gai i g a e e image i e egio Town a i e a io a y a o a y ou ig omes ic ay o . e ew a o o s e g o is i e e io is o icy om e su o om U.S.A a U i e Ki g om a oug is i a e a a mu i a e a i omacy e i e e e ecause o e s a us Uga aCape a a e i e a io a o . As was o e y e oue , e e i g o o i eu ism, of e me o o ogy o eo y o ie e case s u ies i o eig o icy ecisio maki g is s i i i s i a cy a icu a y w e a s ac e o e ai i e e io s y ys u c io a s a es a a e o c ea commu ica io o oco . o e e ess, i o i es a use u amewo k o u e s a i g Uga a s i e e io s o eig o icy i e egio .
ase o e o egoi g,University i is co c u e i is s u y a e Secu i y i emma is e mos a simo ious eo y o e ai i g Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy. Uga a i e e e i e C, wa a a u u i o gua a ee i s secu i y, a icu a y ecause o i s geo o i ica oca io i a egio a is i e y co ic . I i e e e o e e a a c y om a i g se e e e e cussio s o Uga a a o e eig ou s. Uga a s secu i y i emma a e Wes e a k, o e a k a mi ima y a e Eas e a k aye a i s ume a o e i com e i g i o i e e e. Uga a s ack o ec usi e e e se, i e ace o a e sa ies a we e aki g e e se os u es, i c easi g ei mi i a y ca a i i ies a a e sa ies a we e o i i g Uga a issi e s wi o o u i ies o au c a acks o Uga a g ea y com e e i o i e e e. E e i wa a a e C i o ecessa i y ose a secu i y ea o 2 8 Uga a, i s o imi y o ese co ic s a es ma e i e e io i e i a e ecause e "C isis i Ci i e s i " a a cause ge oci e, massi e u es a a e o us o e ugees a e e cussio s o Uga a. Simi a y, i e case w e e Uga a oes o s a e a o e (e.g. i e case o u u i , i a o i e e e o o ec i se om e s i o e e ec s o i as a e io e co ic s a icu a y i u u i.
I is e i a co c usio o is s u y a , o si g e eo y is su icie o accou o a e i e e io s a Uga a ca ie ou . o u e s a Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy, mu i e eo ies a e o e u i i e ecause ey ei o ce eac o e . I some i e e io s e co s uc i is e a a io is mos ausi e i o e i e e io s ea is o o i eu is i e e a io s a e mo e e ica e. is sai oug , e mos a simo ious eo y o e ai Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy is e Secu i y i emma eo y. om e iscussio s i ese c a e s, i is e i e a o a i e a a eo y a ca com e e si e y e ai Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy, e ce a eo y, i . e Secu i yTown i emma eo y, as o e com eme e wi e co s uc i is , u i i a ia i e a osi io a o i eu is ic eo ies.
.2 t r r h r p t Cape of I e e io s a e ques io w y ey ake ace a e ee a a y e i isci i es suc as aw, o i ics a i e a io a e a io s is s u y e o e A ica s a es i e e io s usi g com a a i e eo y. is s u y us co i u e o e i e a u e o eo e ica e s ec i es o i e e io i A ica i e a io a e a io s. Seco y, is s u y s ge e a o ec i e was o co i u e o a e e u e s a i g o Uga a s i e e io i e G s a es. Uga a as ee ame as a ma o University ac o i e G co ic s a i s i e e io is o eig o icy as come u e a ack om i s eig ou s, e i e a io a commu i y a e ci i e s emse es. e ocus o Uga a s i e e io is o eig o icy i a ai a e aca emic iscou se as ee mai y o e C a wa a, wi imi e co e age o i s o e i u u i. I is e isage a e i i gs o is esea c wi co i u e o e ge e a u e s a i g o Uga a s o eig o icy i e egio as a w o e, w ic wou i u ace Uga a s i e e io s wi i a A ica i e a io a e a io s e s ec i e. e e a e mai y ee a eas a wou e e i om u e esea c . i s y, a e eo e ica e e , e o i eu is ic a co s uc i is eo ies equi e u e e e o me ecause i e s u y ey o i e i e es i g e s ec i es a wou e e i om esea c i o e o e o ea e s i o eig o icy ecisio maki g ocesses a 259 ea o i e e io a ow o ms a a cu u e a eme ge i e egio , w ic accou e o ma y o e i e e io s.
Seco y, ou ie s a eme ge om e s u y sugges e a e e we e o e ia co ic a i secu i y a eas a ee e a e io ecause ey wou o ce agai esu i wa i e egio i o a e io we e ai o em. ey we e aise u i g e ie wo k y commu i ies a o e a mi is a o s o e Uga a si e. A eme gi g a e eme y is u i g e a a c a ac e ise e egio was e i c eases i e e ugee o u a io . Uga a s e mea e o e s we e ei g use y eei g u u a o e e ic commu i ies om e C, w o e e e Uga a a i ega o e c ossi gs. e a e age um e o eei g u u a o e commu i ies o a e o a o ima e y 00 a mo . C u e y ca cu a e , si ce 2004 w e is s u y comme ce , Uga a as a ou e a o ima e y 2 ,000 u ocume e a i ega immig a s om e G egio a o e. is ca cu a io is ase o o y wo o e s w e e e esea c e e cou e e e uses a e u u we e usi g oTown ee wa a a e C. owe e , a o e is ic s isi e aise ei co ce s o e e issue o u u e e i g Uga a a se i g amo gs Uga a commu i ies. A a icu a egio was ig ig e : e Ki oga is ic w e e e u u a e se i g ecause o e Cape as a a ai a e e e. is is a e y sa ie issue a a eme gi g ea . Uga a s i secu i yof may soo e agg a a e ecause eig ou i g s a es a e sus icious o w y i a ou s a ese e ic g ou s a may o ecessa i y e es o si e o e wa a ge oci e u w o i o mo i o e ca e u y cou e a sou ce o a o e ge oci e. a i g ge oci es ca o e u as commu i ies a a e a ge a a e gi e s ace om w ic o a e ec i e y.
ese immig a s o University eei g commu i ies a e e o e ia o causi g e ic s i e o e a ea y ma gi a a esou ces. Uga a a ea y as io e e ic co ic o e a i e is ic s o Ki aa e, eso a Kumi, a y a owi g immig a s om o e s a es o ake o e suc a , i is ike y o eak ou i o u e mass e ic io e ce, w ic cou easi y e a oi e i e immig a io s we e c ecke . Cu e y, is is mai y s ecu a i e owe e , u e esea c is ee e i o ese issues, w ic a e i c easi g egio a i secu i y. e issues o a u a esou ce use a o u a io g ow a e a so u ame a i Uga a s secu i y c a e ges a e goi g o e eso e . u i g e s u y, i was e i e a e o u a io i ge e a was co ce e a e e was a co s i acy y e ea e s o e u u ge oci ia es a u u eei g Kagame s egime e e Uga a a occu y a ge ac s o a s u a a e . W e eas is issue was
260 o ce a o e s u y, i eme ge as a c i ica ac o a cou se ious y a ec egio a e a io s a esu i o e i e e io s.
i y, a a u a esou ce co ic a ea a ee e u e esea c was e c aim a wa a a e C we e omes ica i g mou ai go i as so a ey cou a mo e e e ue o ei ou is i us y. is was com omisi g o e s a es ou is i us ies: ou is s e e e o isi e mou ai go i as i accessi e a eas, a e a acki g em i wi us es o a o g ime. A oug iscussio s wi o e commu i ies s owe a is ma e seeme i ia , e key a mi is a o s a gue a i was su e a ee e quick s a e i e e io . io esea c i o ese a eas o o e ia i secu i y wou e em e ic io e ce a co ic i e i ie i is s u y, as is is e eme y c i ica o e e i g egio a i secu i y.
