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The English Chapter-House

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The English Chapter-House learning anb Jabot. LIBRARY Universityof Illinois. CLASS. liQOK. VOLUME. Accession No. THE ENGLISH CHAPTER-HOUSE BY ALBERT CHARLES PHELPS, B. S., '94 THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 190 3 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/englishchapterhoOOphel e UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS June 1, 1903 i9o THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Albert Charles Phelps, B.S., '94 entitled The English Chapter-Hous IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE of Master of Architecture HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF Architecture + THE ENGLISH CHAPTER-HOUSE by Albert Charles Phelps B.S. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS for the Degree of Master of Architecture 1903. I2TOH-*3T9Aiff) F8lJrft3 ' SB? 8,S a^Isd tisalA m*i atomttitanA lo TinaM J6M .#-«.. fttft „ U,UC , The chap ter-houas, although not esclusive-ly an English pro- duction, was most frequent and reached its highest development in England. Originating in the Continental monastic establishments it was introduced into England by the monastic orders and there became not only an essential part of the monasteries, but was adaed to nearly all the great secular cathedrals. The early purpose of the chapter-house was to provide a meeting-place- for the chapter of the monastery. It* convenience recommended it to the secular clergy and it became a common feature in the group of cathedral buildings in all parts of the kingdom. In it the meetings of the canons of the cathedral were held and secular deliberative assemblies were not excluded. Its picturesque and of tentimes artistic form added greatly to the arch- itectural effect of the cathedral or abbey church to which it was attached, ana in the development of its vaulting the highest type of Gothic structural art was reached. The earliest chapter-houses of importance- in England were built during the first half of the twelvth century, among these ~oiq doll #ot am xim * tmi lemm torn a%u*otx* o«."0- ai •£> ?no«qo> NMfeM oadoaon fmoa> mmn , am ttmtfh .•la**d»t; :;•!•• ^?mdm Iaio»allsc ttfj ai oatJoalfclv . camijai •i«m Ln* •r«cic ottmmamm ooi %c oam*^*% olax ~moj&o\tat mm* tt ^*ca* mm* ft* ,ooxioio*aoa oat \t Szm^ lOliaoooo am %iao ion oaoco; a 01 mmm mmcmm-i** ^mr.r mat to mmo^iv^ \lime •ul o-^ioiaova©* #tl .^tlnwri oci to toi**^ ouj nol mo*: i-+attmmm mmmmmo m oaorton 11 AM fSMfl MlMII odl o* 11 oo&aoowoooa Ml 19 ox?«q iim at ojgMftfivJ I on ton J *r is ^oi# ax «i^m) IW :*nb*£t«~ o>ot It •aoatfo +ui to i^allttt ooi 11 ai .jo^+ai* •l? .bofci/I^xo ton •t«> ool^dAMB* o '* »#b i**vmm9 oao blod * - \t*»i£ nor-,:o not oiloino mmmtsamtlc xuio 0*rp*M*6Mf •sir 11 dolcw ol do^rd*? ftf<oi io imbmojtmm odi io jooi x# i*i«looil mmx9 ymma^t;. mat £allx~a< an io ia#wqo.ov€»c «flJ ai aa*. xo 3-oj jo .ooaooon taw no Ionuio*n#fj oidloS to •lov t.iMi lit Q)no>fiti . 1 1 iO •aou/oa-n^an^ Ioojuio* titar ^aoAOt^iL'ifWf? di*>Io*i •ai lo HUM mWmi% mat sMwb tltmM 2 may be mentioned the chapter- house* at Durham (Fig.l) and Reading with groined vaults about thirty-five feet wide(dating from about 1150) iGloucester (Fig. 2), of about the same width ,sti 11 retaining its pointed barrel vault on transverse ribstthe fine chapter- house of the Cistercian Abbey Ford in Dorset shire (of about 1145), groin vaulted in two bays twenty by twenty-two feet , with level crown and the transverse and end wall ribs bluntly pointedf Bristol (Fig. 3) ,simi larly groined, the arches and vaults definitely pointed and the bays twenty-one by twenty-seven feet. Fig.l. Interior of Durham Gnapter-House. (Restoration) - * aoil ;^i/t»t> •fciw MM • t\ -vfittlt tut*** •flvmv kmniov} tunr daials7««r nMt # d*fc.£ir tin td* iuexm \o, .s.^it) MIlMMiii (OBtl -i»jq»ao enil •qJi«.1i tii«viari} ao iim ftllf I telalo^ ttl to}«ild»0«ai&O at tool A atioititK lo tutd djx owJ-^toew* ftf vtatv* t^tti evy a/ bt*iL«. nfonj fj^tnioq ultnvli tt Ham tat ca» Mit/ierj • tee awoio gX»fflHi Wttwm torn ttneit «n?, Jbtaio ?i**J ttlt, lotitii . ittx xxe • \. tnevi \i t»*o- latv? #-t c&a atjaio^ 3 Fig. 3. Interior of Bristol Chapter-House. E 4 We see Id these chapter-houses the widest vaulted spans of the first half of the twelvth century in England and a consid- erable development toward the Gothic vault of the thirteenth cen- tury. Winchester had a chapter-house- of the twelvth century, 90 by 40ft., of which but fragments- remain, and that at Canterbury was rebuilt and greatly modified in the late thirteenth and again in the fifteenth century. The Interior nas recently been restored. See Fig. 4. 