ABOUT THE COVER

White rhinos tend to be creatures of habit. This individual drank at the same waterhole at around 3:30 every afternoon. Photographer Nigel Dennis (africaimagery.com) would park close to the waterhole at 3pm and not have long to wait before the rhino put in an appearance. On hot days the rhino would often wallow in the muddy margins ofthe pool- a useful way to get rid of ticks and other skin parasites and, of course, cool off. Five species of rhinoceros survive perilously acros the globe: in Asia, the Javan rhino, Sumatran rhino, and Indian rhino have an estimated combined population of fewer than 3,000 animals; in Africa, white and black rhinos remain only slightly less critical. Historically, rhinos have been under great pressure from poaching for the trade in their parts, especially their valuable horns, which are ground into a fine powder and used in traditional Asian medicines. Rhino hom is also used as a decorative dagger handle, produced for centuries in Yemen and elsewhere.

DIRECTORS Maljorie Cooke Hawksbill Sea Turtles Granted a Reprieve Roger Fouts, Ph.D. CITES Takes Center Stage in Chile DavidO. Hill Fredrick Hutchison, Jr. Cathy Liss ust a few months before the start of the 1 2'h meeting of the Christine Stevens Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Cynthia Wilson Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), JAWl has learned that one critically endangered species already has OFFICERS been granted a vital reprieve. Christine Stevens, President Cynthia Wilson, Vice President Averting a contentious debate, Cuba decided to withdraw its Fredrick Hutchison, Jr., C.P.A., Treasurer proposal to trade in hawksbill shell internationally. A similar pro­ Maljorie Cooke, Secreta1y posal was defeated at the last meeting in Nairobi in 2000. This year Cuba was asking permission to sell 7,800 kilograms of hawksbill SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE sea turtle shell for use in making jewelry and ornaments. Cuba Maljorie Anchel, Ph.D. ran into heavy opposition from both its neighbors and sea turtle Gerard Bertrand, Ph.D. experts alarmed at the 80% crash in hawksbill populations over F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. just three generations. Cuba's assertion that the turtles in question Roger Payne, Ph.D. were a separate Cuban population was also questioned. DNA tests Samuel Peacock, M.D. show that the turtles migrate from at least eleven other Caribbean countries where they are considered highly threatened. INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE Numerous other questions remain for the 158 nations that are Aline de Aluja, D.M.V., Mexico Ambassador Tabarak Husain, Bangladesh Parties to CITES as they convene from November 3- 15, 2002 in Angela King, United Kingdom Santiago, Chile. Over 50 proposals will be considered during the Godofredo Stutzin, Chile meeting examining the status of various wild species and whether Agnes Van Volkenburgh, D.V.M., Poland or not those animals and plants should be allowed in international Alexey Yablokov, Ph.D., Russia commercial trade. The exceedingly intense, often vitriolic discus­ sions will range from highly charismatic species such as whales, STAFF AND CONSULTANTS elephants, and sharks to slightly more obscure animals including Ava Armendariz, Publications Coordinator a number of freshwater turtles and tortoises, lizards, butterflies, Amy Conklin, Editorial Assistalll and birds. Tom Garrett, Consultant for Rural Affairs Species are categorized by CITES on three appendices: Ap­ John Gleiber, Assistant to the Officers Diane Halverson, Farm Animal Advisor pendix I includes species whose parts and products are banned in Marlene Halverson, Farm Animal international commercial trade due to the danger of extinction; Ap­ Economic Advisor pendix II includes species who are subject to a regulated interna­ Christopher J. Heyde, Research Associate tional commercial trade to prevent them from becoming threatened Lynne Hutchison, Execlllive Secreta1y with extinction; and Appendix Ill includes species who individual Cathy Liss, Execlllive Director Parties determine need monitoring to prevent overexploitation. Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secreta1y In all cases, Parties to the Convention must remember to act in Viktor Reinhardt, D.M.V., Ph.D., the best interest of the species when determining protection lev­ Laborat01y Animal Advisor Jennifer Rinick, Research Assistant els- use the "precautionary principle." On pages 4 to 9 of this issue Adam M. Roberts, Senior Research Associate of the AWl Quarterly we have outlined some of the looming issues Wendy Swann, Research Associate in greater detail. -3:: Ben White, Special Projects Consultant Animal We/fi!,re Institute QUARTERLY Fal/2002 Volume 51 Number4

WILDLIFE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Hawksbill Sea Turtles Granted a Reprieve, CITES Takes Center Stage in Chile ... 2 Vigilance Needed to Save the Rhino .. .4 It's Still a Bear Market ... S Parrot Smuggling Still a Global Problem, by Ann Michels, Species Survival Network ... 6 Japan Remains Determined to Kill Whales ... 7 Overconsumption of Turtles Contributes to Their Demise, The yellow-headed parrot symbol­ by Dr. Teresa Telecky, Humane Society of the United States .. . B izes the decline of wild bird species. Green Turtle Farm Seeks Registration as Captive Breeder .. . 9 (See story page 6.) Captures Tip the Balance for the Black Sea Dolphins .. . 9 A Framework for the Future? by Adam M. Roberts .. . 10-11 "Their Plight is Desperate" ... l 0 Localizing Animal Agriculture .. . ll

MARINE ANIMALS Keiko's Long Journey to Freedom ... 12 Loving Whales to Death? ... l 3 Fishing Runs Afoul of Right Whales ... l 3 NMFS Gives Permission to Navy to Deploy Low Frequency Active Sonar .. . 14 Nine Countries Meet to Save Sea Turtles, Sea turtles: ancient, beautiful, and by Ben White ... 1 5 threatened. New convention meets to save them. (See story page 9.) FARM ANIMALS Life on Ooh-Mah-Nee Farm ... 16 Texas Attorney General's Opinion Results In Horse Slaughter Investigation ... 1 7 Farm Animal Health and Well -Being Paper Now Available ... ] 7 Tail Docking Dairy Cattle, by Marlene Halverson .. . 1 8

LABORATORY ANIMALS USDA's Primate Policy is Scuttled by Research lndustry ... 20 Coulston's Cruel Reign Comes to a Close ... 20

BOOK REVIEWS One of the rescued goats surveys The New SPANA Story.. . 19 the wide open expanse of Ooh-Mah ­ Saving Emily ... 19 Nee Farm. (See story page 16.)