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2 akey , ., I a , Is ae a e o i ics o e o ism , Su i a , o 48 o 4 (200 , . 8 6. a so a ai a e o : . oio g 0. 080 00 6 060 0626 accesse o May 2 200 U ey, ., " o o o ess u o o e e : e c Mi i a y o icy i A ica" i I e a io a A ai s, o 8 o (2002 . 2 46. U i , ., Ai i g io e ce: e e e o me E e ise i wa a, (Wes o : Kuma ia ess, 8 . a E e a, S., "O e se, e e se a e causes o Wa " i I e a io a Secu i y, o 22 o. 4 ( 8 . 4 . ea e, A., a S a ou, A., io e ce, eco s uc io a I e i y: e ei eg a io o o s esis a ce A my C i A uc ees i o e Uga a, ISS mo og a o 2 o em e (200 . o i e , K., " e o I e e io a y o m e ai s: A A a ysis o e Wes e Sa a a" i e ou a o Mo e A ica S u ies, o o. ( . 6 8 . Wa ace ., I e a io a aw, ( o o : Swee a Ma we , 200 . Wa is, A., Si e Accom ice: e U o S o y o a ce s o e i e wa a Ge oci e, ( o o : I. au is, 2006 . Wa , K., "S uc u a ea ism a e e Co Wa " i I e a io a Secu i y o 2 o. (2000 . 4 . Wa , S., "I e a io a e a io s: O e wo , ma y eo ies", i o eig o icy, ( 8 . 2 46 [O i e]. A ai a e: : we .e sco os .com [Accesse o e ua y Town200 ]. Wa e u y, ., e i e asi : a io a e e mi a s o Co ec i e Ac io , ( o o : Ya e U i e si y ess, 2002 . Wa e , ., " uma i a ia O e a io s: e i emma o i e e io " i S a egic a Com a S u ies Occasio a a e s (200 Cape Weiss, ., Gu s i e o e a s: e uci g eof ema o Sma A ms, ISS Mo og a o a ua y (2004 Weissma , ., "Sie a eo e: eace a A y ice" i Weissma , (e e S a ow o us Wa s": io e ce, o i ics a uma i a ia Ac io , (I aca: Co e U i e si y ess, 2004 . 4 6 . We g a , ., Qua i a i e esea c I e iewi g, ( o o : Sage u ica io s, 200 . W ee e , . ., Sa i g S a ge s: uma i a ia I e e io i I e a io a Socie y, (O o : O o U i e si y ess, 2000 . W ee e . . a oo University K., " e Secu i y i emma" i ay is a e gge , (e s i emmas o Wo o i ics, O o : O o 2 W ee e , . a u e, ., "Eas imo a e ew uma i a ia I e e io ism", i I e a io a A ai s, o , o 4 (200 , . 80 822. Wi iams, I., "Su a : o I e e e o o o I e e e?" [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.u a uko g a ica a icaco s. m [Accesse o 2 May 200 ]. , "K e oc acy i e Co go se o co i ue", [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.u a uk.o g a c i e a ica co gk e . m [Accesse o 2 Se em e 200 ]. Wi iam . " e secu i y i emma a e ic co ic : Some ew y o esis" i Secu i y S u ies, Issue o 4 (2000 . 4. Wi so III, I., " e o em wi o eig Mi i a y Sa es ei e io " i Wo A ai s, o 64 o 200 , . 264 .
280 Wo co , . , a s o mi g Qua i a i e a a: esc i io , A a ysis a I e e a io , ( ousa s Oaks: Sage u ica io s, 4 . Woo wa ., "U nd a Sou e Su a 86 : ew egimes a e i e a o i ics", i a se , a wa e M, (e s C a gi g Uga a: e i emmas o S uc u a A us me a e o u io a y C a ge, ( nd n: ames Cu ey, . 8 86. W ig , S., " e C a gi g Co e o A ica o eig o icy", i W ig , S (e A ica o eig o icies, ou e : Wes iew ess, . 22. i , ., "Secu i y i emma, a a ce o owe : US o icy owa s C i a i e os Co Wa e a" i Co em o a y I e a io a e a io s, (Se em e , 200 , [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.uscc.go esea c a e s 2000_200 s secu . [Accesse o 2 Se em e 200 ] i s e g, ., " o i eu is ic a Cy e e ic eo y" i Mi , A. (e , I eg a i g Cog i i e a a io a eo ies o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g, ( a g a e Macmi a : ew Yo k, 200 . . Yas ., "G o a isa io a e G ea akes egio a C isis", i Ma a , I. (e , e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, ( a a e: SA ES us , , . . Yi , ., Case S u y esea c : esig a Me o s, A ie Socia esea c Me o Se ies, o ( o o : Sage u ica io s, 4, . o as, E., " os Ge oci e wa a", i A ica ou a o ega S u ies,Town o , o (2004 , . 2 2 e ek, C a C. egum., " e OA.U i 80: ocus o Eco omic o ems a uma ig s" i egum, C (e A ica Co em o a y eco : A ua Su ey a ocume s, ( o o : A ica Co em o a y eco , 80 A64 A Cape of GO E ME OCUME S
A ica ea e s i o um, Kam a a ocume , ( ige ia: U i e a io s, . u eau o o i ica Mi i a y A ai s, o eig Mi i a y ai i g a e a me o e e ce Ac i i ies o I e es : oi e o o Co g ess, (2002 . Go e me o Uga a,University u ge Ac , (200 . Go e me o Uga a, Co s i u io o Uga a, (Kam a a: Go e me u ica io s, . Go e me o Uga a, ackg ou o e u ge 2006 200 isca Yea , u e 2004, [O i e] A ai a e: : www. i a ce.co.ug [Accesse o 20 a ua y 200 ]. Uga a Co s i u io , Go e me u ica io s, Kam a a, Go e me o Uga a, e o o e Commissio o I qui y a oi e o i qui e i o ce ai a ega io s ma e i a iame o e 4 e ua y 66. Go e me o Uga a, S a eme : Ac ie eme s o e Go e me o Uga a u i g e Seco e u ic, u a e . Go e me o Uga a: u icia Commissio o I qui y, o e e o o a ega io s i o i ega e oi a io o a u a esou ces a o e o ms o Wea i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, ega o ice o. (May 200 2002 . 28 Mi is y o e e ce, o icy S a eme ( i a cia Yea s 2 200 , (Mi is y o e e ce, 200 Mi is y o e e ce, W i e a e o e e ce a s o ma io , ( e e ce e o m U i , 2004 . a iame a y a sa , Muse e i s a iame a y a ess o 6 Se em e , Si a iame ( 8 . a iame a y a sa , Muse e i s a iame a y a ess o 24 May, Si a iame (2000 . a iame a y a sa , Muse e i s a iame a y a ess o 22 o em e , Se e a iame (2002 . ocee i gs o e A a y a iame a y G ou o e G ea akes egio a Ge oci e e e io , Mee i g e o u y 2004, ouse o Commo s, oo oy oom. ice, S., "S a eme e o e e Su Commi ee o A ica, Se a e o eig e a io s Commi ee", Was i g o C, ese e o 2 Ma c 8. ice, S., Co g ess o Si a io s a e C as i g i e Co go, S a eme o e US ouse o e ese a i es I e a io a e a io s Commi ee s Su Commi ee o A ica o Se em e 8 (US e a me o S a e, 8 , [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.m o yoke.e u aca i e ice. m, [Accesse o 2 u y 2004].