4Cw „.. Fig. 4. Canterbury Cathedral from North -West showing Chapter-House. mam.?* bmtlum- tmmbt* mat wmvoA-vtqmfc mmmat at mmm 09 -btmrsc? m trim bosXyia at iivta*? at < Imvt mat lo \lmu J«t11 to -ON rfJoootnld* •rit *5 tiffs? 9l4lo«) «flT JbnMWO? ffooa^oloirob O£o«oo *»* .'i*ix/ia»9 ii*/lovt •rst to ooirpd-TOtq*.' - « * - -.'ir* 7;lira*o*oo0 t# todf bfl*,8roao<r otaocaft'rt tmJ Hetav to, .110* % 3 rrfijii bam atn— ft tat Wml mat tit bmrttbom \ttmw*i bam Jitvzmx mmm .bmiot—i |N0 yttamwi mm* lotimiut mul . tiofaoa *.-nooJti!t ma* at too*- at-io* ao*l ImtbmdtmZ ^i*J*o*a*3 **x/oB-ioJ*AflO $ai-voao ! 5 "The ^enedlctine chapter-house as It took form in England was a rectangular room about twice as long as wide. set parallel with the axis of the church and, as dictated by convenience for the cloister , either north or south of the transept from which it was separated by a narrow passage or chamber called a "slype". It usually projected in an eastern apse, by the windows of which it was lighted , wni le the entrance from the cloister was by a great round archway flanged on either side by round-arched , double- light- ed windows." The Benedictine dormitory usually lay beyond or outside the Immediate neighborhood of the transept, so that the chapter-house could rise to full height with no story above to suppress its ceiling. But the Augustinians and Cistercians , with their stricter habit of night service, had for convenience the dormitory immediate- ly abutting on the transept , into which it descended by the night stair. Thus their chapter-house , though following the traditional Benedictine position, had their western porticoes lower, so that the passageway from the dormitory might pass over them. The Bene- dictines of Chester adopted this arrangement in rebuilding their chapter-house in the thirteenth century, and it remains excellently preserved internal ly. (Pigs. 5-8 e M Lfi*Iyx3 at mnt\ >ooJ ;1 if ^uoa-M^ido «a^tottoa#a adT bi zb* l9li**i«4| T»«.»Diw bs <Juc I mil BctwS 3ucdm sooi a u^amSom* m 10I moamtamwaoo \4 L*)*:oib a«,baa doivdo aril lo mt*m mdt mt* it aolwi noil )|Mant au* 10 divom no ctica TariJIa, *a*aicio atil -{j . '•q^It" s ladMaa© 10 •s*2B«q »on«fl a bmfeisq^m mm \llmumv tl tt doidw to awobnfw aril , »a jt nittjaaa rx* at ftomlo' •ili* Id> bmtft&kl a** fflns * td a*"* laJeio*? 8J3 cotl eon«*rtn« •! , ld% If MJo~.i*loim-t3auo% \d 9btm iad*t* 00 bm^amn xmwtiryim bavei .avoisiv v 9di oblali/o 1© x»f ^llmumv xtoSUnob aaltolbanaO mat ssrori-natqado •&$ fad* om.tqmmamit mdt fccodioads*»a •tmlbmmmt at* t«#iqqi« ot ovocf* viola oa dJlw *4a*«4 IIwl ol aahi Ainvo too •xaJotita itorit d*fir,8aat©T8*ar: bru anataifa^uA ad? two . sail otalbaaal vtotifrrob aril aoaatnevnoo t©1 bad»aoiv«i88 Iri^tfl 1© lida* aril ao ;ialllfc3a \(I Id? Is aril babnasaab $t delflw olal . Iqasna-it aauod-nalqsd^ iJtariJ ai>dT.iia*« f an© I J 1 ban J aril sfllwolfol dsi/oril f I 1 faoq »nX to 1 haaiiff laril oa,«Tawof aaooilnoq malaair Ttaril oafl . rm -ana adT .aiad* «xovo aaaq Idjhr y™**** * * d* so** ^aya^a—aq aaallott •xiaflJ ^slbllx/da-i at tn->casn*via aial bat^obJi lalaaaO to rinallasaa lalian 11 bzM.ztvtamo dta—titat aril al oou,oa-TO*qaao 6 e.tlll) .^Ilaffialai bs/naaaiq 3 Fi^.8. Entrance to Vestibule of Chester Chapter-House. Fig. 7, Vestibule of Chester Chapter-House. Pig. 8. Interior of Chester Chapter-House .• a tro H-«iwt *a*aad3 )o icM«jcI .8. if? 8 The vestibule opens directly from the north transept , without any slype, and its three aisles, each of three bays, are vaulted to four central piers , the ribs rising from the ground, with no capi- tals. The triple openings into the cloister show the Norman tradi- tion, refined and pointed, and to the east, entered from the vestibule by a similar screen, the chapter-room rises 30ft, high. It is 50ft. long and 28ft. wide, vaulted in three rectangular bays, the vaulting sharply pointed and the ribs supported upon clustered columns against tne walls. The windows , triple lancets , between the piers completely fill the spandrels and five lancet windows occupy the end wall.
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