A Comprehensive Book on Environmentalism Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Environmentalism
Chapter 2 - Environmental Movement
Chapter 3 - Conservation Movement
Chapter 4 - Green Politics Chapter 5 - Environmental Movement in the United States Chapter 6 - Environmental Movement in New Zealand & Australia Chapter 7 - Free-Market Environmentalism Chapter 8 - Evangelical Environmentalism Chapter 9 -WT Timeline of History of Environmentalism
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______A Comprehensive Book on Enzymes
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Enzyme
Chapter 2 - Cofactors
Chapter 3 - Enzyme Kinetics
Chapter 4 - Enzyme Inhibitor
Chapter 5 - Enzymes Assay and Substrate WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
A Comprehensive Introduction to Bioenergy Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bioenergy
Chapter 2 - Biomass
Chapter 3 - Bioconversion of Biomass to Mixed Alcohol Fuels
Chapter 4 - Thermal Depolymerization
Chapter 5 - Wood Fuel
Chapter 6 - Biomass Heating System
Chapter 7 - Vegetable Oil Fuel
Chapter 8 - Methanol Fuel
Chapter 9 - Cellulosic Ethanol
Chapter 10 - Butanol Fuel
Chapter 11 - Algae Fuel
Chapter 12 - Waste-to-energy and Renewable Fuels Chapter 13 WT- Food vs. Fuel
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______A Comprehensive Introduction to Botany Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Botany
Chapter 2 - History of Botany
Chapter 3 - Paleobotany
Chapter 4 - Flora
Chapter 5 - Adventitiousness and Ampelography
Chapter 6 - Chimera (Plant) and Evergreen
Chapter 7 - Plant Intelligence
Chapter 8 - Myco-heterotrophy and Nutation in Plants
Chapter 9 - Myrmecophyte
Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 11 - Plant Nutrition Chapter 12 WT- Vegetation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______A Comprehensive Introduction to Selection (Important process in evolution) Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Balancing Selection
Chapter 2 - Group Selection
Chapter 3 - Kin Selection
Chapter 4 - Natural Selection Chapter 5 - Peppered Moth Evolution Chapter 6 - Sexual Selection Chapter 7 - Sexual Selection in Human Evolution Chapter 8 - Theories and Concepts of Selection Chapter 9 -WT Unit of selection
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______A Comprehensive Study on Problems arising from Exploitation of Natural Resources Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Deforestation
Chapter 2 - Overexploitation
Chapter 3 - Desertification
Chapter 4 - Holocene Extinction
Chapter 5 - Erosion
Chapter 6 - Oil Depletion
Chapter 7 - Greenhouse Gas Chapter 8 -WT Ozone Depletion
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Adolescent Health, Psychology & Development Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Youth Health and Adolescent Psychology
Chapter 2 - Child Protection
Chapter 3 - Youth Work & Development
Chapter 4 - Adolescent Medicine
Chapter 5 - Youth Participation
Chapter 6 - Harm Reduction
Chapter 7 - Youth Rights and Youth Voice Chapter 8 -WT Teenage Pregnancy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Biotechnology and its Products Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biotechnology
Chapter 2 - History of Biotechnology
Chapter 3 - Biopharmaceutical and Industrial Biotechnology
Chapter 4 - Gene Therapy
Chapter 5 - Genetic Testing
Chapter 6 - Human Genome Project
Chapter 7 - Cloning
Chapter 8 - Acetone
Chapter 9 - Biogas
Chapter 10 - Biohydrogen
Chapter 11 - Biologic
Chapter 12 - Bovine Somatotropin Chapter 13 WT- Ethanol Fuel
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Biotechnology Products
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Acetone
Chapter 2 - Biogas
Chapter 3 - Biohydrogen
Chapter 4 - Biologic
Chapter 5 - Bovine Somatotropin
Chapter 6 - Ethanol Fuel
Chapter 7 - Antibacterial Chapter 8 -WT Green Fluorescent Protein
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Biotechnology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biotechnology
Chapter 2 - History of Biotechnology
Chapter 3 - Biopharmaceutical and Industrial Biotechnology
Chapter 4 - Gene Therapy
Chapter 5 - Genetic Testing
Chapter 6 - Human Genome Project
Chapter 7 - Cloning
Chapter 8 - Genetically Modified Food
Chapter 9 - Biological Engineering
Chapter 10 - Microbial Biodegradation Chapter 11 WT- Genetic Engineering
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Cell Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell (Biology)
Chapter 2 - Cell Membrane
Chapter 3 - Eukaryote
Chapter 4 - Cytoskeleton
Chapter 5 - Organelle
Chapter 6 - Cell Nucleus
Chapter 7 - Mitochondrion
Chapter 8 - Chloroplast
Chapter 9 - Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chapter 10 - Cell Growth and Cell Division
Chapter 11 - Protein Biosynthesis
Chapter 12 - Ribosome Chapter 13 WT- Lysosome Chapter 14 - Centrosome
Chapter 15 - Vacuole
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Concepts of Energy Transformation in Metabolism Biochemistry Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chapter 2 - Chemiosmosis
Chapter 3 - Mitochondrion
Chapter 4 - Microbial Metabolism
Chapter 5 - Nitrogen Cycle Chapter 6 - Phototroph and Photophosphorylation Chapter 7 - Chloroplast WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced DNA Nanotechnology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction to DNA Nanotechnology
Chapter 2 - Nucleic Acid Design
Chapter 3 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 4 - Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure
Chapter 5 - Nucleic Acid Tertiary Structure Chapter 6 - DNA Computing
Chapter 7 - Important Concepts in DNA Nanotechnology Chapter 8 -WT DNA Sequencing
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Elements and Processes of Cell Biology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell (Biology)
Chapter 2 - Cell Membrane
Chapter 3 - Eukaryote
Chapter 4 - Cytoskeleton
Chapter 5 - Organelle
Chapter 6 - Cell Nucleus
Chapter 7 - Mitochondrion
Chapter 8 - Chloroplast
Chapter 9 - Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chapter 10 - Cell Growth and Cell Division
Chapter 11 - Osmosis
Chapter 12 - Passive Transport and Active Transport Chapter 13 WT- Phagocytosis Chapter 14 - Programmed Cell Death
Chapter 15 - Apoptosis
Chapter 16 - Autophagy
Chapter 17 - Cell Signaling
Chapter 18 - Cell Migration
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Genetic Engineering
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genetic Engineering
Chapter 2 - Gene Targeting
Chapter 3 - Transformation
Chapter 4 - Isogenic Human Disease Models
Chapter 5 - Recombinant DNA
Chapter 6 - Genetically Modified Organism
Chapter 7 - Pharming
Chapter 8 - Genetically Modified Food
Chapter 9 - Gene Therapy
Chapter 10 - Genetically Modified Plant
Chapter 11 - Genetic Enhancement Chapter 12 WT- Molecular Farming and Somatic Fusion
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Amino Acid
Chapter 2 - Alanine
Chapter 3 - Arginine
Chapter 4 - Glycine
Chapter 5 - Lysine
Chapter 6 - Methionine
Chapter 7 - Butyric Acid and Caprylic Acid
Chapter 8 - Oleic, Nervonic and Pentadecanoic Acid
Chapter 9 - Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Chapter 10 - Omega-3 Fatty Acid
Chapter 11 - Fructose
Chapter 12 - Glucose Chapter 13 WT- Sucrose
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Nutrition: Micronutrients and Macronutrients Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Dietary Mineral
Chapter 2 - Calcium
Chapter 3 - Iron
Chapter 4 - Iodine
Chapter 5 - Vitamin A
Chapter 6 - Thiamine
Chapter 7 - Choline
Chapter 8 - Taurine
Chapter 9 - Amino Acid
Chapter 10 - Alanine
Chapter 11 - Arginine Chapter 12 WT- Glycine Chapter 13 - Lysine
Chapter 14 - Methionine
Chapter 15 - Butyric Acid and Caprylic Acid
Chapter 16 - Oleic, Nervonic and Pentadecanoic Acid
Chapter 17 - Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Chapter 18 - Omega–3 Fatty Acid
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Nutrition: Micronutrients
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Dietary Mineral
Chapter 2 - Calcium
Chapter 3 - Iron
Chapter 4 - Iodine
Chapter 5 - Vitamin A
Chapter 6 - Thiamine
Chapter 7 - Choline
Chapter 8 - Taurine
Chapter 9 - Citric Acid
Chapter 10 - Folic Acid Chapter 11 WT- Carotenoid
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advanced Protein Methods & Techniques in Biochemistry Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Immunostaining
Chapter 2 - Immunoprecipitation
Chapter 3 - Immunoelectrophoresis and Western Blot
Chapter 4 - Enzyme Assay
Chapter 5 - Protein Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Chapter 6 - Protein Structure Prediction and Protein Sequencing
Chapter 7 - Proteomics
Chapter 8 - Structural Alignment Chapter 9 -WT Protein Biosynthesis and Peptide Mass Fingerprinting
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Advances in Solar Power
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction
Chapter 2 - Photovoltaics
Chapter 3 - Solar Panel
Chapter 4 - Solar Water Heating
Chapter 5 - Solar Combisystem Chapter 6 - Solar Thermal Collector Chapter 7 - Active Solar Chapter 8 - Solar Thermal Energy Chapter 9 -WT Space-Based Solar Power
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Air Pollution: Causes, Impacts and Control
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Air Pollution 1
Chapter 2 Causes of Air Pollution 23 • Controlled Burn 23 • Volatile Organic Compound 27 • Smoke 34 • Dust 42
Chapter 3 Air Pollutant: A Quantitative Study 50 • Pollutant 50 • Air Pollutant Concentrations 53 • Tropospheric Ozone 57
Chapter 4 Effects of Air Pollution on Ecology and Human Health 62 • Indoor Air Quality 62 • Smog 72 • Neuroplastic Effects of Pollution 84
Chapter 5 Ozone Depletion: A Global Concern 89
Chapter 6 Air Pollution Analyser 110 • Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling 110
Chapter 7 Air Quality, Measurement and Health Index 127 • Air Quality Index 127 • Acid rain 140 • Air Quality Health Index (Canada) 149 • Air Quality Law 153
Chapter 8 Devices to Combat Air Pollution 160 • Cyclonic Separation 160 • Electrostatic Precipitator 164 • Dust Collector 177 • Wet Scrubbers 184
Chapter 9 Techniques for Air Pollution Mitigation 201 • Geothermal Heat Pump 201 • Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage 217
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Air Pollution: Causes, Impacts and Control
Chapter 10 Toxic Hotspot: An Overview 222
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Air Pollution Handbook
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Air Pollution
Chapter 2 - Indoor Air Quality
Chapter 3 - Acid Rain
Chapter 4 - Smog
Chapter 5 - Vog
Chapter 6 - NOx
Chapter 7 - Emission Standard
Chapter 8 - Air Pollution in Hong Kong Chapter 9 -WT Air Pollution in British Columbia
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Air Quality Monitoring and Control Strategies Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Understanding Air Quality Monitoring 1 i. Air Pollution 1 ii. Air Quality Index 25 iii. Air Quality Egg 39 iv. Ambient Air Quality Criteria 40 v. Continuous Emissions Monitoring System 44
Chapter 2 Air Pollution Dispersion: A Comprehensive Study 47 i. Outline of Air Pollution Dispersion 47 ii. Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling 53 iii. Roadway Air Dispersion Modeling 59 iv. ADMS 3 65 v. AERMOD 66 vi. CALPUFF 68 vii. FLACS 69 viii. NAME (Dispersion Model) 70
Chapter 3 Indoor Air Quality: Assessment and Control 72 i. Indoor Air Quality 72 ii. Passive Smoking 84 iii. Mold indoor Growth, Assessment, and Remediation 103 iv. HVAC 110 v. Air Conditioning 125 vi. Ventilation (Architecture) 145 vii. Air Handler 158
Chapter 4 Air Pollution Control Technologies 164 i. Cyclonic Separation 164 ii. Selective Catalytic Reduction 168 iii. Exhaust Gas Recirculation 173 iv. Biofilter 177 v. Fluidized Bed Concentrator 182 vi. Thermal Oxidizer 186 vii. Vapor Recovery 191
Chapter 5 Various Devices to Control Air Pollution 193 i. Electrostatic precipitator 193 ii. Dust Collector 207
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Air Quality Monitoring and Control Strategies
iii. Scrubber 227 iv. LO-NOx Burner 238 v. Catalytic Converter 242 vi. Air Purge System 254
Chapter 6 Methods for Air Quality Improvement 258 i. Geothermal Heat Pump 258 ii. Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage 276
Chapter 7 Air Quality Laws 282 i. Air Quality Law 282 ii. Clean Air Act (United States) 288
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Air Quality Monitoring
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Air Pollution
Chapter 2 - Air Quality
Chapter 3 - Dust Collector
Chapter 4 - Scrubber & National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Chapter 5 - Wet Scrubber
Chapter 6 - Flue-Gas Desulfurization
Chapter 7 - Sulfur Dioxide
Chapter 8 - NOx
Chapter 9 - Nitrogen Dioxide
Chapter 10 - Carbon Monoxide Chapter 11 WT- Volatile Organic Compound
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Birds
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bird
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Birds
Chapter 3 - Origin of Birds
Chapter 4 - Bird Anatomy
Chapter 5 - Bird Flight
Chapter 6 - Bird Vision
Chapter 7 - Bird Migration
Chapter 8 - Bird Vocalization
Chapter 9 - Bird Nest Chapter 10 WT- Bird Conservation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Climate Plants
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plants of Continental Subarctic Climate
Chapter 2 - Plants of Mediterranean Climate
Chapter 3 - Plants of Mild Maritime Climate
Chapter 4 - Plants of Temperate Climates WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Dinosaurs
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Dinosaur
Chapter 2 - Thyreophora and Ornithischia
Chapter 3 - Saurischia (Type of Dinosaur)
Chapter 4 - Theropoda (Type of Dinosaur)
Chapter 5 - Feathered Dinosaur (Type of Dinosaur)
Chapter 6 - Dinosaur Classification
Chapter 7 - Dinosaur Sculptures
Chapter 8 - Evolution of Dinosaurs Chapter 9 -WT Physiology of Dinosaurs
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Ecovillages (Sustainable Development) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Ecovillage
Chapter 2 - Organic Farming
Chapter 3 - Permaculture
Chapter 4 - Autonomous Building Chapter 5 - Renewable Energy WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
All About Fishes & Sharks
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Fish
Chapter 2 - Fish Locomotion
Chapter 3 - Fish Diversity
Chapter 4 - Anatomy of Fish
Chapter 5 - Fish Importance to Humans
Chapter 6 - Shark
Chapter 7 - Great White Shark (Type of Shark)
Chapter 8 - Crested Bullhead Shark (Type of Shark)
Chapter 9 - Hexanchiformes (Type of Shark)
Chapter 10 - Carpet Shark (Type of Shark)
Chapter 11 - Sawshark and Squaliformes (Types of Shark) Chapter 12 WT- Prehistoric Sharks
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Pandemics (Epidemic of Infectious Disease) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pandemic
Chapter 2 - 2009 Flu Pandemic
Chapter 3 - AIDS Pandemic
Chapter 4 - Cholera Pandemics Chapter 5 - Influenza Pandemic Chapter 6 - Third Pandemic Chapter 7 - Viral Hemorrhagic Fever & Antibiotic Resistance WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Seabirds and Cetaceans
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Seabird
Chapter 2 - Penguin
Chapter 3 - Procellariiformes
Chapter 4 - Pelecaniformes
Chapter 5 - Charadriiformes
Chapter 6 - Pelican
Chapter 7 - Cetacea
Chapter 8 - Whale
Chapter 9 - Porpoise
Chapter 10 - Dolphin
Chapter 11 - Baleen Whale Chapter 12 WT- Toothed Whales Chapter 13 - Whaling
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Sharks
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Shark
Chapter 2 - Great White Shark (Type of Shark)
Chapter 3 - Crested Bullhead Shark (Type of Shark)
Chapter 4 - Hexanchiformes (Type of Shark)
Chapter 5 - Carpet Shark (Type of Shark)
Chapter 6 - Sawshark and Squaliformes (Types of Shark)
Chapter 7 - Prehistoric Sharks
Chapter 8 - Shark Tooth
Chapter 9 - Shark Attack
Chapter 10 - Shark Finning Chapter 11 WT- Shark Fin Trading in Costa Rica
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Sustainable Living and Buildings Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Sustainable Living
Chapter 2 - Straw-Bale Construction
Chapter 3 - Cob
Chapter 4 - Adobe Chapter 5 - Rammed Earth Chapter 6 - Cordwood Construction Chapter 7 - Linoleum Chapter 8 - Papercrete
Chapter 9 - Cellulose Insulation Chapter 10 - Structural Insulated Panel Chapter 11 WT- Sustainable Architecture
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______All About Whaling and Conservation Issues Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Whaling
Chapter 2 - History of Whaling
Chapter 3 - Whaling in the United States
Chapter 4 - Whaling in the Faroe Islands
Chapter 5 - Whaling in Japan
Chapter 6 - Whaling Controversy
Chapter 7 - Anti-Whaling Chapter 8 -WT Marine Protected Area
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Allergy (Hypersensitivity Disorder of the Immune System) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Allergy
Chapter 2 - Food Allergy
Chapter 3 - Milk Allergy and Peanut Allergy
Chapter 4 - Soy allergy and Tree Nut Allergy
Chapter 5 - Wheat allergy
Chapter 6 - Cat Allergy and Perfume Allergy
Chapter 7 - Latex Allergy and Aquagenic Pruritus
Chapter 8 - Contact Dermatitis
Chapter 9 - Urticaria
Chapter 10 - Anaphylaxis
Chapter 11 - Eczema
Chapter 12 - Allergic Rhinitis Chapter 13 WT– Angioedema Chapter 14 - Sublingual Immunotherapy
Chapter 15 - Allergen Immunotherapy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Alternative Energy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction to Alternative Energy
Chapter 2 - Alternative Fuel
Chapter 3 - Alcohol Fuel
Chapter 4 - Butanol Fuel
Chapter 5 - Ethanol Fuel Chapter 6 - Methanol Fuel Chapter 7 - Coalbed Methane Chapter 8 - Biomass Briquettes WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Amphibians (Class of Vertebrate Animals)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Amphibian
Chapter 2 - Frog (Type of Amphibian)
Chapter 3 - Salamander (Type of Amphibian)
Chapter 4 - Caecilian (Type of Amphibian)
Chapter 5 - Amphibian Anatomy
Chapter 6 - Extinct Amphibians
Chapter 7 - Decline in Amphibian Populations
Chapter 8 - Amphibians of Africa Chapter 9 -WT Amphibians of Central America
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Biodiversity
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biodiversity
Chapter 2 - Genetic Diversity
Chapter 3 - Evolution
Chapter 4 - Habitat Destruction
Chapter 5 - Introduced Species
Chapter 6 - Invasive Species
Chapter 7 - Overexploitation
Chapter 8 - Effect of Climate Change on Plant Biodiversity Chapter 9 -WT Conservation Biology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
An Introduction to Biotechnology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biotechnology 1
Chapter 2 Concepts of Biotechnology 12 a. Biobased Economy 12 b. Green Revolution 13 c. Stem Cell 24 d. Biomimetics 33 e. Tissue Culture 39
Chapter 3 Processes of Biotechnology 42 a. Selective Breeding 42 b. Hybrid (Biology) 50 c. Biosynthesis 62 d. Catalysis 81
Chapter 4 Applications of Biotechnology 93 a. Cloning 93 b. Genetic Engineering 103 c. Recombinant DNA 115 d. Tissue Engineering 121 e. Biopharmaceutical 135
Chapter 5 Biotechnological Products 142 a. BioSteel 142 b. Biopolymer 143 c. Burton 146 d. Arctic Apples 149 e. Specialty Drugs (United States) 149
Chapter 6 Allied Fields of Biotechnology 162 a. Agriculture 162 b. Agricultural Science 179 c. Food Industry 187 d. Food Processing 193 e. Medicine 200
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Climate Forcing and Greenhouse Gas Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Radiative Forcing
Chapter 2 - Climate Model
Chapter 3 - Albedo
Chapter 4 - Infrared Window
Chapter 5 - Earth's Energy Budget
Chapter 6 - Global Climate Model
Chapter 7 - Greenhouse Effect
Chapter 8 - Runaway Greenhouse Effect
Chapter 9 - Sunlight
Chapter 10 - Global Warming Potential
Chapter 11 - Carbon Sink
Chapter 12 - Introduction to Greenhouse Gas Chapter 13 WT- Carbon Leakage and Carbon Monitoring Chapter 14 - Carbon Neutrality
Chapter 15 - Global Warming Potential
Chapter 16 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the United Kingdom
Chapter 17 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the United States
Chapter 18 - Greenhouse Debt and Emission Inventory
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Cryptozoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cryptozoology
Chapter 2 - Bigfoot
Chapter 3 - Beast of Exmoor
Chapter 4 - Onza
Chapter 5 - Kasai Rex
Chapter 6 - Jersey Devil
Chapter 7 - Mothman
Chapter 8 - Owlman
Chapter 9 - Champ (Cryptozoology)
Chapter 10 - Mokele-mbembe
Chapter 11 - Lindworm
Chapter 12 - Fish-man Chapter 13 WT- Morgawr (Cryptid) Chapter 14 – Ameranthropoides Loysi
Chapter 15 - Bukit Timah Monkey Man
Chapter 16 - Chupacabra
Chapter 17 - Sea Serpent
Chapter 18 - Yeti
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Epigenetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Epigenetics
Chapter 2 - Transgenerational Epigenetics
Chapter 3 - Genomic Imprinting
Chapter 4 - Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation
Chapter 5 - Bisulfite Sequencing
Chapter 6 - DNA Methylation
Chapter 7 - Nutriepigenomics
Chapter 8 - Paramutation and Sex-Determination System
Chapter 9 - Soft Inheritance, Structural Inheritance and Testis Determining Factor
Chapter 10 - X-Inactivation
Chapter 11 - Sex Determination and Differentiation (Human) Chapter 12 WT- Histone Chapter 13 - XY Sex-Determination System
Chapter 14 - Haplodiploid Sex-Determination System and Temperature- Dependent Sex Determination
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genetics
Chapter 2 - History of Genetics
Chapter 3 - Mendelian Inheritance
Chapter 4 - DNA
Chapter 5 - Chromosome
Chapter 6 - Sexual Reproduction
Chapter 7 - Genetic Linkage
Chapter 8 - Genetic Code
Chapter 9 - Regulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 10 - Mutation Chapter 11 WT- Medical Genetics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Genomics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genomics
Chapter 2 - Genome
Chapter 3 - Functional Genomics
Chapter 4 - Bioinformatics
Chapter 5 - Proteomics
Chapter 6 - Human Genome
Chapter 7 - Human Genetic Variation
Chapter 8 - Personal Genomics
Chapter 9 - DNA Sequencing
Chapter 10 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 11 - Epistasis and Functional Genomics
Chapter 12 - 1000 Genomes Project Chapter 13 WT- Human Genome Project Chapter 14 - Structural Genomics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Human Evolution
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Human Evolution
Chapter 2 - Denisova Hominin
Chapter 3 - Multiregional Origin of Modern Humans
Chapter 4 - Human Evolutionary Genetics
Chapter 5 - Human Genetic Variation
Chapter 6 - Neanderthal Chapter 7 -WT Homo Floresiensis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Light Pollution
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Light Pollution
Chapter 2 - Over-illumination
Chapter 3 - Skyglow
Chapter 4 - Sodium-Vapor Lamp
Chapter 5 - Mercury-Vapor Lamp
Chapter 6 - Polarized Light Pollution Chapter 7 -WT Street Light (Cause of Light Pollution)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Metabolic Pathways Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Glycolysis
Chapter 2 - Gluconeogenesis
Chapter 3 - Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 4 - Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Chapter 5 - Urea Cycle
Chapter 6 - Pyrimidine Metabolism
Chapter 7 - Beta Oxidation
Chapter 8 - Fructolysis Chapter 9 -WT Other Metabolic Pathways
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Mutations (Significant Biological Phenomena) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Mutations
Chapter 2 - Point Mutation
Chapter 3 - Insertion & Deletion (genetics)
Chapter 4 - Mutagenesis Chapter 5 - Budgerigar Colour Mutations
Chapter 6 - Important Concepts of Mutations
Chapter 7 - Adaptive Mutation WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Paleozoology
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Dakota (Fossil) and Middle Miocene Disruption
Chapter 2 - Dinosaur
Chapter 3 - History of Invertebrate Paleozoology
Chapter 4 - Invertebrate Paleontology and Odontornithes
Chapter 5 - Scolecodont and Vertebrate Paleontology
Chapter 6 - Trace fossil
Chapter 7 - Chitinozoan
Chapter 8 - Hallucigenia
Chapter 9 - Kimberella
Chapter 10 - Wiwaxia Chapter 11 WT- Physiology of Dinosaurs
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Sexual and Reproductive Health Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Reproductive Health
Chapter 2 - Sexual Abstinence
Chapter 3 - Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
Chapter 4 - Infertility
Chapter 5 - In Vitro Fertilisation
Chapter 6 - Family Planning
Chapter 7 - Birth Control
Chapter 8 - Sexual Disorders Chapter 9 -WT Sexual Addiction
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Speciation (Evolutionary Process) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Speciation
Chapter 2 - Allopatric Speciation
Chapter 3 - Sympatric & Peripatric Speciation
Chapter 4 - Heteropatric Speciation, Parapatric Speciation Chapter 5 - Polyploidy Chapter 6 - Paleopolyploidy Chapter 7 - Hybrid Chapter 8 - Speciation Events
Chapter 9 - Ring Species Chapter 10 WT- Hybrid Zone
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Symbiosis (Interactions between different Biological Species) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Symbiosis
Chapter 2 - Predation
Chapter 3 - Endosymbiont
Chapter 4 - Commensalism
Chapter 5 - Mutualism
Chapter 6 - Host-Parasite Coevolution
Chapter 7 - Myco-Heterotrophy and Zooxanthella
Chapter 8 - Parasitism Chapter 9 -WT Mutualisms and Conservation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______An Introduction to Zoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Zoology
Chapter 2 - History of Zoology
Chapter 3 - Ornithology
Chapter 4 - Animal Cognition
Chapter 5 - Ethology
Chapter 6 - Animal Locomotion
Chapter 7 - Ichthyology
Chapter 8 - Invertebrate Paleontology Chapter 9 -WT Largest Organisms
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Andrology (Medical specialty that deals with male health) Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Male Reproductive System (Human)
Chapter 2 - Testicle
Chapter 3 - Ejaculation
Chapter 4 - Penile Plethysmograph
Chapter 5 - Balanitis and Carcinoma of the Penis
Chapter 6 - Cryptorchidism
Chapter 7 - Epididymitis
Chapter 8 - Erectile Dysfunction
Chapter 9 - Infertility
Chapter 10 - Prostate Cancer
Chapter 11 - Testicular Cancer
Chapter 12 - Phalloplasty Chapter 13 WT- Penis Enlargement Chapter 14 - Sexually Transmitted Disease
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Andrology and Gynaecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Male Reproductive System (Human)
Chapter 2 - Testicle
Chapter 3 - Ejaculation
Chapter 4 - Penile Plethysmograph
Chapter 5 - Balanitis and Carcinoma of the Penis
Chapter 6 - Cryptorchidism
Chapter 7 - Epididymitis
Chapter 8 - Erectile Dysfunction
Chapter 9 - Infertility
Chapter 10 - Prostate Cancer
Chapter 11 - Testicular Cancer Chapter 12 WT- Phalloplasty Chapter 13 - Gynaecology
Chapter 14 - Uterus
Chapter 15 - Vagina
Chapter 16 - Ovary
Chapter 17 - Menstrual Cycle
Chapter 18 - Menopause
Chapter 19 - Menstrual Extraction
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Andrology and Gynaecology
Chapter 20 - Pap Test
Chapter 21 - Colposcopy
Chapter 22 - Amenorrhoea
Chapter 23 - Dysmenorrhea
Chapter 24 - Menorrhagia
Chapter 25 - Prolapse WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Animal Anatomy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Anatomical Terms of Location
Chapter 2 - Barbel (Anatomy) and Carapace
Chapter 3 - Exoskeleton
Chapter 4 - Cat Anatomy
Chapter 5 - Horn (Anatomy)
Chapter 6 - Metamorphosis
Chapter 7 - Dog Anatomy
Chapter 8 - Equine Anatomy
Chapter 9 - Suture (Anatomy) Chapter 10 WT- Scale (Anatomy)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Behavior
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Understanding Animal Behavior 1 • Ethology 1 • Cognitive Ethology 10
Chapter 2 Key Concepts of Animal Behavior 13 • Behaviorism 13 • Animal Cognition 21 • Adaptation 39
Chapter 3 Evolutionary Basis for Animal Behavior 52 • Behavioral Ecology 52 • Altruism (Biology) 71 • Habituation 80 • Lamarckism 86 • Natural Selection 102 • Neuroethology 117
Chapter 4 Animal Communication and Migration 128 • Animal Communication 128 • Bee Learning and Communication 143 • Deception in Animals 151 • Ultrasound Avoidance 163 • Waggle Dance 166 • Animal Migration 171 • Bird Migration 176 • Fish Migration 192 • Insect Migration 196 • Lepidoptera Migration 199
Chapter 5 Animal Sexual Behavior 208 • Animal Sexual Behaviour 208 • Mating System 227 • Mating Call 232 • Monogamy in Animals 239 • Polygyny Threshold Model 243 • Parthenogenesis 245
Chapter 6 Eating Behavior of Animals 260 • Predation 260 • Hoarding (Animal Behavior) 287 • Eating Behavior in Insects 289 • Regurgitation (Digestion) 291 • List of Feeding Behaviours 293
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Behavior
Chapter 7 Abnormal Behavior in Animals 309 • Agonistic Behaviour 309 • Animal Psychopathology 312 • Broodiness 323 • Cribbing (Horse) 329 • Licking 333 • Feather Pecking 337 • Vent Pecking 342 • Infanticide (Zoology) 343 • Stereotypy (Non-human) 351 • Stable Vices 353
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Colouration
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Colouration
Chapter 2 - Camouflage
Chapter 3 - Aposematism
Chapter 4 - Mimicry
Chapter 5 - Countershading
Chapter 6 - Bioluminescence
Chapter 7 - Mimic Octopus
Chapter 8 - Chameleon Chapter 9 -WT Cuttlefish
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Animal Communication
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Communication
Chapter 2 - Animal Training
Chapter 3 - Animal Language
Chapter 4 - Talking Animal
Chapter 5 - Human-Animal Communication
Chapter 6 - Bird Vocalization
Chapter 7 - Talking Bird
Chapter 8 - Dog Communication
Chapter 9 - Ethology
Chapter 10 - Bee Learning and Communication
Chapter 11 - Cat Communication Chapter 12 WT- Mobbing (Animal Behavior)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Animal Genetics and Breeding