Uga a I es me Au o i y, [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.uga a.co.ug I es . m [Accesse o 20 u e 2006]. USAI , Cou y og am S a egic a : Uga a 2 6 o s & 2, TownMai e o ( 2 . U i e S a es I o ma io Se ice (USIS , ess e ease 0 , Kam a a 2 May ( .
UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION DOCUMENTSCape of I e a io a Cou o us ice, e o s esis a ce A my, Uga a s su missio o e i s S a e e e a o e IC ayam A c a a , 2006. U a e o E e s e o , 200 . U a e o E e s A e um, 2002. U G ou o E e s I e im e o o e emoc a ic e u ic o e Co go, u sua o Secu i y Cou ci eso u io 6 8 (2006 .
e o o e I e a io a University aw Commissio , 53rd sessio , (200 .
CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP PAPERS
as i e, ., "E o i g e i kages o Sma A ms a ig Wea o s o C ime a e o ", a e ese e a e A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies o ica Semi a o " e Secu i y C a e ge o Sma A ms a ig Wea o s o i e a io i A ica", e i Kam a a, Uga a o 4 Oc o e 2004. a c e o , ., " e Secu i y C a e ge o SA W o i e a io i A ica: Im ica io s o A ica Secu i y", a e ese e o a o ica Semi a : a e A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies, e i Kam a a 2004.
282 e ma , E., " e Sma A ms a e i A ica: A O e iew", a e ese e a e A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies o ica Semi a o " e Secu i y C a e ge o Sma A ms a ig Wea o s o i e a io i A ica", e i Kam a a, Uga a o 4 Oc o e 2004. Cu i g am, K. ., " e Causes a E ec s o o eig o icy ecisio Maki g: A A a ysis o o a ia eace wi Is ae ", a e ese e a e A ua Mee i g o e Ame ica o i ica Scie ce Associa io , Was i g o C, ( . 28 . e k, ., "Secu i y: A ew A ica a a igm", a e ese e o a Se io ea e Semi a , o ga i e y e A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies, e i Ga o o e, o swa a, om u e u y 200 . ackso , ., " io e I e a co ic a e A ica S a e: owa s a eo e ica amewo k", a e ese e o e A ica S u ies Associa io o e UK ie ia Co e e ce (ASAUK , e i i i y Co ege, Cam i ge, UK, om Se em e 2000. K a iaga a, G., " ega uma a Accou a i i y C a e ges o Com a i g e o ism i A ica", a e ese e a A ica Ce e o S a egic S u ies Commissio e a e Se ies, ea e s Semi a , e i Ga o o e, o swa a o u e 200 . Kisem o, C., " o w a e e is e U ese ce i e C e e i i g e eo e o Uga a a e e e cussio s o e I e a io a Commu i y ike IM a Wo a k", a a e ese e o a Wes e egio You Co e e ce, e i Kasese, Uga a, 200 . Mam a i, M., " e imi a y oug s o e Co go C isis", a k e i e e Town o e Wo ks o o e ec io s o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go, e i a a e, im a we o 2 Se em e 8 Mukwaya, A., "Mo eme oc acy a Uga a s o eig o icy wi i e G ea akes egio Secu i y Com e es, 86 2002", a e ese e a a esea c co e e ce i e emoc a i a io a Co ic Ma ageme i Eas e A ica, e a e Ce e o Cape A ica S u ies, Go e o g U i e si y om 28 e ua y o Ma c 2002. a u ya, ., " e Ge oci e a e os ge oci eof eco s uc io E o s", a e ese e a e Commemo a io o e wa a Ge oci e, e a e U i e si y o Ca e ow , Sou A ica o A i 2006. yi u u ama, . ., "A Commemo a io o e wa a Ge oci e", a e ese e a e Commemo a io o e wa a Ge oci e, e a e U i e si y o Ca e ow , Sou A ica o A i 2006. OAU e ese a i e, " owa s a Cease i e a e eso u io o e Co ic i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go", a e ese e o e Wo ks o o e o e o e Sou e A ica e e o me Commu i yUniversity (SA C O ga o o i ics, e e se a Secu i y, i a a e, im a we, 8. e o, W., "S ea i g ike a a i , S ea i g ike a S a e", a e ese e o e e a me o o i ica Scie ce, Make e e U i e si y, Uga a o 4 A i 2000. Sa ii i, M., "S a egic ime sio s o e a io a Secu i y o Uga a: A a ia Age a o esea c ", a u u is e a e ese e o e U semi a o e Age a o eace, 6. Seege s, A., " ime sio s o Mi i a i a io : Se a a i g e e o me , S a e s uc u es a e ise o e Mi i a y i Sou A ica", a e ese e o e Co e e ce o Eco omic e e o me a acia omi a io , e a e U i e si y o e Wes e Ca e, Sou A ica, om 8 0 Oc o e 84. a o , Y., "G o a isa io a e G ea akes egio a C isis", a e ese e a e G ea akes egio C isis Co e e ce, e i a a e, im a we, o 2 26 8 Se em e . Wam a ia Wam a, " e e o e a ici a s o e Co e e ce o E e s a I e es e a ies o e C isis i e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go", ( a a e: SA ES US , 8 . 283 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION PAPERS AND STUDY REPORTS A ica Issues: E U ews, Swe is I e a io a e e o me Coo e a io Age cy, ei O sso (e [O i e]. A ai a e: : www. a igu.gu.se E C ews [Accesse 2 May 2006 . A a iame a y G ou o e G ea akes egio , "A ms ows i Eas e C: A e o u sua o Secu i y Cou ci eso u io , o. a ag a 2," [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.a g ea akes.o g [Accesse o u y 200 ]. I e a io a Cou o us ice, "A E ce O Uga a s e e ce A e I e a io a Cou O us ice"[O i e]. A ai a e: : www.cco_cc 200 0 _200 04 8. m [Accesse o 2 A i 2006].
I e a io a C isis G ou , Sc am e o e Co go: A a omy o a Ug y Wa , e o a e 26 ecem e (2000 [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.c isisgou .o g ome i e .c m?i = 6 886= [Accesse o 26 A i 2004].
, Uga a a wa a: ie s o E emies? A ica e o , o , 4 May (2000 [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.c isiswe .o g [Accesse o 26 A i 2004]. Town , ack o e i k i e Co go, ai o i usse s, ecem e (2004 . , o e Uga a: U e s a i g a So i g e Co ic , o A i (2004 , Co go C isis: Mi i a y I e e io i I u i, ai o i:Cape u e e o o. 64 (200 , Ga a g s ea : Im ica io o eace i Su a ,of Afr r f n , o 0 Augus (200 , Co go s E ec io : Maki g o eaki g e eace, A ica e o o 08 2 A i 2006 [O i e]. A ai a e:
: w ww.c isisg ou .o g i a y ocume s a ica ce a _a ica 08_co go_e ec io s_maki g_o _ eaki g_ e eace. (Accesse o 28 A i 2006 . I e a io a I s i u e o S a egic S u ies, e Mi i a y a a ce, e o s o 200 ( o o , IISS . I e a io a o eig o icy esea c I s i u e, e co e io a A ms a s e o ec [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.c w.o g ca i si e . m [Accesse o Ma c 200 ]. a u g, W., e i g A ms,University e i g I ue ce: E osi g e A ms E o o y, e o o e A ms a e Sou ce Ce e ( 6 . uma ig s Wa c , e Cu se o Go , e o (2004 . , "Uga a i Eas e C: ue i g o i ica a E ic S i e", o , o 2, (Ma c 200 . , "Eas e Co go a age : Ki i g Ci i ia a Si e ci g o es ", o 2, o (A (May 2000 . , "Casua ies o Wa Ci i ia u e o aw a emoc a ic ee om", o , o (A ( e ua y ( . , " emoc a ic e u ic o Co go: U ce ai Cou se", o , o (A ( ecem e . O am ie i g a e , " o e y i e Mi s o Wea : e emoc a ic e u ic o Co go", (2002 [O i e]. A ai a e: : e c e . u s.e u uma secu i y co 2 ws2 o am. , [Accesse o 4 Oc o e 200 ]. 284 Sma A ms Su ey, S ecia e o , A i 2002, . 4.