Contact AWl at: PO Box 3650, Washington, DC 20027, phone: (202) 337-2332,facsimi/e: (202) 338-9478, email: [email protected] or visit AWls website at: hUp:/lwww.awionline.org may be caged, tethered or drugged and generally have no means of escape. Tens of thousands of dollars are paid for a single rhino kill. Black rhinos in Zimbabwe and Kenya have been butchered for their horns, which fetch huge sums on the black market in Asia. One use is in traditional Asian medicines. T.J. Tsarong's Handbook of Traditional Tibetan Drugs includes a prescription for "Ghya-rhoo," which includes "horn of rhino." Taken daily with hot water, this remedy promotes proper blood flow and alleviates pain in the kidneys and lower intestines. Rhino horn is also used as ornamental handles for daggers, particularly in Yemen. In Vietnam, illegal killing of the Javan rhino to supply these markets has led to a wild population numbering fewer than ten animals. In all of Indonesia, the number is only slightly better at about 50. Habitat destruction is also a significant mitigating fac­ tor in the rhinos' demise. According to a new report by Elizabeth Kemf and Nico van Strien, "Every landscape where the Asian rhino clings precariously to survival is suf­ fering from the pressures of agricultural clearance, logging, encroachment by people in search of land, and commercial plantations for oil palm, wood pulp, coffee, rubber, cashew and cocoa." A targeted response by the global community can save the rhino. The United States plays its part through the 1994 Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act, which provides funds to various projects around the world. The fund es­ tablished under this law has made recent grants for field equipment to a nongovernmental organization working to monitor the black rhino in one region of Namibia, for a genetic study of Javan rhino dung, for aerial monitoring Worldwide, rhinos find little protective cover from the systems for black rhinos in South Africa's Great Fish River trade in their horns and destruction of their habitat. Reserve, and for anti-poaching camps in India's national parks and reserves. Between 1999 and 2000, six African countries received $420,170 for projects related to black and white rhinos. In those same years, nine Asian countries Vigi[ance Needed to received over half a million dollars as well for projects re­ lated to the three Asian rhinoceros species. The U.S. cannot do it alone, of course. The 158 Parties Save the Rhino to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) must continue to play a role in recommending actions designed to as- hinoceros populations across the globe hover at sess accurately rhino population levels and incidents of alarmingly low levels as rhino poaching contin­ poaching and illegal trade in rhino parts and products made Rues worldwide. Rhinos are shot, snared, burned to from them. For now, CITES Parties should promote the death, speared, poisoned, or electrocuted. Concerted glob­ continued and vigorous implementation of a 1994 Resolu­ al action is vital to ensure the long-term viability of all tion on Conservation ofRhinoceros in Asia and Africa, five species of rhino: the Sumatran, Javan, Indian, black, which urged the passage of domestic legislation to reduce and white. All five are endangered. the trade in rhino products and vigilant law enforcement to In South Africa, white rhinos are captured live for sale prevent poaching and apprehend offenders. Rhino conser­ to game reserves where they are auctioned off and hunted vation deserves special attention and targeted action since as trophies in "canned hunts." These hunts provide an the rhino represents one of the most clear-cut examples of easy kill for unsportsmanlike hunters who kill animals that illegal trade driving a species to extinction. ~

4 AWl Q UARTERLY lt1s Sti[[ a Bear Market

ild bears, notably in Asia and North America, are found that of 128 traditional medicine pharmacies surveyed, slaughtered for their gallbladders and paws, the 98, or 77%, dealt in some form of bear parts. They found a W carcasses left behind since they are of no great diverse pricing structure in which the more expensive bear value to the poachers who peddle these animal parts on the gallbladder comes from Japan, Tibet, and China and can sell black market. In Asia, bears are crammed into barren cages for as much as $83 per gram. Less expensive products in­ barely big enough for their furry bodies, only to be en­ clude polar bear galls and come from China and Russia. tombed for life while their bile seeps into a pan below. The JWCS concludes that Southeast Asia, Russia, North trade in bear parts is a cruel commerce that is horrible for America, and the Himalayan region are the main supply the individual animals and sources for bear parts in dangerous for the bear spe­ Japan and "that there is a cies targeted to supply this significant international lucrative market. illegal trade in bear gall Two new reports high­ and bile." light the ongoing threat This snapshot of the that Asian demand for bear illicit global commerce in parts and products poses bear parts paints a grim to the species across the picture indeed. Demand re­ globe. The Singapore-based mains high and seems to be Animal Concerns Research increasing; suppliers con­ and Education Society tinue to make large profits (ACRES), in collaboration by fulfilling the market with the World Society for demand; and governments the Protection of Animals across the globe are either (WSPA), did an in-depth unwilling to crack down on examination of The Trade in this trade in earnest or lack Bear Gall Bladder and Bile sufficient financial resourc­ Products in Singapore. es to combat the trade suc­ The ACRES investiga­ cessfully through a strong tors selected 68 traditional wildlife law enforcement medicine shops in Singa­ presence. pore and found that 50, or International coop­ 74%, of them illegally sold eration is vital. Parties to bear gallbladders or bile CITES have spoken out on products. These products the conservation ofbears included intact gallbladders, already when they passed bile crystals, pills made a Resolution on the subject in 1997. The Resolution from bile, bear bile powder, An iron corset used to restrain bears during bile and claws. Many of these extraction lies on a cold concrete floor in front of en­ wisely calls for all nations shopkeepers knew they were tombing bear cages. to enact legislation to con­ selling an illegal product. ------trol the illegal bear parts Imported bear parts and trade and ensure that pen­ products were claimed to have been from Malaysia, Indone­ alties are sufficiently strong to deter the trade. CITES also sia, Vietnam, India, and Nepal. has tried repeatedly to get Parties to provide information on Similar dire news of the availability and commercial­ bear populations as well as levels of poaching and illegal ization of bear products comes out of Japan where the Japan trade. CITES must stand firm on the issue of bear conserva­ Wildlife Conservation Society (JWCS), also supported by tion. Parties still should be urged to mount a legal assault WSPA, has published Japans Illegal Trade in Bear Prod­ against the profiteers who drive the killing of bears for their ucts: A Threat to Bears Worldwide. The JWCS team notes parts- both in the wild and in cages. Without this concerted that bear bile as a medicine in Japan dates as far back as the effort, the only question will be: "Which bear species will Heian era at the end of the eighth century. JWCS researchers go extinct first?" ~

FALL 2002 15 talities and to supply internal markets. Listing in Appendix I effectively would ban this international trade. Other parrot species being pro­ posed for listing in Appendix I at the meeting include the blue-headed macaw and the Cape parrot. Little is known of the rare blue-headed macaw in the wild and few individuals exist in captivity. The species has a very restricted distribution in Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil. Demand for this species, especially in Europe, is increasing. For example, at least 50 birds were smuggled to the Czech Republic in the 1990s. Blue-headed macaws are smuggled into the European pet trade. The Cape parrot is a small parrot native to South Africa. It is estimated that less than 400 individuals remain in the wild. Researchers are taking great Parrot Smugg[1ng St1[[ a efforts to protect the remaining birds, but the species is in demand from "spe­ cialty collectors" because of its rarity. C[oba[ Prob[em An Appendix I listing will help South Africa in its efforts by enacting an in­ ternational ban on trade. BY ANN MICHELS, smuggled species. An Appendix I list­ CITES Parties should act without SPECIES SURVIVAL NETWORK ing will further enhance U.S. enforce­ delay to protect each of these species ment efforts. Federal sentencing guide­ from the pressures of international lines allow penalties to be increased commercial trade. Without decisive ach year, thousands of parrots dramatically when species listed in action each of these birds could suffer are taken from the wild to be Appendix I (rather than Appendix II) irreparably from over-exploitation. •!:: Esold as pets in the Americas, are traded illegally. Asia, and Europe. CITES Parties, The yellow-headed Amazon including range states and consumer parrot, native to Belize, Guatemala, countries, now have the opportunity Honduras, and Mexico, has suffered to give the highest level of interna­ the greatest decline of any bird in the tional protection from trade (listing Americas-over 90% since the 1970s in Appendix I of the Convention) to with the majority of the decline (68%) four parrot species: the yellow-headed in the last ten years. The yellow-naped Amazon parrot (Amazona oratrix), yel­ Amazon, which is native to Costa Rica, low-naped Amazon parrot (Amazona El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and auropalliata), blue-headed macaw Nicaragua is the parrot species most (Ara cou/oni), and the Cape parrot commonly smuggled into the U.S. (Poicephalus robustus). Trade is having a devastating effect on Though the United States has pro­ wild populations. In one field study of hibited imports of wild parrots since the species in Guatemala, 100% of the 1992 under the U.S. Wild Bird Con­ chicks were taken from their nests for servation Act, illegal imports continue the illegal trade. Nicaragua continues to over the U.S.-Mexico border. Because export 600 birds each year legally. Ni­ of their ability to mimic human speech, caraguan researchers estimate that up to the yellow-headed Amazon and the four times as many are captured in the The yellow-naped parrot is over­ yellow-naped Amazon are commonly wild each year to compensate for mor- exploited for global trade.