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Animal Breeding and Genetics 1 a. Animal Breeding 1 b. Genetics 9
Chapter 2 Key Concepts of Genetics 28 a. Chromosome 28 b. Nucleotide 39 c. Genetic Diversity 46 d. Genetic Drift 50 e. Mutation 60 f. DNA 73 g. Noncoding DNA 95 h. RNA 103
Chapter 3 Breeding: An Overview 114 a. Captive Breeding 114 b. Seasonal Breeder 118 c. Breeding Pair 119 d. Selective Breeding 120 e. Inbreeding 128 f. Outcrossing 137 g. Backcrossing 138 h. Breeding Back 140 i. Culling 143
Chapter 4 Gene: A Comprehensive Study 150 a. Gene 150 b. Gene Nomenclature 163 c. Genome 172 d. Gene Expression 180 e. Alternative Splicing 194 f. Essential Gene 205 g. Mendelian Inheritance 214 h. Heredity 221
Chapter 5 An Integrated Study of Artificial Insemination 229 a. Artificial Insemination 229 b. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 240
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Identification
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bird Ringing
Chapter 2 - Dog Collar
Chapter 3 - Collar (Animal)
Chapter 4 - Ear Tag and Earmark (Agriculture)
Chapter 5 - Horse Markings
Chapter 6 - Livestock Branding
Chapter 7 - Microchip Implant (Animal)
Chapter 8 - Pet Tag and Tracking (Hunting)
Chapter 9 - Bird Vocalization Chapter 10 WT- Snake Scales
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Intelligence and Communication
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Cognition
Chapter 2 - Tool use by Animals
Chapter 3 - Talking Animal
Chapter 4 - Bird Intelligence
Chapter 5 - Cat Intelligence
Chapter 6 - Cephalopod Intelligence
Chapter 7 - Cetacean Intelligence
Chapter 8 - Dog Intelligence
Chapter 9 - Elephant Intelligence
Chapter 10 - Great Ape Language
Chapter 11 - Animal Communication
Chapter 12 - Animal Training Chapter 13 WT- Animal Language Chapter 14 - Human-Animal Communication
Chapter 15 - Bird Vocalization
Chapter 16 - Talking Bird
Chapter 17 - Dog Communication
Chapter 18 - Ethology
Chapter 19 - Bee Learning and Communication
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Intelligence
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Cognition
Chapter 2 - Tool use by Animals
Chapter 3 - Talking Animal
Chapter 4 - Bird Intelligence
Chapter 5 - Cat Intelligence
Chapter 6 - Cephalopod Intelligence
Chapter 7 - Cetacean Intelligence
Chapter 8 - Dog Intelligence
Chapter 9 - Elephant Intelligence
Chapter 10 - Great Ape Language
Chapter 11 - Human-Animal Communication
Chapter 12 - Primate Cognition Chapter 13 WT- Whale Sounds Chapter 14 - African Grey Parrot
Chapter 15 - Learned Pig
Chapter 16 - Orangutan
Chapter 17 - Emotion in Animals
Chapter 18 - Neuroethology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Kingdom
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal
Chapter 2 - Parazoa and Eumetazoa
Chapter 3 - Bilateria, Deuterostome and Ecdysozoa
Chapter 4 - Phylum
Chapter 5 - Protostome, Platyzoa and Lophotrochozoa
Chapter 6 - Sponge
Chapter 7 - Placozoa
Chapter 8 - Ctenophora
Chapter 9 - Cnidaria
Chapter 10 - Vetulicolia
Chapter 11 - Loricifera
Chapter 12 - Nematode Chapter 13 WT- Onychophora Chapter 14 - Rotifer
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Animal Physiology and Morphology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Animal Physiology and Morphology 1 • Physiology 1 • Morphology (Biology) 4
Chapter 2 Understanding Animal Locomotion 7 • Animal Locomotion 7 • Role of Skin in Locomotion 24 • Arboreal Locomotion 31 • Terrestrial Locomotion 37 • Animal Locomotion on the Water Surface 44 • Undulatory Locomotion 46 • Comparative Foot Morphology 52 • Aquatic Locomotion 58 • Fin and Flipper Locomotion 68
Chapter 3 Fish Physiology 77 • Fish Physiology 77 • Fish Anatomy 92 • Aquatic Respiration 114 • Osteichthyes 121 • Fish Jaw 125 • Swim Bladder 136 • Fish Fin 140 • Vision in Fishes 159 • Sensory Systems in Fish 170
Chapter 4 Insect Physiology 177 • Insect Physiology 177 • Insect Flight 185 • Insect Olfaction 193 • Pupa 195 • Drosophila Embryogenesis 200 • Insect Reproductive System 206 • Antimicrobial Peptides 209
Chapter 5 Anatomy: An Overview 216 • Anatomy 216 • Comparative Anatomy 232 • Homology (Biology) 235 • Convergent Evolution 239 • Connective Tissue 247 • Epithelium 250 • Muscle Tissue 256 • Nervous Tissue 260
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Physiology and Morphology
Chapter 6 Anatomy of Vertebrates and Invertebrates 265 • Vertebrate 265 • Invertebrate 271 • Neuraxis 278 • Limbless Vertebrate 279
Chapter 7 Flight in Birds 281 • Bird Flight 281 • Gliding Flight 291 • Insect Wing 298 • Bat Wing Development 323 • Flying and Gliding Animals 335
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Physiology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Insect Physiology
Chapter 2 - Lactation
Chapter 3 - Physiology of Dinosaurs
Chapter 4 - Thermoregulation
Chapter 5 - Poikilotherm and Torpor
Chapter 6 - Cow Dung
Chapter 7 - Feces
Chapter 8 - Kleptothermy, Heterothermy and Ectotherm
Chapter 9 - Warm-Blooded and Blood Type (Non-Human)
Chapter 10 - Blood-Brain Barrier
Chapter 11 - Respiration (Physiology) Chapter 12 WT- Sleep (Non-Human)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Reintroduction (Conservation Biology) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Reintroduction
Chapter 2 - Arabian Oryx Reintroduction
Chapter 3 - Cheetah Reintroduction in India
Chapter 4 - Wolf Reintroduction
Chapter 5 - Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project
Chapter 6 - Borneo Orangutan Survival
Chapter 7 - Samboja Lestari
Chapter 8 - Pleistocene Park
Chapter 9 - Pleistocene Rewilding Chapter 10 WT- Wildlife Management and Conservation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Animal Virology and Physiology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Virology
Chapter 2 - Avian Influenza
Chapter 3 - Agamid Adenovirus and Avian paramyxovirus
Chapter 4 - Bluetongue Disease
Chapter 5 - Canine Distemper
Chapter 6 - Canine Parvovirus
Chapter 7 - Equine Influenza
Chapter 8 - Feline Coronavirus
Chapter 9 - Henipavirus
Chapter 10 - Influenza A Virus
Chapter 11 - Insect Physiology
Chapter 12 - Lactation
Chapter 13 WT- Physiology of Dinosaurs
Chapter 14 - Thermoregulation
Chapter 15 - Poikilotherm and Torpor
Chapter 16 - Cow Dung
Chapter 17 - Feces
Chapter 18 - Kleptothermy, Heterothermy and Ectotherm
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Animal Virology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Virology
Chapter 2 - Avian Influenza
Chapter 3 - Agamid Adenovirus and Avian paramyxovirus
Chapter 4 - Bluetongue Disease
Chapter 5 - Canine Distemper
Chapter 6 - Canine Parvovirus
Chapter 7 - Equine Influenza
Chapter 8 - Feline Coronavirus
Chapter 9 - Henipavirus
Chapter 10 - Influenza A Virus
Chapter 11 - Myxomatosis
Chapter 12 - Newcastle Disease Chapter 13 WT- Ovine Rinderpest
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Animal Welfare & EDGE Species
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Welfare
Chapter 2 - Cruelty to Animals
Chapter 4 - Docking (Dog)
Chapter 5 - Fox Hunting
Chapter 6 - Animal Rights
Chapter 7 - African Elephant
Chapter 8 - Fin Whale
Chapter 9 - Fossa (Animal)
Chapter 10 - Giant Panda
Chapter 11 - Tiger Chapter 12 WT- Dugong
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Animal Welfare
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Welfare
Chapter 2 - Cruelty to Animals
Chapter 3 - Bile Bear
Chapter 4 - Docking (Dog)
Chapter 5 - Fox Hunting
Chapter 6 - Animal Rights
Chapter 7 - Animal Testing Chapter 8 -WT Animal Psychopathology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Animals that can Change Color (Animal Diversity) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Polychrotidae
Chapter 2 - Cephalopod
Chapter 3 - Acanthuridae
Chapter 4 - Chameleon
Chapter 5 - Cuttlefish
Chapter 6 - Flounder and Four-Spotted flounder
Chapter 7 - Frog
Chapter 8 - Seahorse
Chapter 9 - Misumena Vatia
Chapter 10 - Pacific Tree Frog
Chapter 11 - Tuatara Chapter 12 WT- Octopus
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Annelida and Chordata (Animal Phylum)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Annelid
Chapter 2 - Polychaete
Chapter 3 - Clitellata and Oligochaeta
Chapter 4 - Leech
Chapter 5 - Echiura and Haplodrili
Chapter 6 - Earthworm
Chapter 7 - Machaerid and Scolecodont
Chapter 8 - Chordate
Chapter 9 - Craniata
Chapter 10 - Lancelet
Chapter 11 - Tunicate Chapter 12 WT- Vertebrate
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Annelida, Chordata, Echinoderm and Platyhelminthes (Animal Phylum) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Annelid
Chapter 2 - Polychaete
Chapter 3 - Clitellata and Oligochaeta
Chapter 4 - Leech
Chapter 5 - Echiura and Haplodrili
Chapter 6 - Earthworm
Chapter 7 - Machaerid and Scolecodont
Chapter 8 - Chordate
Chapter 9 - Craniata
Chapter 10 - Echinoderm
Chapter 11 - Crinoid Chapter 12 WT- Brittle Star Chapter 13 - Starfish
Chapter 14 - Sea Urchin
Chapter 15 - Sea Cucumber
Chapter 16 - Flatworm
Chapter 17 - Cestoda
Chapter 18 - Monogenea and Trematoda
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Anthocerotophyta, Bryophyta and Marchantiophyta (Plant Divisions) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Hornwort
Chapter 2 - Anthoceros Agrestis and Anthoceros
Chapter 3 - Dendroceros and Folioceros
Chapter 4 - Leiosporoceros, Megaceros and Notothylas
Chapter 5 - Moss
Chapter 6 - Takakia and Bryopsida
Chapter 7 - Sphagnum
Chapter 8 - Aulacomnium Palustre
Chapter 9 - Buxbaumia and Funaria (Moss)
Chapter 10 - Grimmia
Chapter 11 - Hylocomium Splendens and Hypnum Cupressiforme
Chapter 12 - Java Moss and Meesia Triquetra Chapter 13 WT- Physcomitrella Patens and Platyhypnidium Riparioides Chapter 14 - Polytrichum and Polytrichum Commune
Chapter 15 - Marchantiophyta
Chapter 16 - Haplomitriopsida and Metzgeriales
Chapter 17 - Colura Zoophaga and Marchantia Polymorpha
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Anthophyta and Pteridophyta (Plant Divisions) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Flowering Plant
Chapter 2 - Amborellaceae
Chapter 3 - Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales
Chapter 4 - Mesangiospermae and Ceratophyllum
Chapter 5 - Chloranthaceae and Eudicots
Chapter 6 - Magnoliids
Chapter 7 - Monocotyledon
Chapter 8 - Fern
Chapter 9 - Equisetopsida Chapter 10 WT- Marattiopsida and Leptosporangiate Fern
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Ants and their Subfamilies
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ant
Chapter 2 - Ant Colony
Chapter 3 - Sri Lankan Relict Ant and Dolichoderinae
Chapter 4 - Ecitoninae and Formicinae
Chapter 5 - Leptanillinae and Martialis Heureka
Chapter 6 - Myrmicinae and Paraponera
Chapter 7 - Ponerinae and Ant-Fungus Mutualism
Chapter 8 - Ant Mimicry
Chapter 9 - Fire Ant
Chapter 10 - Formica and Gliding Ant Chapter 11 WT- Leafcutter Ant
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Applications of Biotechnology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cloning
Chapter 2 - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Chapter 3 - Genetic Engineering
Chapter 4 - Recombinant DNA
Chapter 5 - Tissue Engineering Chapter 6 - Use of Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Chapter 7 - Molecular Genetics Chapter 8 - Human Genetic Engineering Chapter 9 - Genetically Modified Food Chapter 10 WT- Genetically Modified Plant
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Aquatic Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Fish
Chapter 2 - Sea Snake
Chapter 3 - Sea Turtle
Chapter 4 - Cetacea
Chapter 5 - Freshwater Snail
Chapter 6 - Cnidaria
Chapter 7 - Mollusca WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Aquatic Ecology & Marine Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Aquatic Ecosystem
Chapter 2 - Marine Ecosystem
Chapter 3 - Lentic Ecosystem
Chapter 4 - Lotic Ecosystem
Chapter 5 - Coral Reef
Chapter 6 - Introduction to Marine Biology
Chapter 7 - Lifeforms in Marine Biology
Chapter 8 - Oceanic Habitats Chapter 9 -WT Fish
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Aquatic Plants and Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Aquatic Plant
Chapter 2 - Lemnaoideae
Chapter 3 - Pistia and Nelumbo
Chapter 4 - Nuphar lutea and Hydrilla
Chapter 5 - Water Hyacinth and Lemna
Chapter 6 - Utricularia
Chapter 7 - Alternanthera Sessilis and Alisma Subcordatum
Chapter 8 - Fish
Chapter 9 - Sea Snake
Chapter 10 - Sea Turtle
Chapter 11 - Cetacea Chapter 12 WT- Freshwater Snail
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Aquatic Plants
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Aquatic Plant
Chapter 2 - Lemnaoideae
Chapter 3 - Pistia and Nelumbo
Chapter 4 - Nuphar lutea and Hydrilla
Chapter 5 - Water Hyacinth and Lemna
Chapter 6 - Utricularia
Chapter 7 - Alternanthera Sessilis and Alisma Subcordatum
Chapter 8 - Azolla and Cryptocoryne
Chapter 9 - Elodea and Elodea Canadensis
Chapter 10 - Vallisneria and Stratiotes
Chapter 11 - Pontederia and Nymphaea Nouchali Chapter 12 WT- Nymphaea and Nuphar
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Arthropods (Invertebrate Animals)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Arthropod
Chapter 2 - Insect
Chapter 3 - Arachnid
Chapter 4 - Crustacean
Chapter 5 - Arthropod Exoskeleton
Chapter 6 - Arthropod Eye
Chapter 7 - Prehistoric Arthropods WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Aspects and Types of Cells in Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Multicellular Organism
Chapter 2 - Tissue (Biology)
Chapter 3 - Cellular Differentiation
Chapter 4 - Metabolism
Chapter 5 - Protein Biosynthesis
Chapter 6 - Cell Signaling
Chapter 7 - Gene Expression
Chapter 8 - Eukaryote
Chapter 9 - Plant Cell
Chapter 10 - Hypha
Chapter 11 - Protist
Chapter 12 - Prokaryote Chapter 13 WT- Bacterial Cell Structure Chapter 14 - Archaea
Chapter 15 - Gamete and Zygote
Chapter 16 - Meristem
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Aspects of cells in Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Multicellular Organism
Chapter 2 - Tissue (Biology)
Chapter 3 - Cellular Differentiation
Chapter 4 - Metabolism
Chapter 5 - Protein Biosynthesis
Chapter 6 - Cell Signaling
Chapter 7 - Gene Expression
Chapter 8 - Cell Cycle
Chapter 9 - Mitosis Chapter 10 WT- Homeostasis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Bacteria (Microbiology)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bacteria
Chapter 2 - Gram-Negative Bacteria and Gram-Positive Bacteria
Chapter 3 - Bacterial Cellular Morphologies
Chapter 4 - Bacterial Cell Structure
Chapter 5 - Skin Flora
Chapter 6 - Gut Flora
Chapter 7 - Biofilm
Chapter 8 - Exotoxin
Chapter 9 - Coley's Toxins
Chapter 10 - Endospore
Chapter 11 - Bacterial Growth and Plasmid
Chapter 12 - Bacteriophage Chapter 13 WT- Bacterial Phyla Chapter 14 - Mycolic Acid and Teichoic Acid
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Bacteria and Fungus Microbiology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bacteria
Chapter 2 - Gram-Negative Bacteria and Gram-Positive Bacteria
Chapter 3 - Bacterial Cellular Morphologies
Chapter 4 - Bacterial Cell Structure
Chapter 5 - Skin Flora
Chapter 6 - Gut Flora
Chapter 7 - Biofilm
Chapter 8 - Exotoxin
Chapter 9 - Coley's Toxins
Chapter 10 - Endospore
Chapter 11 - Fungus
Chapter 12 - Ascomycota Chapter 13 WT- Basidiomycota Chapter 14 - Microsporidia
Chapter 15 - Glomeromycota and Chytridiomycota
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Basic Technology and Tools in Biology and Chemistry Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell Culture
Chapter 2 - Flow Cytometry
Chapter 3 - Hybridoma Technology
Chapter 4 - High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Chapter 5 - Thin Layer Chromatography
Chapter 6 - Displacement Chromatography
Chapter 7 - Size-Exclusion Chromatography
Chapter 8 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chapter 9 -WT Spectroscopy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Biochemistry and Biomolecules Handbook Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Nucleotide
Chapter 2 - DNA
Chapter 3 - Biochemistry
Chapter 4 - RNA
Chapter 5 - Biochemistry Methods
Chapter 6 - Biomolecule
Chapter 7 - Lipid
Chapter 8 - Phospholipid
Chapter 9 - Vitamin
Chapter 10 - Neurotransmitter
Chapter 11 - Hormone
Chapter 12 - Polymer Chapter 13 WT- Nucleoside Chapter 14 - Lignin
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Biological Classifications
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biological Classification
Chapter 2 - Linnaean Taxonomy
Chapter 3 - Taxonomic Rank
Chapter 4 - Species
Chapter 5 - Genus
Chapter 6 - Family (Biology) and Order (Biology)
Chapter 7 - Class (Biology) and Kingdom (Biology)
Chapter 8 - Life
Chapter 9 - Type (Biology) Chapter 10 WT- Evolutionary Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Nomenclature
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Biological Engineering
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Biomedical Engineering
Chapter 2 - Clinical Engineering
Chapter 3 - Genetic Engineering
Chapter 4 - Human Genetic Engineering
Chapter 5 - Tissue Engineering
Chapter 6 - Protein Engineering
Chapter 7 - Protein Design & Directed Evolution Chapter 8 -WT Other Types of Biological Engineering
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Biological Interactions
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biological Interaction
Chapter 2 - Competition (Biology)
Chapter 3 - Predation
Chapter 4 - Ecological Facilitation
Chapter 5 - Symbiosis
Chapter 6 - Camouflage
Chapter 7 - Crypsis
Chapter 8 - Interspecific Competition
Chapter 9 - Intraguild Predation
Chapter 10 - Mutualism (Biology)
Chapter 11 - Mimicry Chapter 12 WT- Sex
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Biological Processes
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Assimilation (Biology) and Bioerosion
Chapter 2 - Cell Migration
Chapter 3 - Natural Selection
Chapter 4 - Biological Pigment
Chapter 5 - Reproduction
Chapter 6 - Biotinylation
Chapter 7 - Degranulation and Immunoglobulin Class Switching
Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 9 - Cellular Differentiation
Chapter 10 - Cell Cycle Chapter 11 WT- Speciation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Biological Techniques and Tools
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cloning
Chapter 2 - Electrophoresis
Chapter 3 - In Situ Hybridization and Gene Knockout
Chapter 4 - Microscope
Chapter 5 - Northern Blot
Chapter 6 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 7 - Western Blot and Southern Blot Chapter 8 -WT X-ray Crystallography
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Biology of Marine Mammals
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction t o Marine Mammals 1
Chapter 2 Understanding Aquatic Mammals 22 a. Aquatic Mammal 22 b. Blubber 37 c. Cetacean Bycatch 39 d. Aquatic Locomotion 46 e. Marine Mammal Observer 61 f. Marine Mammals and Sonar 61
Chapter 3 Various Species of Marine Mammals 70 a. Sirenia 70 b. Manatee 73 c. Pinniped 82 d. Sea Otter 104 e. Polar Bear 124 f. Cetacea 147
Chapter 4 Whale and Marine Otter 178 a. Whale 178 b. Baleen Whale 211 c. Marine Otter 241
Chapter 5 Extinct Marine Mammals 244 a. Sea Mink 244
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Biomolecular Structures
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biomolecular Structure
Chapter 2 - Protein Primary Structure
Chapter 3 - Protein Secondary Structure
Chapter 4 - Protein Tertiary Structure
Chapter 5 - Protein Quaternary Structure
Chapter 6 - Protein Design
Chapter 7 - Protein Structure Prediction
Chapter 8 - Protein Folding
Chapter 9 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 10 - Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure
Chapter 11 - Nucleic Acid Tertiary Structure
Chapter 12 - Nucleic Acid Structure Determination Chapter 13 WT- Nucleic Acid Structure Prediction Chapter 14 - Nucleic Acid Design
Chapter 15 - Nucleic Acid Thermodynamics
Chapter 16 - Nucleic Acid Double Helix
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Biomolecules and Biomolecular Structures Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biomolecule
Chapter 2 - Lipid
Chapter 3 - Phospholipid
Chapter 4 - Vitamin
Chapter 5 - Neurotransmitter
Chapter 6 - Hormone
Chapter 7 - Polymer
Chapter 8 - Nucleoside and Nucleotide
Chapter 9 - Lignin
Chapter 10 - Biomolecular Structure
Chapter 11 - Protein Primary Structure Chapter 12 WT- Protein Secondary Structure Chapter 13 - Protein Tertiary Structure
Chapter 14 - Protein Quaternary Structure
Chapter 15 - Protein Design
Chapter 16 - Protein Structure Prediction
Chapter 17 - Protein Folding
Chapter 18 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 19 - Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Biomolecules and Biomolecular Structures
Chapter 20 - Nucleic Acid Tertiary Structure
Chapter 21 - Nucleic Acid Structure Determination
WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Biomolecules
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biomolecule
Chapter 2 - Lipid
Chapter 3 - Phospholipid
Chapter 4 - Vitamin
Chapter 5 - Neurotransmitter
Chapter 6 - Hormone
Chapter 7 - Polymer
Chapter 8 - Nucleoside and Nucleotide
Chapter 9 - Lignin
Chapter 10 - Saccharides
Chapter 11 - Amino Acid Chapter 12 WT- Enzyme
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Biophysics and Biology (Concepts, Elements and Applications) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biophysics & Mathematical and Theoretical Biology
Chapter 2 - Systems Biology
Chapter 3 - Abiogenesis
Chapter 4 - Protein Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Chapter 5 - Biosensor and Bioelectromagnetism
Chapter 6 - Cell Membrane and Cell Signaling Chapter 7 -WT Biophysical and Biological Techniques
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Biosynthesis and Posttranslational Modification of Proteins Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Protein Biosynthesis
Chapter 2 - Amino Acid Synthesis
Chapter 3 - Transcription
Chapter 4 - Translation
Chapter 5 - Genetic Code
Chapter 6 - Peptide Synthesis
Chapter 7 - eIF2 and Eukaryotic Translation
Chapter 8 - Internal Ribosome Entry Site and Kozak Consensus Sequence
Chapter 9 - Posttranslational Modification
Chapter 10 - Hsp70
Chapter 11 - Hsp90
Chapter 12 - Protease
Chapter 13 WT- ADP-Ribosylation and C-Terminus
Chapter 14 - Glucosepane
Chapter 15 - Inhibitory Peptide and Phosphorylation
Chapter 16 - Tyrosine Sulfation and SUMO Enzymes
Chapter 17 - Advanced Glycation End-Product
Chapter 18 - Proteases in Angiogenesis
Chapter 19 - Glycosylation and Gene Silencing
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Bird Anatomy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bird Anatomy
Chapter 2 - Bird Vision
Chapter 3 - Beak
Chapter 4 - Feather
Chapter 5 - Arcopallium, Brood Patch and Comb (Anatomy)
Chapter 6 - Crop (Anatomy), Culmen (Bird) and Furcula
Chapter 7 - Gape, Gular Skin and Keel (Bird Anatomy)
Chapter 8 - Plumage and Pygostyle
Chapter 9 - Tarsometatarsus and Uropygial Gland
Chapter 10 - Cloaca and Gizzard Chapter 11 WT- Bird Flight
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Bird and Animal Anatomy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bird Anatomy
Chapter 2 - Bird Vision
Chapter 3 - Beak
Chapter 4 - Feather
Chapter 5 - Arcopallium, Brood Patch and Comb (Anatomy)
Chapter 6 - Crop (Anatomy), Culmen (Bird) and Furcula
Chapter 7 - Anatomical Terms of Location
Chapter 8 - Barbel (Anatomy) and Carapace
Chapter 9 - Exoskeleton
Chapter 10 - Cat Anatomy
Chapter 11 - Horn (Anatomy)
Chapter 12 - Metamorphosis Chapter 13 WT- Dog Anatomy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Bivalvia (Class of Phylum Mollusca) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bivalvia
Chapter 2 - Subclass of Bivalvia
Chapter 3 - Bivalve Shell and Razor Shell
Chapter 4 - Arcoida and Clam
Chapter 5 - Freshwater Bivalve and Glochidium
Chapter 6 - Mussel
Chapter 7 - Oyster
Chapter 8 - Scallop
Chapter 9 - Veliger
Chapter 10 - Ostreoida and Nuculanoida
Chapter 11 - Placopecten Magellanicus and Pseudofeces Chapter 12 WT- Rudists and Myoida
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Branches and Key Components of Genetics Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Behavioural Genetics, Classical Genetics and Ecological Genetics
Chapter 2 - Developmental Biology
Chapter 3 - Conservation Genetics
Chapter 4 - Genetic Engineering
Chapter 5 - Heritability of IQ
Chapter 6 - Genomics
Chapter 7 - Human Genetics
Chapter 8 - Human Evolutionary Genetics
Chapter 9 - Human Mitochondrial Genetics
Chapter 10 - Molecular Genetics
Chapter 11 - Chromosome Chapter 12 WT- DNA Chapter 13 - RNA
Chapter 14 - Genome
Chapter 15 - Heredity
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Branches of Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Behavioural Genetics, Classical Genetics and Ecological Genetics
Chapter 2 - Developmental Biology
Chapter 3 - Conservation Genetics
Chapter 4 - Genetic Engineering
Chapter 5 - Heritability of IQ
Chapter 6 - Genomics
Chapter 7 - Human Genetics
Chapter 8 - Human Evolutionary Genetics
Chapter 9 - Human Mitochondrial Genetics
Chapter 10 - Molecular Genetics
Chapter 11 - Population Genetics Chapter 12 WT- Quantitative Genetics Chapter 13 - Medical Genetics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Branches of Zoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Acari
Chapter 2 - Ornithology
Chapter 3 - Ethology
Chapter 4 - Ichthyology
Chapter 5 - Arachnology
Chapter 6 - Cetology
Chapter 7 - Neuroethology
Chapter 8 - Parasitology
Chapter 9 - Nematology
Chapter 10 - Malacology Chapter 11 WT- Herpetology and Paleozoology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Brood Parasites in Zoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Brood Parasite
Chapter 2 - Asian Koel
Chapter 3 - Black-headed Duck and Bronzed Cowbird
Chapter 4 - Common Cuckoo
Chapter 5 - Cowbird and Brown-headed Cowbird
Chapter 6 - Shiny Cowbird and Cuckoo Bee
Chapter 7 - Cuckoo Finch and Dideric Cuckoo
Chapter 8 - Giant Cowbird and Great Spotted Cuckoo
Chapter 9 - Honeyguide
Chapter 10 - Indian Cuckoo and Jacobin Cuckoo
Chapter 11 - Phengaris Rebeli and Striped Cuckoo
Chapter 12 - Synodontis Multipunctata, Thick-billed Honeyguide and WTViduidae Chapter 13 - Aggressive Mimicry
Chapter 14 - Cuckoo
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Carnivorous Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Carnivore
Chapter 2 - Crocodilia
Chapter 3 - Bat
Chapter 4 - Snake
Chapter 5 - Shark
Chapter 6 - Insect
Chapter 7 - Centipede
Chapter 8 - Frog
Chapter 9 - Tiger Chapter 10 WT- Lion
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cell Biology: Meiosis and Mitosis Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Meiosis and Mitosis 1 i. Meiosis 1 ii. Mitosis 13
Chapter 2 Processes of Meiosis and Mitosis 24 i. Cytokinesis 24 ii. DNA Replication 27 iii. Homologous Recombination 39 iv. Synapsis 56 v. Spindle Apparatus 57 vi. Synaptonemal Complex 63 vii. Mitotic Index 65
Chapter 3 Occurrence of Meiosis in Eukaryotic Life Cycle 67 i. Sexual Reproduction 67 ii. Origin and Function of Meiosis 74
Chapter 4 Errors and Variations of Mitosis 79 i. Aneuploidy 79 ii. Anaphase Lag 86 iii. Endoreduplication 86 iv. Consequences of Errors in Mitosis 91
Chapter 5 Cell Division and Cycle: A Comprehensive Study 96 i. Cell Division Orientation 96 ii. Cell Division 97 iii. Cell Cycle 99 iv. Cell Cycle Checkpoint 110 v. Nondisjunction 114 vi. Mitogen 121 vii. Mitotic Cell Rounding 122
Chapter 6 Phases of Cell Cycle and Mitosis 125 i. Interphase 125 ii. Anaphase 133 iii. Metaphase 134 iv. Prophase 136 v. Preprophase 137 vi. Prometaphase 138 vii. Telophase 140
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cell Biology: Meiosis and Mitosis
Chapter 7 Cells in Various Life Cycles 142 i. Germ Cell 142 ii. Somatic Cell 147 iii. Zygote 149 iv. Gamete 151 v. Phragmoplast 152
Chapter 8 Homologous Chromosome: An Overview 154 i. Homologous Chromosome 154 ii. Sister Chromatids 161 iii. Cohesin 162 iv. Sister Chromatid Exchange 166
Chapter 9 Microtubule: An Integrated Study 169 i. Microtubule 169 ii. Preprophase Band 181 iii. Astral Microtubules 182 iv. Phycoplast 183
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cell Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell Biology
Chapter 2 - Active Transport and Passive Transport
Chapter 3 - Autophagy
Chapter 4 - Cell Signaling
Chapter 5 - DNA Repair
Chapter 6 - Lipid Bilayer
Chapter 7 - Internal Cellular Structures
Chapter 8 - Cell Culture Chapter 9 -WT Cell Disruption
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Cell Imaging
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Staining
Chapter 2 - Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Chapter 3 - Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
Chapter 4 - Laser Capture Microdissection and Pulse-Chase Analysis
Chapter 5 - Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscope and Two- Photon Excitation Microscopy
Chapter 6 - Digital Holographic Microscopy
Chapter 7 - Fluorescence Microscope
Chapter 8 - Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
Chapter 9 - Green Fluorescent Protein
Chapter 10 - Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
Chapter 11 - Histology Chapter 12 WT- Immunohistochemistry Chapter 13 - Gram Staining and Romanowsky Stain
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Cell Signaling and Imaging
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell Signaling
Chapter 2 - Cell (Biology)
Chapter 3 - G protein-Coupled Receptor
Chapter 4 - Apoptosis
Chapter 5 - Cytokine
Chapter 6 - Signal Transduction
Chapter 7 - G protein
Chapter 8 - Staining
Chapter 9 - Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Chapter 10 - Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
Chapter 11 - Laser Capture Microdissection and Pulse-Chase Analysis
Chapter 12 - Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscope and Two- WTPhoton Excitation Microscopy Chapter 13 - Digital Holographic Microscopy
Chapter 14 - Fluorescence Microscope
Chapter 15 - Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
Chapter 16 - Green Fluorescent Protein
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Cell Signaling
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell Signaling
Chapter 2 - Cell (Biology)
Chapter 3 - G protein-Coupled Receptor
Chapter 4 - Apoptosis
Chapter 5 - Cytokine
Chapter 6 - Signal Transduction