eme iou, S, Mugga , a i e, I., "Sma A ms A ai a i i y, a e a Im ac s i e e u ic o Co go: A s u y commissio e y e I e a io a O ga i a io o Mig a io a e U i e a io s e e o me og amme" i Sma A ms Su ey, S ecia e o . (2002 . a e & e e o me Ce e , I e a io a e e o me e wo k [O i e]. A ai a e: : we .wo a ko g w si e e e a cou ies a icae uga ae 0„me u k: 48 — age k: 4 — i k: 4 0— esi e k: 4864,00. m , [Accesse o 20 u e 2006].
e Kam a a ocume : owa s a Co e e ce o Secu i y, S a i i y, e e o me a Coo e a io i A ica. [O i e]. A ai a e: : www.a icaac io .o g a ica i i ia i es kam a m [Accesse o 2 May 200 ]
EWS A E A IC ES
"Uga a s A ms a a ", i A ica A a ysis, Oc o e 200 . A ica esea c u e i , o 8, o , e ua y 8 . Town A ica esea c u e i , o 20, o 2, Ma c 8 . " wa a s Ma : e i y S a e as Acqui e C ou i I ue ci g A ica i omacy", i A ica esea c u e i , o 40, o 8, Augus 200 . A i o, 0. K, "Ka i i us a aw , Kagame I e iew", i Cape e Mo i o , o u e 2000. , "Co go Wa e s a Su o Muse e i"of i e Mo i o , o Se em e 8. , " i ye u a o ea ew i es iga io " i e Mo i o , ecem e 200 . Ekomo i , 0., "Muse e i s G ea akes i omacy Yie s ui ", i e ew isio , 28 o em e 200 . Go o , C., "Uga a o ces sai o e massi g o o e wi Su a ", i Mai a Gua ia , Se em e 8. Kaka e, . a Ka e u, S., "Ka egaya e e s ese ce i Co go", i e ew isio , 26 Augus 8. Mai a Gua ia e o e ,University " ama, Muse e i i a ks o e u u i", i Mai a Gua ia , Ma c , 200 . Mam a i, M., "A o eig i asio i Co go, ca o e i e emoc acy", i Mai a Gua ia , 0 0c o e 8. e Eco omis , "Ko i, Ko o a a o o s e e ocume s" i e Eco omis , 2 A i 200 . Mo i o e o e , "M ea e s o oi Co go wa ", i e Mo i o , 2 Augus 8. , " wa a s ock oi Ka i a", i e Mo i o , 26 Se em e ( 8 . , "A ica ea e s a Ka i a ig ic o y , i e Mo i o , 26 Se em e 8. , "U co e i g e g os s i U ", i e Mo i o , ecem e 200 . , "Wa a es i ow s e e s s u ou o Co go mee y age cies", i e Mo i o , Se em e 8.
28 Mwe a, A. "M i i ya", i e Mo i o , 0 Se em e 8. Oko e, M., " umuku e acqui e ", i e Mo i o , 2 A i 2006. O ya go, 0., "Muse e i: o eig o icy Sc eme O us Ge i g y?", i e Eas A ica , A i 28 May 4 . U e o ., "Uga a a ms Co go e e s", i e ew isio , Augus 2004. isio e o e , "Muse e i egi s o e i o a k u c ase", i e ew isio , 2 a ua y
Town
Cape of
University
286 Appendix 1: Chronicle of Events
1986
26 a 86 esi e Muse e i comes o owe i Uga a.
Ma 86 o me Uga a a my so ie s e e Su a wi 6 e ico e s a a o ima e y ,000 wea o s. Su a e u s e e ico e s u e wea o s a e o e u e .
Aug 86 A Su a ese a my o ice ieu e a Co o e C eme e u s a a ms o e o me Uga a a io a i e a io A my (U A so ie s w o a ake e uge i Su a i is a i ica io o Uga a a i ey su o e S AY, e Su a ese a my wi i u su o e U A agai s e a io a esis a ce Mo eme ( M go e me . U A so ie s wi Su a a my a ack Uga a wi e e e s a i ia, wi i e io o aki g Gu u a o wa s o Kam a a o o e ow e M go e me . e so ie s a e o e u a e a ack is que e .
I su ge cy comme ces i o e Uga a wi am us es i a o e ow s o Gu u, C we o, O i , Ki gum, u a ga, a o g, i a, a u e a a imu, a i o e Uga a.
1987
8 a 8 i s ma o mi i a y e gageme o a io a esis a ce A my ( A wi e e s i o e Uga a a Co e Ki ak i Gu u. Town
e o y S i i Mo eme ( SM o A ice akwe a o ows sui i ei a ack agai s e A, as e Uga a a my was k ow , e e gages e SM a So o i, Ka yum, Muko go o, Ka i i, Iyo wa, Mu e e e, Magamaga, a i Eas e Uga a.
1990 Cape
0 Oc 0 wa a u si e e o ce o 4,000 a acksof wa a, usi g Uga a as a ase. 1991
2 Ma Cease i e sig e a Se e e wee wa a s go e me a e wa a a io ic o ( Uga a a o e egio a s a es o e see e cease i e ag eeme . A a wa a go e me a ks co i ue i a es Sa aam.
Aug egio a e o s o eso e co ic co i ue wi a egio a summi i a es Sa aam.
1992 University
u y 2 Cease i e ag eeme e wee e wa a eo e s A my ( A a e wa a go e me is eac e wi e e o OAU.
1993
Aug wa a go e me a e A sig a com e e si e eace Acco i A us a, a a ia.
2 Oc I u u i, e i s emoc a ica y e ec e u u esi e Me c io a aye o u u i is assassi a e , a ege y y a u si ac io i e u u i A my. Ci i Wa eaks ou i u u i a a o ima e y 200,000 o 00,000 i es a e c aime . is is i e e e as ge oci e agai s e u si. e ge oci e oes o ge u ici y ecause i a e s co e y a i iso a e i ci e s.
28 Se I wa a a owe s a i g ag eeme e wee e u si a u u is sig e , i w ic a a si io a go e me is se u wi a u u esi e a a u si ime Mi is e . is ag eeme is a so k ow as e "Co e io o Go e me ".
Oc U i e a io s a o es U Assis a ce Missio o wa a (U AMI missio o, amo g o e s, wa c Uga a s o e .
o a ya ima a i ica es a e wa a go e me is o commi e o e ag eeme y a gui g a i was, a e a , us a iece o a e . is is o owe y e a a io s o e ic i isio s a a e , as a ios s a o i ica e a e u si a e o e wi e ou .
1994
06 A 4 esi e a ya ima a a esi e i a u ga ya o u u i a e ki e i a a e c as o ei way ome om a summi i a a ia.
A 4 wa a ge oci e comme ces, a o ima e y 800,000 ie i e ge oci e. e wage a u wa agai s e wa a go e me . 1995
U e a es o mu ici a , a iame a y a esi e ia e ec io s i wa a.
o Cai o Co e e ce o u u i co s o so e y immy Ca e Town ea s o e c ea io o e A us a G ou .
