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Status, Management & Trade of the American Black Bear in N. America

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Status, Management & Trade of the American Black Bear in N. America In the Black Status, Management, and Trade Of the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) In North America by Douglas F.Williamson April 2002 TRAFFIC North America World Wildlife Fund 1250 24th Street NW Washington DC 20037 © 2002 World Wildlife Fund, Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-89164-165-3 All material appearing in this publication is copyrighted and may be reproduced with permission. Any reproduction, in full or in part, of this publication must credit TRAFFIC North America. The views of the author expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the TRAFFIC Network, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), or IUCN-The World Conservation Union. The designation of geographical entities in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership are held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a joint program of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Williamson, D. F. 2002. In the Black: Status, Management, and Trade of the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) in North America. TRAFFIC North America. Washington D.C.: World Wildlife Fund. Cover photo of American black bear (Ursus americanus) by Howard Buffett TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface . .vii Acknowledgments . .ix I. Introduction . .1 Background: The Status of Bear Species Worldwide . .1 Why the Concern About the American Black Bear? . .2 History of TRAFFIC North America’s Black Bear Work . .2 The Survey Behind this Report . .5 II. Status of the American Black Bear in the United States and Canada . 9 Black Bear Populations in the United States and Canada . .11 Population Trends . .13 Distribution . .14 Legal Status . .20 III. Black Bear Management in the United States and Canada . .23 Legal Take of Black Bears in the United States and Canada . .23 Licensing . .26 Current Legal Hunting Methods . .30 Hunting and Trapping Seasons and Bag Limits . .34 Harvest Reporting . .38 Harvest Results . .40 Other Mortality . .42 IV. The American Black Bear in Trade . .45 The Use of Bears for Food, Medicine, and Commerce . .45 Legality of Trade in Black Bears and Their Parts . .47 Trade Activities and Trends . .57 Assessment of the Impact of Harvest and Trade . .64 Markets, Users, and Prices . .65 i V. Poaching, Law Enforcement, and Penalties . .73 Black Bear Poaching . .73 Law Enforcement Activity . .76 Arrests, Convictions, and Sentences . .79 Penalties for Hunting Violations, Poaching, Sale of Parts . .81 Federal Laws and Penalties . .84 VI. Conclusions and Recommendations . .87 Conclusions . .87 Recommendations . .91 References . .95 Appendices . .99 ii FIGURES Figure 1. Historic Distribution of the American Black Bear in North America . .3 Figure 2. Current Distribution of the American Black Bear in North America . .4 Figure 3. Range of the Louisiana Black Bear and Florida Black Bear in the United States . .10 Figure 4. Estimated Black Bear Population Trends in Canada . .16 Figure 5. Estimated Black Bear Population Trends in the United States . .17 Figure 6. Distribution of Black Bear Populations in Canada . .18 Figure 7. Distribution of Black Bear Populations in the United States . .19 Figure 8. Provisions for Hunting with Dogs or Bait in Canada . .32 Figure 9. Provisions for Hunting with Dogs or Bait in the United States . .33 Figure 10. Black Bear Hunting and Trapping Seasons in Canada . .36 Figure 11. Black Bear Hunting and Trapping Seasons in the United States . .37 Figure 12. Sale of Black Bear Gallbladders in Canada . .52 Figure 13. Sale of Black Bear Gallbladders in the United States . .53 Figure 14. Sale of Black Bear Paws in Canada . .54 Figure 15. Sale of Black Bear Paws in the United States . .55 Figure 16. Sale of Black Bear Claws and Teeth in Canada . .58 Figure 17. Sale of Black Bear Claws and Teeth in the United States . .59 Figure 18. Sale of Black Bear Heads and Hides in Canada . .60 Figure 19. Sale of Black Bear Heads and Hides in the United States . .61 iii TABLES Table 1. U.S. and Canadian Black Bear Population Estimates, 1988-1996 . .11 Table 2. Legal Classification of the Black Bear in the United States . .21 Table 3. Legal Classification of the Black Bear in Canada . .22 Table 4. Legality of Take of Black Bears in the United States and Canada . .24 Table 5. Licensing Requirements for Residents and Nonresidents in the United States . .26 Table 6. Licensing Requirements for Residents and Nonresidents in Canada . .27 Table 7. Black Bear-related Ballot Measures in the United States, 1992-1996 . .34 Table 8. Summary of Hunting Seasons, Trapping Seasons, and Bag Limits in Canada for the Years 1992 to 1995 . .35 Table 9. Summary of Hunting Seasons, Trapping Seasons, and Bag Limits in the United States for the Years 1992 to 1995 . .38 Table 10. Summary of Black Bear Harvest Reporting Requirements in the United States . .39 Table 11. Summary of Black Bear Harvest Reporting Requirements in Canada . .40 Table 12. Number of Reported Black Bear Hunting and Trapping Kills in the United States, 1992-1995 . .41 Table 13. Number of Reported Black Bear Hunting and Trapping Kills in Canada, 1992-1995 . .42 Table 14. Non-hunting or Trapping Kills of Black Bears in the United States and Canada, 1992-1995 . .43 Table 15. Sale of Black Bear Parts in the United States . .48 Table 16. Sale of Black Bear Parts in Canada . .49 Table 17. Activity and Trends in Trade in Black Bears and Black.
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