Chapter 7 - G protein
Chapter 8 - Endocrine System Chapter 9 -WT Cell Surface Receptor
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cell Structures and Metabolism in Cell Biology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell Membrane
Chapter 2 - Cell Wall
Chapter 3 - Cytoskeleton
Chapter 4 - Centriole and Spindle Apparatus
Chapter 5 - Cytosol
Chapter 6 - Chromosome
Chapter 7 - Cytoplasm and Plasmid
Chapter 8 - Metabolic Pathway
Chapter 9 - Glycolysis
Chapter 10 - Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 11 - Ethanol Fermentation Chapter 12 WT- Lactic Acid Fermentation Chapter 13 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 14 - Adenosine Triphosphate
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cell Structures in Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell Membrane
Chapter 2 - Cell Wall
Chapter 3 - Cytoskeleton
Chapter 4 - Centriole and Spindle Apparatus
Chapter 5 - Cytosol
Chapter 6 - Chromosome
Chapter 7 - Cytoplasm and Plasmid
Chapter 8 - Lipid Bilayer
Chapter 9 - Cell Growth Chapter 10 WT- Cell Disruption
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Cellular Anatomy & Reproduction
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Organelle
Chapter 2 - Cell Nucleus
Chapter 3 - Mitochondrion
Chapter 4 - Chloroplast and Lysosome
Chapter 5 - Golgi Apparatus
Chapter 6 - Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chapter 7 - Peroxisome and Vacuole
Chapter 8 - Interphase and Fission (Biology)
Chapter 9 - Cell Cycle
Chapter 10 - Biochemical Switches in the Cell Cycle
Chapter 11 - Meiosis
Chapter 12 - Mitosis Chapter 13 WT- Prophase and Metaphase Chapter 14 - Anaphase and Telophase
Chapter 15 - Cytokinesis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cellular Anatomy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Organelle
Chapter 2 - Cell Nucleus
Chapter 3 - Mitochondrion
Chapter 4 - Chloroplast and Lysosome
Chapter 5 - Golgi Apparatus
Chapter 6 - Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chapter 7 - Peroxisome and Vacuole
Chapter 8 - Ribosome and Centrosome
Chapter 9 - DNA
Chapter 10 - RNA Chapter 11 WT- Enzyme
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cellular Metabolism in Cell Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Metabolic Pathway
Chapter 2 - Glycolysis
Chapter 3 - Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 4 - Ethanol Fermentation
Chapter 5 - Lactic Acid Fermentation
Chapter 6 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 7 - Adenosine Triphosphate
Chapter 8 - Pyruvic Acid
Chapter 9 - Glucose Chapter 10 WT- Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Cellular Neuroscience
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cellular Neuroscience
Chapter 2 - Neuron
Chapter 3 - Neural Coding
Chapter 4 - Neuroregeneration
Chapter 5 - Glial Cell
Chapter 6 - Synaptic Plasticity
Chapter 7 - Chemical Synapse
Chapter 8 - Dendrite and Dendritic Spine
Chapter 9 - Actin Remodeling of Neurons and Sholl Analysis Chapter 10 WT- Action Potential
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cellular Processes in Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Osmosis
Chapter 2 - Passive Transport and Active Transport
Chapter 3 - Phagocytosis
Chapter 4 - Programmed Cell Death
Chapter 5 - Apoptosis
Chapter 6 - Autophagy
Chapter 7 - Cell Signaling
Chapter 8 - Cell Migration
Chapter 9 - Transcription (Genetics)
Chapter 10 - DNA Repair Chapter 11 WT- Senescence and Cell Adhesion
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cellular Reproduction
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Interphase and Fission (Biology)
Chapter 2 - Cell Cycle
Chapter 3 - Biochemical Switches in the Cell Cycle
Chapter 4 - Meiosis
Chapter 5 - Mitosis
Chapter 6 - Prophase and Metaphase
Chapter 7 - Anaphase and Telophase
Chapter 8 - Cytokinesis
Chapter 9 - Growth Process in Cell Chapter 10 WT- Repairing DNA
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cephalopoda (Molluscan Class)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cephalopod
Chapter 2 - Octopus
Chapter 3 - Squid
Chapter 4 - Cuttlefish
Chapter 5 - Nautiloid
Chapter 6 - Nautilus
Chapter 7 - Ammonite
Chapter 8 - Belemnoidea Chapter 9 -WT Argonaut (Animal)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cetaceans - Large Sea Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cetacea
Chapter 2 - Whale
Chapter 3 - Porpoise
Chapter 4 - Dolphin
Chapter 5 - Baleen Whale
Chapter 6 - Toothed Whales
Chapter 7 - Whaling
Chapter 8 - Different Types of Whales and Dolphins
Chapter 9 - Cetology Chapter 10 WT- Arctic Cetaceans
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Chelicerata (Animal Subphylum)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Chelicerata
Chapter 2 - Arachnid
Chapter 3 - Spider
Chapter 4 - Scorpion
Chapter 5 - Opiliones
Chapter 6 - Acari
Chapter 7 - Pseudoscorpion
Chapter 8 - Amblypygi
Chapter 9 - Thelyphonida and Solifugae
Chapter 10 - Xiphosura Chapter 11 WT- Sea Spider
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Chemical Biology of Natural Products Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Natural Product
Chapter 2 - Glycoside
Chapter 3 - Alkaloid
Chapter 4 - Natural Phenol
Chapter 5 - Terpene
Chapter 6 - Macrolide
Chapter 7 - Integrasone
Chapter 8 - Loline Alkaloid Chapter 9 - Sirolimus
Chapter 10 - Saponin
Chapter 11 - Juvabione Chapter 12 WT- Aucubin and Betaenone B
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Chemical Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Chemical Biology
Chapter 2 - Proteomics
Chapter 3 - Small Interfering RNA
Chapter 4 - Peptide Synthesis
Chapter 5 - Metagenomics
Chapter 6 - Posttranslational Modification
Chapter 7 - Stem Cell
Chapter 8 - Synthetic Biology
Chapter 9 - Molecular Biology Chapter 10 WT- Biochemistry
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Alkaloids Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Alkaloid
Chapter 2 - Mannich Reaction
Chapter 3 - Allopumiliotoxin and Batrachotoxin
Chapter 4 - Berberine
Chapter 5 - Coniine and Ergine
Chapter 6 - Cocaine
Chapter 7 - Ergoline
Chapter 8 - Camptothecin
Chapter 9 - Opioid
Chapter 10 - Quinine Chapter 11 WT- Caffeine
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Chromosome (Cell Biology)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Chromosome
Chapter 2 - Chromatin
Chapter 3 - Karyotype
Chapter 4 - Ploidy
Chapter 5 - Microchromosome and Chromosomal Inversion
Chapter 6 - Polyploid
Chapter 7 - Nucleosome
Chapter 8 - Telomere
Chapter 9 - X Chromosome and Y Chromosome
Chapter 10 - Chromosome 1 (Human) and Chromosome 2 (Human) Chapter 11 WT- Chromosome 3 (Human) and Chromosome 4 (Human)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cladistics & Phylogenetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Cladistics
Chapter 2 - Clade
Chapter 3 - Terminology for Characters
Chapter 4 - Phylogenetic Nomenclature Chapter 5 - Cladogram Chapter 6 - Introduction to Phylogenetics Chapter 7 - Molecular Phylogenetics Chapter 8 - Microbial Phylogenetics and Computational Phylogenetics
Chapter 9 - Phylogenetic Tree Chapter 10 - Maximum Parsimony Chapter 11 - Phylogenetic Footprinting Chapter 12 WT- Most Recent Common Ancestor
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Cladistics (Method of Classifying Species of Organisms into Groups) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Cladistics
Chapter 2 - Clade
Chapter 3 - Terminology for Characters
Chapter 4 - Phylogenetic Nomenclature Chapter 5 - Cladogram Chapter 6 - Biological Classification Chapter 7 -WT Phylogenetics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Classes and Subclasses of Chordate (Biological Classification) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ascidiacea
Chapter 2 - Thaliacea and Larvacea
Chapter 3 - Agnatha
Chapter 4 - Thelodonti
Chapter 5 - Placodermi
Chapter 6 - Chondrichthyes
Chapter 7 - Acanthodii and Actinopterygii
Chapter 8 - Sarcopterygii
Chapter 9 - Amphibian
Chapter 10 - Reptile
Chapter 11 - Synapsid
Chapter 12 - Mammal Chapter 13 WT- Bird
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Classical Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genetic Linkage
Chapter 2 - Dominance (Genetics)
Chapter 3 - Epistasis and Genetic Screen
Chapter 4 - Haplotype and Introgression
Chapter 5 - Monohybrid Cross
Chapter 6 - Phenotype
Chapter 7 - Phenotypic Trait and Punnett Square
Chapter 8 - Quantitative Trait Locus
Chapter 9 - Zygosity
Chapter 10 - Microfluidic Whole Genome Haplotyping
Chapter 11 - Polyploid
Chapter 12 - Genetic Genealogy Chapter 13 WT- Haplogroup Chapter 14 - F1 Hybrid and Ploidy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Classification of Insects
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Mantis
Chapter 2 - Phasmatodea and Dragonfly
Chapter 3 - Beetle
Chapter 4 - Cockroach
Chapter 5 - Hymenoptera
Chapter 6 - Orthoptera
Chapter 7 - Plecoptera
Chapter 8 - Strepsiptera
Chapter 9 - Caddisfly
Chapter 10 - Embioptera
Chapter 11 - Mecoptera
Chapter 12 - Megaloptera and Neuroptera Chapter 13 WT- Louse
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Climate Change Handbook
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Solar Variation and Orbital Variation
Chapter 2 - Global Warming
Chapter 3 - Dendroclimatology
Chapter 4 - Current Sea Level Rise
Chapter 5 - Abrupt Climate Change
Glossary WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Climate Change Laws
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- American Clean Energy and Security Act
Chapter 2 - Climate Change Act 2008
Chapter 3 - Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006
Chapter 4 - Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006
Chapter 5 - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Chapter 6 - Kyoto Protocol
Chapter 7 - Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Chapter 8 -WT Other Climate Change Laws
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Climate Change Mitigation & Law Handbook Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation
Chapter 2 - Energy Development
Chapter 3 - Sustainable Transport
Chapter 4 - Reforestation
Chapter 5 - Biosequestration
Chapter 6 - American Clean Energy and Security Act
Chapter 7 - Climate Change Act 2008
Chapter 8 - Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006
Chapter 9 - Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006
Chapter 10 - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Chapter 11 WT- Kyoto Protocol
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Climate Change Mitigation Solutions to Global Warming Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation
Chapter 2 - Energy Development
Chapter 3 - Sustainable Transport
Chapter 4 - Reforestation
Chapter 5 - Biosequestration
Chapter 6 - Climate Engineering
Chapter 7 - Carbon Capture and Storage WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Climate Change Past, Present & Future Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Temperature Record
Chapter 2 - Instrumental Temperature Record
Chapter 3 - Satellite Temperature Measurements
Chapter 4 - Temperature Record of the Past 1000 Years
Chapter 5 - Geologic Temperature Record
Chapter 6 - Medieval Warm Period
Chapter 7 - Ice Age (Geological Period of Temperature Reduction)
Chapter 8 - Paleoclimatology Chapter 9 -WT Milankovitch Cycles
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Climate Forcing Agents and Global Warming Handbook Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Atmospheric Methane
Chapter 2 - Biosequestration
Chapter 3 - Carbon Sink
Chapter 4 - Greenhouse Gas
Chapter 5 - Global Warming
Chapter 6 - Climate Change
Chapter 7 - Greenhouse Effect Chapter 8 -WT Global Climate Model
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Cnidaria (Animal Phylum)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cnidaria
Chapter 2 - Anthozoa
Chapter 3 - Coral
Chapter 4 - Sea Anemone
Chapter 5 - Jellyfish
Chapter 6 - Box Jellyfish
Chapter 7 - Hydrozoa
Chapter 8 - Scyphozoa and Stauromedusae Chapter 9 -WT Myxozoa, Polypodium Hydriforme and Hydra (Genus)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Colouration, Camouflage and Mimicry in Animals Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Animal Colouration
Chapter 2 - Camouflage
Chapter 3 - Aposematism
Chapter 4 - Mimicry
Chapter 5 - Countershading
Chapter 6 - Bioluminescence
Chapter 7 - Mimic Octopus
Chapter 8 - Polychrotidae
Chapter 9 - Cephalopod
Chapter 10 - Acanthuridae
Chapter 11 - Chameleon
Chapter 12 - Cuttlefish Chapter 13 WT- Flounder and Four-Spotted flounder Chapter 14 - Frog
Chapter 15 - Seahorse
Chapter 16 - Misumena Vatia
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Components and Elements of the Natural Environment Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Life
Chapter 2 - Ecosystem
Chapter 3 - Biome
Chapter 4 - Wilderness
Chapter 5 - Atmosphere of Earth
Chapter 6 - Climate Chapter 7 -WT Weather
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Concepts & Applications of Cloning (Biological Process) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cloning
Chapter 2 - Molecular Cloning and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Chapter 3 - Human Cloning
Chapter 4 - Essential Steps for Cloning of any DNA Fragment
Chapter 5 - Tissue Engineering
Chapter 6 - Ethics of Cloning WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Concepts & Applications of Tissue Engineering and Cloning Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Tissue Engineering
Chapter 2 - Electrospinning
Chapter 3 - Soft Tissue
Chapter 4 - Stem Cell
Chapter 5 - Stem Cell Treatments
Chapter 6 - Implant (Medicine)
Chapter 7 - Cartilage
Chapter 8 - Artificial Pancreas
Chapter 9 - Cloning
Chapter 10 - Molecular Cloning and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Chapter 11 - Human Cloning
Chapter 12 - Essential Steps for Cloning of any DNA Fragment Chapter 13 WT- Ethics of Cloning
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Concepts and Branches of Zoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Clade
Chapter 2 - Monophyly
Chapter 3 - Polyphyly
Chapter 4 - Speciation
Chapter 5 - Phenotype
Chapter 6 - Species
Chapter 7 - Species Problem
Chapter 8 - Acari
Chapter 9 - Ornithology
Chapter 10 - Ethology
Chapter 11 - Ichthyology
Chapter 12 - Arachnology Chapter 13 WT- Cetology Chapter 14 - Neuroethology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Concepts and Techniques of Molecular Biology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Molecular Biology
Chapter 2 - History of Molecular Biology
Chapter 3 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 4 - Gene Expression
Chapter 5 - Protein
Chapter 6 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 7 - Cell Culture
Chapter 8 - ChIA-PET
Chapter 9 - ChIP-on-Chip
Chapter 10 - Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Chip-Sequencing
Chapter 11 - DNA Sequencing Chapter 12 - EasternWT Blotting and Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis Chapter 13 - Immunoprecipitation
Chapter 14 - Northern Blot
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta and Lycopodiophyta (Plant Divisions) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Pinophyta
Chapter 2 - Pinales and Pinaceae
Chapter 3 - Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae
Chapter 4 - Cupressaceae
Chapter 5 - Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae
Chapter 6 - Cycad
Chapter 7 - Cycas
Chapter 8 - Stangeriaceae and Zamiaceae
Chapter 9 - Ceratozamia
Chapter 10 - Encephalartos Lehmannii and Encephalartos Longifolius
Chapter 11 - Lycopodiophyta
Chapter 12 - Huperzia and Isoëtes Chapter 13 WT- Lycopodiopsida and Selaginella Chapter 14 - Asteroxylon, Baragwanathia and Drepanophycaceae
Chapter 15 - Lepidodendrales and Lepidodendron
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Anthophyta, Anthocerotophyta and Bryophyta (Plant Divisions) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Pinophyta
Chapter 2 - Pinales and Pinaceae
Chapter 3 - Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae
Chapter 4 - Cupressaceae
Chapter 5 - Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae
Chapter 6 - Cycad
Chapter 7 - Cycas
Chapter 8 - Flowering Plant
Chapter 9 - Amborellaceae
Chapter 10 - Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales
Chapter 11 - Mesangiospermae and Ceratophyllum Chapter 12 WT- Chloranthaceae and Eudicots Chapter 13 - Magnoliids
Chapter 14 - Hornwort
Chapter 15 - Anthoceros Agrestis and Anthoceros
Chapter 16 - Dendroceros and Folioceros
Chapter 17 - Leiosporoceros, Megaceros and Notothylas
Chapter 18 - Moss
Chapter 19 - Takakia and Bryopsida
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Anthophyta, Anthocerotophyta and Bryophyta (Plant Divisions) Chapter 20 - Sphagnum
Chapter 21 - Aulacomnium Palustre
Chapter 22 - Buxbaumia and Funaria (Moss) WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Conservation Biology & Animal Reintroduction Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Conservation Biology
Chapter 2 - Significant Species in Conservation Biology
Chapter 3 - Marine Conservation
Chapter 4 - Marine Protected Area
Chapter 5 - Bird Conservation
Chapter 6 - Conservation Reliant Species
Chapter 7 - Mutualisms and Conservation
Chapter 8 - Reintroduction
Chapter 9 - Arabian Oryx Reintroduction
Chapter 10 - Cheetah Reintroduction in India
Chapter 11 - Wolf Reintroduction
Chapter 12 - Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project Chapter 13 WT- Borneo Orangutan Survival Chapter 14 - Samboja Lestari
Chapter 15 - Pleistocene Park
Chapter 16 - Pleistocene Rewilding
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Conservation Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Conservation Biology
Chapter 2 - Significant Species in Conservation Biology
Chapter 3 - Marine Conservation
Chapter 4 - Marine Protected Area
Chapter 5 - Bird Conservation
Chapter 6 - Conservation Reliant Species
Chapter 7 - Mutualisms and Conservation
Chapter 8 - Ex-Situ and In-Situ Conservation
Chapter 9 - Wildlife Conservation Chapter 10 WT- Conservation Movement
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Coral Reef - Underwater Structures
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Coral Reef
Chapter 2 - Coral
Chapter 3 - Fringing Reef
Chapter 4 - Atoll
Chapter 5 - Cay
Chapter 6 - The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
Chapter 7 - Great Barrier Reef
Chapter 8 - New Caledonia Barrier Reef
Chapter 9 - Environmental Issues with Coral Reefs Chapter 10 WT- Coral Reef Fish
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Crustacean (Group of Arthropods)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Crustacean
Chapter 2 - Crustacean Larvae
Chapter 3 - Thylacocephala
Chapter 4 - Branchiopoda
Chapter 5 - Cladocera and Anostraca
Chapter 6 - Clam Shrimp and Remipedia
Chapter 7 - Maxillopoda and Barnacle
Chapter 8 - Copepod
Chapter 9 - Ostracod
Chapter 10 - Malacostraca
Chapter 11 - Mantis Shrimp
Chapter 12 - Amphipoda Chapter 13 WT- Woodlouse Chapter 14 - Cumacea
Chapter 15 - Krill
Chapter 16 - Shrimp
Chapter 17 - Lobster
Chapter 18 - Crayfish
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______DNA & RNA Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - DNA
Chapter 2 - Base Pair
Chapter 3 - Sense (Molecular Biology)
Chapter 4 - Molecular Models of DNA
Chapter 5 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 6 - DNA Nanotechnology
Chapter 7 - Chromatin
Chapter 8 - RNA
Chapter 9 - History of RNA Biology
Chapter 10 - Messenger RNA
Chapter 11 - Transfer RNA and Ribosomal RNA
Chapter 12 - Transfer-Messenger RNA Chapter 13 WT- Non-Coding RNA Chapter 14 - MicroRNA
Chapter 15 - RNA Interference
Chapter 16 - RNA Splicing
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - DNA
Chapter 2 - Base Pair
Chapter 3 - Sense (Molecular Biology)
Chapter 4 - Molecular Models of DNA
Chapter 5 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 6 - DNA Nanotechnology
Chapter 7 - Chromatin
Chapter 8 - DNA Replication
Chapter 9 - DNA-Binding Protein and Genetic Recombination Chapter 10 WT- DNA Repair
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
DNA Repair
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - DNA Repair
Chapter 2 - Base Excision Repair and Nucleotide Excision Repair
Chapter 3 - DNA Glycosylase and Homology Directed Repair
Chapter 4 - DNA Mismatch Repair
Chapter 5 - DNA Damage Theory of Aging
Chapter 6 - Direct DNA Damage and Indirect DNA Damage
Chapter 7 - Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Bloom Syndrome
Chapter 8 - Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase
Chapter 9 - Non-Homologous End Joining and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Chapter 10 WT- Homologous Recombination
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
DNA Replication
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - DNA Replication
Chapter 2 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 3 - Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure
Chapter 4 - Nucleic Acid Tertiary Structure
Chapter 5 - DNA Polymerase
Chapter 6 - Prokaryotic DNA Replication and Eukaryotic DNA Replication
Chapter 7 - DNA Clamp
Chapter 8 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 9 - Klenow Fragment and Okazaki Fragment
Chapter 10 - Primer (Molecular Biology)
Chapter 11 - Processivity and Replication Fork
Chapter 12 - Replication Timing Chapter 13 WT- Rolling Circle Replication and Semiconservative Replication Chapter 14 - Telomerase
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______DNA Sequencing
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - DNA Sequencing
Chapter 2 - Polony Sequencing
Chapter 3 - DNA Sequencing Theory
Chapter 4 - Nanopore Sequencing and Sequencing by Ligation
Chapter 5 - Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing and Pyrosequencing
Chapter 6 - Nucleotide
Chapter 7 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 8 - Recombinant DNA
Chapter 9 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 10 - Exome Sequencing
Chapter 11 - Nucleic Acid Double Helix Chapter 12 WT- DNA Supercoil
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Echinoderm and Platyhelminthes (Animal Phylum) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Echinoderm
Chapter 2 - Crinoid
Chapter 3 - Brittle Star
Chapter 4 - Starfish
Chapter 5 - Sea Urchin
Chapter 6 - Sea Cucumber
Chapter 7 - Flatworm
Chapter 8 - Cestoda
Chapter 9 - Monogenea and Trematoda
Chapter 10 - Turbellaria
Chapter 11 - Digenea Chapter 12 WT- Aspidogastrea
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Ecology Science
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Ecology
Chapter 2 - Ecosystem
Chapter 3 - Biodiversity
Chapter 4 - Community and Ecosystem Ecology
Chapter 5 - Biome
Chapter 6 - Ecological Niche and Niche Construction WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______EDGE Species (Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered Species) Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - African Elephant
Chapter 2 - Fin Whale
Chapter 3 - Fossa (Animal)
Chapter 4 - Giant Panda
Chapter 5 - Tiger
Chapter 6 - Dugong
Chapter 7 - Red Panda
Chapter 8 - Orangutan Chapter 9 -WT Grévy's Zebra
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Elements of Ecology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Ecology 1
Chapter 2 Essential Components of Ecology 30 • Abiotic Component 30 • Biotic Component 31 • Natural Environment 31 • Ecosystem 47 • Environment (Biophysical) 59
Chapter 3 Processes and Concepts of Ecology 62 • Ecological Succession 62 • Carrying Capacity 72 • Ecological Selection 75 • Ecological Niche 77 • Ecological Facilitation 82
Chapter 4 Branches of Ecology 88 • Functional Ecology 88 • Microbial Ecology 88 • Ecosystem Ecology 91 • Plant Ecology 96
Chapter 5 Sub-fields of Ecology 103 • Population Ecology 103 • Forest Ecology 113 • Systems Ecology 116 • Landscape Ecology 119 • Spatial Ecology 126 • Soil Ecology 130
Chapter 6 Essential Aspects of Ecology 133 • Habitat 133 • Biodiversity 142 • Ecosystem Services 165 • Environmentalism 180 • Environmental Movement 193 • Social Ecology 214 • Ecotoxicity 215
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Elements of Ecology
Chapter 7 Regional Classification of Ecology 222 • Urban Ecology 222 • Arctic Ecology 231 • Polar Ecology 238 • Tropical Ecology 243
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Elements, Concepts and Applications of Metabolism Biochemistry Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Metabolism
Chapter 2 - Enzyme
Chapter 3 - Metabolic Pathway
Chapter 4 - Glycolysis
Chapter 5 - Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 6 - Key Biochemicals
Chapter 7 - Lipids and Nucleotide
Chapter 8 - Catabolism
Chapter 9 - Energy Transformations Chapter 10 WT- Anabolism
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Elements, Essence, Techniques and Applications of Microbiology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Food Microbiology
Chapter 2 - Algae
Chapter 3 - Industrial Microbiology
Chapter 4 - Yeast
Chapter 5 - Bacteria
Chapter 6 - Oral Microbiology
Chapter 7 - Pathogen
Chapter 8 - Digital Holographic Microscopy
Chapter 9 - Transmission Electron Microscopy DNA Sequencing
Chapter 10 - ATP Test, Antibiogram, Aseptic Technique and Axenic
Chapter 11 - Bacteriological Water Analysis and Clonogenic Assay
Chapter 12 - Gentamicin Protection Assay, Hydrodynamic Focusing and WTIndustrial Fermentation Chapter 13 - Microscopy
Chapter 14 - Electron Microscope
Chapter 15 - Oxidase Test, Isopycnic Centrifugation and Microbiological Culture
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Biological Interactions
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biological Interaction
Chapter 2 - Competition (Biology)
Chapter 3 - Predation
Chapter 4 - Ecological Facilitation
Chapter 5 - Symbiosis
Chapter 6 - Camouflage
Chapter 7 - Crypsis
Chapter 8 - Interspecific Competition
Chapter 9 - Intraguild Predation
Chapter 10 - Mutualism (Biology)
Chapter 11 - Commensalism
Chapter 12 - Parasitism Chapter 13 WT- Ant Chapter 14 - Anthroposystem and Cleaner Fish
Chapter 15 - Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
Chapter 16 - Clownfish
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of EDGE and Invasive Species Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to EDGE Species
Chapter 2 - African Elephant
Chapter 3 - Fin Whale
Chapter 4 - Fossa (Animal)
Chapter 5 - Giant Panda
Chapter 6 - Tiger
Chapter 7 - Dugong
Chapter 8 - Red Panda
Chapter 9 - Achatina Fulica
Chapter 10 - Africanized Bee
Chapter 11 - Argentine Ant
Chapter 12 - Asian Tiger Mosquito Chapter 13 WT- Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Chapter 14 - Cane Toad
Chapter 15 - Carcinus Maenas
Chapter 16 - Common Myna
Chapter 17 - Coypu
Chapter 18 - Emerald Ash Borer
Chapter 19 - Mute Swan
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Encyclopedia of Extinct Animals and Plants Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Deinotherium
Chapter 2 - Dinofelis
Chapter 3 - Homotherium
Chapter 4 - Mammoth
Chapter 5 - Megantereon
Chapter 6 - Bluebuck
Chapter 7 - Cave Bear
Chapter 8 - Cave Hyena
Chapter 9 - Panthera Leo Spelaea
Chapter 10 - Dwarf Elephant
Chapter 11 - Cooksonia
Chapter 12 - Sigillaria Chapter 13 WT- Lepidodendron Chapter 14 - Calamites
Chapter 15 - Glossopteris
Chapter 16 - Archaeamphora
Chapter 17 - Silphium
Chapter 18 - Other Prehistoric Plants
Chapter 19 - Encephalartos woodii
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Extinct Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Deinotherium
Chapter 2 - Dinofelis
Chapter 3 - Homotherium
Chapter 4 - Mammoth
Chapter 5 - Megantereon
Chapter 6 - Bluebuck
Chapter 7 - Cave Bear
Chapter 8 - Cave Hyena
Chapter 9 - Panthera Leo Spelaea
Chapter 10 - Dwarf Elephant
Chapter 11 - Elasmotherium Chapter 12 WT- Woolly Rhinoceros Chapter 13 - Smilodon
Chapter 14 - Arctodus
Chapter 15 - Macrauchenia
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Extinct Birds and Animals Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ratite
Chapter 2 - Great Auk
Chapter 3 - New Zealand Little Bittern and Réunion Sacred Ibis
Chapter 4 - Dodo
Chapter 5 - Passenger Pigeon
Chapter 6 - New Caledonian Lorikeet and Norfolk Island Kākā
Chapter 7 - Deinotherium
Chapter 8 - Dinofelis
Chapter 9 - Homotherium
Chapter 10 - Mammoth
Chapter 11 - Megantereon
Chapter 12 - Bluebuck Chapter 13 WT- Cave Bear Chapter 14 - Cave Hyena
Chapter 15 - Panthera Leo Spelaea
Chapter 16 - Dwarf Elephant
Chapter 17 - Elasmotherium
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Extinct Birds
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ratite
Chapter 2 - Great Auk
Chapter 3 - New Zealand Little Bittern and Réunion Sacred Ibis
Chapter 4 - Dodo
Chapter 5 - Passenger Pigeon
Chapter 6 - New Caledonian Lorikeet and Norfolk Island Kākā Chapter 7 -WT Mohoidae and Huia
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Extinct Mammals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Steller's Sea Cow
Chapter 2 - Extinct Rodents
Chapter 3 - Extinct Bats
Chapter 4 - Aurochs
Chapter 5 - Bluebuck Chapter 6 - Extinct Artiodactyls Chapter 7 - Extinct Carnivores Chapter 8 -WT Extinct Perissodactyls
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Extinct Plants
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cooksonia
Chapter 2 - Sigillaria
Chapter 3 - Lepidodendron
Chapter 4 - Calamites
Chapter 5 - Glossopteris
Chapter 6 - Archaeamphora
Chapter 7 - Silphium
Chapter 8 - Other Prehistoric Plants
Chapter 9 - Encephalartos woodii
Chapter 10 - Franklinia Chapter 11 WT- Plants Extinct in the Wild
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Mammals & Amphibians (Vertebrate Animals) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Mammal
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Mammals
Chapter 3 - Mammal Anatomy
Chapter 4 - Mammal Hybrids
Chapter 5 - Extinct Carnivorans
Chapter 6 - Extinct Horse Breeds
Chapter 7 - Amphibian
Chapter 8 - Frog (Type of Amphibian)
Chapter 9 - Salamander (Type of Amphibian)
Chapter 10 - Caecilian (Type of Amphibian)
Chapter 11 - Amphibian Anatomy Chapter 12 - ExtinctWT Amphibians
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Encyclopedia of Megafauna and Dinosaurs Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Megafauna
Chapter 2 - Basking Shark
Chapter 3 - Beluga Whale
Chapter 4 - Blue Whale
Chapter 5 - Colossal Squid
Chapter 6 - Giant Clam
Chapter 7 - Humpback Whale
Chapter 8 - Haast's Eagle
Chapter 9 - Lion's Mane Jellyfish