1996
Ma 6 u is ( u isia Co e e ce o u u i is a e e y e egio a ea s o s a e u ius ye e e is a oi e o ea e ego ia io o e u u iCape eace ocess. 2 u 6 ie e uyoya ea s cou agai s eof Co e io Go e me e egio a s a es o e G im ose sa c io s o u u i o uyoya s ac io , ecause i io a e e i ci e o eace o w ic e G su sc i e .
u 6 G s a es im ose sa c io s o u u i o uyoya cou agai s e Co e io Go e me .
o 6 A ie emoc a ic o (A a ack M o we y a g ou e a e y e Su a ese a Kaya. ey use ai e as a ase wi e u k ow e ge o esi e Mo u u.698 1997
May ie e uyoyaUniversity a eo a ya goma, a u u e e ea e , sig a e cease i e ag eeme . 1998
2 A 8 esi e Ka i a i i es Uga a o s a io i s o ces i eas e Co go o u sue a su ue e e e a s a a acke Uga a om Co go ese ases. is i i a io was eco i me i e w i e o oco o 2 A i 8, sig e y Uga a a e C.
u 8 uyoya go e me a e a io a Assem y ag ee o a I e a a e s i o eace, w ic ma ks e egi i g o e u u i eace ego ia io s i A us a u e e aus ices o ye e e.
6 8 e esi e o Uga a o e is i is ese a io o a iame o 6 Se em e 8, see a iame a y a sa , . 4 2.
288 08 u 8 A ack o Kic wam a ec ica Sc oo (Uga a y a a ia ce e wee Co go, Su a a e A , a a Uga a a my e ac me a Ka yamu a was a acke . e e e s a uc e 200 ci i ia s a se a a e a ocke o mi o y wi a es ima e eig s u e s w o we e eei g e e e s.
0 u 8 Kic wam a a acke agai a i e Uga a s ki e y e A .
26 u 8 A a acks a ya gu e i age i u i ugyo is ic , ki i g e a wou i g o e s.
0 u 8 A a ack Ki u a a i Kasese is ic a uc s semi a ia s om e S . o s Semi a y.
2 u 8 esi e Ka i a s ec ee o 2 u y 8 o ma y e e s wa a so ie s ( is is a e o e u e y Ka i a o say a i i c u e e Uga a so ie s .
e ussia a ks a ege y e o gi g o Uga a a e ou ea Ki o a o e, owe e , a eac s a e i e egio ow e e same ussia mo e a k.
Su a e oys se e a ousa o i s ow oo s, a o g wi ousa s mo e C a ia oo s, i eas e Co go. Iso a e ae ia a acks o Wes e a o e Uga a comme ce.
u 8 Su a assis s e a i Uga a g ou s o me ge wi e Co go ese a me o ces. a a Ami , so o I i Ami a a ea e o e Wes i e a k o (W , a Uga a e e g ou , is ma e Ma o Ge e a i e Co go ese a my a a oi e o ea e esi e i isio o Ka i a s go e me i Ki s asa. e Su a ai i s i s ow oo s i o se e a oca io s i Eas e a o e Co go, a egi s o ake co o Towno a ai ie s i ose a s o e cou y, a e i i a io o esi e Ka i a.
Aug 8 Uga a em assy i Ki s as a is a acke y e Co go ese o ces. Uga a au c es a ma o i oma ic e o o e e co ic i e Co go. Uga a s i oma ic i i ia i e esu e i a se ies o summi mee i gs. Cape 0 Aug 8 A a ack Kasese ow , u i g s o sof a ouses, a ki i g ee eo e. 02 Aug 8 i oma ic i i ia i e o e C co ic comme ces wi e e o ia Summi .
06 Aug 8 A a ack e ow o Kya um a ea Kasese, ki i g eo e.
0 Aug 8 Uga a is a acke y A a some Co go ese a my e eme s a e i.
e A a ack a u u ouses, ki a maim eo e, a ake o e s os age. e a acks i use uka a e seco ma o o e a M o we i Kasese c aim o e 00 i es. I o University a o Wes a , e A a so u s ouses, maim eo e, a a uc c i e , me a wome i a ge um e s. A e e e g ou s a ca ie ou e o is a acks a e u e y mu i e age cies.
0 Aug 8 U i e S a es o Ame ica Em assies a e om e i a a ia a Ke ya.
0 08 Aug 8 Summi mee i gs a ic o ia a s I, a a e ( im a we o iscuss e e e io a i g si ua io . A oi Commu ique o e secu i y co ce s o e eig ou i g s a es a e ee o a ess em is a o a e ec i e se eme .
Aug 8 Uga a e a ia es y u sui g e e e s a occu ies u ia Ai o .
4 Aug 8 Uga a e oys i Wa sa ( o e a ea o o u ia .
Aug 8 Uga a e oys su s a ia oo s i o Eas e Co go i se e e ce agai s e a acks o e A a ei Co go ese a ies.
289 2 Aug 8 Ka i a w i e i K a oum ea i ms is mi i a y a ia ce wi Su a a a a ges o mo e Su a ese iga e o ake u osi io s os i e o Uga a i Eas e Co go.
24 Aug 8 esi e Muse e i ec a es a , "i u i a e a ac io i e si ies, Uga a may e o ce o ake i s ow i e e e ac io o o ec i s ow secu i y i e es s" ecause o e ea a i e e io s o o e s a es i o e A C ose o Uga a a e o o u i y suc i e e io s wou gi e e issi e g ou s o a ack Uga a.
26 Aug 8 Su a ese A o o ai c a om s osi io s o e Uga a a my a u ia, us ac oss e o e wi Co go.
02 Se 8 Su a ese Co o e I a im Ismai a i a a e i e s a a e oa o wea o s o e Co go ese a my i G a o i e o use y U E II u i s a a ee i co o a e i o e Co go ese a me o ces.
Se 8 e ig Comma (Uga a eci es o i e e e i e A C.
4 Se 8 A Su a ese a my iga e o a o ima e y 2, 00 oo s, u e e comma o Su a ese ieu e a Ge e a A u a ma Si K a im a i es i G a o i e e iga e e oys i e usi ga a ea, a e a es o e gage wi e Uga a o ces i Eas e Co go. esi e Ka i a s ai e a ou ces a e A C a Su a oi y ag ee o ei o ce ei e oyme a o g e Co go s o e s wi Uga a a wa a.
6 Se 8 esi e Muse e i a esses e Si a iame o Uga a o Uga a s i e e io i e A C. a iame s s ecia si i g was aime a ie i g e mem e sTown a ou e secu i y si ua io o Uga a.
8 Se 8 esi e Ka i a agai goes o K a oum, w e e e ecei es e ges o a i io a Su a ese oo s a mi i a y equi me e a so mee s e e wi ea e s o e AAE, W E, U E II a A. Cape 20 Se 8 Uga a s occu ies Isi o as a cou e measu e o e e a acks om e A C, Su a ese a a me g ou s coa i io o ces a o e e of ei occu a io o s a egic osi io s om w ic ey wou co i ue ei a acks o Uga a.
0 Oc 8 Uga a occu ies u a.
Oc 8 Uga a occu ies um a.
2 ec 8 Uga a occu ies isa a a ai ie s o Eas e Co go o e e e A C a Co go coa i io o ces ei g ei o ce a o i i g ogis ica su o o e Uga a e e g ou s ase i e A C. University 1999
8 A U i e a io s Secu i y Cou ci (U SC a o s i s i s eso u io o e Wa i e A C e Si e Ag eeme (sig e i i ya , oke e y Mu amma Ga a i e wee Ka i a a Muse e i a ca i g o a cease i e, is sig e .
28 May wa a ec a es a u i a e a cessa io o os i i ies, w ic e US uses as a e am e o ess o e s o s o e mi i a y e gageme s. wo ays a e , owe e , i is a ege a wa a a i e a e e e os s i e A C.