6 AWl QUARTERLY Japan Remains Determined to l(i [[ Wha[es

n a predictable move that would Japan wants to evade the current mora­ meat domestically. One concern is that bring CITES directly into conflict torium on commercial whaling within this species of whale tends to accrue in Iwith the International Whaling the IWC by circumventing the rule population very slowly, with each fe­ Commission (IWC), Japan has pro­ through another forum. To its credit, male producing, at best, one calf every posed that most of the northern hemi­ CITES has seen the ploy for what it is two years. sphere population of Minke whales and has refused to take the bait, despite Part of the argument within CITES (Baleanoptera acutorostrata) and the a lot of thundering rhetoric. Instead, concerns the "Revised Management western North Pacific population of CITES has held that it is the IWC that Scheme" (RMS) that is working its Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) has the principal responsibility for way slowly through the IWC. The be down-listed from Appendix I to Ap­ whales and whaling, and that the trade RMS is a calculation intended to in­ pendix II, enabling international trade in whale meat from species protected clude all available information about under certain conditions. by the IWC moratorium on commer­ whales and produce a number of in­ Norway presently kills around cial whaling should be prohibited. dividuals that can die at the point of a 400 Minke whales a year under a res­ The current estimates of northern harpoon each year without collapsing ervation to the IWC moratorium on hemisphere populations of Minke the population. Many groups, such as commercial whaling. It has just begun whales include approximately 25,000 AWI, and the strongest whale-defend­ selling the meat to Iceland and would in the Sea of Okhotsk; 112,000 in the ing nations, such as Australia, want no like to sell to Japan. Japan is increasing Northeast Atlantic; and 28,000 in the RMS at all because it is merely a plot its "scientific whaling" kill of Minke Central North Atlantic. to pave the way for the resumption of whales in the North Pacific this year Bryde's (pronounced brutus) commercial whaling. Japan is arguing from 100 to 150. whales are not as well known but for a very lax RMS, with the weak- This is the fourth CITES meeting are considered a depleted species, est possible international oversight on in a row where Japan has presented having been hunted relentlessly by anti-cheating controls such as DNA da­ these two whale down-listing propos­ commercial whalers prior to the IWC tabases, which track the geographical als. They were rejected at the three moratorium. Japan has been killing 93 origin and species of whale meat sold. previous meetings. With strong op­ Bryde's whales a year over the last two Japan complains that the morato­ position by the Secretariat of CITES, years as part of its "scientific whaling" rium on commercial whaling was to it is expected that they will fail again. in the North Pacific and selling the last only until a new killing scheme (the RMS) was completed, and that CITES should take the reins because the IWC is broken. But a careful reading of the moratorium on com­ mercial whaling the IWC adopted in 1982 shows that a comprehensive assessment was to be conducted on the effects ofthe moratorium in order to demonstrate whether any of the depleted whale populations have responded to less killing. This assessment has not been done.~

Sardines fly into the air as a Bryde's whale and common dolphins lunge through a baitbal during the "Sardine Run" in South Africa.

FALL 2002 17 Turtles and tortoises are particu­ larly susceptible to over-exploitation because they are slow-growing, have delayed sexual maturity, and have low survival of eggs and young. The trade focuses on the larger, sexually mature animals who are the source of future turtle generations. For some of the species in trade, nothing is known about their wild populations. Tragically, some species have been discovered for the first time in live animal markets in China, yet never described in the wild. Others, such as the roofed turtles of India, have already decreased by 90% in just the last decade. CITES' efforts culminated in a technical workshop on trade in fresh­ water turtles and tortoises in Asia, This rare big-headed turtle (Piatysternon megacephalum) at a rescue which was held in China in March center in Vietnam was spared the Asian food market. 2002. The workshop was attended by representatives from twelve Asian countries, including all the main countries involved in the trade. The Overconsumption ofTurtles workshop resulted in the development of a large number of recommendations about how to better control trade by Contributes to Their Demise improving the way in which policies and laws address the trade in freshwa­ ter turtles and tortoises and enhancing B Y DR. T ERESA TELECKY. top of one another into boxes with no enforcement of existing laws; improv­ HUMANE SOCIETY OF T H E UN ITED food or water, the turtles are transported ing conservation and management STATES by truck over land for hundreds of miles measures directed at the species; and to reach their destinations. The turtles ensuring adequate training of and assis­ are kept alive because consumers want tance to government officials respon­ hey have survived for more meat and other tissues that are "fresh." sible for implementing and enforcing than 200 million years on Earth, Turtles have been consumed for laws and policies. The workshop also Tbut what can be done to help centuries in China. Until recently, Chi­ recommended that twelve species of freshwater turtles and tortoises make it na's markets featured native species, Asian freshwater turtles and tortoises through another century? CITES Par­ but with increasing domestic wealth, be listed on CITES Appendix II. ties have been considering this ques­ more people can afford to purchase tur­ The results of the workshop, as tion for the past few years. Since July tles. This growing demand has already well as proposals to list these species, 1999, CITES has been examining one caused populations of China's turtles will be considered at the Santiago of the main threats to the continued to become depleted in the wild. Now, meeting. Turtles use their shells for existence of Asian tortoises and fresh­ the markets no longer consist only of protection; now CITES Parties have water turtles: the international trade for species found in China, but contain an opportunity to add another layer of food and medicines. animals from all over Asia and, in­ protection to the big-headed turtle, An­ Every year, thousands of tons of creasingly, even North America. Trap­ nam pond turtle, Yellow-headed temple live turtles collected throughout South­ pers who supply this Asian market are turtle, and many others. Without ad­ east Asia are shipped to China where vacuuming up turtles from increasingly ditional international protection, the they are eaten. Caught on fishing lines, distant lands, moving on to other areas world's plate may be wiped clean of dragged out of streams, and dumped on when one area becomes depleted. these precious turtle treasures. -l::

al AWl QuARTERLY Green Turtle Farm Seeks Registration as Captive Breeder

ucking the international trend current web site, sample turtle soup and only release between 10-15% of those toward increasing protection for sandwiches in its snack bar. turtles according to our guide. The rest Bsea turtles and infuriating their In a recent dramatization of the are processed for meat, shells, etc. The own citizens, the Government of the grim reality of this park, one of our col­ conditions they are kept in are terrible, United Kingdom of Great Britain and leagues received a letter from a woman just big dirty tanks and the turtles are Northern Ireland is petitioning CITES who just returned from a Carnival all trying to climb over each other to to register one Cayman Island turtle Cruise tour that visited the Cayman get out. It made me sick." farm as an approved captive breed- Turtle Farm. She wrote: "It is horrible! Readers wishing to contact Car­ ing facility for green turtles (Chelonia The cruise line led us to believe that nival Cruise Lines to object to this mydas), thus enabling legal export and it was an endangered species program tourist destination can write to: 3655 international sale of green turtle shells, which released the turtles back into the Northwest 97'h Avenue, Miami, Florida despite the green turtle's Appendix I sea but it was definitely not that. They 33178-2428. -l:: listing under CITES. A similar proposal to CITES failed in 1985. The Cayman Turtle Farm (CTF) started out in 1968 with 208 wild caught turtles and 500,000 eggs taken from five different countries of the Caribbean. From the beginning, the CTF was a commercial operation, pro­ ducing turtle carapaces (dorsal shells), oil, meat, and cosmetics. The business almost folded in 1978 when the U.S. banned the importation of all turtle products. But right up to the present, the farm has sold shells and trinkets to tourists, with helpful instructions from the staff on avoiding U.S. cus­ toms agents. Besides learning how to smuggle endangered species, the avid At Cayman Turtle Farm, green turtles live packed cheek-to-jowl. tourist can also, according to the farm's

Captures Tip the Balance for the Black Sea Dolphins

idely exploited for meat and dolphins continued to suffer as inci­ been captured and sold internationally, oil for decades, the Black dental victims in fisheries from dis­ 52 are known to be dead. This number W Sea subspecies of bottlenose eases spread by increasing pollution doesn't include the additional 25-50 dolphin (Titrsiops truncatus ponti­ and immune deficiencies and through caught yearly to supply the oceanaria cus) has been proposed for increased the occasional intentional roundup in countries surrounding the Black Sea. protection by the former Soviet state and slaughter. Add to these threats the Recognizing the threat of these of Georgia. Changing the dolphins' extensive development of coastal areas ongoing captures, an international treaty CITES listing as requested from Ap­ and the depletion of the prey species organization of the region (Agreement pendix II to Appendix I would ban all of the dolphins, we see a population on the Conservation of the Black Sea, commercial trade. unable to tolerate the pressure that Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous At­ Even after hunting dolphins for came along over the last ten years from lantic Areas- ACCOBAMS) has backed food was banned in the former USSR, aquariums and amusement parks tak­ the increased CITES protection as a way Bulgaria, and Romania in the 1960s ing live specimens for public display. to curtail the international traffic in the and in Turkey in the early 1980s, the Out of 120 individuals known to have dolphins. AWI wholeheartedly agrees. -l::

FALL 2002 19 A Framework

BY ADAM M. ROBERTS

ore than one billion people-one-sixth the total world population- live in extreme poverty (earn­ M ing less than one dollar a day). Roughly 900 million oftbese impoverished people live in rural areas depending on the natural land for their meager livelihoods. More than one billion people have no access to safe drinking water and twice as many have no adequate sanitation services. More than 50% of the world's wetlands have been drained. Rough­ ly one third of the coral reefs globally have been destroyed. Around one third of the earth's human population bas no electricity. To solve these overwhelming geopolitical crises, more than 20,000 delegates from 191 governments across the globe and tens of thousands of nongovernmental organiza­ tion participants considered five core issues during the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD): water, energy, health, agriculture, and biodiversity. The WSSD took place from August 26 through September 4, 2002 in Sandton, an upscale suburb of Johannesburg, South Current rates of habitat loss may eliminate Africa. In an ironic twist, local authorities swept away the orangutans from Southeast Asia within 30 years. homeless, the beggars, the destitute from the area, so that dele­ gates could discuss global poverty without seeing the very dis­ turbing face of that horrible indigence which they confronted. "Their Plight is Desperate" The Johannesburg deliberations followed ten years after the Rio Earth Summit, the promise of which arguably was not realized because of the absence of a concrete, coherent "It becomes a moral responsibility to save these amazing plan of action. The documents that evolved from Rio, nota­ beings from extinction," asserted Dr. Jane Goodall at the bly Agenda 21 and the Convention on Biological Diversity, WSSD. "Their plight is desperate." were important blueprints, but the road forward was not yet This call to action came at the launch of a new phase built- that was the task of the WSSD. in the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) Animal protection issues only surfaced superficially Great Apes Survival Project (GRASP), designed in part throughout the conference, notably with respect to agricul­ to assess the root causes of increasing population declines ture and biodiversity, although animal welfare and endan­ among great apes. gered species conservation are inextricably linked to global Gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans- the sustainability. As Pedro Sanchez of the Millennium Develop­ "great apes"- are at perilous risk from environmentally ment Goals Hunger Task Force noted, "Nobody can be an destructive activities such as logging and mining and the environmentalist with an empty stomach." systematic slaughter for their flesh. As UNEP Executive Di­ The path of sustainable agriculture is in small scale fam­ rector Klaus Toepfer noted, ''Uncontrolled road construction ily farming operations, which have thrived for centuries, not in these areas is fragmenting and destroying the great apes' the industrialized agribusiness operations which destroy the last homes and making it easier for poachers to slaughter environment, the family farm culture, and the family farm­ them for meat and their young more valuable to capture for ers themselves. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, 1987laureate of the illegal pet trade." The greatest conservation crisis facing the World Food Prize, told me that he sees "corporate farms primates in Central Africa today is the busbmeat trade, ac­ displacing peasant farming," and that "huge trans-nationals cording to Dr. Goodall. destroy the local community." Local community farming GRASP is preparing a World Atlas of Great Apes to amounts to a "micro-enterprise" in which the means of pro­ show distribution information and threat analyses for these duction and the products and profits are enjoyed by the local animals. GRASP representatives also will continue to hold people. Dr. Swaminathan asserted, "World trade policy is workshops in specific primate range states and meet with designed to kill micro-enterprises." mining company representatives to discuss their impact on Sound agricultural policy is based on sound land policies the environment. ~ that respect natural ecosystems and inhabitants. Biodiversity :or the Future?

in these ecosystems is being lost at an astounding rate, and the conservation of endangered places and endangered spe­ cies is vital to the healthy functioning of the planet. Some governments have already shown the bold political will to protect their slice of the natural world. The President of Costa Rica noted in his plenary remarks that 27% of his na­ tion is set aside already as protected areas. The President of the West African nation of Gabon followed this wise lead by pledging to create a system of 30,000 square kilometers (about ten percent of the country) as protected areas, which he plans to translate into sustainable tourism opportunities. More sound commitments such as these are needed to ensure Small scale animal agriculture benefits local people the long-term viability of the forests, mountains, and other without the hazards of intensive animal factories. vital natural habitats for wildlife. British Prime Minister Tony Blair questioned whether the world's leaders possessed the political will to make the adjustments necessary to save the planet. In the end, del­ Loca[1z1ng Anima[ egates agreed to some 150 paragraphs of implementation items toward sustainable development and poverty allevia­ Agr1cu[ture tion. They agreed to halve the number of people who suffer from hunger and live in extreme poverty as well as the pro­ portion of people without access to safe drinking water by uring the WSSD, AWI's Adam Roberts participated 2015; significantly improve the lives of the 100 million peo­ in a presentation on "The Livestock Revolution: ple living in slums by 2020; restore depleted fish stocks "on DProblems for the Environment, Development, Hu­ an urgent basis" but by no later than 2015; and significantly man Health and the Animals," describing our work to pro­ reduce the current rate ofbiodiversity loss by 2010. mote humane husbandry standards for pigs in order to raise Some targets bring much potential. The implementation the animals in a compassionate and environmentally friendly plan supports family farming by promoting "the conservation way. He also detailed our work to prevent agribusiness giant and sustainable use and management of traditional and indig­ Smithfield Foods from infiltrating countries such as Poland, enous agricultural systems and strengthen[ing] indigenous which cling perilously to the last remaining vestiges of their models of agricultural production." Part of the biodiversity family farming way of life. protection measures include promotion of tourism "including The discussion was met with great enthusiasm by audi­ non-consumptive and eco-tourism," both of which can bring ence members, including one South African farmer who revenues to local communities in an environmentally friendly noted that he recently acquired a small parcel of land, like way. Doing so, according to the Plan of Implementation, many impoverished South Africans, and that he hopes to would "improve the protection of the environment, natural raise his animals on that land in accordance with AWl's hu­ resources and cultural heritage." mane principles. The WSSD was full of paradoxes. Wealthy white west­ Meanwhile, Compassion in World Farming (CIWF) erners ate fancy hors d' oerves in the foyer before settling in released a new report on the detrimental impacts of animal for a talk cosponsored by the World Food Program about the agriculture, which offers case studies from a variety of hundreds of millions of rural people living in poverty. Del­ countries including China, Pakistan, and Brazil. The report egates and observers drank purified bottled water while dis­ concludes that "Food security, the environment, food safety, cussing the fact that over a billion humans lack safe drinking human nutrition and animal welfare are all put at risk by the water and are at risk from waterborne diseases. present continued support for industrial animal farming." In the end, South African President Thabo Mbeki noted The author, Leah Garces, urges policymakers to "tum away that "We are prisoners of the immediate." We lack the ability from industrial animal agriculture and support a more hu­ to determine long-term solutions for global ills. He wondered mane and sustainable form of food production." aloud why the accumulation of such enormous global wealth According to CIWF, products from industrial animal also produces such great human suffering. The next decade agriculture in developing countries are often exported or cost will reveal whether the delegates to the WSSD's biggest more than most impoverished people can afford. Truly sus­ achievement was hiding poverty from the world in one city tainable agriculture recognizes the need to embrace family for two weeks, or setting a course toward eliminating poverty farming and reject corporate agribusiness, whose costs are and protecting the natural world for generations to come. ~ too great for the environment and the impoverished. ~

FA 2002 , 11 In the wild, orcas never leave their mothers; photo by Center for Whale Research.

l(ei ko 1s Long Journey to Freedom

eiko, probably the most famous day and diving deep to feed. Norwegian government understands whale in the world, is in the Apparently enjoying his free­ the growing opposition to the captivity Kheadlines again. You know the dom, Keiko kept swimming east all of whales, at least this whale. In a letter story: ripped from his family in Ice­ August- nearly 1,000 miles- until he to Florida Senator Bob Graham oppos­ land's waters at the age of two by the arrived at the coast of Norway. There, ing the Miami Seaquarium's bizarre re­ greedy marine circus industry, Keiko one day, he came upon a small fishing quest to go capture Keiko, the Norwe­ spent the next 17 years in prison-like boat heading into a fjord. Keiko fol­ gian ambassador to the U.S. wrote: "In concrete tanks in Canada and Mexico lowed. At the small town ofHalsa in principle we are skeptical to keeping until he was fictionally freed in the hit central Norway, he was welcomed with huge animals like whales in captivity. movie "Free Willy." open arms. Children swam with him. In Norway there is no tradition for that. In 1994, Earth Island Institute Thousands ofNorwegians drove to the Also, we regard it as problematic in founded the Free Willy Keiko Founda­ fjord to see the friendly whale. The an animal welfare perspective to send tion and the debilitated orca was flown press arrived in droves. the whale on the long voyage from to a specially-built recovery pool in Some Norwegians were not so Norway to Florida. At the moment the Oregon in 1996. After years of care to happy, however. The ruthless whalers whale has a freedom that makes it pos­ get him back to health and vitality, in who defy the international ban on com­ sible for him to make choices. He is 1999 Keiko was flown to his home off mercial whaling don't want to see pub­ not in conditions that will stress him. the coast oflceland. There he lived in lic sympathy for marine mammals. One "However, we do not doubt that a pen while being reintroduced to the whaler said Keiko should be turned into Keiko would get good support in Mi­ open sea and pods of orcas that feed in meatballs. But children across Norway ami, but it would be a great step back the area each summer. and around the world sent out a cry to to put him in an aquarium again. This July Keiko's guardians led protect the whale. The Norwegian gov­ "Finally, I would like to assure him out to sea where he quickly bond­ ernment, imagining a public relations di­ you that the people in Halsa are now ed with several pods of orcas. By early saster ifKeiko was mistreated or killed, very much attached to Keiko, and August the whales were heading east quickly imposed a 50-meter protective would not like to see him depart." with the herring schools. A small trans­ zone around Keiko and agreed to work So it appears that Keiko will win­ mitter fixed to Keiko's back showed with the Free Willy Keiko Foundation. ter off the Norwegian coast, swimming that he was swimming up to 90 miles a There are even some signs that the free at last. ~

12 1AWl QUARTERLY Loving Whales to Death?

fyou want to buy a sweatshirt with eighty. A new study by Dr. David noise? What about lawns that dribble -:--::;;._.. , a.,n orca whale on it, Friday Harbor, Bain asserts that the boats are so toxic herbicides every day into orca ~s;;;;;;::~:;Washington is the place. Or an orca numerous and so loud in critical fre­ habitat? What about dams that block ·nk holder, wind chime, beer, hat, quencies that 90-95% of the whales' salmon runs and deforestation that silts r-..... ~:"'IIII:::P ·air of socks, flag, blanket, wine glass, echolocation is blocked. A group them up? towel, pair of tennis shoes, or belly called Orca Relief believes that this AWl is working with those who _ bag. Every summer the population of research provides the missing piece have studied the whales the longest to - San,Juan Island more than doubles to the orcas' decline: boat noise outline a solution to the orca decline - - - - with tourists coming with the hopes makes it difficult for the orcas to find that the community can support. Be­ ~~~"5[ glimpsing one of three resident the fewer salmon available, forcing sides pushing for a local ordinance e::=:::ii~amilies of orca whales. The orcas them to rely on their fat reserves, banning the sale of the most harm- unt for salmon up and down the Haro which are heavily contaminated with ful pesticides, we are asking that the ~~~::-...Straights, the deep passage alongside PCBs and other toxic chemicals. whale-watch industry voluntarily =:::o...--san Juan island. Whale-watch operators are limit their numbers, their reach and Despite all of the attention, or unhappy at being labeled villains. their hours, and to prohibit the espe­ perhaps because of it, the orcas are Many use their boats to promote the cially noisy and polluting two stroke suffering. In the last six years the pop­ love of wildlife, offering what many engines. Everyone agrees on just one ulation has declined from one hundred groups such as ours have touted as thing- that there must be a way to to eighty, while the number of whale­ one income-generating alternative save these magical whales so they can watch companies that follow these to whaling. They ask, what about continue to exist in real life, not just whales has increased from twenty to the big tankers that make far more as images of what once was. -3::

Fishing Runs Afoul of Right Whales

he year 2002 has been a bad one for the North Atlantic right T whale, the most endangered great whale living off the eastern sea­ board of the United States and Canada. Once targeted as the "right" whale to kill because of its valuable oil and tendency to float once harpooned, this creature has suffered from frequent ship strikes and from becoming snarled in fishing gear. There are thought to be Right whale # 1424 was first spotted entangled off the Florida coast in no more than 300 individuals in this February and last seen when this picture was taken in june. population of whales. Over the summer, at least eight right whales have become tangled in ting they are dragging. These floating encountered by a team, the whales tend fishing nets. One was released recently devices not only help to find the whales to be unwilling participants and can be with the help of a network established but sometimes provide just enough pull aggressive. from Florida to the Bay of Fundy by the to peel the netting from them. In addition to these seven, three Center for Coastal Studies (CCS), but Snarled right whales are hard to right whales have been found dead so seven more remain. Five are considered rescue. According to Scott Landry, far this year. Unless fishing techniques in poor condition and little is known spokesman for the rescue team of CCS, change in the vast waters inhabited by about the other two. They do not have the whales are very difficult to find, these ancient beings, their future ap­ locator beacons attached to the net- ranging over a thousand miles. Once pears bleak. -3:: NMFS Gives Permission to Navy to Deploy Low Frequency Active Sonar

n July 14, the National Marine Fisheries Service ACTIW.E SONAR'S (NMFS) granted the Navy its long sought exemption 0 to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) mor­ WORLD TOUR atorium on the harassment and killing of marine mammals. Whales Stranded by Military Exercises This "small take authorization" allows the Navy to deploy 1974 Bonaire 4 Cuvier's beaked whales the intensely loud low frequency active sonar (LFA) and kill 1985 e anary Islands 12 Goose-beaked whales untold numbers of marine creatures without being prosecuted 1 Gervais' beaked whale under the guise of protecting our shores from enemy subma­ 1986 Canary Islands 4 Goose-beaked whales 1 Gervais' beaked whale rines. The Navy's own Environmental Impact Statement, esti­ 1988 Canary Islands 3 Goose-beaked whales mates the device could "take" over ten percent per year of cer­ 1 Northern bottle-nosed whale 2 Pygmy sperm whales tain populations of marine mammals, including blue whales. 1989 Canary Islands 3 Gervais' beaked whales Stopping LFA has been a major AWI campaign since we 2 deBialnsville dense-beaked whales 19 Goose-beaked whales organized swimmers to block its testing on calving and mat­ 1996 Greece 12 Cuvier's beaked whales ing humpback whales off Hawaii in 1998. During the tests, 2000 Bahamas 9 Cuvier's beaked whales the maximum level of sound used was 155 decibels. Even 3 deBlalnsville dense-beaked whales 1 Gervais' beaked whale at this level, a human swimmer was injured and the whales 2 Beaked whales of unknown species left the area, prompting whale-watching businesses to sue for 2 Minke whales 1 Spotted dolphin lost profit. The operational level of the deployed LFA is over 2001 Florida 2 Beaked whales of unknown species ten million times louder than the test. AWI held a press conference in April of 2000 to tell of Navy exercises the month before that killed seventeen indi­ viduals of five different species of whales and dolphins in LowLF~ Frequency Active Sonar Coming Soan to IBI ac-t New You the Bahamas. The Navy issued a denial it was responsible Unless You Stop 1t. for the "acoustic event" that blew out the creatures' ears (CAT scans showed ear hemorrhages leading to brain hem­ orrhages). After a year of denial, the Navy finally admitted responsibility but blamed a mid-range active sonar it was section of the MMPA. The military responded by trying to using at the time. The main difference between mid and low weaken the MMPA drastically by changing the definition of range active sonar is that the low frequency sonar goes much harassment. farther with less loss of power. We petitioned individual states to oppose this device un­ Over the last few years, every legal avenue pursued in der the Coastal Zone Management Act. California refused to challenging this insane device has been sabotaged. We testi­ give the Navy permission to use LFA in their waters. Maine fied at public hearings held by NMFS in San Diego, CA and first agreed then revoked permission. Now the Bush admin­ Silver Spring, MD that LFA is a violation of the harassment istration is challenging the Coastal Zone Management Act reauthorization in Congress. When the Natural Resources Defense Council an­ New Military Exercises nounced it was suing to stop LFA and other active sonar de­ vices under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Cause Whale Strandings the Bush Administration stated that NEPA does not apply be­ yond the three-mile territorial limit of the USA. NMFS was n a tragic illustration of the danger presented by ac­ overruled in its assertion that this most basic environmental Itive sonars such as LFA, we just received news of law extends to 200 miles from our coast. yet another mass stranding of beaked whales, this time The deployment of LFA may be the greatest violation in the Canary Islands. As of September 24, 12 beaked of the precautionary principle ever concocted. The device whales of three species (Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon has the potential to cause death in any ocean creature within densirostris, and Mesoplodon europaeus) have stranded reach with air passages- not only whales and dolphins but on the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura during fish, fish eggs, larvae, and turtles. AWl was the first and a huge NATO exercise involving many ships and sub­ only group to block use of this device physically. We will marines. The Government of Canary Islands has asked continue working on land and, if necessary, on the high seas, J NATO to stop all military maneuvers in the area. -l:: _j to protect ocean creatures from this unnecessary and cata­ strophic sonic bombardment. -l::

14 1AWl QUARTERLY NGO Recommen­ dations to the New Sea Turtle Convention

The Parties to the convention should: • Make decisions based solely on what will benefit sea turtles, regardless of the effects of these decisions on international trade. • Amend the convention to allow decisions to be made by either simple majority or 2/3 majority Saving the crashing population of leatherback turtles presents the lAC instead of the present consensus with its first major challenge. requirement in order to avoid inaction when deadlocked. • Support CITES in continuous opposition to all international N1ne Countries Meet to trade in sea turtle products. • Urge ratification of the United Save SeaTurt[es Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). • Support a moratorium on pelagic BY BEN WHITE the lAC must address in order to turn long-line fishing in the Eastern the tide of the imminent demise of Pacific. the sea turtles. Governmental as­ ith a pace as deliberate as sociates at the meeting surprisingly • Begin on-board monitoring of that of the creatures it is warmly received our presentation long-line fisheries. W aiming to protect, the Inter­ (see sidebar). • Strengthen enforcement mea­ American Convention for the Conser­ Todd and Randall also worked sures, including confiscation of vation and Protection of Sea Turtles with Costa Rica on the first resolution pirate vessels. (lAC) was launched from August 6-8 to be brought to the table. It calls for in San Jose, Costa Rica. Eight coun­ immediate crises measures to stop the • Begin unannounced inspections tries in Latin America plus the United crash of the leatherback turtle popula­ to verify TEDs (turtle excluder States met in the first conference of tion in the Pacific Ocean. The largest devices) compliance on shrimp the parties. Even though these first nesting colony in the world, located vessels. days were filled with the mind-numb­ in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia, has ing tedium of the Articles of Proce­ almost totally collapsed, as have huge • Forbid the use of and traffic in dure, which will govern the function­ nesting colonies in Mexico and Costa leatherback turtle eggs. ing of the body, the group's avowed Rica. Reasons for the collapse include • Identify the ten most important agenda is ambitious. It aims to halt rampant mortality from long-line and nesting sites for each species trade in sea turtle parts, protect their swordfish fisheries, the popularity of and ensure their protection. nesting beaches, and tackle the politi­ turtle eggs for human consumption, cal dynamite of rampant overfishing and the slaughter of nesting females • Identify critical marine habitats with highly deleterious methods. on Mexican beaches. for each species. Itching to contribute to the meet­ The result of the meeting was a • Control the discharge of intense ing in some way, I worked with Todd new turtle protection convention with levels of sound, ban military Steiner of the Sea Turtle Restoration countries promising to listen to activ­ training exercises, oil explora­ Project and his Costa Rican colleague ists and enact strong laws. We shall tion and drilling in critical habi­ Randall Arauz to present our own see now if they can move fast enough tats. -l:: wish-list of projects that we believe to catch the declining sea turtles. -l::

FALL 2002 1 15 literature on the tragedy of laying hens condemned to life in small battery cages and the immense suffering of all farm animals in slaughterhouses. A viewing area for documentaries and other videos also allows the public a glimpse at the cruelty of the intensive farming industry. Visitors were invited to take self­ guided tours that revealed many stories of the harsh lives these farm animals endured before coming to Ooh-Mah­ Nee. Two of the most horrific are of the more than 600 Buckeye Egg Farm hens rescued from the Ohio factory by the staff of Ooh-Mah-Nee Farm in Septem­ ber 2000 (see AWl Quarterly, Winter 2001), and of the 25 cows headed to a slaughterhouse until a traffic accident involving their double-decker trans­ port trailer led to their rescue, again by Ooh-Mah-Nee. A happier story Two residents taking time to stop by one of the day's lectures. is that of the friendly and intelligent Nubian goats, who were given to Ooh­ Mah-Nee Farm by a retiring humane dairy farmer, and who will spend their remaining years roaming the pastures. Life on Ooh-Mah-Nee Farm Also on the tour is the new animal hos­ pital, which in addition to veterinary care provides a heated and predator n one hundred acres of rolling most of whom were displaced, abused, proof infirmary through the winter farmland in western Pennsyl­ and/or abandoned by the intensive months- a novel comfort for most of 0 vania, more than one thou­ animal factory industry, welcomed the its once-abused victims. sand cows, sheep, goats, pigs, chick­ public for the Farm's first open house. To learn more about Ooh­ ens, rabbits, and turkeys call Ooh­ The day began with the grand Mah-Nee Farm please visit Mah-Nee Farm their home and have opening of the Humane Education www.oohmahneefarm.org. They wel­ been doing so since its founding by Center, dedicated to enlightening each come visitors, and the outstanding staff Cayce Melland Jason Tracy in 1995. visitor to the brutal reality of inten­ is available to speak to groups and at On August 4, 2002, these residents, sive farming by offering informative special events. -l::

The animals can enjoy green wide-open spaces; visitors learn about the suffering inflicted by intensive farming.

16 1AWl QUARTERLY Texas Attorney General's Opinion Results In Horse Slaughter Investigation

he last two U.S. horse slaughter was asked to issue an opinion on en­ The Belgium-owned slaughterhouses, T facilities, both located in Texas, forcement of the State law. known to have disliked each other in appear to be operating in violation of The Attorney General's opinion the past, have joined forces to file an Texas law, according to an opinion is­ states that "a person who sells horse­ injunction in the U.S. District Court sued by the Texas Attorney General, meat as food for human consumption hoping to stop the State law's enforce­ John Corny. or who possesses horse-meat intending ment. It would appear their legal ques­ In 1949 the Texas Legislature to sell it as food for human consump­ tion has no standing, but is more of a amended the State's Agriculture Code tion commits a criminal offense." The delaying tactic while they try to amend (section 149.002), making it illegal to Attorney General went on to write that the State law in the January session of slaughter, possess, sell, and transport "a person who transfers horse-meat to the Texas Legislature. Tarrant County horsemeat for human consumption. Yet a person who intends to sell it as food D.A., Tim Curry, has said they would for 53 years the law has been ignored. for human consumption or who knows fight "vigorously" against the suit. As part of its campaign to end or reasonably should know that the With the end in sight for Amer­ horse slaughter for human consump­ person receiving the horse-meat in­ ica's two remaining horse slaughter tion, the Animal Welfare Institute has tends to sell it as food for human con­ facilities, the swift passage of the been working with well-known Dal­ sumption commits a criminal offense." American Horse Slaughter Prevention las Attorney Robert "Skip" Trimble District attorneys in both Texas Act introduced by Congresswoman on finding ways to have the State law counties have begun to look into Connie Morella (R-MD) is even more enforced. The Texas Department of enforcing the law. Kaufman County important. While the two plants may be Agriculture had rejected any responsi­ D.A., Bill Conradt, said in the Dallas forced out of Texas, they could relocate bility on the grounds the State law was Star-Telegram, "We're working on an somewhere else in the U.S., Canada, or superceded by federal law. Mr. Trimble investigation and plan to file criminal Mexico. The Morella bill will prohibit did not accept that answer and with charges." Both plants have desperately this and ensure horses aren't simply the leadership of State Representative begun to spin the issue by trying to shipped even greater distances across Goolsby, the Texas Attorney General twist interpretation of the existing law. the borders for slaughter. ~

Farm Animal Health and Well-Being Paper Now Available

Wl's Farm Animal Economic (GElS) on animal agriculture. The as a "substantive" critique, is avail­ A Advisor Marlene Halverson State had contracted with a number able on Minnesota's website at hnJ2;. wrote a Technical Working Paper of technical consultants including //www.mnplan.state.mn.us/eqb/geis/ (TWP) on Farm Animal Health Marlene to prepare TWPs to TWP 's/HalversonTWPAnHealth& W and Well-Being for the State of bring together the latest scientific B(3).pdf. Minnesota. She prepared her paper in information and recommend ways A limited number of compact consultation with seven international to make animal agriculture more disc copies are also available upon re­ animal welfare scientists, and it responsive to public concerns. quest from the Animal Welfare Insti­ is part of Minnesota's Generic This 325 page paper, which was tute for $10 to cover CD production, Environmental Impact Statement described in a veterinary newsletter postage, and handling. ~

Bequests to AWl

Ifyou would like to help assure the Animal Welfare Institutes future through a provision in your will, this general form ofbequest is suggested: I give, devise and bequeath to the Animal Welfare Institute, located in Washington, D.C., the sum of$_____ and/or (specifically described property). Donations to AWl, a not:for-profit co1poration exempt under Internal Revenue Code Section50J(c)(3), are tax deductible. We welcome any inquiries you may have. In cases where you have specific wishes about the disposition ofyour bequest, we suggest you discuss such provisions with your attorney.

FALL 2002 , 17 Tail Docking Dairy Cattle

BY MARLENE HALVERSON The tail is an important tool for protecting the cow from flies. Re­ search shows that docked cows spend ail docking of dairy cattle, or considerably more time than intact amputating half or more of the cows in fly avoidance behavior and T cow's tail, first became a routine that inability to swat flies results in practice among dairy farmers in New greater fly numbers on docked versus Zealand. Today, it is also practiced in intact cows. Docked cows stand more Australia and Ireland and is becoming than intact cows as fly numbers in­ routine on an increasing number of crease, possibly indicating that docked North American dairy farms. The pro­ cows are uncomfortable, as cows tend cedure is banned in the Netherlands, to stand when they are uncomfort­ Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the able because cows have a biological United Kingdom. need to lie down 9-14 hours each day Tail docking is a mutilation and in order to ruminate efficiently and causes injury to the animal. Generally, produce milk. Fly avoidance behavior it is performed on an unanesthetized can disturb rumination and milk pro­ animal. In one to two day old calves, duction. Fly avoidance behaviors also a tourniquet may be applied to the tail disturb grazing. Research has further The purpose of the tall is to ensure before amputating with scissors. In indicated that cows use tail postures in a cow's well-being. some cases, heated scissors are used signaling to other cows. Without a tail, to cauterize the stump simultaneously the cow is deprived of this method of with cutting. In 6-8 week old calves, communication. an emasculator (used in crushing tes­ Cows rely on the endowments ticles during castration of male calves) nature has given them for survival and is used to crush the tail, and then the for well-being. We have choices they tail may be cut off below the crushed do not have when it comes to designing area. In heifers and grown cattle, tail housing systems and tailoring husband­ docking usually involves applying a ry practices. Our choices should em­ tight rubber ring around the tail. The brace both the integrity and well-being rubber ring reduces oxygen to the tail of these animals. Tail docking is not a below the ring. The necrotic tail be­ universal practice in the North Ameri­ low the rubber ring may be amputated can dairy industry yet, and some dairy with pruning shears or it may be left farmers would never think of docking to fall off. In addition to the acute pain their cows' tails. For them, tails are in­ inflicted at the time of docking, there dispensable parts of the cows' anatomy is the potential for chronic pain due to both practically and aesthetically. neuroma (a tumor composed of nerve Full article and citations to tissue that forms at the injury site) for­ references used in this article are mation in the docked stump. Similarly, availabie at the AWl website: human amputees have described pain, www.awionline.org/farm/ Tail docking is both painful and itching, or discomfort in the limbs they taildockdairy. .J:t debilitating. no longer have; a condition referred to as "phantom limb." Though it has been assumed that The Garrett Files dirty tails can contaminate udders, increasing the incidence of mastitis At www.awionline.org/tg/tom.htm read Tom Garrett's ongoing evocative (a painful disease of the udder) and accounts of cruelty, environmental degradation, and corruption brought to reducing milk purity, research shows Poland by Smithfield Foods as it seeks the notorious distinction of being Eu­ that areas of the body where cows rope's largest pork producer. Also learn about the status of the Polish Animal become soiled with manure do not Welfare Act (AWA) and additional work AWl is pursuing in Poland, such as closely correspond with areas reached an amendment to the AWA to stop the live transport of horses . .J:t by intact tails.

18 1AWl Q UARTERLY The New SPANA Story Easing the buTden of woTking animals abToad

By Bridget Bouch sides or abdomens that were purpose­ SPAN A 2000; ISBN 095064501X; fully inflicted with red-hot irons as a 79 pages; $7.00 traditional "cure" for ailment. Kate In the early 1920s Kate Hosali and frequently stepped in to help the poor her daughter, Nina, traveled through animals, victims of ignorance or out­ remote regions in North Africa, and right cruelty. along the way they observed ter­ The women carried the memories rible treatment of working donkeys of what they had witnessed back with and mules. Many of the animals had them to England determined to do severe wounds on their backs from something to help these hardworking carrying massive loads and some donkeys and mules. Thus, the Society had cuts from ropes that dug into for the Protection of Animals in North SPAN A seeks to alleviate the suffer­ their flesh. Others had bums on their Africa (SPANA) was established. ing of working pack animals in North and West Africa and the Middle East, including the provision of free vet­ erinary care to the pack animals upon whom the poor families in rural com­ munities depend. The New SPANA Story details the history of the organization, particularly the heroic work by the Hosali women, and SPANA's current diligent efforts on behalf of donkeys and mules. -l::

The quiet village of Sabalebougou, in Mali, is spurred into activity with the arrival of SPANA 's mobile clinic. The veterinary team was amazed to see thousands of donkeys standing nose to tail. Saving

EMILY We join Emily and Chris as each one faces hardships. Emily's seemingly By Nicholas Read bucolic life changes dramatically as Illustrated by Ellen Klem she endures branding and separation Prometheus Books, Publishers 200 l; from her mother; then she is hauled to ISBN 1573928976; 150 pages; $14.00 a livestock market where she is sold to a feedlot operator to be fattened for Nicholas Read has focused his story­ slaughter. Meantime, Chris's mother, telling talents on farm animals for this a divorcee, is remarrying, and Chris book, which will appeal to readers age must move with his mother from the ten and older. Saving Emily , published city and his friends to a very different last year, tells two separate tales, one way of life in the country. Emily and of a 12-year-old boy named Chris and Chris learn important lessons about life the other of a young heifer named Em­ as they learn more about themselves. ily. The tales are all the more interest­ The two characters finally meet near ing because each is told from the main the end of the story when happenstance character's unique perspective. brings them together. -l::

FALL 2002 119 USDA1s Primate Policy is Scuttled by Research industry

ost primates used for experi­ (OMB), and requested modifications mentation are kept in solitary were made. The Draft Policy was pub­ Mconfinement in small, bare lished in the Federal Register on July cages. This deplorable situation has 15, 1999, and after incorporating still continued despite a requirement in the further changes based on public and 1985 amendments to the Animal Wel­ agency comments received, USDA fare Act for a "physical environment again submitted the document to OMB. adequate to promote the psychological As the policy neared completion, well-being of primates." Nearly 17 NIH, pressured by the research in­ years have passed, however, research dustry, raised numerous unwarranted facilities still fail to comply with this objections. Like plugging a hole in a legal mandate. dam with one's left hand v.'hile ham­ In 1991 the United States Depart­ mering a new hole with one's right, ment of Agriculture (USDA) finalized NIH has persistently faulted some regulations for enforcement of the law aspect of the policy to prevent its which state that primate facilities must implementation. Now, the industry develop environmental enhancement objective seems complete; the Policy plans "in accordance with currently is dead and with it the promise it held accepted professional standards." This for improving the conditions for pri­ vague language left USDA inspectors mates used in experimentation. The The typical caging system for and the facilities they inspect in the dam has burst. ~ laboratory primates is inhumane. dark about what must really be done for captive primates. The consequences have been weak enforcement by USDA Coulston's Cruel Reign Comes to a Close and a minimalist approach to primate care by many facilities. fter an eight year campaign led by Eric Kleiman of In Defense of Ani­ In 1996, acknowledging some of mals, The Coulston Foundation, a notorious biomedical research facil­ these problems, USDA developed a A ity and Animal Welfare Act violator has finally gone out of business. Facing "Policy on Psychological Well-Being an ever gloomier financial future and unable to provide the basic care to his of Nonhuman Primates" based on an primates, Coulston Foundation founder, Fred Coulston, handed over the title exhaustive review of the professional to his primate population of266 chimpanzees and 61 monkeys to Dr. Carole literature and feedback from veterinar­ Noon of the humane Center for Captive Chimpanzee Care. The Center (see ians, primatologists and USDA inspec­ Fall2001 AWl Quarterly) currently houses 21 former "space" chimpanzees tors. The draft was scrutinized by the and 4 other chimpanzees at its Central Florida sanctuary. ~ National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Office of Management and Budget

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