Chapter 10 - Moa
Chapter 11 - Dinosaur
Chapter 12 - Thyreophora and Ornithischia Chapter 13 WT- Saurischia (Type of Dinosaur) Chapter 14 - Theropoda (Type of Dinosaur)
Chapter 15 - Feathered Dinosaur (Type of Dinosaur)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Sea Shells
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Seashell
Chapter 2 - Conchology
Chapter 3 - Gastropod Shell
Chapter 4 - Nacre
Chapter 5 - Tusk Shell WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Encyclopedia of Trees
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Tree
Chapter 2 - Abies Procera and Adansonia Digitata
Chapter 3 - Eucalyptus Delegatensis and Eucalyptus Globulus
Chapter 4 - Eucalyptus Oblique and Eucalyptus Regnans
Chapter 5 - Eucalyptus Viminalis, Fitzroya and Taxodium Mucronatum
Chapter 6 - Picea Sitchensis
Chapter 7 - Pseudotsuga Menziesii
Chapter 8 - Sequoia Sempervirens
Chapter 9 - Sequoiadendron Chapter 10 WT- Thuja Plicata
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Energy Conservation
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Energy Conservation 1
Chapter 2 Understanding Sustainable Energy 8 a. Sustainable Energy 8 b. Renewable energy 34 c. Renewable Energy Commercialization 63 d. Energy Storage 90
Chapter 3 Energy Efficiency: An Overview 110 a. Efficient Energy Use 110 b. Energy Efficiency in Transportation 124 c. Energy Efficiency Implementation 137 d. Energy Intensity 140 e. Energy Efficiency Gap 143
Chapter 4 Key Concepts of Energy Conservation 148 a. Rebound Effect (Conservation) 148 b. Negawatt Power 155 c. Earth Hour 162 d. Energy Hierarchy 182 e. One Watt Initiative 185 f. Hubbert Peak Theory 186
Chapter 5 Energy-efficient Landscaping: A Comprehensive Study 199 a. Energy-efficient Landscaping 199 b. Low-energy House 200 c. Green Building 204 d. Passive House 217 e. Zero-energy Building 228 f. Passive Cooling 253 g. Energy Conservation Measure 259
Chapter 6 Applications of Energy Conservation 263 a. Renewable Heat 263 b. Smart Grid 271 c. Thermal Energy Storage 291 d. Home Energy Saver 296
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Energy Conservation
Chapter 7 Environmental Impact of the Energy Industry 299
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Entomology & Herpetology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Entomology
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Insects
Chapter 3 - Apiology and Myrmecology
Chapter 4 - Fly
Chapter 5 - Lepidoptera
Chapter 6 - Moth
Chapter 7 - Grasshopper
Chapter 8 - Cricket (Insect)
Chapter 9 - Caddisfly
Chapter 10 - Amphibian
Chapter 11 - Reptile
Chapter 12 - Evolution of Reptiles Chapter 13 WT- Snake Skeleton Chapter 14 - Frog
Chapter 15 - Toad and Salamander
Chapter 16 - Newt
Chapter 17 - Caecilian
Chapter 18 - Lizard
Chapter 19 - Amphisbaenia and Diamondback Terrapin
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Environmental Protection and Management
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Environmental Protection and Management 1
Chapter 2 Significant Aspects of Environmental Protection and Management 14 • Ecosystem Management 14 • Watershed Management 18 • Environmental Resource Management 22 • Natural Resource Management 30 • Fisheries Management 39
Chapter 3 Modern Concepts of Environmental Protection and Management 48 • Tragedy of the Commons 48 • Ecosystem Services 57 • Habitat Conservation 72 • Environmental Management System 78 • Life-Cycle Assessment 81
Chapter 4 Environmental Laws and Environmental Policies 93 • Environmental Policy 93 • Environmental Law 96 • Environmental Justice 110 • Environmental Governance 130 • Environmental Movement 156 • Environmental Impact Assessment 170 • Environmental Manager 187 • Environmental Globalization 188
Chapter 5 Selected Topics of Environmental Protection 192 • Environmentalism 192 • Resource Depletion 205 • Ecological Modernization 209 • Environmental Ethics 211 • Indigenous Rights 216 • Protected Area 219
Chapter 6 Organizations Promoting Environmental Protection 262 • United Nations Environment Programme 262 • United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 266 • Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China 268 • United States Environmental Protection Agency 271 • Conservation International 286
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Enzyme Biotechnology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Enzyme 1
Chapter 2 Types of Enzyme 19 a. Transferase 19 b. Isomerase 29 c. DNA Glycosylase 40 d. Exoglucanase 47 e. Oxidoreduction 48 f. Endoglycosidase 49 g. Endoenzyme 50 h. Exoenzyme 51 i. Fucosidase 59 j. Glucansucrase 59 k. Immobilized Enzyme 62
Chapter 3 Enzyme: Inhibitors, Activators and Promiscuity 65 a. Enzyme Inhibitor 65 b. Enzyme Activator 89 c. Enzyme Promiscuity 90
Chapter 4 Enzyme Catalysis and Kinetics 96 a. Enzyme Catalysis 96 b. Enzyme Kinetics 104
Chapter 5 Metabolic Pathway of Enzyme 121 a. Metabolic Pathway 121 b. Citric Acid Cycle 126 c. Oxidative Phosphorylation 138 d. Glycolysis 152 e. Pentose Phosphate Pathway 172 f. Fatty Acid Synthesis 179
Chapter 6 Causes of Enzyme Deficiency 193 a. Chronic Granulomatous Disease 193 b. Cortisone Reductase Deficiency 199 c. Hypophosphatasia 201 d. Myeloperoxidase Deficiency 207
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Enzyme Biotechnology
e. Neutrophil-Specific Granule Deficiency 208 f. Phenylketonuria 209 g. Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency 219
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Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Epigenetics & Classical Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Epigenetics
Chapter 2 - Transgenerational Epigenetics
Chapter 3 - Genomic Imprinting
Chapter 4 - Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation
Chapter 5 - Bisulfite Sequencing
Chapter 6 - DNA Methylation
Chapter 7 - Nutriepigenomics
Chapter 8 - Paramutation and Sex-Determination System
Chapter 9 - Soft Inheritance, Structural Inheritance and Testis Determining Factor
Chapter 10 - X-Inactivation
Chapter 11 - Sex Determination and Differentiation (Human) Chapter 12 WT- Genetic Linkage Chapter 13 - Dominance (Genetics)
Chapter 14 - Epistasis and Genetic Screen
Chapter 15 - Haplotype and Introgression
Chapter 16 - Monohybrid Cross
Chapter 17 - Phenotype
Chapter 18 - Phenotypic Trait and Punnett Square
Chapter 19 - Quantitative Trait Locus
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Epigenetics & Classical Genetics
Chapter 20 - Zygosity
Chapter 21 - Microfluidic Whole Genome Haplotyping
Chapter 22 - Polyploid
WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Essence and Applications of Biotechnology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biotechnology
Chapter 2 - Genetic Engineering
Chapter 3 - Biological Engineering
Chapter 4 - Synthetic Biology
Chapter 5 - Biomechanics
Chapter 6 - Tissue Engineering
Chapter 7 - Cloning
Chapter 8 - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Chapter 9 - Recombinant DNA
Chapter 10 - Use of Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Chapter 11 - Molecular Genetics
Chapter 12 - Human Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 WT- Genetically Modified Food Chapter 14 - Genetically Modified Plant
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Essence and Applications of Microbiology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Food Microbiology
Chapter 2 - Algae
Chapter 3 - Industrial Microbiology
Chapter 4 - Yeast
Chapter 5 - Bacteria
Chapter 6 - Oral Microbiology
Chapter 7 - Pathogen
Chapter 8 - Microbiology
Chapter 9 - Biological Warfare Chapter 10 WT- Algae Fuel
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Essence and Important Concepts of Cell Biology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell (Biology)
Chapter 2 - Cell Theory
Chapter 3 - Cell Biology and Cell Division
Chapter 4 - Endosymbiotic Theory
Chapter 5 - Cellular Respiration
Chapter 6 - Lipid Bilayer
Chapter 7 - Prokaryote
Chapter 8 - Transfection
Chapter 9 - Active Transport and Passive Transport
Chapter 10 - Autophagy
Chapter 11 - Cell Signaling
Chapter 12 - DNA Repair Chapter 13 WT- Internal Cellular Structures Chapter 14 - Cell Culture
Chapter 15 - Cell Disruption
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Essence of Biotechnology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biotechnology
Chapter 2 - Genetic Engineering
Chapter 3 - Biological Engineering
Chapter 4 - Synthetic Biology
Chapter 5 - Biomechanics
Chapter 6 - Tissue Engineering
Chapter 7 - Biopharmaceutical and Industrial Biotechnology Chapter 8 -WT Biology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Essence of Cell in Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell (Biology)
Chapter 2 - Cell Theory
Chapter 3 - Cell Biology and Cell Division
Chapter 4 - Endosymbiotic Theory
Chapter 5 - Cellular Respiration
Chapter 6 - Lipid Bilayer
Chapter 7 - Prokaryote
Chapter 8 - Transfection
Chapter 9 - Flow Cytometry Chapter 10 WT- Cell Culture
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Essence of Ecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Natural Environment
Chapter 2 - Ecosystem Chapter 3 - Biome
Chapter 4 - Community and Biocoenosis Chapter 5 - Biodiversity Chapter 6 - Dead Zone WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Essence of Environmental biotechnology
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1- Biofuel
Chapter 2- Second Generation Biofuels
Chapter 3- Biodiesel
Chapter 4- Biogas
Chapter 5- Compost
Chapter 6- Water Purification WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Essence, Key Concepts and Elements of Evolutionary Biology Field Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Evolution
Chapter 2 - Evolution
Chapter 3 - Evolutionary History of Life
Chapter 4 - Cladistics
Chapter 5 - Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Chapter 6 - Plant Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Chapter 7 - Human Evolutionary Genetics
Chapter 8 - Molecular Evolution Chapter 9 -WT Phylogenetics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Essentials of Genetics
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics 1
Chapter 2 Key Components of Genetics 20 a. Gene 20 b. Nucleotide 34 c. Heredity 40 d. Chromosome 47 e. RNA 59 f. DNA 68 g. DNA Sequencing 89 h. Nucleic Acid Sequence 107
Chapter 3 Principles and Concepts of Genetics 114 a. Genetic Variation 114 b. Genetic Drift 117 c. Deletion (Genetics) 127 d. Mutation 129 e. Natural Selection 141
Chapter 4 Human Genetics: A Comprehensive Study 161 a. Human Genetics 161 b. Human Genome 178 c. Genetic Disorder 191 d. Gene Therapy 196
Chapter 5 Evolution of Genetics 209
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Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Essentials of Stem Cell Biology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Stem Cell 1 a. Stem Cell 1 b. Stem-cell Line 11 c. Stem-cell Niche 14
Chapter 2 Types of Stem Cells 25 a. Embryonic Stem Cell 25 b. Adult Stem Cell 45 c. Cancer Stem Cell 51 d. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell 62 e. Induced Stem Cells 76 f. Progenitor Cell 101 g. Hematopoietic Stem Cell 104 h. Mesenchymal Stem Cell 112 i. Amniotic Stem Cells 117 j. Dental Pulp Stem Cells 120 k. Neural Stem Cell 122 l. Neuroepithelial Cell 127
Chapter 3 Stem Cell Therapy 134 a. Stem-cell Therapy 134 b. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 149 c. Human Embryonic Stem Cells Clinical Trials 161
Chapter 4 Bone Marrow: An Integrated Study 165 a. Bone Marrow 165 b. Endothelial Stem Cell 171 c. Bone Marrow Examination 176
Chapter 5 Significant Aspects of Stem Cell 180 a. Cell Potency 180 b. Cellular Differentiation 183 c. Epigenetics in Stem-cell Differentiation 192 d. Stem Cell Laws 198
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______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Eukaryote and Prokaryote Organisms
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Eukaryote
Chapter 2 - Chromalveolate
Chapter 3 - Archaeplastida
Chapter 4 - Excavate, Opisthokont and Rhizaria
Chapter 5 - Fungus
Chapter 6 - Protist
Chapter 7 - Prokaryote
Chapter 8 - Archaea
Chapter 9 - Mycobacterium
Chapter 10 - Cell Wall Chapter 11 WT- Cyanobacteria
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Eukaryote Organisms
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Eukaryote
Chapter 2 - Chromalveolate
Chapter 3 - Archaeplastida
Chapter 4 - Excavate, Opisthokont and Rhizaria
Chapter 5 - Fungus
Chapter 6 - Protist
Chapter 7 - Animal
Chapter 8 - Endomembrane System
Chapter 9 - Golgi Apparatus Chapter 10 WT- Mitochondrion
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Evolution and Classification of Dinosaurs Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Dinosaur
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Dinosaurs
Chapter 3 - Dinosaur Classification
Chapter 4 - Theropoda
Chapter 5 - Sauropodomorpha
Chapter 6 - Feathered Dinosaur
Chapter 7 - Herrerasaurus
Chapter 8 - Unaysaurus and Zupaysaurus
Chapter 9 - Plateosaurus Chapter 10 WT- Massospondylus
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Evolution and Extinction of Mammals Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Evolution of Mammals
Chapter 2 - Human Evolution
Chapter 3 - Evolution of Mammalian Auditory Ossicles
Chapter 4 - Mammal Anatomy
Chapter 5 - Steller's Sea Cow
Chapter 6 - Extinct Rodents
Chapter 7 - Extinct Bats
Chapter 8 - Aurochs
Chapter 9 - Bluebuck
Chapter 10 - Extinct Artiodactyls Chapter 11 WT- Extinct Carnivores
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Evolution of Biological Diversity
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Evolution of Cetaceans
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Dinosaurs
Chapter 3 - Evolutionary History of Cephalopods
Chapter 4 - Evolution of the Horse
Chapter 5 - Peppered Moth Evolution
Chapter 6 - Evolution of Sirenians
Chapter 7 - Evolution of Birds Chapter 8 -WT Evolutionary History of Plants
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Evolution of Mammals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Evolution of Mammals
Chapter 2 - Human Evolution
Chapter 3 - Evolution of Mammalian Auditory Ossicles
Chapter 4 - Mammal Anatomy
Chapter 5 - Evolution of the Horse WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Evolution of Vertebrates
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Evolution of Reptiles
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Birds
Chapter 3 - Origin of Birds
Chapter 4 - Evolution of Mammals
Chapter 5 - Evolution of the Horse
Chapter 6 - Human Evolution Chapter 7 -WT Evolution of Cetaceans
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Evolutionarily Significant Biological Phenomena Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Mimicry
Chapter 2 - Polymorphism (Biology)
Chapter 3 - Symbiosis
Chapter 4 - Polyphenism
Chapter 5 - Mutation
Chapter 6 - Abiogenesis Chapter 7 -WT Extinction
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Evolutionary and Cell Biology of Plants Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Evolutionary History of Plants
Chapter 2 - Plant Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Chapter 3 - Alternation of Generations
Chapter 4 - Plant Reproduction
Chapter 5 - Plant Cell
Chapter 6 - Ground Tissue
Chapter 7 - Pectin
Chapter 8 - Aerenchyma and Amyloplast
Chapter 9 - Cell Plate, Leucoplast and Oleosin
Chapter 10 - Guard Cell
Chapter 11 - Palisade Cell, Phragmoplast and Phragmosome Chapter 12 WT- Preprophase and Preprophase Band Chapter 13 - Stoma
Chapter 14 - Xylem
Chapter 15 - Chlorophyll
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Evolutionary Biology (Concepts & Theories) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Error Threshold
Chapter 2 - Common Descent
Chapter 3 - Evidence of Common Descent
Chapter 4 - Abiogenesis
Chapter 5 - Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Chapter 6 - Adaptation
Chapter 7 - Inclusive Fitness
Chapter 8 - Most Recent Common Ancestor Chapter 9 -WT Punctuated Equilibrium
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Evolutionary Biology of Plants
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Evolutionary History of Plants
Chapter 2 - Plant Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Chapter 3 - Alternation of Generations
Chapter 4 - Plant Reproduction
Chapter 5 - Timeline of Plant Evolution WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Evolutionary Biology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Evolutionary Biology 1 • Evolutionary Biology 1 • Evolutionary Developmental Biology 4
Chapter 2 Branches of Evolutionary Biology 12 • Population Genetics 12 • Evolutionary Ecology 21
Chapter 3 Key Concepts of Evolutionary Biology 24 • Common Descent 24 • Speciation 28 • Modern Evolutionary Synthesis 42 • Adaptation 52 • Genetic Variation 64
Chapter 4 Principles of Evolutionary Biology 68 • Natural Selection 68 • Heredity 96 • Genotype 103
Chapter 5 Evolution: An Overview 107 • Evolution 107 • Molecular Evolution 131 • Experimental Evolution 138 • Genetic Drift 142
Chapter 6 Evolution of Biology 153
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Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Fish (aquatic vertebrate animal)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Fish
Chapter 2 - Fish Locomotion
Chapter 3 - Fish Diversity
Chapter 4 - Anatomy of Fish
Chapter 5 - Fish Importance to Humans
Chapter 6 - Overfishing
Chapter 7 - Environmental Effects of Fishing Chapter 8 -WT Shoaling and Schooling
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Food Contamination and Safety
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Understanding Food Contamination 1 • Food Contaminant 1 • Adulterated Food 4
Chapter 2 Natural Toxins, Prions and Carcinogens in Food 9 • Aflatoxin 9
• Aflatoxin B1 13 • Mycotoxin 16 • Fumonisin B1 21 • Prion 27 • Scrapie 41 • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 46
Chapter 3 Foodborne Disease and Related Pathogens 57 • Foodborne Illness 57 • Pathogenic Bacteria 71 • Bacillus Cereus 81 • Staphylococcal Enteritis 84 • Vibrio parahaemolyticus 86 • Vibrio Vulnificus 87
Chapter 4 Various Foodborne Diseases 92 • Cholera 92 • Gastroenteritis 107 • Shigellosis 115 • Listeriosis 117 • Botulism 122 • Salmonellosis 131 • Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease 136 • Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker Syndrome 147 • Kuru (Disease) 148 • Fatal Familial Insomnia 153
Chapter 5 Zoonotic Diseases that Spread through Food 159 • Bubonic Plague 159 • Avian Influenza 166 • Escherichia Coli O157:H7 177 • Campylobacteriosis 179 • Caliciviridae 184 • Trichinosis 186
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Food Contamination and Safety
Chapter 6 Food Safety: An Integrated Study 197 • Food Safety 197 • Food Processing 205 • Food Preservation 213 • Food Storage 268 • Calcium Propanoate 275 • Polylysine 276
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Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Food Safety and Quality
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Food Safety and Food Quality 1 • Food Safety 1 • Food Quality 9
Chapter 2 Methods for Food Safety 11 • Food Storage 11 • Food Defense 18 • Food Preservation 22
Chapter 3 Preservation Methods for Food 32 • Food Drying 32 • Refrigeration 34 • Frozen Food 51 • Curing (Food Preservation) 55 • Smoking (Cooking) 62 • Pickling 72 • Canning 78 • Antioxidant 88
Chapter 4 Modern Techniques of Food Safety 103 • Pasteurization 103 • Vacuum Packing 109 • Preservative 114 • Food Irradiation 116 • Pascalization 130 • Hurdle Technology 133 • Biopreservation 135 • Food Additive 139 • Acidity Regulator 142
Chapter 5 Effects of Food Contamination 144 • Foodborne Illness 144 • Food Allergy 158 • Gastroenteritis 168 • Diarrhea 176 • Nausea 188 • Vomiting 194
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Food Safety and Quality
Chapter 6 Food Quality and Related Aspects 205 • Food Grading 205 • Food Fortification 213 • Food Sampling 220 • Optical Sorting 222 • Food Intolerance 227
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Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Food Science and Nutrition
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Nutrition and Food Science 1 • Nutrition 1 • Diet (Nutrition) 28 • Food Science 31
Chapter 2 Branches of Nutrition 36 • Nutrigenomics 36 • Sports Nutrition 40 • Nutrition and Pregnancy 43
Chapter 3 Nutrients: A Comprehensive Study 47 • Nutrients 47 • Micronutrient 77
Chapter 4 Food Industry: An Overview 82 • Food Industry 82 • Food Fortification 87 • Food Grading 93 • Food Processing 101 • Fermentation in Food Processing 108 • Food Packaging 113 • Food Coloring 118 • Food Technology 126 • Food Additive 128
Chapter 5 Food Supplements: An Integrated Study 133 • Dietary Supplement 133 • Fibre Supplements 139 • Iron Supplement 142 • Airborne (Dietary Supplement) 147 • Beano (Dietary Supplement) 150 • Spirulina (Dietary Supplement) 151
Chapter 6 Various Energy Bars and Drinks 157 • Energy Bar 157 • Energy Drink 158 • Energy Gel 165 • Sports Drink 166
Chapter 7 Significant Ascepts of Nutrition and Food Science 169 • Food Chemistry 169 • Food Engineering 177
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Food Science and Nutrition
• Food Microbiology 178 • Molecular Gastronomy 180 • Malnutrition 191 • Obesity 210
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Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Fundamental Concepts of Metabolism Biochemistry Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Metabolism
Chapter 2 - Enzyme
Chapter 3 - Metabolic Pathway
Chapter 4 - Glycolysis
Chapter 5 - Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 6 - Oxidative Phosphorylation WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Aquatic Ecosystem
Chapter 2 - Marine Ecosystem
Chapter 3 - Lentic Ecosystem
Chapter 4 - Lotic Ecosystem
Chapter 5 - Coral Reef
Chapter 6 - Algal Bloom Chapter 7 -WT Aquatic Animal, Plant and Mammal
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Fungus Microbiology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Fungus
Chapter 2 - Ascomycota
Chapter 3 - Basidiomycota
Chapter 4 - Microsporidia
Chapter 5 - Glomeromycota and Chytridiomycota
Chapter 6 - Yeast
Chapter 7 - Mold
Chapter 8 - Sporangium, Conidium and Ascospore Chapter 9 -WT Hypha and Mycelium
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Gastropods and their Study
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gastropoda
Chapter 2 - Gastropod Shell
Chapter 3 - Types of Gastropoda
Chapter 4 - Digestive System of Gastropods
Chapter 5 - Respiratory System of Gastropods
Chapter 6 - Circulatory System of Gastropods and Excretory System of Gastropods
Chapter 7 - Nervous System of Gastropods
Chapter 8 - Sensory Organs of Gastropods
Chapter 9 - Reproductive System of Gastropods Chapter 10 WT- Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Gene and Cell Therapy: Therapeutic Mechanisms & Applications Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy
Chapter 2 - Retrovirus
Chapter 3 - Adeno-associated Virus
Chapter 4 - Adeno Associated Virus & Gene Therapy of the Human Retina
Chapter 5 - Gene Therapy for Color Blindness
Chapter 6 - Lentivirus
Chapter 7 - Stem Cell Treatments Chapter 8 -WT Xenotransplantation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Gene Biology & Genomics (Concepts, Elements and Applications) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gene
Chapter 2 - Adenomatous Polyposis Coli and APC/C Activator Protein CDH1
Chapter 3 - Argininosuccinate Lyase
Chapter 4 - ATG8 and Bcl-2
Chapter 5 - Actin Assembly–Inducing Protein
Chapter 6 - Dun Gene
Chapter 7 - FAM200A
Chapter 8 - FMR1, FOXP1 and FOXP2
Chapter 9 - Gcn2
Chapter 10 - HLA-B
Chapter 11 - Genomics
Chapter 12 - Genome
Chapter 13 WT- Functional Genomics
Chapter 14 - Bioinformatics
Chapter 15 - Proteomics
Chapter 16 - Human Genome
Chapter 17 - Human Genetic Variation
Chapter 18 - Personal Genomics
Chapter 19 - DNA Sequencing
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Gene Biology & Genomics (Concepts, Elements and Applications)
Chapter 20 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 21 - Epistasis and Functional Genomics
WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Gene Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gene
Chapter 2 - Adenomatous Polyposis Coli and APC/C Activator Protein CDH1
Chapter 3 - Argininosuccinate Lyase
Chapter 4 - ATG8 and Bcl-2
Chapter 5 - Actin Assembly-Inducing Protein
Chapter 6 - Dun Gene
Chapter 7 - FAM200A
Chapter 8 - FMR1, FOXP1 and FOXP2
Chapter 9 - Gcn2
Chapter 10 - HLA-B
Chapter 11 - HRAS and Huntingtin
Chapter 12 - KIAA0090 and MECP2 Chapter 13 WT- Pseudogene and PTPN11 Chapter 14 - SDHB
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Gene Expression & DNA Sequencing
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gene Expression
Chapter 2 - Transcription
Chapter 3 - Post-Transcriptional Modification and Transfer RNA
Chapter 4 - Regulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 5 - MicroRNA
Chapter 6 - Translation (biology)
Chapter 7 - In Situ Hybridization and Protein Expression (Biotechnology)
Chapter 8 - Proteasome
Chapter 9 - Gene Regulatory Network
Chapter 10 - Northern Blot
Chapter 11 - Western Blot
Chapter 12 - DNA Sequencing Chapter 13 WT- Polony Sequencing Chapter 14 - DNA Sequencing Theory
Chapter 15 - Nanopore Sequencing and Sequencing by Ligation
Chapter 16 - Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing and Pyrosequencing
Chapter 17 - Nucleotide
Chapter 18 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 19 - Recombinant DNA
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Gene Expression & DNA Sequencing
Chapter 20 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 21 - Exome Sequencing
WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Gene Expression
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gene Expression
Chapter 2 - Transcription
Chapter 3 - Post-Transcriptional Modification and Transfer RNA
Chapter 4 - Regulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 5 - MicroRNA
Chapter 6 - Translation (biology)
Chapter 7 - In Situ Hybridization and Protein Expression (Biotechnology)
Chapter 8 - Proteasome
Chapter 9 - Gene Regulatory Network
Chapter 10 - Northern Blot
Chapter 11 - Western Blot
Chapter 12 - Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Chapter 13 WT- RNA-Seq Chapter 14 - Protein Folding
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Genera of Birds (Biological Classification) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Falcon
Chapter 2 - Avocet and Aburria
Chapter 3 - Acanthiza and Accentor
Chapter 4 - Accipiter and Acridotheres
Chapter 5 - Pink-Legged Graveteiro
Chapter 6 - Acrocephalus and Aechmophorus
Chapter 7 - Aerodramus
Chapter 8 - Aethia
Chapter 9 - Amazilia and Amazon Parrot
Chapter 10 - Anas
Chapter 11 - Anodorhynchus and Anser (Bird)
Chapter 12 - Aphelocoma Chapter 13 WT- Apostlebird Chapter 14 - Kiwi
Chapter 15 - Ara (Genus)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
General Biotechnology Concepts & Applications Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biomimicry and Tissue Culture
Chapter 2 - Stem Cell
Chapter 3 - Green Revolution
Chapter 4 - Human Genome Project
Chapter 5 - Telomere Chapter 6 - Pharmaceutical Industry WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
General Genetics Concepts
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gene
Chapter 2 - Cytogenetics
Chapter 3 - Dominance
Chapter 4 - DNA Replication
Chapter 5 - Nucleic Acid Double Helix
Chapter 6 - Cloning
Chapter 7 - Gene Duplication and Gene Expression
Chapter 8 - Homologous Recombination
Chapter 9 - Promoter (Biology) Chapter 10 WT- Noncoding DNA
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
General Zoology Concepts
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Clade
Chapter 2 - Monophyly
Chapter 3 - Polyphyly
Chapter 4 - Speciation
Chapter 5 - Phenotype
Chapter 6 - Species
Chapter 7 - Species Problem
Chapter 8 - Phylogenetics
Chapter 9 - Cladistics
Chapter 10 - Allopatric Speciation Chapter 11 WT- Sympatric Speciation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Genetic Diseases and Disorders
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Canavan Disease
Chapter 2 - Color Blindness
Chapter 3 - Cystic Fibrosis
Chapter 4 - Neurofibromatosis
Chapter 5 - Phenylketonuria
Chapter 6 - Prader–Willi Syndrome
Chapter 7 - 1p36 Deletion Syndrome
Chapter 8 - Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Chapter 9 - Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Chapter 10 - Fragile X Syndrome
Chapter 11 - Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
Chapter 12 - Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Chapter 13 WT- Marfan Syndrome
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Genetic Genealogy & Human genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genetic Genealogy
Chapter 2 - Genealogical DNA Test
Chapter 3 - Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup
Chapter 4 - Human Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup
Chapter 5 - Haplogroup
Chapter 6 - Haplotype
Chapter 7 - Most Recent Common Ancestor
Chapter 8 - Personal Genomics
Chapter 9 - Human Genetics
Chapter 10 - Human Genome
Chapter 11 - Human Evolutionary Genetics Chapter 12 WT- Human Mitochondrial Genetics Chapter 13 - XY Sex-Determination System
Chapter 14 - X Chromosome
Chapter 15 - Y Chromosome
Chapter 16 - Human Genetic Variation
Chapter 17 - Human Genetic Engineering
Chapter 18 - Human Skin Color
Chapter 19 - Human Genetic Clustering
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Genetic Genealogy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genetic Genealogy
Chapter 2 - Genealogical DNA Test
Chapter 3 - Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup
Chapter 4 - Human Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup
Chapter 5 - Haplogroup
Chapter 6 - Haplotype
Chapter 7 - Most Recent Common Ancestor
Chapter 8 - Personal Genomics
Chapter 9 - Population Genetics
Chapter 10 - Allele and Allele Frequency Chapter 11 WT- Genealogy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Genetically Modified Organisms and Foods (Concepts & Issues) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genetically Modified Organism
Chapter 2 - Genetically Modified Mammal
Chapter 3 - Genetically Modified Fish
Chapter 4 - Genetically Modified Plant