0 u Uga a s o ces ake co o o e ai ie a G a o i e, a e e Su a ese a C a ia o ces. Uga a s mi i a y i e e io i e A C e s a e a a io s egi o ise gageme .
0 u usaka eace Ag eeme ( A is e o se a akes s a e a ew mo s a e . A omises Uga a a o e o eig o ces i e Co go o isa m, emo i ise, ese e a ei eg a e e a me g ou s a we e usi g e Co go ese e i o y as a ase o o e a io s i ei s a es. 290 Kam a a Aise gageme a is e ease , ayi g ou e a o ma age e Uga a e e s o e a e y Uga a a e A C Ka i a go e me .
04 Aug Su a ese a es om Maka a a og a ga, e e e i ages o eas o Ki s as a, a ki i g a o ima e y 00 ci i ia s.
06 Aug Uga a a wa a c as i Kisa ga i A C. Mu i e causes u mai y ecause e A wa s o ock e e i ica io e e cise a a ee ag ee u o y e Summi o e ea s o S a e a as sig e e usaka Acco .
Muse e i a Kagame mee a Mweya a sig a cease i e ag eeme a i c u es e ema ca io o Kisa ga i i o wo o es. e o Eas o e u e Uga a s co o , w i e e Sou a Wes a e u u e wa a s co o . 2000
14 A 2000 usaka eace Acco o e o e a io a ise . I is ag ee y e oi Mi i a y Commissio a e U i e a io s Missio i e Aemoc a ic e u ic o Co go (MONUC) a 0 ki ome es e e ise gageme o e a o g e ag ee co o a io i e.
0 May 2000 A o e c as e wee Uga a a wa a i Kisa ga i o e s a egic e i o ia co o . Uga a s i e es o co o Ka a a a a e u u u a wase e oa is i co a e io o e waki u a a Mweya ag eeme s. Town A o e o mi i a y cause o e wa a is a a ce is e ig e wee e mi i a y comma e s o o s a es o e a eau i u "Mu yamu e ge" woma w om o wa e o cou . e ecisio y e woma o o ou a isi eques e y e Uga a comma e was co s ue y e wa a comma e as e ec io a o owi g some "u e i ie umou s" o e Comma e i C ie a Uga a wa e Cape o a ack wa a ou os s. I a quick way o us i y is s o y, e wa a comma e comme ces a acks o e Uga a os s i Kisa ga i a wa e sues. ike e e o S a a, e s a es ig o e wo mi i a y o icia s o e w a g es, w ic may a so e a o a io a secu i y.of
08 May 2000 Muse e i ca s a mee i g a waki u a e wee U SC a Kagame (co su a io o o e , a o ag ee o emi i a i e Kisa ga i.
4 May 2000 e ami Mka a, esi e o a a ia, o s a mee i g e wee Uga a a wa a, u i g w ic i is ag ee a Kisa ga i e emi i a i e .
2 May 2000 Mi i a y comma e s o Uga a a wa a sig a im eme a io o e o e wi awa a e e oyme o ei o ces a o ces, i c u i g e e e o ces om Kisa ga i. MO UC is o e oyUniversity i s o ces o e e cise eu a co o o e egio , a icu a y e ai o s i e aceme o e Uga a a wa a o ces.
28 May 2000 esi e Muse e i a esses a iame o e ew e e o me s su ou i g e seco Kisa ga i wa o May 2000.
6 u 2000 U SC eso u io 04 o e s o Uga a a wa a o esis om mi i a y e gageme s i e egio .
u 2000 A C makes a eques o e I e a io a Cou o us ice (IC a o isio a measu es e u i ace o e e Uga a om ig i g i e A C
0 u 2000 e IC makes a o e a co ai s e o isio a measu es i e case co ce i g Uga a a e A C.
28 Aug 2000 e A us a eace a eco ci ia io Ag eeme o u u i is sig e . e im eme a io comme ces a mo a e . 291 200
200 e o o mee i g (200 is e ou i e yea o eso e e co ic e wee Uga a a wa a. A e i ica io commi ee is es a is e wi e a ici a io o e UK as a i a y.
2 28 Oc 200 A oi mi i a y e i ica io commi ee, ag ee o i u a , is es a is e . Co o e C a es Kayo ga o wa a a Ma o ames Mugi a o Uga a ea i .
2 Oc 200 Amama M a a i o Uga a a Co o e Emma ue a ya ima a o wa a mee o si ou s i Ka a e. ei o icia commu ique a ou ces a o cou ies wi e oca e e issi e A ey ca o a s a e cy a io o i ica io o a y ew oo e oyme s i ei ow cou ies a i e A C.
0 o 200 a si io a go e me is se u i u u i wi e se i g u o e a s a io a Assem y a e a si io a Se a e i a ua y 2002.
2002
06 Se 2002 ua a Ag eeme e wee Uga a a e A C is e o se . e ag eeme akes cog isa ce o e g owi g ea o Uga a o a me g ou s a ack. e A C e mi s Uga a o s ay a o ec i s e i o y, w i e e A C i c eases i s mi i a y a o ice a o s i e o e egio . e wi awa ime a e o Uga a oo s is ag ee u o u su ec o e isio , i e A C is o sa is ie wi i s e a a io s o secu i g e Eas e a Town om e Uga a a me g ou s. So a a a io is au o i e y e A C o emai a e s o es o M . uwe o i. A oi aci ica io commi ee is es a is e o e ou e egio o I u i i e o e A C.
Se 2002 Ko y, usi g Sou e Su a as ase, a acks Eas e Uga a a oo s ugs wo S s 400,000 om e Awac ea U i , isa mi g 6 Ka amo o gCape wa io s a cas a i g o e s. Oc 2002 Su a e mi s Uga a o au c O e a io of I o is i Sou e Su a o oo ou e I A. 2002 e Su Ci y Ag eeme is e o se , comme ci g e o ma io o e a si io a go e me .
Oc 2002 I e Co go ese Aia ogue (ICAO o oco s a e sig e , w i e Mai Mai me ce a ies occu y U i a a e Uga a eo e s e e ce o ce (U occu ies u ia.
2 o 2002 esi e Muse e i a esses a iame o e secu i y si ua io o Uga a.
Aec 2002 e o ia Ag eeme e wee e i e a ies o e ICAO wi e e o e Sou A ica go e me , e IC U s ecia e oy Mous a a yasse ( o me Se ega ese ime Mi is e a e i eUniversity a ies o e ICE . i ci e o ec i e: o s a e owe u i g e a si io e io . 200
0 u 200 Co s i u io o a si io a a o oco o e e o m o e secu i y se ices ( e secu i y s uc u e o e e isage a io a a my a e ag ee u o .
02 A 200 Su Ci y: a i ica io o e Co s i u io o a si io a e o oco o e e o m o e secu i y se ices.
May 200 Uga a s a s wi awi g oo s om e A C wi e su e isio o e oi Mi i a y Commissio ((MC .
02 u 200 e as co i ge o Uga a ea es e A C.
6 o 200 a si io a go e me o esi e Aomi ie ayi eye a e a io a Cou ci o e Ae e ce o Aemoc acy E o o e Ae e ce o Aemoc acy (C AA EAA sig a owe s a i g ag eeme . 292 2004
8 A 2004 esi e Muse e i as a mee i g i a es Sa aam wi e Uga a e ega io o e I e a io a Co e e ce o e G ea akes egio . e ig ig s issues o "ci i e s i " as ei g es o si e o i secu i y i e egio .
