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Attitudes Toward Bile Extraction from Living Bears: Survey of Citizens and Students in Beijing

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Attitudes Toward Bile Extraction from Living Bears: Survey of Citizens and Students in Beijing Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science ISSN: 1088-8705 (Print) 1532-7604 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/haaw20 Attitudes Toward Bile Extraction From Living Bears: Survey of Citizens and Students in Beijing Zhao Liu, Zhigang Jiang, Aifang Yang, Bingbing Xu, Hongxia Fang, Zongping Xie, Ning Li, Chunwang Li, Zhibin Meng & Yan Zeng To cite this article: Zhao Liu, Zhigang Jiang, Aifang Yang, Bingbing Xu, Hongxia Fang, Zongping Xie, Ning Li, Chunwang Li, Zhibin Meng & Yan Zeng (2017) Attitudes Toward Bile Extraction From Living Bears: Survey of Citizens and Students in Beijing, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 20:3, 205-218, DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1283990 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2017.1283990 Published online: 15 Feb 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 31 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=haaw20 Download by: [124.152.84.67] Date: 04 June 2017, At: 02:48 JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE 2017, VOL. 20, NO. 3, 205–218 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2017.1283990 ARTICLES Attitudes Toward Bile Extraction From Living Bears: Survey of Citizens and Students in Beijing Zhao Liua,b,c, Zhigang Jiangb,c,d, Aifang Yanga, Bingbing Xub, Hongxia Fangb, Zongping Xiea, Ning Lie, Chunwang Lib, Zhibin Mengb,d, and Yan Zengb,d aCollege of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China; bKey Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; cUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; dEndangered Species Scientific Commission of China, Beijing, China; eSchool of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Bear bile is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for millennia. Bear bile; bear farming; bile Several arguments support and oppose the use of bear farming in terms of extraction from living bears; conservation and nonhuman animal welfare. This study involved designing a animal welfare and rights; questionnaire and surveying a random sample of general citizens and college public attitudes students in Beijing to elicit their attitudes on bile extraction from living bears. Older people and people with lower education levels used more bear bile medicines. In total, 29.47% (n = 204) of citizens and 23.14% (n = 81) of students surveyed used bear bile medicine since 1990. Students were less willing to use bear bile medicines than citizens (p < .05). The level the respondents agreed with the blue side (against the extraction of bile from living bears; anti for short) was significantly higher than that for the red side (support the extraction of bile p from living bears; pro for short; < .05). Additionally, college students had a more distinct attitude toward the opposing views, which indicates they were more inclined to oppose bile extraction from living bears. Bear bile is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and is principally made from the material extracted from the gallbladder of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and Eurasian brown bears (Ursus arctos; Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission [CPC], 1977; Cooperative Group of Chinese Medicinal Animal Records, 1979; Ding, 1998). The only source of bear bile for a substantial period of time was from Asiatic black bears in the wild (Hu & Hu, 1998; International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN], 2013; Servheen, 1999). To satisfy the demand of 3 tons of bear bile per year before the 1970s, 10,000 Asiatic black bears were hunted and killed annually (Hu & Hu, 1998). From 1985 to 1989 (the early period of the bear-farming industry prior to the establishment of China’s Wildlife Protection Law), Asiatic black bears used for bile extraction were mainly captured from the wild (Fan & Song, 1997; IUCN, 2013). The traditional method of hunting wild bears for their gallbladders undoubtedly substantially damaged wild bear populations (Bi, 1988; Ma, Hu, & Zhai, 1994; Mills & Servheen, 1991). Asiatic black bears and Eurasian brown bears are listed as Class II national protected nonhuman animals and were listed in Appendix I of CITES in 1992 (CITES, 2013). The major threat to bears in China and Southeast Asia is the commercial trade of live wild bears and bear parts, notably gallbladders and bile (IUCN, 2013; Mills, 1995; Phillips & Wilson, 2002). Given this situation, bear farming was introduced, as it was thought to be an effective way to address the demand for bear bile (Li, Zhu, But, & Yeung, 1995). Bear farming and the technique of extracting bile from living bears were first introduced in China in 1984 and originated from North Korea (Fan, CONTACT Zhao Liu [email protected] Building 5 No. 1 Courtyard, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Zhigang Jiang [email protected] Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Building 5 No. 1 Courtyard, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101. © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 206 LIU ET AL. 2000; Fan & Song, 1997). Four hundred wild Asiatic black bears can be saved from being hunted when the bile from one farmed bear is extracted once a day for 10 years (Fan, 2000). China consumes 3 tons to 4 tons of farmed bear bile annually (Loeffler, Robinson, & Cochrane, 2009). Driven by potential economic interest, small bear farms began to appear in large numbers. However, because of bile extraction techniques and the lack of appropriate husbandry and management, the living conditions experienced by bears on farms were found to be extremely poor (Loeffler et al., 2009; Phillips & Wilson, 2002). Given this situation, the Chinese government implemented measures to standardize the manage- ment of bears in bear farming (Fan & Song, 1997; Feng et al., 2009). Regulations to inspect and address conditions of bear farms were stipulated by the Ministry of Forestry in 1993. These regulations also prohibit the capture of wild bears, stop the issuance of domestication licenses to new bear-raising farms, and shut down bear farms that seriously abuse bears or fail to comply with regulations. In 1996, the Ministry of Forestry of China announced that the husbandry and manage- ment of bears on farms must be improved, any behavior that could hurt or abuse bears must be prohibited, and only the free drip fistula method would be allowed (Fan & Song, 1997). In 2001, additional health products made from bear bile powder were not approved in China, and in 2005, regulations on the usage of bear bile in Chinese medicines were stipulated by the Chinese govern- ment (Feng et al., 2009). In 1997 and in 2008, the Ministry of Forestry stipulated technical regulations on bear farming to further improve the husbandry and welfare of the farmed bears in China. As of April 2010, the estimated number of bear farms in China had dropped from 480 farms to 97 farms in operation housing 7,000 to 10,000 bears, and the farms were considered more standardized (Meng, Huang, & Li, 2007). As a result of government regulations being implemented to address management of bear farms (Loeffler et al., 2009), the government of China alleged that public concerns about the welfare of bears on farms had basically been addressed (Fan, 2006). Effective implementation of such legislation also requires government oversight and scientific research on the physical and psychological health of the bears for the assessment and monitoring of their welfare (Loeffler et al., 2009; Malcolm et al., 2013) Since the 1980s, consumers have had the options of illegal wild gall bladders; bile extracted from caged, live bears; or the chemically synthesized acid. Strong objections have been voiced against farming bears to collect their bile (Fan, 2001; International Fund for Animal Welfare, 1994; Mills & Servheen, 1991).Oneoftheprimaryargumentsfromthe“anti” view is that bear farms will inevitably cause severe pressure on wild bear populations due to continuous capture of bears to maintain or stock bear farms. Secondly, serious nonhuman animal welfare issues are caused by extracting bile from living bears (Fan, 2001). Recently, studies have shown that bear farming failed to protect wild bear populations in the early period of the bear-farming industry (Dutton, Hepburn, & Macdonald, 2011;Fengetal.,2009). Respect for the welfare of individual bears is reduced because these farming practices have placed bears in harsher conditions (Dutton et al., 2011;Fengetal.,2009). From a bioethical perspective, each species has the right to live, which is an intrinsic value irrelevant to the needs of humans (Naess, 1985; Norton, 2008). But from the perspective of interpersonal ethics, granting rights to nonhuman species is difficult (Lei, 2001). Whether we should grant the identical moral concern for nonhuman animals is an ethical debate (Lei, 2001; Rolston, 1988; Singer, 1990). Disputes about extracting bile from living bears involve conservation biology, economics, ethics, and animal welfare (Primack, 1993; Rolston, 1988). Conservation policy cannot be removed from the social and political environment in which the policy is implemented (Kirkpatrick & Emerton, 2010). The usage of bear bile was described in the earliest official pharmacopoeia of TCM in AD 659, and the current dispute about extracting bile is a problem of history, culture, and economy (Dutton et al., 2011; Feng et al., 2009). This practice has already become an important animal welfare issue and is gaining increasing attention in mainstream Chinese society (Feng et al., 2009; Meng et al., 2012). ATTITUDES TOWARD BILE EXTRACTION FROM LIVING BEARS 207 A relevant question is what are the public’s views and attitudes toward bile extraction from living bears? We conducted a social investigation of both citizens and college students living in Beijing, China. Materials and methods This study was performed from January 2012 to March 2012 in Beijing. A stratified survey design was chosen to randomly select neighborhood committees and neighborhoods from a sample frame in Beijing in 2012.
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