Chapter 5 - Horizontal Gene Transfer
Chapter 6 - Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms
Chapter 7 - Genetically Modified Food
Chapter 8 - Genetically Modified Food Controversies
Chapter 9 - Pharming
Chapter 10 - Transgenic Maize Chapter 11 WT- Transgenic Soybean
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Global Dimming (Climate Change)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Global Dimming
Chapter 2 - Probable Global Dimming Causes
Chapter 3 - Particulate (Global Dimming Cause)
Chapter 4 - Black Carbon (Global Dimming Cause) Chapter 5 - Volcanic Ash (Global Dimming Cause) Chapter 6 - Greenhouse Effect Chapter 7 - Pan Evaporation Chapter 8 - Climate Model Chapter 9 -WT Geoengineering
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Global Warming Controversies
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction
Chapter 2 - Hockey Stick Controversy
Chapter 3 - Urban Heat Island Controversy
Chapter 4 - Antarctica Cooling Controversy
Chapter 5 - Arctic Shrinkage Controversy
Chapter 6 - Global Warming Conspiracy Theory
Chapter 7 - Public Opinion on Climate Change
Chapter 8 - Scientific Opinion on Climate Change Chapter 9 -WT Attribution of Recent Climate Change
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Global Warming Mitigation Strategies and Water Management Technologies Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cloud Seeding
Chapter 2 - Desalination
Chapter 3 - Rainwater Harvesting
Chapter 4 - Rainwater Tank
Chapter 5 - Reclaimed Water
Chapter 6 - Qanat
Chapter 7 - Outdoor Water-Use Restriction Chapter 8 -WT Water Conservation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Global Warming
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Global Warming 1
Chapter 2 Causes of Global Warming 23 • Attribution of Recent Climate Change 23 • Greenhouse Effect 39 • Radiative Forcing 44 • Deforestation and Climate Change 50 • Global Dimming 52
Chapter 3 Integrated Study of Greenhouse Gases 61 • Greenhouse Gas 61 • Water Vapor 84 • Carbon Dioxide 95 • Methane 114 • Nitrous Oxide 126 • Ozone 139 • Chlorofluorocarbon 160
Chapter 4 Consequences of Global Warming 171 • Effects of Global Warming 171 • Effects of Global Warming on Oceans 192 • Ocean Acidification 200 • Effects of Global Warming on Marine Mammals 212 • Extinction Risk from Global Warming 213 • Regional Effects of Global Warming 215
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Gynaecology and Female Genital Procedures Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gynaecology
Chapter 2 - Uterus
Chapter 3 - Vagina
Chapter 4 - Ovary
Chapter 5 - Menstrual Cycle
Chapter 6 - Menopause
Chapter 7 - Menstrual Extraction
Chapter 8 - Pap Test
Chapter 9 - Colposcopy
Chapter 10 - Amenorrhoea
Chapter 11 - Dysmenorrhea Chapter 12 WT- Female Reproductive System (Human) Chapter 13 - Oophorectomy
Chapter 14 - Salpingectomy and Tubal Ligation
Chapter 15 - Essure and Tubal Reversal
Chapter 16 - Hysterectomy
Chapter 17 - Pelvic Exenteration and Uterine Artery Embolization
Chapter 18 - Hysterosalpingography and Hysteroscopy
Chapter 19 - Vacuum Aspiration
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Gynaecology and Female Genital Procedures
Chapter 20 - Endometrial Ablation and Myomectomy
Chapter 21 - Cervical Cerclage, Vaginectomy and Vulvectomy
WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Gynaecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Gynaecology
Chapter 2 - Uterus
Chapter 3 - Vagina
Chapter 4 - Ovary
Chapter 5 - Menstrual Cycle
Chapter 6 - Menopause
Chapter 7 - Menstrual Extraction
Chapter 8 - Pap Test
Chapter 9 - Colposcopy
Chapter 10 - Amenorrhoea
Chapter 11 - Dysmenorrhea
Chapter 12 - Menorrhagia Chapter 13 WT- Prolapse Chapter 14 - Hysterectomy
Chapter 15 - Oophorectomy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Handbook of Air Pollution & Air Quality Monitoring Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Air Pollution
Chapter 2 - Indoor Air Quality
Chapter 3 - Acid Rain
Chapter 4 - Smog
Chapter 5 - Vog
Chapter 6 - NOx
Chapter 7 - Emission Standard
Chapter 8 - Air Quality
Chapter 9 - Dust Collector
Chapter 10 - Scrubber & National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Chapter 11 - Wet Scrubber
Chapter 12 - Flue–Gas Desulfurization Chapter 13 WT- Sulfur Dioxide Chapter 14 - Nitrogen Dioxide
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Air Pollution and Emission Standards Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Air Pollution
Chapter 2 - Indoor Air Quality
Chapter 3 - Acid Rain
Chapter 4 - Smog
Chapter 5 - Vog
Chapter 6 - NOx
Chapter 7 - Introduction to Emission Standards
Chapter 8 - United States Emission Standards
Chapter 9 - European Emission Standards
Chapter 10 - Bharat Stage Emission Standards Chapter 11 WT- Low–Carbon Fuel Standard
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Alternative and Fossil Fuels Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biofuel
Chapter 2 - Bio Diesel
Chapter 3 - Biogas
Chapter 4 - Alcohol Fuel
Chapter 5 - Ethanol Fuel
Chapter 6 - Fossil Fuel
Chapter 7 - Coal
Chapter 8 - Natural Gas
Chapter 9 - Petroleum Chapter 10 WT- Fossil Fuel Power Station
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Amino Acid and Peptides (Concepts & Applications) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - General Structure & Types of Amino Acids
Chapter 2 - Occurrence and Functions of Amino Acids in Biochemistry
Chapter 3 - Technological and Other Applications of Amino Acids
Chapter 4 - Reactions Involving Amino Acids
Chapter 5 - Peptide
Chapter 6 - Nonribosomal Peptide
Chapter 7 - Agouti-Related Peptide
Chapter 8 - Antimicrobial Peptides
Chapter 9 - Phytochelatin and Protegrin
Chapter 10 - Self-Assembling Peptide
Chapter 11 - Cyclotides Chapter 12 -WT Cell-Penetrating Peptide Chapter 13 - Peptide Synthesis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Bioinorganic Chemistry Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Biochemistry
Chapter 2 - Inorganic Chemistry
Chapter 3 - Metalloprotein
Chapter 4 - Iron-sulfur Protein and Cytochrome
Chapter 5 - Rubredoxins, Ferredoxins and Rieske Proteins
Chapter 6 - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Chapter 7 - FAD Chapter 8 -WT Cluster Chemistry
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Biotechnology and Biological Engineering Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Biotechnology
Chapter 2 - History of Biotechnology
Chapter 3 - Biopharmaceutical and Industrial Biotechnology
Chapter 4 - Gene Therapy
Chapter 5 - Genetic Testing
Chapter 6 - Human Genome Project
Chapter 7 - Cloning
Chapter 8 - Genetically Modified Food
Chapter 9 - Biological Engineering
Chapter 10 - Biomedical Engineering
Chapter 11 - Clinical Engineering
Chapter 12 - Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 WT- Human Genetic Engineering Chapter 14 - Tissue Engineering
Chapter 15 - Protein Engineering
Chapter 16 - Protein Design & Directed Evolution
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Climate Change & Paleoclimatology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Temperature Record
Chapter 2 - Instrumental Temperature Record
Chapter 3 - Satellite Temperature Measurements
Chapter 4 - Temperature Record of the Past 1000 Years
Chapter 5 - Geologic Temperature Record
Chapter 6 - Medieval Warm Period
Chapter 7 - Ice Age (Geological Period of Temperature Reduction)
Chapter 8 - Paleoclimatology
Chapter 9 - Paleothermometer & Paleotempestology
Chapter 10 - Dendroclimatology
Chapter 11 - Abrupt Climate Change Chapter 12 WT- Atlantic (Period)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Climate Change and Engineering Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Solar Variation and Orbital Variation
Chapter 2 - Global Warming
Chapter 3 - Dendroclimatology
Chapter 4 - Current Sea Level Rise
Chapter 5 - Introduction to Climate Engineering
Chapter 6 - Solar Radiation Management
Chapter 7 - Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols (geoengineering)
Chapter 8 - Cloud Reflectivity Modification
Chapter 9 - Biochar
Chapter 10 - Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage
Chapter 11 - Carbon Sequestration Chapter 12 WT- Iron Fertilization
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Handbook of Climate Forcing Agents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Atmospheric Methane
Chapter 2 - Biosequestration
Chapter 3 - Carbon Sink
Chapter 4 - Greenhouse Gas
Chapter 5 - Deforestation
Chapter 6 - Reforestation WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of DNA Repair and Replication
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - DNA Repair
Chapter 2 - Base Excision Repair and Nucleotide Excision Repair
Chapter 3 - DNA Glycosylase and Homology Directed Repair
Chapter 4 - DNA Mismatch Repair
Chapter 5 - DNA Damage Theory of Aging
Chapter 6 - Direct DNA Damage and Indirect DNA Damage
Chapter 7 - Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Bloom Syndrome
Chapter 8 - Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase
Chapter 9 - DNA Replication
Chapter 10 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 11 - Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure
Chapter 12 - Nucleic Acid Tertiary Structure Chapter 13 WT- DNA Polymerase Chapter 14 - Prokaryotic DNA Replication and Eukaryotic DNA Replication
Chapter 15 - DNA Clamp
Chapter 16 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 17 - Klenow Fragment and Okazaki Fragment
Chapter 18 - Primer (Molecular Biology)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Entomology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Entomology
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Insects
Chapter 3 - Apiology and Myrmecology
Chapter 4 - Fly
Chapter 5 - Lepidoptera
Chapter 6 - Moth
Chapter 7 - Grasshopper
Chapter 8 - Cricket (Insect)
Chapter 9 - Caddisfly
Chapter 10 - Butterfly Chapter 11 WT- Entomology Equipment
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Environmental & Atmospheric Sciences Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Environmental Science
Chapter 2 - Atmospheric Sciences
Chapter 3 - Ecology
Chapter 4 - Environmental Chemistry
Chapter 5 - Atmospheric Chemistry and Atmospheric Physics
Chapter 6 - Meteorology Chapter 7 -WT Climatology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Handbook of Ethology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ethology
Chapter 2 - Comparative Psychology
Chapter 3 - Animal Cognition and Behavioral Ecology
Chapter 4 - Altruism in Animals
Chapter 5 - Animal Communication
Chapter 6 - Emotion in Animals
Chapter 7 - Animal Sexual Behaviour
Chapter 8 - Sleep (Non-Human)
Chapter 9 - Collective Animal Behavior
Chapter 10 - Cat Behavior
Chapter 11 - Dog Behavior
Chapter 12 - Horse Behavior Chapter 13 WT- Tinbergen's Four Questions
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Handbook of Genetic Engineering
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genetic Engineering
Chapter 2 - Gene Targeting
Chapter 3 - Transformation
Chapter 4 - Isogenic Human Disease Models
Chapter 5 - Recombinant DNA
Chapter 6 - Genetically Modified Organism
Chapter 7 - Pharming
Chapter 8 - Genetically Modified Food
Chapter 9 - Gene Therapy
Chapter 10 - Human Genetics
Chapter 11 - Human Chromosomes
Chapter 12 - X Chromosome & Y Chromosome
Chapter 13 WT- Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 14 - Genotype
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Global Warming
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Global Warming
Chapter 2 - Climate Change
Chapter 3 - Greenhouse Gas
Chapter 4 - Greenhouse Effect
Chapter 5 - Global Climate Model
Chapter 6 - Effects of Global Warming
Chapter 7 - Adaptation to Global Warming Chapter 8 -WT Global Warming Controversy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Ichthyology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ichthyology
Chapter 2 - Diversity of Fish
Chapter 3 - Fish Anatomy
Chapter 4 - Acoustic Tag
Chapter 5 - Bubble Nest & Eel Ladder
Chapter 6 - Coastal Fish
Chapter 7 - Fish Migration
Chapter 8 - Forage Fish
Chapter 9 - Pelagic Fish
Chapter 10 - Shoaling and Schooling Chapter 11 WT- Fish Diseases and Parasites
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Medicinal and Climate Plants Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Achillea Millefolium
Chapter 2 - Agaricus Subrufescens
Chapter 3 - Garlic
Chapter 4 - Aloe Ferox
Chapter 5 - Dill
Chapter 6 - Konjac
Chapter 7 - Arnica Montana
Chapter 8 - Artemisia Annua
Chapter 9 - Artemisia Absinthium
Chapter 10 - Plants of Continental Subarctic Climate
Chapter 11 - Plants of Mediterranean Climate Chapter 12 WT- Plants of Mild Maritime Climate
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Peptides & Applications Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Peptide
Chapter 2 - Nonribosomal Peptide
Chapter 3 - Agouti-Related Peptide
Chapter 4 - Antimicrobial Peptides
Chapter 5 - Phytochelatin and Protegrin
Chapter 6 - Self-Assembling Peptide
Chapter 7 - Cyclotides
Chapter 8 - Cell-Penetrating Peptide
Chapter 9 - Peptide Synthesis
Chapter 10 - Pseudoproline and Peptoid
Chapter 11 - Octreotide and C-peptide Chapter 12 WT- Thiostrepton and Peptide Amphiphiles
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Handbook of Photosynthesis & Photobiology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 2 - Chloroplast and Thylakoid
Chapter 3 - Light Reactions
Chapter 4 - Light-independent Reactions
Chapter 5 - Photomorphogenesis
Chapter 6 - Visual System
Chapter 7 - Circadian Rhythm
Chapter 8 - Bioluminescence
Chapter 9 - Ultraviolet Chapter 10 WT- Light Therapy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Gynaecology and Female Genital Procedures Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant Ecology
Chapter 2 - Plant Life-Form
Chapter 3 - Plant Defense Against Herbivory
Chapter 4 - Herbivore Adaptations to Plant Defense
Chapter 5 - Plant Reproduction
Chapter 6 - Plant Sexuality
Chapter 7 - Alternation of Generations
Chapter 8 - Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Chapter 9 - Pollen
Chapter 10 - Pollination
Chapter 11 - Seed
Chapter 12 - Fruit Tree Propagation Chapter 13 WT- Spore Chapter 14 - Grafting
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Handbook of RNA Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - RNA
Chapter 2 - History of RNA Biology
Chapter 3 - Messenger RNA
Chapter 4 - Transfer RNA and Ribosomal RNA
Chapter 5 - Transfer-Messenger RNA
Chapter 6 - Non-Coding RNA
Chapter 7 - MicroRNA
Chapter 8 - RNA Interference
Chapter 9 - RNA Splicing
Chapter 10 - Signal Recognition Particle RNA
Chapter 11 - RNA Polymerase
Chapter 12 - RNA-Seq Chapter 13 WT- RNA Virus
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Handbook of Virology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Virology
Chapter 2 - History of Virology
Chapter 3 - Virus
Chapter 4 - Virus Classification
Chapter 5 - DNA Virus and RNA Virus
Chapter 6 - HIV
Chapter 7 - AIDS
Chapter 8 - Babesia
Chapter 9 - Babesiosis
Chapter 10 - Animal Virology Chapter 11 WT- List of Infectious Diseases
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Handbook of Zoology and Ethology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Zoology
Chapter 2 - History of Zoology
Chapter 3 - Ornithology
Chapter 4 - Animal Cognition
Chapter 5 - Ethology
Chapter 6 - Animal Locomotion
Chapter 7 - Ichthyology
Chapter 8 - Comparative Psychology
Chapter 9 - Altruism in Animals
Chapter 10 - Animal Communication
Chapter 11 - Emotion in Animals
Chapter 12 - Animal Sexual Behaviour Chapter 13 WT- Sleep (Non-Human) Chapter 14 - Collective Animal Behavior
Chapter 15 - Cat Behavior
Chapter 16 - Dog Behavior
Chapter 17 - Horse Behavior
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Herbivore
Chapter 2 - Ruffed Lemur
Chapter 3 - Koala
Chapter 4 - Elephant
Chapter 5 - Bee
Chapter 6 - Cattle
Chapter 7 - Goat
Chapter 8 - Carnivore
Chapter 9 - Crocodilia
Chapter 10 - Bat
Chapter 11 - Snake
Chapter 12 - Shark Chapter 13 WT- Insect
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Herbivorous Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Herbivore
Chapter 2 - Ruffed Lemur
Chapter 3 - Koala
Chapter 4 - Elephant
Chapter 5 - Bee
Chapter 6 - Cattle
Chapter 7 - Goat
Chapter 8 - Gorilla
Chapter 9 - Horse
Chapter 10 - Rabbit
Chapter 11 - Sheep Chapter 12 WT- Zebra
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Hierarchy of Life (Biological Organisation) Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Biosphere
Chapter 2 - Ecosystem
Chapter 3 - Biocoenosis and Population
Chapter 4 - Organism
Chapter 5 - Organ (Anatomy) and Tissue (Biology)
Chapter 6 - Cell (Biology)
Chapter 7 - Organelle
Chapter 8 - Biomolecule
Chapter 9 - Cell Membrane Chapter 10 WT- Biodiversity
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Histopathology and Anatomical Pathology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Histopathology
Chapter 2 - Cytopathology
Chapter 3 - Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Chapter 4 - Fatty Liver
Chapter 5 - Ferruginous Body, Fibrinoid Necrosis and Field Stain
Chapter 6 - Gleason Grading System
Chapter 7 - Mallory body
Chapter 8 - Neurofibrillary Tangle
Chapter 9 - Pick's Disease
Chapter 10 - Prostate Biopsy and Reed-Sternberg Cell
Chapter 11 - Rheumatoid Nodule and Tauopathy Chapter 12 WT- Histology Chapter 13 - Staining
Chapter 14 - Anatomical Pathology
Chapter 15 - Gross Examination and Immunohistochemistry
Chapter 16 - In Situ Hybridization and Electron Microscope
Chapter 17 - Flow Cytometry
Chapter 18 - Surgical Pathology
Chapter 19 - Autopsy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Histopathology and Anatomical Pathology
Chapter 20 - Gastrointestinal Pathology
Chapter 21 - Clinical Pathology
Chapter 22 - Immunofluorescence
Chapter 23 - Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
Chapter 24 - High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
History and Research of Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - History of Genetics
Chapter 2 - History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 3 - History of Molecular Biology
Chapter 4 - History of RNA Biology
Chapter 5 - DNA Sequencing
Chapter 6 - Neanderthal Genome Project
Chapter 7 - Human Genome Project Chapter 8 -WT Genetic Engineering
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______History of Medicine
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - History of Medicine
Chapter 2 - Prehistoric Medicine
Chapter 3 - Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Chapter 4 - Ayurveda
Chapter 5 - Traditional Chinese Medicine
Chapter 6 - Ancient Greek Medicine
Chapter 7 - Medicine in Ancient Rome
Chapter 8 - Ancient Iranian Medicine
Chapter 9 - Medieval Medicine
Chapter 10 - History of Surgery Chapter 11 WT- History of Anatomy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
History, Research and Key Concepts of Genetics Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - History of Genetics
Chapter 2 - History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 3 - History of Molecular Biology
Chapter 4 - History of RNA Biology
Chapter 5 - DNA Sequencing
Chapter 6 - Neanderthal Genome Project
Chapter 7 - Gene
Chapter 8 - Cytogenetics
Chapter 9 - Dominance
Chapter 10 - DNA Replication
Chapter 11 - Nucleic Acid Double Helix
Chapter 12 - Cloning Chapter 13 WT- Gene Duplication and Gene Expression Chapter 14 - Homologous Recombination
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Human Genetic Engineering
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Human Genetics
Chapter 2 - Human Chromosomes
Chapter 3 - X Chromosome & Y Chromosome
Chapter 4 - Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 5 - Genotype
Chapter 6 - Genetic Disorder Chapter 7 -WT Heredity
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Human Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Human Genetics
Chapter 2 - Human Genome
Chapter 3 - Human Evolutionary Genetics
Chapter 4 - Human Mitochondrial Genetics
Chapter 5 - XY Sex-Determination System
Chapter 6 - X Chromosome
Chapter 7 - Y Chromosome
Chapter 8 - Human Genetic Variation
Chapter 9 - Human Genetic Engineering
Chapter 10 - Human Skin Color
Chapter 11 - Human Genetic Clustering
Chapter 12 - Genetic Disorder Chapter 13 WT- Turner Syndrome Chapter 14 - Klinefelter's Syndrome and Cri Du Chat
Chapter 15 - Huntington's Disease
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Human proteins
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 and 21-Hydroxylase
Chapter 2 - 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate Dehydrogenase and 5-HT1E Receptor
Chapter 3 - 5-HT1A Receptor
Chapter 4 - 5-HT1B Receptor and 5-HT1D Receptor
Chapter 5 - 5-HT2A Receptor
Chapter 6 - 5-HT2B Receptor and 5-HT2C Receptor
Chapter 7 - 5-HT4 Receptor and 5-HT5A Receptor
Chapter 8 - 5-HT6 Receptor and 5-HT7 Receptor
Chapter 9 - 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein and Methionine Synthase
Chapter 10 - ACAA1, ACF (Gene) and ACD (Gene) Chapter 11 WT- ACSL Proteins
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Immunology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Immunology 1 a. Immunology 1 b. Immune System 6 c. Immunity (Medical) 22 d. Aspects of Immunity 29
Chapter 2 Branches of Immunology 34 a. Cancer Immunology 34 b. Reproductive Immunology 36 c. Testicular Immunology 37 d. Immunoproteomics 43 e. Psychoneuroimmunology 45 f. Osteoimmunology 52
Chapter 3 Divisions of Immune System 54 a. Innate Immune System 54 b. Adaptive Immune System 64 c. Complement System 74
Chapter 4 Lymphatic System: Organs and Tissues 82 a. Lymphatic System 82 b. Thymus 92 c. Spleen 101 d. Lymph Node 106 e. Bone Marrow 111 f. Tonsil 117 g. Adenoid 119
Chapter 5 Disorders of the Immune System 122 a. Autoimmune Disease 122 b. Hypersensitivity 141 c. Immunodeficiency 143 d. Transplant Rejection 146 e. Autoimmunity 152 f. HIV/AIDS 161 g. Chronic Granulomatous Disease 184
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Immunology
Chapter 6 Diagnosis and Treatment Related to Immunological Disorders 191 a. Immunodiagnostics 191 b. Immunotherapy 192 c. Vaccination 195
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Impacts, Controversies and Risks of Global Warming Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Effects of Global Warming
Chapter 2 - Physical Impacts of Climate Change
Chapter 3 - Ocean Acidification
Chapter 4 - Current Sea Level Rise
Chapter 5 - Effect of Climate Change on Plant Biodiversity
Chapter 6 - Climate Change, Industry and Society
Chapter 7 - Shutdown of Thermohaline Circulation
Chapter 8 - Global Warming Controversy
Chapter 9 - Hockey Stick Controversy
Chapter 10 - Urban Heat Island Controversy
Chapter 11 - Antarctica Cooling Controversy
Chapter 12 - Arctic Shrinkage Controversy Chapter 13 WT- Global Warming Conspiracy Theory
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Concepts and Elements of Gene Expression and RNA Biology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Regulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 2 - Piwi-Interacting RNA
Chapter 3 - RasiRNA and Small Interfering RNA
Chapter 4 - Transcriptional Regulation
Chapter 5 - Epigenetics
Chapter 6 - MicroRNA
Chapter 7 - DNA Methylation
Chapter 8 - Messenger RNA
Chapter 9 - Cis-Regulatory Module
Chapter 10 - Gene Regulatory Network Chapter 11 WT- Transcription (Genetics)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Concepts in Human Reproduction and Reproduction Theory Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Human Reproduction
Chapter 2 - Sexual Reproduction
Chapter 3 - Fertilisation
Chapter 4 - Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Chapter 5 - Sexual Intercourse
Chapter 6 - Pregnancy
Chapter 7 - Childbirth
Chapter 8 - Reproductive Health Chapter 9 -WT Menopause
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Concepts of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Bioreactor
Chapter 2 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 3 - Protein Microarray
Chapter 4 - Biosensor
Chapter 5 - Heat Transfer
Chapter 6 - Chemical Reactor
Chapter 7 - Green Chemistry
Chapter 8 - Synthetic Biology
Chapter 9 - Dip-Pen Nanolithography
Chapter 10 - Biochemistry Chapter 11 WT- Tissue Engineering
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Concepts, Elements and Applications of Ecology Science Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Ecology
Chapter 2 - Ecosystem
Chapter 3 - Biodiversity
Chapter 4 - Ecosystem Ecology
Chapter 5 - Natural Environment
Chapter 6 - Biome
Chapter 7 - Community and Biocoenosis Chapter 8 -WT Dead Zone
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Elements and Concepts of Metabolism and Cellular Respiration Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Catabolism
Chapter 2 - Digestion
Chapter 3 - Cellular Respiration
Chapter 4 - Carbohydrate Catabolism
Chapter 5 - Fatty Acid Metabolism
Chapter 6 - Mitochondrion
Chapter 7 - Beta Oxidation Chapter 8 -WT Electron Transport Chain
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Elements of Forestry & Environmental Issues with Forests Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Logging
Chapter 2 - Forest Product
Chapter 3 - Illegal Logging
Chapter 4 - Illegal Logging in Madagascar
Chapter 5 - Clearcutting
Chapter 6 - Deforestation
Chapter 7 - Deforestation by Region
Chapter 8 - Forest Management
Chapter 9 - Sustainable Forest Management
Chapter 10 - Afforestation Chapter 11 WT- Reforestation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Peptide Hormones and Human Hormones Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Growth Hormone
Chapter 2 - Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1
Chapter 3 - Insulin
Chapter 4 - Testosterone
Chapter 5 - Estradiol
Chapter 6 - Melatonin WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Subfields & Concepts of Ecology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Landscape Ecology
Chapter 2 - Ecological Succession
Chapter 3 - Landscape Limnology
Chapter 4 - Restoration Ecology
Chapter 5 - Spatial Ecology Chapter 6 - Source–sink Dynamics Chapter 7 - Resilience WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Important Types and Applications of Ecology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ecosystem Ecology
Chapter 2 - Systems Ecology
Chapter 3 - Landscape Ecology
Chapter 4 - Arctic Ecology
Chapter 5 - Polar Ecology
Chapter 6 - Spatial Ecology
Chapter 7 - Fire Ecology
Chapter 8 - Soil Ecology
Chapter 9 - Agroecology
Chapter 10 - Deep Ecology
Chapter 11 - Restoration Ecology Chapter 12 WT- Festive Ecology Chapter 13 - Industrial Ecology
Chapter 14 - Behavioral and Population Ecology
Chapter 15 - Community and Forest Ecology
Chapter 16 - Plant Ecology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Industrial Waste Management
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Industrial Waste 1 i. Industrial Waste 1 ii. Toxic Waste 2 iii. Chemical Waste 8 iv. Wastewater 13 v. Suspended Solids 19
Chapter 2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 22 i. Industrial Wastewater Treatment 22 ii. Reverse Osmosis 32 iii. Electrodialysis 46 iv. Ion-Exchange Resin 50 v. Ultrafiltration 56 vi. Flocculation 66 vii. Trickling Filter 69 viii. Activated Sludge 72
Chapter 3 Industrial Waste Treatment: Various Techniques 81 i. Incineration 81 ii. Pyrolysis 101 iii. Landfill 111
Chapter 4 Radioactive Waste and its Management 117 i. Radioactive Waste 117 ii. Deep Geological Repository 137 iii. Dry Cask Storage 143 iv. Nuclear Transmutation 146 v. Nuclear Reprocessing 153 vi. High-level Radioactive Waste Management 165
Chapter 5 Recycling: An Overview 179 i. Recycling 179 ii. Kerbside Collection 203 iii. Computer Recycling 211 iv. Plastic Recycling 226 v. Recycling Codes 233 vi. Battery Recycling 237 vii. Paint Recycling 243 viii. Concrete Recycling 246
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Industrial Waste Management
Chapter 6 Oil Spill and Separation 249 i. Oil Spill 249 ii. Oil–Water Separator 260 iii. API Oil–Water Separator 264 iv. Centrifugal Water–Oil Separator 267 v. Hydrocyclone 269
Chapter 7 Conservartion and Resource Reclamation Projects 274 i. Reclaimed Water 274 ii. Eco-industrial Park 288 iii. Industrial Ecology 291
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Insects - Behavior, Development and Evolution Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Insect
Chapter 2 - Insect Morphology
Chapter 3 - Aquatic Insects and Insect Migration
Chapter 4 - Insect Flight
Chapter 5 - Pupa
Chapter 6 - Phylogeny of Insects
Chapter 7 - Earwig Chapter 8 -WT Lepidoptera
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Integrated Principles of Zoology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Zoology 1
Chapter 2 Evolution of Zoology 8 a. History of Zoology 8
Chapter 3 Sub-disciplines of Zoology 26 a. Physiology 26 b. Ethology 29 c. Arachnology 39 d. Entomology 40 e. Anthropology 46 f. Anthrozoology 63 g. Primatology 65 h. Mammalogy 75 i. Ornithology 76 j. Paleozoology 91 k. Cetology 94 l. Nematology 97 m. Conchology 99 n. Helminthology 104 o. Malacology 104 p. Herpetology 107
Chapter 4 Understanding Vertebrates and Invertebrates 110 a. Vertebra 110 b. Vertebrate 119 c. Marine Vertebrate 128 d. Invertebrate 128 e. Marine Invertebrates 136
Chapter 5 Reproduction in Animals 152 a. Reproduction 152 b. Sexual Reproduction 157 c. Asexual Reproduction 164 d. Sexual Dimorphism 169 e. Sexual Mimicry 183
Chapter 6 Diverse Aspects of Zoology 194 a. Phylum 194 b. Chordate 201
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Integrated Principles of Zoology
c. Autotomy 210 d. Bipedalism 214 e. Alpha (Ethology) 226
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Interdisciplinary Fields and Applications of Ecology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Agroecology
Chapter 2 - Ecological Economics
Chapter 3 - Ecological Engineering
Chapter 4 - Festive Ecology and Ecological Design
Chapter 5 - Human Ecology Chapter 6 - Ecological Anthropology Chapter 7 - Social Ecology Chapter 8 - Ecological Health Chapter 9 - Environmental Psychology Chapter 10 WT- Industrial Ecology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Bacteriology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Bacteriology 1 a. Bacteriology 1 b. Bacteria 1
Chapter 2 Bacterial Taxonomy: An Integrated Study 26 a. Bacterial Taxonomy 26 b. Monera 41 c. Bacterial Phyla 47
Chapter 3 Types of Bacteria 59 a. Epiphytic Bacteria 59 b. Gram-negative Bacteria 60 c. Gram-positive Bacteria 86 d. Diplorickettsia Massiliensis 124 e. Endophyte 126 f. Hfr Cell 130 g. Indicator Bacteria 131 h. Cyanobacteria 137