Oc 2004 A i a i e oi Commissio com ose o e C, wa a a Uga a comme ces o e a io .
o 2004 e a es Sa aam ec a a io , aw u e wee e G s a es, ag ees o e secu i y measu es e wee s a es. e ec a a io is o e see y e I e a io a Commu i y. 200
0 Ee 200 US esi e me ia es A C a ks e wee e ee cou ies o e A C.
2 Ma 200 A A o o 28 a e om Ky gys a is im ou e a Ka om e I e a io a Ai o i wa a. e c ew (si ussia s a wo Co go ese a e ai e i Kiga i.
8 A 200 e C case agai s Uga a co i ues a e ague i e e e a s. e A C c aims a Uga a ai e o ake e ecessa y s e s o e e a u e e a u a esou ces o e A C, i c u i g y i s ow mi i a y o ice s, as i was equi e o o u e e ge e a i ci es o i e a io a aw. Town Aug 200 e ew go e me is e y a u u esi e ie e ku u i a, w o is swo i i u u i. I e ms o ag eeme , u u a u si ag ee o s a e owe a e a my equi a y. 200 Cape 26 Ma 200 e U E ki s 4 A e e s a ca u es i e i a a e i u i ugyo. e ig i g is a o g i e Sem aya i Sem iki Game ese eof i u i ugyo, o 20 km om e Co go ese o e . u 200 wa a a u u i o ma y oi e Eas A ica Commu i y a i yi g e ea y i Uga a.
University
293 App nd x 2: t l d t f th Inf r nt
Interviewee Codes Position held Place of interview Place of interview Ministry of Defence (Uganda People's Defence Force) UGIMO Ca ai s Kam a a 0 u y 200 UGIMO 2 Ca ai Ka u gu u gamo Oc o e 200 UGIMO Ca ai s u gamo 4 Oc o e 200 UGIMO 4 ieu e a s Kam a a Se em e 200 UGIMO ieu e a s Kam a a 2 u y 200 UGIMO 6 ieu e a s Kimaka 0 u y 200 UGIMO ieu e a s Co o e Kimaka Oc o e 2004 UGIMO 8 ieu e a s Co o e Kam a a 8 Augus 200 UGIMO ieu e a s Co o e Kam a a Se em e 200 UGIMO 0 Co o e Kam a a Oc o e 2004 UGIMO Ma o (Eo me Sec o Kam a a 2 a 28 u y 200 Comma e UGIMO 2 Ac i g ea C I Kam a a 2 u y 200 UGIMO Ma o Ca e ow Town24 Ee ua y 2006 Ministry of Foreign Affairs UG A Mi is e Kam a a 6 o em e 200 UG A 2 Commissio e Kam a aCape 8 u y 200 UG A Commissio e Kam a a 8 u y 200 UG A 4 G a ai s of Kam a a 8 ecem e 200 UG A egio a e a io s esk Kam a a u co su a io . UG A 6 o oco sec io Kam a a egu a iscussio s 2 UG A W wa a Ka u a 24 Oc o e 200 UG A W 2 Kiga i 24 Oc o e 200 UG A W Ka u a 0 Oc o e 200 UG A U Am assa o Kam a a 2 u y 200 UG A U 2 Mi is e o eace ocess u um u a 26 Oc o e 200 UG A U ice esi e University e a Commissio u um u a 2 Oc o e 200 UG A U 4 ea e o i ica a y (IMC u um u a 26 2 Oc o e 200 6 UG A U ea e o o i ica a y u um u a 28 Oc o e 200 UG AI A C a a ia UG A 2 UG A UG A 4 UG A wi i Uga a C o e Oc o e 200 ( u ogo a
6 I am g ea y i e e o i e iewee UG A U 4 w o os e me a s a e wi me is iews u i g my s ay i u um u a. e a so ac e as a gui e a oug is e o s I was a e o a k o ig y ace a u i, o u u a u si.
2 4 UG A SA I c a ge o i ica A ai s Kam a a 2 u y 200 UG EA i is Kam a a 8 ecem e , 200 UG EA US US 0 ecem e 200
Mi is y o I e a A ai s
( o ice UG MIA is ic o ice Comma e s ( C UG MIA 2 C Kiso o UGIMIA C u gamo u gamo is ic O ices 6 Oc o e 200 UGIMIA 4 C Ka ugu Ka u gu ow Cou ci Oc o e 200 UGA4IA C Ka a e Ka a e 2 Oc o e 200 UGA4IA 6 C oima oima 8 Se em e 200 UGIMIA C Kasese Kasese 0 Augus UGIMIA 8 C u i ugyo u i ugyo 8 Se em e 200 UGA4IA C imi a I es iga io s e a me (C.I. Kiso o Kiso o 6 Augus 200 UGIMIA 0 CI u gamo u gamo is ic Town O ices 6 Oc o e 200 UGIMIA C.I. Ka ugu Ka u gu ow Cou ci Oc o e 200 UGA4IA 2 C.I. Kasese Kasese Augus 200 UGIMIA C.I. o oko o oko Wes 2 Se em e 200 UGA4IA 4 C.I u i ugyo ya ko aCape ( u i ugyo Se em e 200 UGIMIA C ai ma Eoca oi (SA Ws ofKam a a 4 Oc o e 2004 UGIMIA 6 ISO Kam a a s ecem e 2004 M n tr f l G v rn nt
UGA4O G esi e is ic Commissio e s Kasese 0 Augus 200 UGA4O G 2 esi e is ic Commissio e s Kiso o 6 Augus 200 UGA4O G esi e is ic Commissio e s o oko s Se em e 200 UGA4O G 4 esi e is ic Commissio e s u i ugyo 6 Se em e 200 oima UGA4O G esi e University is ic Commissio e s 8 Se em e 200 UGA4O G 6 esi e is ic Commissio e s u gamo 6 Oc o e 200 UGA4O G esi e is ic Commissio e s u ku gi i Oc o e 200 UGA4O G 8 oca Cou ci Kasese Augus 200 UGA4O G oca Cou ci Kiso o 6 Augus 200 UGA4O G 0 oca Cou ci u i ugyo 6 Se em e 200 UGA4O G oca Cou ci oima 8 Se em e 200 UGA4O G 2 oca Cou ci u gamo Oc o e 200 UGA4O G oca Cou ci Ka ugu 6 Oc o e 200 UGA4O G 4 oca Cou ci u ku gi i ( e u y C Oc o e 200 UGA4O G is ic Secu i y O ice Kasese 0 Augus 200 UGA4O G 6 is ic Secu i y O ice Kiso o 6 8 Augus 200 UGA4O G is ic Secu i y O ice o oko 2 Se em e 200 295 UGA4O G 8 is ic Secu i y O ice u i ugyo 7th September 2005 U MO G is ic Secu i y O ice oima 8 Se em e 200 UGA4O G 20 is ic Secu i y O ice u gamo a Oc o e 200 UG MO G 2 is ic Secu i y O ice Ka ugu 6 Oc o e 200 UG MO G 22 is ic Secu i y O ice u ku gi i Oc o e 200 UGA4O G 2 o e A mi is a o s Kasese 0 Augus 200 U MO G 24 o e A mi is a o s Kiso o 6 Augus 200 U MO G 2 o e A mi is a o s u gamo Oc o e 200 U MO G 26 o e A mi is a o s Ka ug u 6 Oc o e 200 UG MO G 2 o e A mi is a o s Ka u gu 6 Oc o e 200 UG MO G 28 U E iaiso O ice s Kiso o 6 Augus 200 UGA4O G 2 U E iaiso O ice s Ka a e 2 Oc o e 200 U MO G 0 U E iaiso O ice s u gamo Oc o e 200 U MO G I C a ge Immig a io Kasese Augus 200 U MO G 2 I C a ge Immig a io Kiso o 6 Augus 200 UG MO G I C a ge Immig a io Kiso o 6 Augus 200 UG MO G 4 I c a ge Cus oms Kiso o 6 Augus 200 U MO G I c a ge Cus oms u gamo Oc o e 200 UG MO G 6 I c a ge Cus oms Ka u gu Town6 Oc o e 200 Ministry of Finance
UG/MOF 1 Assissa Commissio e Kam a a U MO 2 e ma e Sec e a ies o ice Kam a a 0 o em e 200 U MO O ice (Au i o s o ice Kam a aCape 2 o em e 200 UG MO 4 u ge awe Kam a a 8 ecem e 200 Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Industry of
UG/ITI 1 Ass. Commissio e e e Kam a a 2 o em e 200 UG I 2 Ass. Commissio e e e Kam a a 2 o em e 200 UG I I e ma e Sec e a ies o ice Kam a a 2 o em e 200
International Organisations
IO/AU 1 U Kam a a IO AU AUUniversity a a ia 20 o em e 2004 IO U U G oima Se em e 200 IO A IKAK IO AE IKAK IO oima 8 Se em e 200 O E C OSS E C OSS Kam a a ecem e 200 IO MO UC MO UC Kam a a 2 s Se em e 200 Legislature (Political Parties Representatives)
UPC 1 Kam a a 2 u y 2004 U C 2 Kam a a 4 o em e 2004 U C a a ia 8 o em e 2004 Kam a a 20 Oc o e 200 2 Kam a a 20 Oc o e 200 M a a ia 8 o em e 2004
296 M 2 I I a a ia I 8 o em e 2004 I
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297 App nd x : Q t nn r th r p h t t th nd
ame o es o e : Age: O ga isa io : i e:
a e o i e iew: ace o i e iew: ime o i e iew:
Q t n G d
Sec io A: a io a Secu i y S a egy Town • W a is Uga a s a io a secu i y s a egy? • W a is Uga a s secu i y co ce i e Wes e o e a ow oes is c a ge o e ime? • W a is Uga a s egio a secu i y co ce (Eas A ica Cape egio , G ea akes egio , a A ica as a w o e? • W a is e ma a e o e mi i a y i o e of secu i y a ow oes is i ue ce ei ac io i a co ic si ua io ? ocus o e Wes e o e ?
Sec io : o S a e Ac o s i Wes e Uga a
• W a we e e mai g ou s o e wes e o e a we e i o e i es a i i i g Uga a? • ow o we e ei University o e a io s? • W a we e ei mo i i a io as ec s • imi g • Mo i a io • i oso y • A ou ow ma y we e ey a ow we e ey s ea ? • W a we e ei mai a ms o com a ? • W a we e ei mai a eas o o e a io ?
• W a o em i ey ose o e egio i . w ic ey o e a e ? • A y o e i o ma io a ou e o s a e ac o s you i sa ie a s ou e o e ? 2 8 Sec io C: A ms a Wea o y
• W a we e e mai a ms a ese o s a e ac o s use? SA Ws o ea y mi i a y wea o s? • W a o you i k was e mai sou ce o ese wea o s? • W a we e e mai a s e ce es o ese a ms o a eas o e c a ge? • W a o e a s e ce es we e use y ese g ou s o access a ms? • Is e e a y o se a io you ma e u i g is e io a you i im o a o e ac o e wea o s o Uga a s secu i y i e es s.
Ques io gui e: Ma k u s ee
W a wou you a gue i o e o e e e ce is e mai ac o a e ai s Uga a s o eig o icy i e o owi g cou ies? Town t r r nd C nd
Uga a s o imi y o e i e e ee
Uga a is a o e ia egio a owe Cape Uga a a egemo ic am i io s of Uga a iewe e co ic s as ea e i g egio a s a i i y
Uga a was co ce e wi e uma i a ia co ce s
Uga a a i e es i e a ies a issues i o e i e co ic Uga a s si e i com a iso o e co ic s a es
Uga a a a s a io a eco omic, mi i a y, e uca io a , socia a o i ica i kagesUniversity I was ecause o e e o e co wa .
Uga a was u o i g uma ig s
Uga a s secu i y co ce s ea c isis
Uga a sim y wa e a o o u i y o i e e e
Cou y s eci ic iscussio : u u i wa a C
• W a is Uga a s o eig o icy owa s u u i si ce 86?
2 • W a a e e e e s i u u i a Uga a as es o e o a ow? • W y i Uga a es o e way i i a ow? • ow wou you esc i e e e a io s e wee Uga a a u u i cu e y? • W a was Uga a a u u i s e a io i e e e s i wa a a e C? • W a was Uga a a wa a s e a io i e e e s i u u i a e C • W a we e Uga a s e a io s wi e ai e C i e e e s i u u i a wa a? • W a is e G ea akes a ia ce a w o com ises is a ia ce? W a a e key a ia ce com o e s o s uc u es? • W y i you o i io o you i k Uga a goes o o e s a es? A u u i wa a C C • A y i g you i k you wou ike me o o e ega i g Uga a s egio a e a io s.
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00 App nd x 4: Q t nn r f r th C n t
U nd f r n P l n th W t rn hb r n St t
ame o o ga isa io
2 osi io e i is ic o ga isa io
o you k ow o a y c oss o e co ic s? is em
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4 W a ki o co ic s o you o ma y a e? Town (ii
ow o e o ese co ic s occu ? Cape of 6 W a a e e mai causes o ese c oss o e co ic s i is a ea?
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ow oes you is ic University a e c oss o e co ic s?
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8 A e e e a y e e g ou s o e a i g i you eig ou oo
W a e e g ou s o e a e i you eig ou oo ? A w a a e ei mai a eas o o e a io
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0 a e e e s e e a acke i ages i you is ic ? W ic s eci ic aces?
(i ------( ------( i W e e i e eo e ake e ugee w e e e e s a acke
2 ow i e a mi is a io ea wi e si ua io ? Town
(i ------Cape A e e e e ic co ic s a e o e ? of 4 W a e ic g ou s oug eac o e a is o e a w y?
ie y e ai e im ac o is ig o e i age. University 6 W a was o e o eso e e co ic s e wee ese e ic g ou s?
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W a o ems i e a mi is a io ace i a essi g e co ic ?
(iii)
02 8 Gi e e s e g s o you a mi is a io i ea i g wi e o ems i e egio ?
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W o kee s eco s o e mai co ic s a ei e ec s o e egio eo e a o e y?
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20 Is e e a y a e co uc e e wee you is ic a e eig ou i g cou ies? Town 2 W a a e e mai a e i ems i w ic you is ic i e ac s wi eig ou i g cou ies?
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22 ow i e co ic s wa s a ec you e a io s i ese cou ies i e ac io s? University
0 App nd x : C nt t S r Sh t
Co ac Co e: Co ac a e: ame: I e iew e ue: i e: O ga isa io : o e o: ime o i e iew:
Mai issues aise :
Town
Co ce s a a eas o co e e : Cape of
University
04 Appendix 6: Interview Schedule
• W a we e e mai o ems you cou y ace a e u o e ci i wa e wee e u u a e u si? • W a we e e mai o ems e wee e wa i g a ies? • W a i you o i io is e comme a Muse e i s i e e io i you s ugg e was ca cu a e o e a is owe i e egio ? • i Muse e i a ou e u si, si ce i is c aime e a i ks o e u si? • W a , o e w o e, was Uga a s o e i you co ic ? • W y o you i k you cou y a ie wi Uga a i i s wa i e C? • W a wou you a gue is e s a us o e e a io s o Muse e i s a mi is a io wi you cou y? • W a a e you iews o e eace ag eeme a you e o se ? • o you i k e ew egime wi o se e emoc acy? Town • W a wou you ike e ew egime o o?
Cape of
University
0 Town
Cape of
University Town
Cape of
University Town
Cape of
University Town
Cape of
University