Chapter 4 Study of Protein in Bacteria 149 a. AB5 Toxin 149 b. Actin Assembly-inducing Protein 154 c. Bacterial Effector Protein 158 d. cAMP Receptor Protein 160 e. Cholera Toxin 161 f. Crescentin 164 g. Iron-starvation-induced protein A 165 h. Lac Repressor 165 i. Methyl-accepting Chemotaxis Protein 168
Chapter 5 Various Bacterial Diseases 170 a. Bacterial Pneumonia 170 b. Ehrlichia Ruminantium 173 c. Actinomycosis 174 d. Leprosy 177 e. Acute Prostatitis 190 f. Tuberculosis 193
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Bacteriology
g. Typhoid Fever 208 h. Bacterial Cold Water Disease 217 i. Beet Vascular Necrosis 219
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Biodiesel
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biodiesel
Chapter 2 - Biodiesel Production
Chapter 3 - Environmental Effects of Biodiesel
Chapter 4 - Food vs. Fuel
Chapter 5 - Biodiesel Feedstock Sources
Chapter 6 - Biodiesel Powered Vehicles Chapter 7 -WT Biodiesel by Region
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Biofuels
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biofuel
Chapter 2 - Biogas
Chapter 3 - Biohydrogen
Chapter 4 - Ethanol Fuel
Chapter 5 - Biodiesel
Chapter 6 - Energy Crop
Chapter 7 - Sustainable Biofuel Chapter 8 -WT Issues Relating to Biofuels
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biology
Chapter 2 - Cell Theory
Chapter 3 - Genetics
Chapter 4 - Molecular Biology
Chapter 5 - Developmental Biology
Chapter 6 - Ecology Chapter 7 -WT Evolution
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Introduction to Biomass
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomass 1 i. Biomass 1 ii. Biomass (Ecology) 11 iii. Organic Matter 19
Chapter 2 Bioenergy: An Overview 26 i. Bioenergy 26 ii. Bioconversion 30 iii. Biomass Heating System 32 iv. Biofuel 36
Chapter 3 Various Applications of Biomass 136 i. Biogas 136 ii. Biochar 148 iii. Bioliquids 154 iv. Blue Carbon 155 v. Cellulosic Sugars 165 vi. Straw 167 vii. Woodchips 173 viii. Bioconversion of Biomass to Mixed Alcohol Fuels 180 ix. Cogeneration 183 x. Biorefinery 195 xi. Bioasphalt 196
Chapter 4 Utilization of Plants in Biomass 199 i. Lignocellulosic Biomass 199 ii. Panicum Virgatum 200 iii. Energy Crop 209
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Cell Biology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Cell Biology 1
Chapter 2 Types of Cell 8 a. Cell Type 8 b. Prokaryote 10 c. Eukaryote 17
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Cell Structure 35 a. Organelle 35 b. Cell Nucleus 40 c. Cell Membrane 55 d. Cell cortex 64 e. Cell wall 65 f. Centriole 73 g. Cytoskeleton 76 h. Plasmid 86 i. Stroma 94
Chapter 4 Cell Biology: Theories and Processes 102 a. Cell Disruption 102 b. Cell Theory 105 c. Cell Culture 113 d. Autophagy 129 e. Mitophagy 135
Chapter 5 Cell Cycle and Cell Reproduction 140 a. Cell Cycle 140 b. Mitosis 149 c. Cell-cycle Analysis 159 d. Cell Division 162 e. Cellular Differentiation 164 f. DNA Replication 171
Chapter 6 Integrated Fields of Cell Biology 185 a. Cell Physiology 185 b. Cell Adhesion 187 c. Cell (Biology) 190
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Cell Biology
Chapter 7 Symbiogenesis: A theory Regarding Cell Evolution 204
Chapter 8 Applied Fields of Cell Biology 213 a. Cell Therapy 213 b. Cloning 216
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Cellular Respiration
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Glycolysis
Chapter 2 - Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 3 - Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chapter 4 - Electron Transport Chain
Chapter 5 - ATP Synthase
Chapter 6 - Coenzyme Q – Cytochrome C Reductase and Coenzyme Q10 Chapter 7 -WT NADH Dehydrogenase
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Introduction to Climate Forcing
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Radiative Forcing
Chapter 2 - Climate Model
Chapter 3 - Albedo
Chapter 4 - Infrared Window
Chapter 5 - Earth's Energy Budget
Chapter 6 - Global Climate Model
Chapter 7 - Greenhouse Effect
Chapter 8 - Runaway Greenhouse Effect
Chapter 9 - Sunlight
Chapter 10 - Global Warming Potential
Chapter 11 - Carbon Sink
Chapter 12 - Carbon Sequestration Chapter 13 WT- Carbon Capture and Storage
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Ecosystems
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Ecosystem
Chapter 2 - Aquatic Ecosystem
Chapter 3 - Lentic Ecosystem
Chapter 4 - Lotic Ecosystem
Chapter 5 - Biome
Chapter 6 - Ecosystem Services
Chapter 7 - Ecosystem Ecology Chapter 8 -WT Savanna
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______introduction to Energy Storage
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction to Energy Storage
Chapter 2 - Pumped-Storage Hydroelectricity
Chapter 3 - Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Chapter 4 - Gas Holder
Chapter 5 - Grid Energy Storage Chapter 6 - Fuel Cell Storage Chapter 7 - Thermal Energy Storage Chapter 8 - Compressed Air Energy Storage Chapter 9 - Flywheel Energy Storage Chapter 10 WT- Hydraulic Accumulator
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Evolution Process
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Evolution
Chapter 2 - History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 3 - Common Descent
Chapter 4 - Evidence of Common Descent
Chapter 5 - Adaptation Chapter 6 - Genetic Drift Chapter 7 - Phylogenetics Chapter 8 - Evolutionary Developmental Biology Chapter 9 - Human Evolution Chapter 10 WT- Creation–Evolution Controversy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Greenhouse Gas
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Greenhouse Gas
Chapter 2 - Carbon Leakage and Carbon Monitoring
Chapter 3 - Carbon Neutrality
Chapter 4 - Global Warming Potential
Chapter 5 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the United Kingdom
Chapter 6 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the United States
Chapter 7 - Greenhouse Debt and Emission Inventory
Chapter 8 - Carbon Sequestration
Chapter 9 - Carbon Dioxide Removal
Chapter 10 - Chlorofluorocarbon Chapter 11 WT- Greenhouse Effect
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Hydropower
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction to Hydropower
Chapter 2 - Tidal Power
Chapter 3 - Hydroelectricity
Chapter 4 - Run of the River Hydroelectricity
Chapter 5 - Pumped-Storage Hydroelectricity
Chapter 6 - Small, Micro and Pico Hydro
Chapter 7 - Marine Energy
Chapter 8 - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Chapter 9 -WT Wave Power
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Molecular Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Molecular Genetics
Chapter 2 - Reverse Genetics
Chapter 3 - Gene Therapy
Chapter 4 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 5 - Polymerase Chain Reaction Optimization
Chapter 6 - Molecular Cloning
Chapter 7 - Cell Culture
Chapter 8 - DNA Replication
Chapter 9 - DNA Sequencing Chapter 10 WT- Human Genome Project in Molecular Genetics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Introduction to Photosynthesis Process
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 2 - Chloroplast and Thylakoid
Chapter 3 - Light Reactions
Chapter 4 - Light-independent Reactions
Chapter 5 - Crassulacean Acid Metabolism and Photosynthetic Efficiency WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introduction to Restoration Ecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Restoration Ecology
Chapter 2 - Riparian Zone Restoration
Chapter 3 - Island Restoration
Chapter 4 - Bush Regeneration
Chapter 5 - Reforestation
Chapter 6 - Invasion Biology Terminology
Chapter 7 - Constructed Wetlands Chapter 8 -WT Other Important Types of Restorations
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Introduction to Wind Power
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction
Chapter 2 - History of Wind Power
Chapter 3 - High Altitude Wind Power
Chapter 4 - Wind Turbine
Chapter 5 - Floating Wind Turbine Chapter 6 - Darrieus Wind Turbine Chapter 7 - Unconventional Wind Turbines Chapter 8 - Small Wind Turbine Chapter 9 - Vertical Axis, Savonius & Airborne Wind Turbine
Chapter 10 - Wind Turbine Design Chapter 11 - Wind Turbine Aerodynamics Chapter 12 - Wind Farm Chapter 13 - Windmill Chapter 14 WT- Environmental Effects of Wind Power
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introductory Biochemistry
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Nucleotide
Chapter 2 - DNA
Chapter 3 - Biochemistry
Chapter 4 - RNA
Chapter 5 - Biochemistry Methods
Chapter 6 - Metabolism
Chapter 7 - Gluconeogenesis WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introductory Biology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology 1 • Biology 1 • Life 12
Chapter 2 Branches of Biology 30 • Anatomy 30 • Biomechanics 47 • Synthetic Biology 52 • Evolutionary Biology 61 • Astrobiology 63 • Cryobiology 78 • Developmental Biology 83 • Genetics 90 • Marine Biology 106 • Microbiology 114 • Mycology 121
Chapter 3 Reproduction: A Comprehensive Study 124 • Reproduction 124 • Asexual Reproduction 135 • Sexual Reproduction 167 • Evolution of Sexual Reproduction 180
Chapter 4 Cell Biology: An Overview 195 • Cell Biology 195 • Cell (Biology) 200 • Cell Membrane 213 • Cytoskeleton 221 • Organelle 226 • Cell Growth 231 • Cell Division 237 • Cell Cycle 239 • Mitosis 248 • Meiosis 257
Chapter 5 Botany: Plant Biology 269 • Botany 269 • Plant Anatomy 290 • Plant Breeding 293 • Plant Propagation 302
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introductory Biology
• Plant Morphology 304 • Plant Ecology 312 • Plant Physiology 318 • Plant Pathology 327
Chapter 6 Zoology: The Study of Animals 336 • Zoology 336 • Animal Science 341 • Embryology 342 • Ethology 347 • Behavioral Ecology 356
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introductory Cell Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Cell Biology
Chapter 2 - Organelle and its Types
Chapter 3 - Functions of Cell WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introductory Embryology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Embryology
Chapter 2 - Embryo
Chapter 3 - Embryogenesis
Chapter 4 - Germ Layer
Chapter 5 - Gastrulation
Chapter 6 - Embryomics
Chapter 7 - Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Chapter 8 - Embryo Drawing
Chapter 9 - 3D Ultrasound
Chapter 10 - Chorion and Chorionic Villi
Chapter 11 - Prenatal Development
Chapter 12 - Fetus Chapter 13 WT- Placenta Chapter 14 - Implantation
Chapter 15 - Oocyte Activation
Chapter 16 - Umbilical Cord
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introductory Herpetology
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Amphibian
Chapter 2 - Reptile
Chapter 3 - Evolution of Reptiles
Chapter 4 - Snake Skeleton
Chapter 5 - Frog
Chapter 6 - Toad and Salamander
Chapter 7 - Newt
Chapter 8 - Caecilian
Chapter 9 - Lizard
Chapter 10 - Amphisbaenia and Diamondback Terrapin
Chapter 11 - Tortoise Chapter 12 WT- Crocodilia Chapter 13 - Tuatara
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Introductory Ornithology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ornithology
Chapter 2 - Origin of Avian Flight
Chapter 3 - Bird Collections
Chapter 4 - Bird Conservation
Chapter 5 - Bird Ichnology
Chapter 6 - Bird Migration
Chapter 7 - Avian Range Expansion and Bird Colony
Chapter 8 - Bird Intelligence
Chapter 9 - Bird Nest
Chapter 10 - Bird Vocalization
Chapter 11 - Bird Flight Chapter 12 WT- Bird Trapping
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Introductory Overview of Evolution
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Evolution
Chapter 2 - Evolution
Chapter 3 - Evolutionary History of Life
Chapter 4 - Timeline of Evolution WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Invasive Animal Species
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Achatina Fulica
Chapter 2 - Africanized Bee
Chapter 3 - Argentine Ant
Chapter 4 - Asian Tiger Mosquito
Chapter 5 - Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Chapter 6 - Cane Toad
Chapter 7 - Carcinus Maenas
Chapter 8 - Common Myna
Chapter 9 - Coypu
Chapter 10 - Emerald Ash Borer
Chapter 11 - Mute Swan
Chapter 12 - New Zealand Mud Snail Chapter 13 WT- Zebra Mussel Chapter 14 - Yellow Crazy Ant
Chapter 15 - Veined Rapa Whelk
Chapter 16 - Stoat
Chapter 17 - Spanish Slug
Chapter 18 - Scirtothrips Dorsalis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Invertebrate Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Invertebrate
Chapter 2 - Sponge (Porifera)
Chapter 3 - Arthropod
Chapter 4 - Insect
Chapter 5 - Mollusca
Chapter 6 - Annelid
Chapter 7 - Echinoderm
Chapter 8 - Centipede
Chapter 9 - Arachnid Chapter 10 WT- Flatworm (Platyhelminthes)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Invertebrate Zoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Arthropod Exoskeleton
Chapter 2 - Arthropod Eye
Chapter 3 - Insect Flight
Chapter 4 - Evolution of Insects
Chapter 5 - Mollusc Shell
Chapter 6 - Water Vascular System
Chapter 7 - Spider Anatomy
Chapter 8 - Evolution of Spiders
Chapter 9 - Different Classes of Sponges
Chapter 10 - Classification and Diversity of Annelids Chapter 11 WT- Major Sub-groups of Platyhelminthes
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Key Components of Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Chromosome
Chapter 2 - DNA
Chapter 3 - RNA
Chapter 4 - Genome
Chapter 5 - Heredity
Chapter 6 - Mutation Chapter 7 -WT Nucleotide and Genetic Variation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Key Concepts and Theories of Evolutionary Biology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Evolution
Chapter 2 - Evidence of Common Descent
Chapter 3 - Evidence from Paleontology and Geographical Distribution
Chapter 4 - Evidence from Observed Speciation
Chapter 5 - Evolutionary History of Life
Chapter 6 - Level of Support for Evolution
Chapter 7 - Social Effect of Evolutionary Theory Chapter 8 -WT Evolution as Theory and Fact
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Key Topics and Concepts of Evolutionary Biology Field Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cladistics
Chapter 2 - Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Chapter 3 - Plant Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Chapter 4 - Human Evolutionary Genetics
Chapter 5 - Molecular Evolution
Chapter 6 - Phylogenetics
Chapter 7 - Population Genetics Chapter 8 -WT Human Evolution
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Kingdom and Genera of Plants
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant
Chapter 2 - Embryophyte
Chapter 3 - Bryophyte
Chapter 4 - Vascular Plant
Chapter 5 - Marchantiophyta
Chapter 6 - Rhyniopsida and Zosterophyllopsida
Chapter 7 - Lycopodiophyta
Chapter 8 - Fern
Chapter 9 - Pinophyta
Chapter 10 - Chamelaucium and Lophophora
Chapter 11 - Ptisana and Sagina
Chapter 12 - Cattleya Chapter 13 WT- Abutilon Chapter 14 - Amborella and Barclaya
Chapter 15 - Darlingtonia Californica
Chapter 16 - Euryale Ferox and Nuphar
Chapter 17 - Nymphaea and Castor Oil Plant
Chapter 18 - Schisandra and Victoria (Plant)
Chapter 19 - Acoelorrhaphe and Amaryllis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Kingdom Plantae
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant
Chapter 2 - Embryophyte
Chapter 3 - Bryophyte
Chapter 4 - Vascular Plant
Chapter 5 - Marchantiophyta
Chapter 6 - Rhyniopsida and Zosterophyllopsida
Chapter 7 - Lycopodiophyta
Chapter 8 - Fern
Chapter 9 - Pinophyta
Chapter 10 - Cycad
Chapter 11 - Gnetophyta Chapter 12 WT- Flowering Plant
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Know All About Environment of the United States Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Climate of the United States
Chapter 2 - Environmental Policy of the United States
Chapter 3 - Environmental Issues in the United States
Chapter 4 - Conservation and Protected Areas of the United States
Chapter 5 - Geology of North America WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Know All About Mammals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Mammals
Chapter 2 - Mammal Classification
Chapter 3 - Evaluation of Mammal
Chapter 4 - List of American Mammals WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Laboratory Procedures and Techniques in Cell Biology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell Culture
Chapter 2 - Cell Disruption
Chapter 3 - Cell Fractionation and Incubator (Laboratory Device)
Chapter 4 - Flow Cytometry
Chapter 5 - Animal Testing
Chapter 6 - Western Blot
Chapter 7 - Chemotaxis Assay Chapter 8 -WT DNA Microarray
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Lemurs (Animal Diversity)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Lemur
Chapter 2 - Evolutionary History of Lemurs
Chapter 3 - Cheirogaleidae and Aye-aye
Chapter 4 - Indriidae and Lemuridae
Chapter 5 - Sportive Lemur and Koala Lemur
Chapter 6 - Subfossil Lemur
Chapter 7 - Ring-Tailed Lemur Chapter 8 -WT Ruffed Lemur
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Major Biochemicals and Enzymes in Metabolic Biochemistry Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Glucose
Chapter 2 - Fructose
Chapter 3 - Glycogen
Chapter 4 - Starch
Chapter 5 - Pyruvic Acid
Chapter 6 - Urea
Chapter 7 - Adenosine Triphosphate Chapter 8 -WT Other Biochemicals and Enzymes in Metabolic Biochemistry
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Mammals (class of air-breathing vertebrate animals) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Mammal
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Mammals
Chapter 3 - Mammal Anatomy
Chapter 4 - Mammal Hybrids
Chapter 5 - Extinct Carnivorans
Chapter 6 - Extinct Horse Breeds
Chapter 7 - Extinct Marsupials
Chapter 8 - Extinct Nesophontes Chapter 9 -WT Prehistoric Mammal
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Marine Biology
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Lifeforms in Marine Biology
Chapter 2 - Oceanic Habitats
Chapter 3 - Fish
Chapter 4 - Seabird WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Marine Ecology
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Marine Ecology 1 i. Marine Ecosystem 1 ii. Large Marine Ecosystem 1 iii. Hydrobiology 5
Chapter 2 Various Components of Marine Ecosystem 8 i. Salt Marsh 8 ii. Estuary 20 iii. Intertidal Zone 29 iv. Lagoon 32 v. Mangrove 38 vi. Coral Reef 58 vii. Deep Sea 84 viii. Benthos 88
Chapter 3 Conservation of Marine Ecosystems 94 i. Marine Resources Conservation 94
Chapter 4 Aquatic Ecosystems: An Integrated Study 101 i. Aquatic Ecosystem 101 ii. Freshwater Ecosystem 106 iii. Lake Ecosystem 108 iv. River Ecosystem 118
Chapter 5 Marine Biology: An Integrated Approach 134 i. Marine Biology 134 ii. Marine Invertebrates 143 iii. Pelagic Zone 162 iv. Tide Pool 166
Chapter 6 Understanding Marine Toxicology 172 i. Aquatic Toxicology 172 ii. Cyanotoxin 179
Chapter 7 Marine Life: An Overview 187 i. Marine Life 187 ii. Marine Habitats 200
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Marine Ecology
iii. Marine Microorganism 219 vi. Marine Mammal 229
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Marine Life and Aquatic Ecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Marine Invertebrates
Chapter 2 - Marine Reptile
Chapter 3 - Seabird
Chapter 4 - Marine Mammal
Chapter 5 - Marine Biology
Chapter 6 - Aquatic Ecosystem
Chapter 7 - Marine Debris
Chapter 8 - Marine Pollution Chapter 9 -WT Marine Conservation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Measurement of Biodiversity and Biodiversity Hotspot Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Alpha Diversity and Aquatic Biomonitoring
Chapter 2 - Beta Diversity, Biosurvey and Entropy (Ecology)
Chapter 3 - Bioindicator
Chapter 4 - Diversity Index
Chapter 5 - Range Condition Scoring
Chapter 6 - Rarefaction (Ecology)
Chapter 7 - Shannon Index
Chapter 8 - Species Richness
Chapter 9 - Simpson Index and Indicator Value
Chapter 10 - Gamma Diversity, Indicator Species and Phylogenetic Diversity Chapter 11 WT- Biodiversity Hotspot Chapter 12 - Biodiversity of New Caledonia
Chapter 13 - Biodiversity of New Zealand
Chapter 14 - Environment of Sri Lanka and Ecoregions in the Philippines
Chapter 15 - Everglades
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Medical Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Medical Genetics
Chapter 2 - Genetic Disorder
Chapter 3 - Inborn Error of Metabolism
Chapter 4 - Angelman Syndrome
Chapter 5 - Haemophilia
Chapter 6 - Sickle-Cell Disease
Chapter 7 - Full Genome Sequencing
Chapter 8 - Genetic Testing
Chapter 9 - Gene Therapy
Chapter 10 - Adeno Associated Virus and Gene Therapy of the Human Retina Chapter 11 WT- Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Medicinal Plants
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Achillea Millefolium
Chapter 2 - Agaricus Subrufescens
Chapter 3 - Garlic
Chapter 4 - Aloe Ferox
Chapter 5 - Dill
Chapter 6 - Konjac
Chapter 7 - Arnica Montana
Chapter 8 - Artemisia Annua
Chapter 9 - Artemisia Absinthium
Chapter 10 - Cannabis Sativa
Chapter 11 - Crataegus
Chapter 12 - Quince Chapter 13 WT- Echinacea Purpurea Chapter 14 - Liquorice
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Membrane Biology
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Phospholipid
Chapter 2 - Protein Targeting
Chapter 3 - Membrane Protein
Chapter 4 - Cell Membrane
Chapter 5 - Depolarization and Glycerophospholipid
Chapter 6 - Dopamine Transporter
Chapter 7 - Endomembrane System
Chapter 8 - Hydrophobic Mismatch
Chapter 9 - Integral Membrane Protein and Mechanosensitive Channels
Chapter 10 - Membrane Curvature
Chapter 11 - Membrane Potential Chapter 12 WT- Lipid Bilayer
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Metabolic Pathways & Cellular Respiration Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Glycolysis
Chapter 2 - Gluconeogenesis
Chapter 3 - Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 4 - Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Chapter 5 - Urea Cycle
Chapter 6 - Pyrimidine Metabolism
Chapter 7 - Beta Oxidation
Chapter 8 - Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chapter 9 - Electron Transport Chain
Chapter 10 - ATP Synthase
Chapter 11 - Coenzyme Q – Cytochrome C Reductase and Coenzyme Q10 Chapter 12 WT- NADH Dehydrogenase
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Metabolism in Biochemistry
Table of Contents
Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 1 - Key Biochemicals
Chapter 2 - Lipids and Nucleotide
Chapter 3 - Catabolism
Chapter 4 - Energy Transformations
Chapter 5 - Anabolism
Chapter 6 - Xenobiotic and Drug Metabolism Chapter 7 -WT Metabolic Pathway
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Microbiology: An Introduction
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Microbiology 1
Chapter 2 Microorganism: An Overview 10 a. Microorganism 10 b. Prokaryote 21 c. Bacteria 27 d. Archaea 47 e. Eukaryote 63 f. Protist 76 g. Fungus 81
Chapter 3 Essential Topics of Microbiology 106 a. Sterilization (Microbiology) 106 b. Endosymbiont 118 c. Microbiota 122 d. Human Microbiota 130 e. Biological Agent 139 f. Microbial Cyst 143 g. Colony-forming Unit 145 h. Viral Eukaryogenesis 149
Chapter 4 Theories of Microbiology 152 a. Germ Theory of Disease 152 b. Fermentation Theory 158 c. Hologenome Theory of Evolution 161 d. Germ Theory Denialism 170
Chapter 5 Methods and Techniques of Microbiology 172 a. Microbiological Culture 172 b. Bacteriological Water Analysis 175 c. Impedance Microbiology 178 d. Streaking (Microbiology) 180 e. Thermal Shift Assay 183 f. ATP Test 188 g. Phenotypic Testing of Mycobacteria 189 h. Electroporation 192 i. Phage Display 196
Chapter 6 Subdisciplines of Microbiology 202 a. Immunology 202 b. Virology 207 c. Microbial Ecology 214
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Microbiology: An Introduction
d. Mycology 217 e. Nematology 219 f. Microbial Genetics 222
Chapter 7 Applications of Microbiology 227 a. Industrial Fermentation 227 b. Microbial Biodegradation 231 c. Algae Fuel 235 d. Fungiculture 256
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Microbiology Techniques
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Digital Holographic Microscopy
Chapter 2 - Transmission Electron Microscopy DNA Sequencing
Chapter 3 - ATP Test, Antibiogram, Aseptic Technique, and Axenic
Chapter 4 - Bacteriological Water Analysis and Clonogenic Assay
Chapter 5 - Gentamicin Protection Assay, Hydrodynamic Focusing and Industrial Fermentation
Chapter 6 - Microscopy
Chapter 7 - Electron Microscope
Chapter 8 - Oxidase Test, Isopycnic Centrifugation and Microbiological Culture
Chapter 9 - Cell Culture
Chapter 10 - Kirby-Bauer Antibiotic Testing, Miles and Misra Method, Streaking & Replica Plating Chapter 11 WT- Flow Cytometry
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Microorganisms
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Microorganism
Chapter 2 - Prokaryote
Chapter 3 - Bacteria
Chapter 4 - Archaea
Chapter 5 - Eukaryote
Chapter 6 - Protist Chapter 7 -WT Fungus
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Molecular and Membrane Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Molecular Biology
Chapter 2 - History of Molecular Biology
Chapter 3 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 4 - Gene Expression
Chapter 5 - Protein
Chapter 6 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 7 - Phospholipid
Chapter 8 - Protein Targeting
Chapter 9 - Membrane Protein
Chapter 10 - Cell Membrane
Chapter 11 - Depolarization and Glycerophospholipid Chapter 12 - DopamineWT Transporter Chapter 13 - Endomembrane System
Chapter 14 - Hydrophobic Mismatch
Chapter 15 - Integral Membrane Protein and Mechanosensitive Channels
Chapter 16 - Membrane Curvature
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Molecular and Protein Engineering
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Molecule
Chapter 2 - Molecular Modelling and Molecular Design Software
Chapter 3 - Molecular Graphics
Chapter 4 - Molecular Machine
Chapter 5 - Molecular Assembler
Chapter 6 - Molecular Orbital and Molecular Orbital Theory
Chapter 7 - Molecular Model
Chapter 8 - Protein Structure
Chapter 9 - Protein Folding
Chapter 10 - Protein Design & Fusion Protein
Chapter 11 - Directed Evolution
Chapter 12 - Protein Domain Chapter 13 WT- Proteomics Chapter 14 - Proteinogenic Amino Acid
Chapter 15 - Protein
Chapter 16 - Cytoskeleton
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Molecular Biology Techniques
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Cell Culture
Chapter 2 - ChIA-PET
Chapter 3 - ChIP-on-Chip
Chapter 4 - Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Chip-Sequencing
Chapter 5 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 6 - DNA Sequencing
Chapter 7 - Eastern Blotting and Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis
Chapter 8 - Immunoprecipitation
Chapter 9 - Northern Blot
Chapter 10 - Nucleic Acid Structure Determination
Chapter 11 - Polymerase Chain Reaction Chapter 12 WT- Suspension Array Technology, Southern Blot and Subcloning
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Molecular Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Molecular Biology
Chapter 2 - History of Molecular Biology
Chapter 3 - DNA Microarray
Chapter 4 - Gene Expression
Chapter 5 - Protein
Chapter 6 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 7 - Blot Chapter 8 - GelWT Electrophoresis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Molecular Engineering
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Molecule
Chapter 2 - Molecular Modelling and Molecular Design Software
Chapter 3 - Molecular Graphics
Chapter 4 - Molecular Machine
Chapter 5 - Molecular Assembler
Chapter 6 - Molecular Orbital and Molecular Orbital Theory
Chapter 7 - Molecular Model
Chapter 8 - Polyatomic Ion and Molecular Hamiltonian Chapter 9 -WT Molecular Dynamics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Molecular Evolution
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Molecular Evolution
Chapter 2 - History of Molecular Evolution
Chapter 3 - Mutation
Chapter 4 - Population Genetics Chapter 5 - Genetic Drift Chapter 6 - Gene Flow Chapter 7 - Natural Selection Chapter 8 - Molecular Phylogenetics
Chapter 9 - Phylogenetics Chapter 10 - Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution Chapter 11 - Modern Evolutionary Synthesis Chapter 12 WT- Mutationism
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Molecular Genetics & Gene Expression
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Molecular Genetics
Chapter 2 - Reverse Genetics
Chapter 3 - Gene Therapy
Chapter 4 - Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chapter 5 - Polymerase Chain Reaction Optimization
Chapter 6 - Molecular Cloning
Chapter 7 - Cell Culture
Chapter 8 - Gene Expression
Chapter 9 - Transcription
Chapter 10 - Post-Transcriptional Modification and Transfer RNA
Chapter 11 - Regulation of Gene Expression Chapter 12 WT- MicroRNA Chapter 13 - Translation (biology)
Chapter 14 - In Situ Hybridization and Protein Expression (Biotechnology)
Chapter 15 - Proteasome
Chapter 16 - Gene Regulatory Network
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Mollusca (Animal Phylum)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Mollusca
Chapter 2 - Bivalvia
Chapter 3 - Cephalopod
Chapter 4 - Chiton
Chapter 5 - Gastropoda
Chapter 6 - Monoplacophora and Rostroconchia
Chapter 7 - Tusk Shell
Chapter 8 - Giant Squid
Chapter 9 - Colossal Squid Chapter 10 WT- Octopus
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Mollusca and Nematode (Animal Phylum) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Mollusca
Chapter 2 - Bivalvia
Chapter 3 - Cephalopod
Chapter 4 - Chiton
Chapter 5 - Gastropoda
Chapter 6 - Monoplacophora and Rostroconchia
Chapter 7 - Tusk Shell
Chapter 8 - Giant Squid
Chapter 9 - Nematode
Chapter 10 - Caenorhabditis Elegans
Chapter 11 - Pratylenchus Chapter 12 WT- Angiostrongylus Cantonensis Chapter 13 - Aonchotheca Forresteri and Ascaridia
Chapter 14 - Ascaris and Ascaris Lumbricoides
Chapter 15 - Baylisascaris
Chapter 16 - Brugia Malayi
Chapter 17 - Caenorhabditis Briggsae and Capillaria Hepatica
Chapter 18 - Capillaria Plica and Dracunculus
Chapter 19 - Elaeophora Poeli and Elaeophora Sagitta
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Mycology (Study of Fungi)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Mycology
Chapter 2 - Fungus
Chapter 3 - Edible Mushroom
Chapter 4 - Mycotoxin
Chapter 5 - Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
Chapter 6 - Fungal Diseases
Chapter 7 - Fungal Morphology and Anatomy Chapter 8 -WT Medicinal Mushrooms
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Natural Habitats & Ecosystems
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ecological Succession
Chapter 2 - Biome
Chapter 3 - Cloud Forest
Chapter 4 - Conservation Grazing
Chapter 5 - Forest
Chapter 6 - Habitat Corridor
Chapter 7 - Heath
Chapter 8 - Intact Forest Landscape
Chapter 9 - Pond
Chapter 10 - Puddle
Chapter 11 - Shrubland
Chapter 12 - Temperate Deciduous Forest Chapter 13 WT- Temperate Rainforest Chapter 14 - Old-Growth Forest
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Natural Resources: Conservation and Management Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural Resources 1
Chapter 2 Categories of Natural Resources 7 a. Renewable Resource 7 b. Non-renewable Resource 30
Chapter 3 Natural Resources: Extraction Methods 44 a. Oil Well 44 b. Mining 54 c. Forestry 74
Chapter 4 Exploitation of Natural Resources and its Consequences 83 a. Exploitation of Natural Resources 83 b. Ozone Depletion 85 c. Oil Depletion 105 d. Forced Migration 112 e. Natural Hazard 115
Chapter 5 Comprehensive Study of Resource Depletion and its Causes 121 a. Resource Depletion 121 b. Overconsumption 124 c. Land Degradation 126 d. Deforestation 130 e. Human Overpopulation 151 f. Pollution 182
Chapter 6 Protection of Natural Resources 196 a. Environmental Protection 196
Chapter 7 Integrated Study of Natural Resources Management 208 a. Natural Resource Management 208
Chapter 8 Recycling: A Method to Protect Natural Resources 218 a. Recycling 218
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Nematode (Animal Phylum)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Nematode
Chapter 2 - Caenorhabditis Elegans
Chapter 3 - Pratylenchus
Chapter 4 - Angiostrongylus Cantonensis
Chapter 5 - Aonchotheca Forresteri and Ascaridia
Chapter 6 - Ascaris and Ascaris Lumbricoides
Chapter 7 - Baylisascaris
Chapter 8 - Brugia Malayi
Chapter 9 - Caenorhabditis Briggsae and Capillaria Hepatica
Chapter 10 - Capillaria Plica and Dracunculus
Chapter 11 - Elaeophora Poeli and Elaeophora Sagitta
Chapter 12 - Elaeophora Schneideri and Enterobius Chapter 13 WT- Entomopathogenic Nematode Chapter 14 - Gapeworm and Hookworm
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Nitrogen Metabolism & its Applications
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Nitrogen Cycle
Chapter 2 - Nitrogen Fixation
Chapter 3 - Denitrification and Nitrification
Chapter 4 - Human Impacts on the Nitrogen Cycle
Chapter 5 - Amino Acid
Chapter 6 - Actinorhizal Plant and Haber Process
Chapter 7 - Blood Urea Nitrogen and Essential Amino Acid
Chapter 8 - Ammonia Chapter 9 -WT Vanadium Nitrogenase and Nitrogenase
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Noise Pollution and Control
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Noise Pollution 1 a. Noise Pollution 1 b. Noise 7
Chapter 2 Types of Noise Pollution 12 a. Line Source 12 b. Industrial Noise 15 c. Roadway Noise 18 d. Aircraft Noise 22 e. Jet Noise 27 f. Environmental Noise 28 g. White Noise 29
Chapter 3 Sound Level Measurements 38 a. Noise Calculation 38 b. Sound Exposure 40 c. Sound Intensity 41 d. Noise Dosimeter 62 e. Ambient Noise Level 65
Chapter 4 Effects of Noise Pollution on Health 67 a. Noise-induced Hearing Loss 67 b. Occupational Hearing Loss 82 c. Health Effects from Noise 86
Chapter 5 Noise Control: Tools and Technologies 95 a. Noise Control 95 b. Soundproofing 102 c. Absorption (Acoustics) 107 d. Vibration Isolation 109 e. Acoustic Quieting 121 f. Hush Kit 124 g. Noise Regulation 129 h. Harmonic Oscillator 151 i. Architectural Acoustics 164
Chapter 6 Sound and its Properties 168 a. Sound 168 b. Sound Pressure 210 c. Sound Power 217
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Noise Pollution and Control
d. Speed of Sound 221 e. Amplitude 240 f. Wavelength 243
Chapter 7 Audiology: An Overview 256 a. Audiology 256 b. Audiometer 261 c. Audiogram 262 d. Audiometrist 265 e. Audiometry 267 f. Pure Tone Audiometry 273 g. Auditory-verbal Therapy 277 h. Auditory System 278
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Nucleic Acid and Protein Structures
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 2 - Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure
Chapter 3 - Nucleic Acid Tertiary Structure
Chapter 4 - DNA
Chapter 5 - RNA
Chapter 6 - Nucleic Acid Double Helix
Chapter 7 - DNA Supercoil
Chapter 8 - Protein Structure
Chapter 9 - Proteinogenic Amino Acid
Chapter 10 - Protein Primary Structure
Chapter 11 - Protein Secondary Structure Chapter 12 WT- Protein Tertiary Structure Chapter 13 - Ribbon Diagram
Chapter 14 - Protein Domain
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Nucleic Acid Structure
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 2 - Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure
Chapter 3 - Nucleic Acid Tertiary Structure
Chapter 4 - DNA
Chapter 5 - RNA
Chapter 6 - Nucleic Acid Double Helix
Chapter 7 - DNA Supercoil
Chapter 8 - Nucleic Acid Structure Determination
Chapter 9 - Nucleic Acid Structure Prediction
Chapter 10 - Nucleic Acid Design Chapter 11 WT- Nucleic Acid Thermodynamics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Nucleic Acids (Biological molecules essential for life) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Nucleic Acid
Chapter 2 - DNA
Chapter 3 - RNA
Chapter 4 - Nucleic Acid Sequence
Chapter 5 - Nucleic Acid Analogues
Chapter 6 - Aptamer
Chapter 7 - Small Nucleolar RNA
Chapter 8 - Glycol Nucleic Acid and Locked Nucleic Acid
Chapter 9 - Mitochondrial DNA
Chapter 10 - Messenger RNA
Chapter 11 - Small Interfering RNA Chapter 12 WT- MicroRNA
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Nutrition and Metabolism
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Understanding Nutrition 1 a. Nutrition 1 b. Human Nutrition 26 c. Sports Nutrition 50 d. Nutrition and Pregnancy 53
Chapter 2 Introduction to Metabolism 58 a. Metabolism 58 b. Digestion 74 c. Microbial Metabolism 85 d. Basal Metabolic Rate 96
Chapter 3 Human Health and Nutrition 106 a. Diet (Nutrition) 106 b. Healthy Diet 108 c. Dietary Supplement 115 d. Essential Amino Acid 121 e. Obesity 125 f. Malnutrition 145 g. Eating Disorder 166
Chapter 4 Processes Vital for Nutrition and Metabolism 185 a. Metabolic Pathway 185 b. Ketogenesis 189 c. Fatty Acid Metabolism 191 d. Beta Oxidation 204 e. Amino Acid Synthesis 210 f. Fermentation 218 g. Oxidative Phosphorylation 225
Chapter 5 Nutritional Deficiencies 239 a. Mineral Deficiency 239 b. Vitamin Deficiency 239 c. Protein 240 d. Kashin–Beck Disease 244 e. Kwashiorkor 247 f. Marasmus 249
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Omnivorous Animals
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Pig
Chapter 2 - Badger
Chapter 3 - Sloth
Chapter 4 - Squirrel
Chapter 5 - Raccoon
Chapter 6 - Mouse
Chapter 7 - Bear
Chapter 8 - Chipmunk
Chapter 9 - Hedgehog
Chapter 10 - Coati
Chapter 11 - Opossum Chapter 12 WT- Skunk Chapter 13 - Rat
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Onychophora, Acoelomorpha and Brachiopoda (Animal Phylum) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Onychophora
Chapter 2 - Peripatus and Typhloperipatus
Chapter 3 - Acoelomorpha and Convolutidae
Chapter 4 - Brachiopod
Chapter 5 - Craniidae, Lingula (Genus) and Lingula Reevii
Chapter 6 - Lingulata, Mucrospirifer, Obolellida and Rhynchonellata
Chapter 7 - Rhynchonellida and Rhynchonelliformea Chapter 8 -WT Spiriferida and Terebratulida
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Organelle and Chromosomes in Cell Biology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Organelle
Chapter 2 - Mitochondrion
Chapter 3 - Chloroplast
Chapter 4 - Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chapter 5 - Golgi Apparatus
Chapter 6 - Vacuole
Chapter 7 - Cell Nucleus
Chapter 8 - Cilium
Chapter 9 - Peroxisome
Chapter 10 - Lysosome, Melanosome and Myofibril
Chapter 11 - Chromosome
Chapter 12 - Chromatin
Chapter 13 WT- Karyotype
Chapter 14 - Ploidy
Chapter 15 - Microchromosome and Chromosomal Inversion
Chapter 16 - Polyploid
Chapter 17 - Nucleosome
Chapter 18 - Telomere
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Organelle in Cell Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Organelle
Chapter 2 - Mitochondrion
Chapter 3 - Chloroplast
Chapter 4 - Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chapter 5 - Golgi Apparatus
Chapter 6 - Vacuole
Chapter 7 - Cell Nucleus
Chapter 8 - Cilium
Chapter 9 - Peroxisome
Chapter 10 - Lysosome, Melanosome and Myofibril
Chapter 11 - Centrosome
Chapter 12 - Thylakoid Chapter 13 WT- Cytosol Chapter 14 - Proteasome
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Origin and Evolutionary History of Life
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Abiogenesis
Chapter 2 - Evolutionary History of Life
Chapter 3 - Spontaneous Generation
Chapter 4 - Miller–Urey Experiment
Chapter 5 - Iron-sulfur World Theory and PAH World Hypothesis
Chapter 6 - Human Evolution Chapter 7 -WT Origin of Birds
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Ornithology & Ichthyology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ornithology
Chapter 2 - Origin of Avian Flight
Chapter 3 - Bird Collections
Chapter 4 - Bird Conservation
Chapter 5 - Bird Ichnology
Chapter 6 - Bird Migration
Chapter 7 - Avian Range Expansion and Bird Colony
Chapter 8 - Bird Intelligence
Chapter 9 - Bird Nest
Chapter 10 - Ichthyology
Chapter 11 - Diversity of Fish Chapter 12 WT- Fish Anatomy Chapter 13 - Acoustic Tag
Chapter 14 - Bubble Nest & Eel Ladder
Chapter 15 - Coastal Fish
Chapter 16 - Fish Migration
Chapter 17 - Forage Fish
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Paleobiology & Paleozoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Paleobiology
Chapter 2 - Paleobotany
Chapter 3 - Paleozoology and Micropaleontology
Chapter 4 - Paleoecology and Ichnology
Chapter 5 - Biostratigraphy
Chapter 6 - Taphonomy
Chapter 7 - Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Chapter 8 - Eonothem and Megabias
Chapter 9 - Stage (Stratigraphy) and System (Stratigraphy)
Chapter 10 - Cenomanian
Chapter 11 - Dakota (Fossil) and Middle Miocene Disruption
Chapter 12 - Dinosaur Chapter 13 WT- History of Invertebrate Paleozoology Chapter 14 - Invertebrate Paleontology and Odontornithes
Chapter 15 - Scolecodont and Vertebrate Paleontology
Chapter 16 - Trace fossil
Chapter 17 - Chitinozoan
Chapter 18 - Hallucigenia
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Paleozoology & Cryptozoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Paleozoology
Chapter 2 - Dakota (Fossil) and Middle Miocene Disruption
Chapter 3 - Dinosaur
Chapter 4 - History of Invertebrate Paleozoology
Chapter 5 - Invertebrate Paleontology and Odontornithes
Chapter 6 - Scolecodont and Vertebrate Paleontology
Chapter 7 - Trace fossil
Chapter 8 - Cryptozoology
Chapter 9 - Bigfoot
Chapter 10 - Beast of Exmoor
Chapter 11 - Onza
Chapter 12 - Kasai Rex Chapter 13 WT- Jersey Devil Chapter 14 - Mothman
Chapter 15 - Owlman
Chapter 16 - Champ (Cryptozoology)
Chapter 17 - Mokele-mbembe
Chapter 18 - Lindworm
Chapter 19 - Fish-man
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Parasitic Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Acanthocephala
Chapter 2 - Digenea
Chapter 3 - Flea
Chapter 4 - Louse
Chapter 5 - Tick
Chapter 6 - Bothriocephalus Acheilognathi and Bucephalus Polymorphus
Chapter 7 - Clonorchis Sinensis
Chapter 8 - Cordylobia Anthropophaga
Chapter 9 - Emerald Cockroach Wasp and Fasciola Hepatica
Chapter 10 - Gongylonema Pulchrum
Chapter 11 - Hymenolepis Microstoma
Chapter 12 - Moniezia Expansa and Nanophyetus Salmincola Chapter 13 WT- Polypodium Hydriforme and Ribeiroia Chapter 14 - Trichuris Trichiura and Taenia asiatica
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Parasitology (Study of Parasites)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Parasitology
Chapter 2 - Parasitism
Chapter 3 - Veterinary Parasitology
Chapter 4 - Structural Parasitology and Quantitative Parasitology
Chapter 5 - Conservation Biology of Parasites and Archaeoparasitology
Chapter 6 - Paleoparasitology
Chapter 7 - Parasitoid and Parasitoid Wasp
Chapter 8 - Aspidogastrea and Cestoda
Chapter 9 - Fasciola Hepatica and Heteroecious
Chapter 10 - Fascioloides Magna
Chapter 11 - Parasitic Worm
Chapter 12 - Crab Louse Chapter 13 WT- Trypanosoma Brucei Chapter 14 - Kleptoparasitism
Chapter 15 - Mosquito
Chapter 16 - Polydnavirus and Sterile Insect Technique
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Parasitology 1 • Parasitology 1 • Parasitism 4 • Host (Biology) 13
Chapter 2 Major Areas of Parasitology 15 • Human Parasite 15 • Veterinary Parasitology 19 • Quantitative Parasitology 23 • Structural Parasitology 26
Chapter 3 Protozoa: An Overview 28 • Protozoa 28 • Plasmodium 34 • Plasmodium Falciparum 43 • Plasmodium Vivax 50 • Plasmodium Malariae 56 • Plasmodium Knowlesi 62 • Rhinosporidium Seeberi 67 • Toxoplasma Gondii 70 • Trypanosoma Cruzi 89
Chapter 4 Tapeworm and its Types 93 • Cestoda 93 • Diphyllobothrium 97 • Echinococcus Granulosus 101 • Echinococcus Multilocularis 104 • Hymenolepis Nana 107 • Hymenolepis Diminuta 110 • Taenia Saginata 112 • Taenia Solium 115 • Spirometra Erinaceieuropaei 120
Chapter 5 Flukes and its Classification 122 • Liver Fluke 112 • Paragonimus 147 • Schistosoma 158
Chapter 6 Understanding Roundworms 189 • Nematode 189 • Ancylostoma Duodenale 230 • Necator Americanus 231
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach
• Ascaris Lumbricoides 234 • Strongyloides Stercoralis 238 • Toxocara Canis 242 • Trichuris Trichiura 244 • Wuchereria Bancrofti 247
Chapter 7 Etoparasites and Insect Parasites 257 • Head Louse 257 • Scabies 265 • Human Flea 273 • Bed Bug 275 • Cochliomyia Hominivorax 287
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Persistent Organic Pollutants
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Organic Pollutants 1
Chapter 2 Toxin Degradation Processes 10 i. Chemical Decomposition 10 ii. Biodegradation 11 iii. Photodissociation 16 iv. Photocatalysis 20
Chapter 3 Organobromine and Organochloride Compounds 26 i. Organobromine Compound 26 ii. Flame Retardant 30 iii. Organochloride 68 iv. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon 100 v. Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds 111
Chapter 4 Agricultural Pollutants 123 i. Insecticide 123 ii. DDT 160 iii. Fungicide 176 iv. Pesticide 181 v. Herbicide 201
Chapter 5 Organic Pollutants and their Effects 219 i. Bioaccumulation 219 ii. Biomagnification 220 iii. Bioconcentration 223 iv. Environmental Impact of Pesticides 227
Chapter 6 Adverse Impacts of Organic Pollutants on Humans 241 i. Endocrine Disruptor 241 ii. Neurotoxin 257
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Photobiology (Study of the interactions of light and living organisms) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 2 - Photomorphogenesis
Chapter 3 - Visual System
Chapter 4 - Circadian Rhythm
Chapter 5 - Bioluminescence
Chapter 6 - Ultraviolet
Chapter 7 - Light Therapy Chapter 8 -WT Light Effects on Circadian Rhythm and Scotobiology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Plant Anatomy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant Anatomy
Chapter 2 - Bast Fibre, Branch Collar and Cork Cambium
Chapter 3 - Cotyledon
Chapter 4 - Epidermis (Botany)
Chapter 5 - Fascicle (Botany) and Meristem
Chapter 6 - Leaf
Chapter 7 - Wood
Chapter 8 - Ovule
Chapter 9 - Pith and Plant Cell
Chapter 10 - Plant Cuticle and Rhizome
Chapter 11 - Plant Stem
Chapter 12 - Root Hair and Sieve Tube Element Chapter 13 WT- Stele (Biology) and Suberin Chapter 14 - Vacuole
Chapter 15 - Vascular Tissue and Vessel Element
Chapter 16 - Biosequestration
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Plant and Animal Kingdoms
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant
Chapter 2 - Embryophyte
Chapter 3 - Bryophyte
Chapter 4 - Vascular Plant
Chapter 5 - Marchantiophyta
Chapter 6 - Rhyniopsida and Zosterophyllopsida
Chapter 7 - Lycopodiophyta
Chapter 8 - Fern
Chapter 9 - Pinophyta
Chapter 10 - Animal
Chapter 11 - Parazoa and Eumetazoa Chapter 12 WT- Bilateria, Deuterostome and Ecdysozoa Chapter 13 - Phylum
Chapter 14 - Protostome, Platyzoa and Lophotrochozoa
Chapter 15 - Sponge
Chapter 16 - Placozoa
Chapter 17 - Ctenophora
Chapter 18 - Cnidaria
Chapter 19 - Vetulicolia
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Plant Cell Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant Cell
Chapter 2 - Ground Tissue
Chapter 3 - Pectin
Chapter 4 - Aerenchyma and Amyloplast
Chapter 5 - Cell Plate, Leucoplast and Oleosin
Chapter 6 - Guard Cell
Chapter 7 - Palisade Cell, Phragmoplast and Phragmosome
Chapter 8 - Preprophase and Preprophase Band
Chapter 9 - Stoma
Chapter 10 - Xylem
Chapter 11 - Chlorophyll
Chapter 12 - Plant Hormone Chapter 13 WT- Plastid Chapter 14 - Photosynthesis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Plant Ecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant Ecology
Chapter 2 - Plant Life-Form
Chapter 3 - Plant Defense Against Herbivory
Chapter 4 - Herbivore Adaptations to Plant Defense
Chapter 5 - Plant Reproduction
Chapter 6 - Plant Sexuality
Chapter 7 - Seed Dispersal and Seed Predation Chapter 8 -WT Flowering Plant
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Plant Genera (Biological Classification)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Chamelaucium and Lophophora
Chapter 2 - Ptisana and Sagina
Chapter 3 - Cattleya
Chapter 4 - Abutilon
Chapter 5 - Amborella and Barclaya
Chapter 6 - Darlingtonia Californica
Chapter 7 - Euryale Ferox and Nuphar
Chapter 8 - Nymphaea and Castor Oil Plant
Chapter 9 - Schisandra and Victoria (Plant)
Chapter 10 - Acoelorrhaphe and Amaryllis
Chapter 11 - Ammandra and Anastatica
Chapter 12 - Anemopsis and Austrocedrus Chapter 13 WT- Brasenia and Butomus Chapter 14 - Calluna and Calypso (Orchid)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Plant Genetics and Genomics
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Plant Genetics 1
Chapter 2 Key Concepts of Plant Genetics 5 a. Genetic Diversity 5 b. Genetic Variability 8 c. Plant Tissue Culture 10 d. Hybrid (Biology) 15 e. Eugenics 26
Chapter 3 Genetic Modification in Plants 39 a. Genetically Modified Crops 39 b. Genetically Modified Maize 72 c. Genetically Modified Soybean 78 d. Genetically Modified Tree 80
Chapter 4 Plant Breeding: An Overview 84 a. Plant Breeding 84 b. Marker-assisted Selection 93 c. Cultigen 99 d. Cultivar 105
Chapter 5 Important Features of Plant Biology 114 a. Mitochondrion 114 b. Chloroplast 133 c. Mutation 170 d. Germline 183 e. Polyploid 185 f. Sport (Botany) 194
Chapter 6 Genetic Engineering: An Integrated Study 196 a. Genetic Engineering 196 b. Genetic Engineering Techniques 207 c. Gene Knockin 212
Chapter 7 Threat to Plant Genetics 221 a. Genetic Erosion 221
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Plant Genetics and Genomics
Chapter 8 Evolution of Plant Genetics 225 a. Experimental Evolution 225 b. History of Plant Breeding 229
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Plant Pathology and Anatomy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant Pathology
Chapter 2 - Plant Disease Epidemiology
Chapter 3 - Plant Hormone
Chapter 4 - Pathogen
Chapter 5 - Phytoplasma
Chapter 6 - Plant Virus
Chapter 7 - Nematode
Chapter 8 - Physiological Plant Disorders and Parasitic Plant
Chapter 9 - Ascomycota
Chapter 10 - Basidiomycota
Chapter 11 - Plant Anatomy
Chapter 12 - Bast Fibre, Branch Collar and Cork Cambium Chapter 13 WT- Cotyledon Chapter 14 - Epidermis (Botany)
Chapter 15 - Fascicle (Botany) and Meristem
Chapter 16 - Leaf
Chapter 17 - Wood
Chapter 18 - Ovule
Chapter 19 - Pith and Plant Cell
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Plant Pathology and Anatomy
Chapter 20 - Plant Cuticle and Rhizome
Chapter 21 - Plant Stem
Chapter 22 - Root Hair and Sieve Tube Element WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Plant Pathology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant Pathology
Chapter 2 - Plant Disease Epidemiology
Chapter 3 - Plant Hormone
Chapter 4 - Pathogen
Chapter 5 - Phytoplasma
Chapter 6 - Plant Virus
Chapter 7 - Nematode
Chapter 8 - Physiological Plant Disorders and Parasitic Plant
Chapter 9 - Ascomycota
Chapter 10 - Basidiomycota
Chapter 11 - Banana Diseases
Chapter 12 - Citrus Canker Chapter 13 WT- Plant Disease Resistance Chapter 14 - Crop Rotation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Plant Reproduction
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Plant Reproduction
Chapter 2 - Alternation of Generations
Chapter 3 - Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Chapter 4 - Plant Sexuality
Chapter 5 - Pollen
Chapter 6 - Pollination
Chapter 7 - Seed
Chapter 8 - Fruit Tree Propagation
Chapter 9 - Spore
Chapter 10 - Grafting Chapter 11 WT- Vegetative Reproduction
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Politics and Economics of Global Warming
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Politics of Global Warming
Chapter 2 - Politics of Global Warming (United States)
Chapter 3 - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Chapter 4 - Kyoto Protocol
Chapter 5 - United Nations Climate Change Conferences
Chapter 6 - Individual and Political Action on Climate Change
Chapter 7 - Economics of Global Warming
Chapter 8 - Economic Impacts of Climate Change
Chapter 9 - Climate Change and Agriculture
Chapter 10 - Economics of Climate Change Mitigation Chapter 11 WT- Emissions Trading
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Politics of Global Warming
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction to Politics of Global Warming
Chapter 2 - Politics of Global Warming (United States)
Chapter 3 - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Chapter 4 - Kyoto Protocol
Chapter 5 - United Nations Climate Change Conferences
Chapter 6 - Individual and Political Action on Climate Change
Chapter 7 - United States Carbon Cap-and-Trade Program
Chapter 8 - Montreal Protocol Chapter 9 -WT Climate Change Denial
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Population and Restoration Ecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Population Ecology
Chapter 2 - Effective Population Size
Chapter 3 - Logistic Function
Chapter 4 - Maximum Sustainable Yield
Chapter 5 - Population Cycle and Population Dynamics
Chapter 6 - Population Modeling and Population Size
Chapter 7 - Biodiversity
Chapter 8 - Ecosystem
Chapter 9 - Restoration Ecology
Chapter 10 - Riparian Zone Restoration
Chapter 11 - Island Restoration
Chapter 12 - Bush Regeneration Chapter 13 WT- Reforestation Chapter 14 - Invasion Biology Terminology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Population Ecology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Population Ecology
Chapter 2 - Effective Population Size
Chapter 3 - Logistic Function
Chapter 4 - Maximum Sustainable Yield
Chapter 5 - Population Cycle and Population Dynamics
Chapter 6 - Population Modeling and Population Size
Chapter 7 - Biodiversity
Chapter 8 - Ecosystem
Chapter 9 - Resilience
Chapter 10 - Overexploitation Chapter 11 WT- Ecological Stability and Small Population Size
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Population Genetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Population Genetics
Chapter 2 - Hardy–Weinberg Principle
Chapter 3 - Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
Chapter 4 - Natural selection Chapter 5 - Genetic Drift Chapter 6 - Mutation Chapter 7 - Gene flow Chapter 8 -WT Important Concepts in Population Genetics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Porifera, Ctenophora and Bryozoa (Animal Phylum) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Sponge
Chapter 2 - Calcareous Sponge and Hexactinellid
Chapter 3 - Demosponge
Chapter 4 - Archaeocyatha and Cliona celata
Chapter 5 - Halichondria Panicea and Hexasterophora
Chapter 6 - Spongilla and Spongilla Argyrosperma
Chapter 7 - Ctenophora Chapter 8 -WT Bryozoa
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Posttranslational Modification of Proteins Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Posttranslational Modification
Chapter 2 - Hsp70
Chapter 3 - Hsp90
Chapter 4 - Protease
Chapter 5 - ADP-Ribosylation and C-Terminus
Chapter 6 - Glucosepane
Chapter 7 - Inhibitory Peptide and Phosphorylation
Chapter 8 - Tyrosine Sulfation and SUMO Enzymes
Chapter 9 - Advanced Glycation End-Product
Chapter 10 - Proteases in Angiogenesis
Chapter 11 - Glycosylation and Gene Silencing
Chapter 12 - Ubiquitin-Activating Enzyme Chapter 13 WT- Disulfide Bond Chapter 14 - Phosphate Homeostasis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Potassium Channels
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Potassium Channel
Chapter 2 - Voltage-gated Potassium Channel and Tandem Pore Domain Potassium Channel
Chapter 3 - Inward-rectifier Potassium Ion Channel and Calcium-activated Potassium Channel
Chapter 4 - Potassium Channel Opener
Chapter 5 - Potassium Channel Blocker
Chapter 6 - Amiodarone Chapter 7 -WT hERG and ATP-sensitive Potassium Channel
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Prehistoric Vertebrates and Prehistoric Invertebrates Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Acanthostega and Baphetidae
Chapter 2 - Casineria and Conodont
Chapter 3 - Heterostraci and Ichthyostega
Chapter 4 - Pederpes and Westlothiana
Chapter 5 - Pelycosaur
Chapter 6 - Therapsida
Chapter 7 - Synapsid
Chapter 8 - Prehistoric fish
Chapter 9 - Graptolite
Chapter 10 - Odontogriphus
Chapter 11 - Opabinia
Chapter 12 - Spriggina and Tabulate Coral Chapter 13 WT- Dinocaridida and Gogia Chapter 14 - Helicoplacus, Homalozoa and Blastoid
Chapter 15 - List of Prehistoric Annelids
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Primates (animal group that contains prosimians and simians) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Primate
Chapter 2 - Prehistoric Apes
Chapter 3 - Prehistoric Monkeys
Chapter 4 - Tarsier
Chapter 5 - Eocene Primates
Chapter 6 - Lemur Chapter 7 -WT Ape
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Principles and Techniques of Plant Breeding Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Plant Breeding 1
Chapter 2 Selection Methods in Plant Breeding 13 i. Selection Methods in Plant Breeding Based on Mode of Reproduction 13 i. Reproduction 17 iii. Pollination 23 iv. Plant Propagation 37 v. Apomixis 39
Chapter 3 Processes of Plant Breeding 46 i. Molecular Breeding 46 ii. Marker-assisted Selection 64 iii. Doubled Haploidy 78 iv. Genetic Engineering 83 v. Genetic Recombination 96 vi. Family-based QTL Mapping 101 vii. Breeding for Drought Stress Tolerance 108 viii. Breeding for Heat Stress Tolerance 114
Chapter 4 Issues and Concerns of Plant Breeding 118 i. Nutrition 118 ii. Biodiversity 147 iii. Plant Breeders’ Rights 175
Chapter 5 Essential Fields of Plant Breeding 179 i. Cultivated Plant Taxonomy 179 ii. Organic Farming 193
Chapter 6 Evolution of Plant Breeding 218
Chapter 7 Acts Related to Plant Breeding 222 i. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 222 ii. Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 223 iii. Plant Patent Act of 1930 226 iv. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 226
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Principles of Atmospheric science
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Atmospheric Sciences: An Introduction 1 • Atmospheric Sciences 1
Chapter 2 Atmosphere: A Comprehensive Study 5 • Atmosphere 5 • Atmosphere of Earth 10
Chapter 3 Branches of Atmospheric Sciences 26 • Atmospheric Chemistry 26 • Atmospheric Physics 30
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Layers 35 • Exosphere 35 • Thermosphere 36 • Mesosphere 41 • Stratosphere 43 • Troposphere 45 • Ozone Layer 51 • Ionosphere 58 • Turbopause 67 • Planetary Boundary Layer 68
Chapter 5 Weather and Climate and its Scientific Study 73 • Weather and Climate 73 • Meteorology 74 • Climatology 86
Chapter 6 Weather Forecasting: Tools and Techniques 93 • Weather Forecasting 93 • Nowcasting (Meteorology) 105 • Weather Reconnaissance 107 • Weather Beacon 109 • Clear Sky Chart 115
Chapter 7 Climate Change: An Area of Concern 118 • Climate Change 118 • Greenhouse Effect 131 • Effects of Global Warming 136
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Principles of Atmospheric science
Chapter 8 Phenomenon of Atmosphere 160 • Thunderstorm 160 • Tornado 178 • Tropical Cyclone 200 • Jet Stream 229
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Principles of Biochemistry
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry 1
Chapter 2 Essential Elements of Biochemistry 15 • Carbohydrate 15 • Lipid 23 • Nucleic Acid 50 • Protein 84
Chapter 3 Enzymes: An Integrated Study 121 • Enzyme 121 • Proteolysis 135
Chapter 4 Genetic Code and Metabolism: An Overview 143 • Genetic Code 143 • Metabolism 153
Chapter 5 Allied Fields of Biochemistry 170 • Molecular Biology 170 • Cell Biology 175 • Biotechnology 182 • Bioluminescence 190
Chapter 6 Evolution of Biochemistry 201
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Prion: Infectious Agent
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Prion
Chapter 2 - PRNP
Chapter 3 - Fungal Prions
Chapter 4 - Protein Folding
Chapter 5 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
Chapter 6 - Chronic Wasting Disease and Scrapie
Chapter 7 - Kuru (Disease) and Fatal Familial Insomnia
Chapter 8 - Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Chapter 9 -WT Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Processes & Lipids in Metabolic Biochemistry Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 2 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 3 - Cellular Respiration
Chapter 4 - Cholesterol
Chapter 5 - Eicosanoid
Chapter 6 - Fatty Acid
Chapter 7 - Phospholipid
Chapter 8 - Sphingolipid and Steroid
Chapter 9 - Triglyceride Chapter 10 WT- Bile Acid
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Processes and Mechanisms of Evolution
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Adaptation
Chapter 2 - Genetic Drift
Chapter 3 - Gene Flow
Chapter 4 - Natural Selection
Chapter 5 - Speciation
Chapter 6 - Mutation WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Prokaryote Organisms
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Prokaryote
Chapter 2 - Archaea
Chapter 3 - Mycobacterium
Chapter 4 - Cell Wall
Chapter 5 - Cyanobacteria
Chapter 6 - Flagellum
Chapter 7 - Cytoplasm and Nucleoid Chapter 8 -WT Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Protein Biology & Proteomics (Concepts and Applications) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Protein
Chapter 2 - Enzyme
Chapter 3 - Heat Shock Protein
Chapter 4 - Receptor (Biochemistry)
Chapter 5 - DNA-Binding Protein
Chapter 6 - Allosteric Regulation
Chapter 7 - Cell Division Control Protein 4
Chapter 8 - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
Chapter 9 - Biochip & Cleavable Detergent
Chapter 10 - Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins
Chapter 11 - Protein Mass Spectrometry Chapter 12 WT- Protein Sequencing Chapter 13 - Proteomics Identifications Database, Protomap & Protein– Protein Interaction
Chapter 14 - Protein–Protein Interaction Prediction
Chapter 15 - Neuroproteomics
Chapter 16 - Quantitative Proteomics & SILAC
Chapter 17 - Phosphoproteomics
Chapter 18 - Activity-Based Proteomics
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Protein Biology and its Applications
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Protein
Chapter 2 - Enzyme
Chapter 3 - Heat Shock Protein
Chapter 4 - Receptor (Biochemistry)
Chapter 5 - DNA-Binding Protein
Chapter 6 - Allosteric Regulation
Chapter 7 - Cell Division Control Protein 4
Chapter 8 - Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
Chapter 9 - Protein (Nutrient)
Chapter 10 - Antifreeze Protein Chapter 11 WT- Protein Purification
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Protein Biosynthesis
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Protein Biosynthesis
Chapter 2 - Amino Acid Synthesis
Chapter 3 - Transcription
Chapter 4 - Translation
Chapter 5 - Genetic Code
Chapter 6 - Peptide Synthesis
Chapter 7 - eIF2 and Eukaryotic Translation
Chapter 8 - Internal Ribosome Entry Site and Kozak Consensus Sequence
Chapter 9 - Posttranslational Modification and Prokaryotic Translation
Chapter 10 - Ribosomal RNA and Ribosome
Chapter 11 - Signal Recognition Particle RNA Chapter 12 WT- Transfer-Messenger RNA
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Protein Engineering
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Protein Structure
Chapter 2 - Protein Folding
Chapter 3 - Protein Design & Fusion Protein
Chapter 4 - Directed Evolution
Chapter 5 - Protein Domain
Chapter 6 - Proteomics
Chapter 7 - Proteinogenic Amino Acid
Chapter 8 - Protein
Chapter 9 - Cytoskeleton
Chapter 10 - Membrane Protein
Chapter 11 - Integral Membrane Protein Chapter 12 WT- Peripheral Membrane Protein
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Protein Structure
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Protein Structure
Chapter 2 - Proteinogenic Amino Acid
Chapter 3 - Protein Primary Structure
Chapter 4 - Protein Secondary Structure
Chapter 5 - Protein Tertiary Structure
Chapter 6 - Ribbon Diagram
Chapter 7 - Protein Domain
Chapter 8 - Protein Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Chapter 9 - Homology Modeling
Chapter 10 - Equilibrium Unfolding
Chapter 11 - Posttranslational Modification
Chapter 12 - Polyhistidine-Tag and N-Terminus Chapter 13 WT- HB Plot and Downhill Folding
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Proteomics: A Comprehensive Study of Proteins Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Understanding Proteomics and Protein Interaction 1 • Proteomics 1 • Protein–protein Interaction 12 • Protein–protein Interaction Prediction 23
Chapter 2 Introduction to Protein 27 • Protein 27 • Protein Domain 78 • Protein Biosynthesis 88 • Protein Structure 91 • Protein Structure Prediction 98 • Enzyme 110 • Protein Purification 125
Chapter 3 Primary Proteins Studied in Proteomics 136 • Cyanovirin-N 136 • Intrinsically Disordered Proteins 136 • Blood Proteins 143 • Globular Protein 144
Chapter 4 Various Interactive Protein Domains 147 • SH2 Domain 147 • SH3 Domain 149 • Phosphotyrosine-binding Domain 151 • LIM Domain 151 • Sterile Alpha Motif 152 • FERM Domain 153 • Protein Subunit 155 • RNA-binding Protein 156 • Pleckstrin Homology Domain 163
Chapter 5 Methods and Techniques in Protein-Protein Interaction 167 • Affinity Chromatography 167 • ChIP-sequencing 172 • Protein-fragment Complementation Assay 174 • Protein Footprinting 176 • Microscale Thermophoresis 177 • Protein Microarray 179 • Two-hybrid Screening 183 • Phage Display 191 • Tandem Affinity Purification 196 • Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation 199 • Chromatin Immunoprecipitation 209
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Proteomics: A Comprehensive Study of Proteins
Chapter 6 Interactive Network of Proteins 214 • Interactome 214 • RNA Interference 222
Chapter 7 Sub-Disciplines of Proteomics 238 • Phosphoproteomics 238 • Degradomics 241 • Neuroproteomics 247
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Proteomics (large-scale study of proteins) Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Biochip & Cleavable Detergent
Chapter 2 - Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins
Chapter 3 - Protein Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 4 - Protein Sequencing
Chapter 5 - Proteomics Identifications Database, Protomap & Protein– Protein Interaction
Chapter 6 - Protein–Protein Interaction Prediction
Chapter 7 - Neuroproteomics
Chapter 8 - Quantitative Proteomics & SILAC
Chapter 9 - Phosphoproteomics
Chapter 10 - Activity-Based Proteomics Chapter 11 WT- Enzyme Chapter 12 - Receptor (Biochemistry)
Chapter 13 - Chaperone (Protein)
Chapter 14 - Multiprotein Complex
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Protist Microorganisms (Microbiology)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Protist
Chapter 2 - Foraminifera
Chapter 3 - Cercozoa and Alveolate
Chapter 4 - Apicomplexa
Chapter 5 - Dinoflagellate
Chapter 6 - Carnivorous Protist and Centrohelid
Chapter 7 - Protozoa and Sarcocystis
Chapter 8 - Red Algae
Chapter 9 - Slime Mold
Chapter 10 - Ciliate Chapter 11 WT- Mesomycetozoea and Opalinidae
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Pyrimidine and Pyrrolidine Compounds
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Pyrimidinediones
Chapter 2 - Primidone
Chapter 3 - Pyrimidones
Chapter 4 - Barbiturates
Chapter 5 - Pyrrolidinophenones
Chapter 6 - Pyrrolidones
Chapter 7 - Succinimide
Chapter 8 - Lincosamides Chapter 9 -WT Nicotine
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Pyrimidine Compounds
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Pyrimidinediones
Chapter 2 - Primidone
Chapter 3 - Pyrimidones
Chapter 4 - Barbiturates
Chapter 5 - Phenobarbital and Zidovudine
Chapter 6 - Gemcitabine, Zalcitabine and Raltegravir WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Radiative Forcing and Climate Forcing Agents Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Greenhouse Gas
Chapter 2 - Greenhouse Effect
Chapter 3 - Carbon Dioxide in Earth's Atmosphere
Chapter 4 - Atmospheric Methane
Chapter 5 - Air Pollution
Chapter 6 - Solar Variation Chapter 7 -WT Global Dimming
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Radioactive Waste Management
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Radioactive Waste
Chapter 2 - Background Radiation
Chapter 3 - Low Level Waste
Chapter 4 - Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository
Chapter 5 - High-Level Radioactive Waste Management
Chapter 6 - Waste Isolation Pilot Plant & Nuclear Waste Policy Act
Chapter 7 - Nuclear Decommissioning
Chapter 8 - Depleted Uranium Chapter 9 -WT Spent Nuclear Fuel
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Reproductive Health Handbook
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Reproductive Health
Chapter 2 - Reproductive Medicine
Chapter 3 - Menstrual Cycle
Chapter 4 - Men's Health and Women’s Health
Chapter 5 - Fertility
Chapter 6 - Infertility
Chapter 7 - Sex Education
Chapter 8 - Safe Sex
Chapter 9 - Birth Control
Chapter 10 - Reproductive Rights Chapter 11 WT- Reproductive Justice
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Reptiles (animals in the class Reptilia)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Reptile
Chapter 2 - Evolution of Reptiles
Chapter 3 - Lizard (Type of Reptile)
Chapter 4 - Snake (Type of Reptile)
Chapter 5 - Turtle (Type of Reptile)
Chapter 6 - Reptile Anatomy
Chapter 7 - Marine Reptiles Chapter 8 -WT Extinct Reptiles
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Responses to Global Warming
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Kyoto Protocol
Chapter 2 - Kyoto Protocol and Government Action
Chapter 3 - Business Action on Climate Change
Chapter 4 - Geoengineering
Chapter 5 - Adaptation to Global Warming
Chapter 6 - Climate Change Mitigation Chapter 7 -WT Carbon Tax
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Risks & Impacts of Global Warming
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Effects of Global Warming
Chapter 2 - Physical Impacts of Climate Change
Chapter 3 - Ocean Acidification
Chapter 4 - Current Sea Level Rise
Chapter 5 - Effect of Climate Change on Plant Biodiversity
Chapter 6 - Climate Change, Industry and Society
Chapter 7 - Shutdown of Thermohaline Circulation
Chapter 8 - Regional Effects of Global Warming
Chapter 9 - Effects of Global Warming on Australia Chapter 10 WT- Effects of Global Warming on India
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Seabirds (birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Seabird
Chapter 2 - Penguin
Chapter 3 - Procellariiformes
Chapter 4 - Pelecaniformes
Chapter 5 - Charadriiformes
Chapter 6 - Pelican
Chapter 7 - Albatross
Chapter 8 - Fulmar and Shearwater
Chapter 9 - Gadfly Petrel and Diving-Petrel
Chapter 10 - Booby and Frigatebird Chapter 11 WT- Cormorant
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Seasons
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Spring Season
Chapter 2 - Summer
Chapter 3 - Autumn
Chapter 4 - Winter
Chapter 5 - Monsoon and Wet Season WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Selection & Speciation (Evolutionary Processes) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Selection
Chapter 2 - Balancing Selection
Chapter 3 - Group Selection
Chapter 4 - Kin Selection
Chapter 5 - Natural Selection Chapter 6 - Peppered Moth Evolution Chapter 7 - Sexual Selection Chapter 8 - Sexual Selection in Human Evolution
Chapter 9 - Introduction to Speciation
Chapter 10 - Allopatric Speciation Chapter 11 - Sympatric & Peripatric Speciation Chapter 12 - Heteropatric Speciation, Parapatric Speciation Chapter 13 WT- Polyploidy Chapter 14 - Paleopolyploidy Chapter 15 - Hybrid
Chapter 16 - Speciation Events
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Shelters and Tools used by Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ant Colony
Chapter 2 - Beehive
Chapter 3 - Bird Nest
Chapter 4 - Burrow and Maternity Den
Chapter 5 - Nest
Chapter 6 - Nest Box and Sett
Chapter 7 - Tool use by Animals
Chapter 8 - Chimpanzee Chapter 9 -WT Sea Otter
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Significant Sub fields of Ecology and Applied Ecology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Agroecology
Chapter 2 - Deep Ecology
Chapter 3 - Restoration Ecology
Chapter 4 - Island Restoration
Chapter 5 - Riparian Zone Restoration
Chapter 6 - Invasive species
Chapter 7 - Marine Conservation
Chapter 8 - Conservation Movement Chapter 9 -WT Ecosystem Services
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Significant Subdisciplines and Concepts of Ecology Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Forest Ecology
Chapter 2 - Old-growth Forest
Chapter 3 - Aquatic Ecosystem
Chapter 4 - Urban Ecology
Chapter 5 - Lentic Ecosystem Chapter 6 - Lotic Ecosystem Chapter 7 - Coral Bleaching WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Sodium Channels
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Sodium Channel
Chapter 2 - Action Potential
Chapter 3 - Sodium Channel Blocker
Chapter 4 - Voltage-gated Sodium Ion Channel
Chapter 5 - Sodium Channel Activators
Chapter 6 - Sodium Channel Subunit Beta WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Solar Power: Technologies and Applications
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Solar Energy 1
Chapter 2 Solar Energy: Tools and Technologies 16 a. Active Solar 16 b. Passive Solar Building Design 17 c. Solar Controller 31 d. Solar Thermal Collector 32 e. Solar Thermal Energy 46 f. Solar Architecture 62 g. Artificial Photosynthesis 64
Chapter 3 Solar Power: An Integrated Study 76 a. Solar Power 76 b. Photovoltaics 93 c. Photovoltaic System 111 d. Concentrated Solar Power 133 e. Concentrator Photovoltaics 143
Chapter 4 Uses of Solar Energy 154 a. Solar Furnace 154 b. Solar Air Conditioning 155 c. Solar Cooker 160 d. Solar Chimney 169 e. Solar Vehicle 173 f. Solar Turbine Plants 183 g. Solar Fuel 189 h. Solar Chemical 190 i. Space-based Solar Power 192
Chapter 5 Solar Energy: Global Assessment 213 a. Solar Power by Country 213
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Species (Biological Classification)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Species
Chapter 2 - Vertebrate
Chapter 3 - Animal
Chapter 4 - Plant
Chapter 5 - Insect
Chapter 6 - Mollusca
Chapter 7 - Crustacean
Chapter 8 - Fish
Chapter 9 - Amphibian
Chapter 10 - Reptile
Chapter 11 - Bird Chapter 12 WT- Mammal
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Sports Nutrition
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Sports Nutrition 1 a. Sports Nutrition 1 b. Diet (Nutrition) 5 c. Nutrition 7
Chapter 2 Dietary Supplements: An Overview 96 a. Dietary Supplement 96 b. Energy Bar 102 c. Sports Drink 104 d. High-protein Diet 105 e. Energy Gel 107 f. Diet Drink 108 g. ACES (Nutritional Supplement) 114
Chapter 3 Bodybuilding Supplements: An Integrated Study 175 a. Bodybuilding Supplement 175 b. ZMA (Supplement) 181 c. Protein Bar 183 d. Whey Protein 184 e. Creatine Supplements 186 f. ECA Stack 193 g. Meal Replacement 195
Chapter 4 Substance Abuse in Sports 197 a. Doping in Sport 197 b. Performance-enhancing Substance 215 c. Blood Doping 217 d. Gene Doping 225 e. Ephedra 230 f. Anabolic Steroid 234
Chapter 5 Major Strength Sports 258 a. Olympic Weightlifting 258 b. Bodybuilding 265 c. Anaerobic Exercise 279
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Subdisciplines of Ecology (Classification by Ecological Aspects or Phenomena Under Investigation) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Chemical Ecology
Chapter 2 - Ecophysiology
Chapter 3 - Fire Ecology
Chapter 4 - Soil Ecology
Chapter 5 - Evolutionary Ecology WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Subdisciplines of Ecology (Classification by Level of Complexity or Scope) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Ecophysiology
Chapter 2 - Behavioral Ecology
Chapter 3 - Population Ecology
Chapter 4 - Ecosystem Ecology
Chapter 5 - Systems Ecology
Chapter 6 - Deep Ecology
Chapter 7 - Ecological Economics
Chapter 8 - Industrial Ecology
Chapter 9 - Landscape Ecology Chapter 10 WT- Community (ecology)
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Subfields & Concepts of Ecology and Botany Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Agronomy
Chapter 2 - Economic Botany
Chapter 3 - Ethnobotany
Chapter 4 - Forestry
Chapter 5 - Horticulture
Chapter 6 - Paleobotany
Chapter 7 - Palynology
Chapter 8 - Phytochemistry and Plant Anatomy
Chapter 9 - Plant Pathology
Chapter 10 - Plant Ecology
Chapter 11 - Plant Genetics
Chapter 12 - Landscape Ecology Chapter 13 WT- Ecological Succession Chapter 14 - Landscape Limnology Chapter 15 - Restoration Ecology Chapter 16 - Spatial Ecology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Subfields of Botany
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Agronomy
Chapter 2 - Economic Botany
Chapter 3 - Ethnobotany
Chapter 4 - Forestry
Chapter 5 - Horticulture
Chapter 6 - Paleobotany
Chapter 7 - Palynology
Chapter 8 - Phytochemistry and Plant Anatomy
Chapter 9 - Plant Pathology
Chapter 10 - Plant Ecology
Chapter 11 - Plant Genetics
Chapter 12 - Plant Morphology Chapter 13 WT- Plant Physiology Chapter 14 - Phycology and Plant Taxonomy
Chapter 15 - Alternation of Generations
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Subphylums of Arthropoda
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Chelicerata
Chapter 2 - Myriapoda and Hexapoda
Chapter 3 - Crustacean
Chapter 4 - Trilobite
Chapter 5 - Agnostida and Redlichiida
Chapter 6 - Arachnid
Chapter 7 - Sea Spider
Chapter 8 - Centipede
Chapter 9 - Millipede Chapter 10 WT- Insect
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Sustainable Energy
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Green Energy 1
Chapter 2 Renewable Energy: An Overview 27 • Renewable Energy 27
Chapter 3 Significant Innovations of Green Energy 126 • Geothermal Energy 126 • Biomass 137 • Biofuel 147 • Nuclear Power 162 • Marine Energy 196 • Tidal Power 199
Chapter 4 Tools and Technologies used in Green Energy 208 • Solar Cell 223 • Biomass Briquettes 239
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Symbiosis (Biological Interactions Between Species) Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Symbiosis
Chapter 2 - Mutualism (Biology)
Chapter 3 - Commensalism
Chapter 4 - Parasitism
Chapter 5 - Ant
Chapter 6 - Anthroposystem and Cleaner Fish
Chapter 7 - Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
Chapter 8 - Clownfish
Chapter 9 - Ecosystem
Chapter 10 - Endosymbiont
Chapter 11 - Endosymbiotic Theory Chapter 12 WT- Lichen
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Tetrapods (Class of Vertebrate)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Tetrapod
Chapter 2 - Reptiliomorpha
Chapter 3 - Ventastega and Hynerpeton
Chapter 4 - Crassigyrinus and Baphetidae
Chapter 5 - Lepospondyli and Lissamphibia
Chapter 6 - Amniote
Chapter 7 - Synapsid
Chapter 8 - Greererpeton, Kyrinion and Madygenerpeton
Chapter 9 - Pederpes and Sauropsida
Chapter 10 - Temnospondyli
Chapter 11 - Diadectidae
Chapter 12 - Bird Chapter 13 WT- Snake
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Textbook of Phylogenetics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Phylogenetics
Chapter 2 - Molecular Phylogenetics
Chapter 3 - Microbial Phylogenetics and Computational Phylogenetics
Chapter 4 - Cladistics
Chapter 5 - Phylogenetic Tree
Chapter 6 - Maximum Parsimony
Chapter 7 - Phylogenetic Footprinting
Chapter 8 - Most Recent Common Ancestor Chapter 9 -WT Phylogenetic Comparative Methods
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______The Biosphere
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biosphere 1 a. Biosphere 1 b. Biosphere 2 5 c. BIOS-3 14 d. Shadow Biosphere 15
Chapter 2 Components of Biosphere 17 a. Geosphere 17 b. Hydrosphere 17 c. Atmosphere of Earth 20 d. Lithosphere 36 e. Cryosphere 39
Chapter 3 Ecosystem: An Overview 48 a. Ecosystem 48 b. Ecosystem Engineer 72 c. Ecosystem Services 76
Chapter 4 Understanding Ecology 95 a. Ecology 95 b. Biogenesis 126 c. Abiogenesis 127 d. Human Ecology 161 e. Biome 170 f. Ecological Niche 186 g. Biomass (Ecology) 191
Chapter 5 Protection of Biosphere 200 a. Biodiversity 200 b. Environmental Protection 227 c. Habitat Conservation 239 d. Conservation Biology 245 e. Conservation Movement 263
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Theories and Mechanisms of Evolution
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Evolution
Chapter 2 - Evolution as Theory and Fact
Chapter 3 - Fitness (Biology)
Chapter 4 - Natural Selection
Chapter 5 - Speciation
Chapter 6 - Lamarckism
Chapter 7 - Orthogenesis
Chapter 8 - Darwinism Chapter 9 -WT Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Tissue Engineering
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Electrospinning
Chapter 2 - Soft Tissue
Chapter 3 - Stem Cell
Chapter 4 - Stem Cell Treatments
Chapter 5 - Implant (Medicine)
Chapter 6 - Cartilage
Chapter 7 - Artificial Pancreas
Chapter 8 - Fibroblast
Chapter 9 - Artificial Organ Chapter 10 WT- Prosthesis
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Toxicology (Branch of biology)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Toxicology
Chapter 2 - Poison
Chapter 3 - History of Poison
Chapter 4 - Snake Venom
Chapter 5 - Toxicity
Chapter 6 - Foodborne Illness
Chapter 7 - Asbestos
Chapter 8 - Beryllium Poisoning Chapter 9 -WT Mushroom Poisoning
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Turtles (Animal Diversity)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Turtle
Chapter 2 - Bog Turtle
Chapter 3 - Wood Turtle
Chapter 4 - Painted Turtle
Chapter 5 - Box Turtle
Chapter 6 - Red-Eared Slider
Chapter 7 - Pig-Nosed Turtle
Chapter 8 - Indian Flapshell Turtle
Chapter 9 - Alligator Snapping Turtle Chapter 10 WT- Common Snapping Turtle and Northern River Terrapin
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Types of Cells in Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Eukaryote
Chapter 2 - Plant Cell
Chapter 3 - Hypha
Chapter 4 - Protist
Chapter 5 - Prokaryote
Chapter 6 - Bacterial Cell Structure
Chapter 7 - Archaea
Chapter 8 - Gamete and Zygote
Chapter 9 - Meristem
Chapter 10 - Stem Cell
Chapter 11 - Germ Cell and Somatic Cell Chapter 12 WT- List of Distinct Cell Types in the Adult Human Body
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Understanding & Exploring Biomes
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biome
Chapter 2 - Tundra
Chapter 3 - Taiga
Chapter 4 - Montane Grasslands and Shrublands
Chapter 5 - Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests
Chapter 6 - Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub
Chapter 7 - Temperate Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands
Chapter 8 - Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands
Chapter 9 - Deserts and Xeric Shrublands
Chapter 10 - Riparian Zone Chapter 11 -WT Cold Seep
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Understanding the Natural Environment
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Natural Environment
Chapter 2 - Ecosystem
Chapter 3 - Ocean
Chapter 4 - River
Chapter 5 - Stream
Chapter 6 - Lake WT
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Unsolved Problems in Biology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Arthropod Head Problem
Chapter 2 - Senescence
Chapter 3 - Extraterrestrial Life
Chapter 4 - Cambrian Explosion
Chapter 5 - Lepidoptera Migration
Chapter 6 - Evolution of Sexual Reproduction
Chapter 7 - Cell Theory Chapter 8 -WT Biodiversity
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Vaccination for Health Prevention
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Vaccination
Chapter 2 - Vaccination Policy and Vaccination Schedule
Chapter 3 - Vaccine
Chapter 4 - Vaccine Controversy
Chapter 5 - MMR Vaccine and Controversy
Chapter 6 - Influenza Vaccine Chapter 7 -WT Flu Pandemic Vaccine
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______
Various Fields of Study in Biology and Genomics Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Genomics
Chapter 2 - Functional Genomics
Chapter 3 - Structural and Comparative Genomics
Chapter 4 - Ionomics
Chapter 5 - Lipidomics
Chapter 6 - Metabolomics
Chapter 7 - Metagenomics
Chapter 8 - Pathogenomics
Chapter 9 - Proteomics Chapter 10 WT- Other Fields of Study in Biology
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Vertebrate and Invertebrate Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Vertebrates
Chapter 2 - Fishes
Chapter 3 - Amphibians
Chapter 4 - Birds
Chapter 5 - Reptiles
Chapter 6 - Invertebrate
Chapter 7 - Sponge (Porifera)
Chapter 8 - Arthropod
Chapter 9 - Insect
Chapter 10 - Mollusca Chapter 11 WT- Annelid
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Vertebrate and Invertebrate Zoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Diversity of Fish
Chapter 2 - Fish Anatomy
Chapter 3 - Decline in Amphibian Populations
Chapter 4 - Evolution of Birds
Chapter 5 - Bird Anatomy
Chapter 6 - Arthropod Exoskeleton
Chapter 7 - Arthropod Eye
Chapter 8 - Insect Flight
Chapter 9 - Evolution of Insects
Chapter 10 - Mollusc Shell
Chapter 11 - Water Vascular System
Chapter 12 - Spider Anatomy Chapter 13 WT- Evolution of Spiders
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Vertebrate Animals
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Vertebrates
Chapter 2 - Fishes
Chapter 3 - Amphibians
Chapter 4 - Birds
Chapter 5 - Reptiles
Chapter 6 - Mammals
Chapter 7 - Primates
Chapter 8 - Bats (Chiroptera) Chapter 9 -WT Carnivores
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Vertebrate Zoology
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Diversity of Fish
Chapter 2 - Fish Anatomy
Chapter 3 - Decline in Amphibian Populations
Chapter 4 - Evolution of Birds
Chapter 5 - Bird Anatomy
Chapter 6 - Evolution of Reptiles
Chapter 7 - Evolution of Mammals
Chapter 8 - Primate Cognition Chapter 9 -WT Animal Testing on Non-Human Primates
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Vitamins: Important Source of Nutrition
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Vitamin
Chapter 2 - Vitamin A
Chapter 3 - Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Chapter 4 - Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Chapter 5 - Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Chapter 6 - Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Chapter 7 - Vitamin B6
Chapter 8 - Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Chapter 9 - Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
Chapter 10 - Vitamin B12
Chapter 11 - Vitamin C
Chapter 12 - Vitamin D Chapter 13 WT- Vitamin E Chapter 14 - Vitamin K
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Water Pollution and Treatment
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Water Pollution 1
Chapter 2 Types of Water Pollution 15 • Thermal Pollution 15 • Marine Pollution 18 • Groundwater Pollution 29 • Drug Pollution 38 • Nutrient Pollution 39
Chapter 3 Causes of Water Pollution 43 • Marine Debris 43 • Chemical Waste 51 • Acid Mine Drainage 56
Chapter 4 Water Quality Parameters Model 64 • Hydrological Transport Model 64 • Groundwater Model 68 • DSSAM Model 74 • Storm Water Management Model 76
Chapter 5 Various Wastewater Treatments 95 • Wastewater Treatment 95 • Industrial Wastewater Treatment 100 • Agricultural Wastewater Treatment 109 • Sewage Treatment 115 • Reclaimed Water 131
Chapter 6 Water Purification and its Methods 145 • Water Purification 145 • Filtration 161 • Sedimentation (Water Treatment) 166 • Distillation 170 • Water Chlorination 187
Chapter 7 Waterborne Diseases 192 • Amoebiasis 192 • Cryptosporidiosis 198 • Schistosomiasis 208 • Dracunculiasis 216 • Enterobiasis 225
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Water Pollution and Treatment
Chapter 8 Aquatic Toxicology: An Overview 231 • Aquatic Toxicology 231
Chapter 9 Laws Relating to Water Safety and Quality Management 238 • Safe Drinking Water Act 238 • Clean Water Act 243
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Wildlife Conservation and Management Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Wildlife 1
Chapter 2 Wildlife Conservation and Management: An Integrated Study 7 i. Wildlife Conservation 7 ii. Wildlife Management 12
Chapter 3 Concerns and Challenges of Wildlife Conservation 52 i. Holocene Extinction 52 ii. Poaching 71 iii. Human–wildlife Conflict 80 iv. Human–lion Conflict 84 v. Disturbance (Ecology) 87 vi. Habitat Destruction 90
Chapter 4 Diverse Approaches for Wildlife Conservation 99 i. De-extinction 99 ii. Captive Breeding 107 iii. Ex Situ Conservation 112 iv. In Situ Conservation 117 v. Conservation Genetics 120 vi. Conservation Movement 124 vii. Pornography 131
Chapter 5 Habitat of Wildlife and its Conservation 144 i. Habitat 144 ii. Habitat Fragmentation 153 iii. Habitat Conservation 158 iv. Habitat Conservation Plan 165 v. Habitat Cascade 176
Chapter 6 Endangered Species: An Overview 179 i. Endangered Species 179 ii. Latent Extinction Risk 259 iii. IUCN Red List 260 iv. Minimum Viable Population 264 v. Effective Population Size 266 vi. Nurgaliev’s Law 272
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Wildlife Conservation and Management
Chapter 7 Comprehensive Study of Species Reintroduction 274 i. Species Reintroduction 274 ii. Siberian Tiger Re-population Project 280 iii. Cheetah Reintroduction in India 284 iv. Arabian Oryx Reintroduction 291
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Wind Energy: Theory and Applications
Table of Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Introduction to Wind Power 1
Chapter 2 Wind Power Generation Techniques 31 a. Wind Farm 31 b. Offshore Wind Power 47 c. High-altitude Wind Power 57 d. Windmill 63 e. Windpump 73
Chapter 3 Wind Turbine: A Comprehensive Study 80 a. Wind Turbine 80 b. Wind Turbine Design 95 c. Airborne Wind Turbine 117 d. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine 133 e. Small Wind Turbine 146 f. Floating Wind Turbine 150 g. Unconventional Wind Turbines 163
Chapter 4 Wind-Powered Vehicle: An Overview 172 a. Wind-powered Vehicle 172 b. Sailing Ship 175 c. Rotor Ship 178 d. E-Ship 1 182 e. Windmill Ship 184 f. Wingsail 185
Chapter 5 Laws Related to Wind Power 190 a. Betz’s Law 190 b. Wind Profile Power Law 196
Chapter 6 Wind Power: Future Prospects 199 a. Wind Power Forecasting 199 b. Wind Hybrid Power Systems 206 c. Wind Resource Assessment 213
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Wind Energy: Theory and Applications
Chapter 7 Impact of Wind Power on the Environment 219
Chapter 8 Progress of Wind Power 235
Permissions
Index
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______World Study of Climate Change
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Climate Change in Australia
Chapter 2 - Climate Change in Canada
Chapter 3 - Climate Change in China
Chapter 4 - Climate Change in New Zealand
Chapter 5 - Climate Change in the United States
Chapter 6 - Climate Change in Washington Chapter 7 -WT Climate Change Mitigation
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______Wound Healing
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Wound Healing
Chapter 2 - Coagulation
Chapter 3 - Penetrating Trauma
Chapter 4 - Angiogenesis
Chapter 5 - Granulation Tissue and Epidermal Growth Factor
Chapter 6 - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Chapter 7 - Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor
Chapter 8 - Scar
Chapter 9 - Stem Cell Chapter 10 WT- Maggot Therapy
______WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ______