Geologia Croatica ­ ­ - - - - - Samoborsko Samoborsko - ška, 7 – Mt. Dilj, 8 – 8 – Dilj, Mt. – 7 ­ška, ­račko

Location of the Pan the of Location ­že ­be ­čka gora, 3 – Mt. , www.geologia-croatica.hr tajica and 11 – Mt. Majevica Mt. – 11 and ­tajica ­va Figure 1. 1. Figure po the showing basin nonian sition of the basin and Sava River valley (simplified after Horváth, 1993). Legend: Mo­ Mt. – 2 , Mt. – 1 slo 4 – Mt. , 5 – Mt. Psunj, Po Mt. 6 – Žum Mt. Mt. – 10 Prosara, Mt. 9 – gorje, Mo to the Quaternary Quaternary to the

The Sava River valley is filled with Neogene and Quaternary and Neogene with filled is valley River Sava The geological framework: the mountain ranges and the narrow inter narrow the and ranges mountain the framework: geological mountain Mt. valley. Medvednica and Mt. Moslovačka gora as well as the Slavonian Mountains (Mt. Papuk, Mt. Krndija, Mt. are situated at the Dilj) and north Mt. end Požeška of Mt. Psunj, bounded is valley the end, southern the At valley. River Sava Pro the Mt. as well as in gorje Žumberak-Samoborsko Mt. by Herzegovina. and Bosnia in Majevica Mt. and Motajica Mt. sara, These mountains were uplifted during the Pliocene epoch and Quaternary et ŠPARICA al., 1972a,b; 2001; period (PAVELIĆ, 1987). ŠPARICA, 1984; BUZALJKO, & ŠPARICA 1983; sediments. Along the southern margin, the maximum depth to - - - 2017 | 70/3 | 201–213 | 12 Figs. | | 12 Figs. 70/3 | 201–213 2017 | within the sand. The exceptions are alluvial fans that were formed by the right tributaries of the tributaries right of the formedby were that fans alluvial are exceptions The sand. the within River; Sava with gravel sand is dominant in their lithological composition. The best hydrogeo logical properties of the were aquifer system registered in the vicinity so of the all River, Sava of source main the is Quaternaryaquifer The river. the to close located are sites pumping large valley. River Sava the in supply water the Abstract plausible a is there which for wells 40 additional an and boreholes 500 approximately from Data character its and Quaternaryaquifer the geometryof the of description facilitate data, of range and of pretension istics the elements respectively, of the conceptual hydrogeological model in The heterogeneity aquifer is caused tectonic activityby and the deposi River valley. the Sava tional environments of the sediments within In the the valley. wider Zagreb area, gravel is the composed mainly is aquifer the Zagreb, from Downstream aquifer. the of component dominant of sand with sporadic intercalations of gravel. An admixture of silt and clay is not uncommon

lithologicalcomposition, alluvial fan,

The Sava River valley The is River valley Sava situated in the (SW) southwestern pal pal topographic features represent the surface of the expression storage characteristics storage deposits. the of princi two area, wider its In 1). (Fig. Basin Pannonian the of part and erosion determine erosion and as mountains the geometry the well as of These 1991). al., et (HOLLETT valley the of depth and extent the and permeability the control strongly lithology the structures and The geological framework is definedby theform and develop the structurement of valley asas well theand lithology deposi volcanism Structural deformation, it. withinenvironments tional 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Keywords: characteristics, hydrogeological aquifer, Quaternary Croatia River, Sava

Manuscript received February 02, 2017 Manuscript received February May 05, 2017 Revised manuscript accepted online October 31, 2017 Available Article history: Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Sachsova 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; ([email protected]) Croatia; Zagreb, 10000 2, Sachsova Geology, Engineering and Hydrogeology of Department Survey, Geological Croatian doi: 10.4154/gc.2017.12 aquifer system in the Sava River valley (Croatia) River valley in the Sava system aquifer Željka Brkić framework of the geological The relationship Journal of the Croatian Geological Survey the Croatian Geological Journal of Society Geological and the Croatian Geologia Croatica Figure 2. Figure 3. The research. ofthis purposes wellsforcollected the have been 40 additional an and boreholes 500 approximately from Data its lithological highlighting hydrogeological and characteristics. as well valley, as River Sava the in system aquifer Quaternary of the water-supply for the whole region. the gravelly and above sandy aquifers Q’ marker in source ismain the accumulates that groundwater 1983).The (HERNITZ, m 300 of depth maximum a at clay.lies Q’and marker silt The gravel and sand, were deposited, whilesediments, underlying sediments are coarse-grained the marker, this Above deposition. during discontinuity regional a as tracked be can and boundary (1976),al.lithostratigraphic et imposing most the Q’represents marker Q’ (URUMOVIĆ et al., 1976).E-log conditional the According by todefined is URUMOVIĆPleistocene) tocene-Middle 1983).HERNITZ, The older (Lowerboundary Quaternary Pleis the pre-Miocene deposits reaches 4000 m (PRELOGOVIĆ, 1975; 202 The aim of this paper is to determine the geometry the determine to is paper this of aim The Classification of structures and faults (Prelogović et al., 1998). Cross - section through the Sava basin (Prelogović et al., 1998).

of the the of - and from northern Bosnia to Serbia, as well as itsCroatia evolution,northern Sloveniathrough is de eastern from extends which SON,1996;PB, 1997).PERESSONsouthern DECKER, & The 1991; CSONTOS et al., 1992; RATSCHBACHER, HORVATH, 1988; 1993; HORVÁTH, DECKER & PERES & ROYDEN et al., 1975; ROYDEN et al., 1983; & KOVÁCS,KÁZMER 1985;discussed in many detailed and comprehensive studies The geodynamic (STEGENAevolution of the Pannonian Basin (PB) has been WESTERN PART OF THE PANNONIAN BASIN GEOLOGICAL2. STRUCTURES OF THE SOUTH definition hydrogeologicaltheof conceptual model. study, and new levelgroundwater weredata used to improve the valley. A series of lithological cross-sections are presented in this holes were the hydrogeological to used update knowledge of the bore the from aquifer. Data ofZagreb the area wider the in are boreholes are unevenly distributed in the valley, but most of them Geologia Croatica 70/3 Croatica Geologia - - - - Geologia Croatica ------203 rent ­rent

Palaeoclimate conditions in the Middle and Upper Pleis Sava the in aquifers the of spreadinglateral and vertical The The geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the The boundaries of the aquifer layers with different hydraulic hydraulic different with layers aquifer the of boundaries The The composition lithological of the overlying layers is dis cene to the Pleistocene (MAGAŠ, 1986). Because of the constant the of Because 1986). (MAGAŠ, Pleistocene the to cene Basin, the the typeSava of lowering sedimentation of remained the same, mostly from marshes, and the mineral arealindistributioncomposition change suggesting a partially, only changed ŠIMUNIĆ 1973). (An. al., et tocene played the main role in the transport and depositionpe humid warmof and duringthe Alternatively, sediments. clastic transported was materials coarse-grained of amount large a riods, by surface waters and deposited in the Invalleys. contrast, dur ing and the drycold periods, fine-grained materialswere trans ported mostly by wind and deposited in the lakes and marshes. the aquiferspermeable sediments which of Theof main volume during deposited was are composed Pleistocene. Middle the and was the caused River valley neotectonicfor by movements mation of the geological structures in the southwestern part of Pannonianthe Basin. diffe quite are valley River Sava the inQuaternary sediments from those of the River wherevalley, the Drava aquifer the same origin material mostly (Alps systemcomposed of of is Drava the in Additionally, surroundingmountains). sporadic and records were selected for construction of located arethat lithologicalboreholes The valley. River profiles Sava throughout the along the Sava River were used for a di longitudinalvalley the perpendicular to lithological boreholes of series a while profile, rection was grouped The to cross-sectionsdisplay the of valley. cross-sections show the lithology present in each borehole and were investigations Geophysical boreholes. between correlations the of depths and shape boundaries, the define undertaken to also aquifers. pumping identified test using were data conductivity values and deposits. non-coherent grain-size of analysis based on played soil data the for first 4 ofm layer overlying the the Agricultureof of Faculty the from collected were Data depth. 2002). al., et Zagreb (VIDAČEK of University ANDDISCUSSION 4.RESULTS characteristics lithological and Geometry 4.1. aquifer Quaternary the of The boundary epochs has and Pleistocene between the Pliocene not been defined with confidence(BAČANI Most et 1999). al., transitionthethat fromPliocene the concluded researchershave climatological, that believed is gradual. was It Pleistocene the to environmental and lithological continuity exists from the Plio ------rent ­rent Model of the evolution of the Slavonian Mountains and northern Bosnia – early Quaternary (Pavelić, 2001). (Pavelić, Quaternary early – Bosnia northern and Mountains Slavonian the of evolution the of Model The Pliocene epoch and most of the Quaternarythe of most and periodrepepoch Pliocene The PAVELIĆ (2001) indicated(2001) PAVELIĆ that the evolution of northern The Sava fault zone is illustrated by the transverse cross- In this paper, the focus is on the Sava River basin. River Sava the on is focus the Inthis paper, occurred Basin Pannonian southwestern the of evolution The Geological SurveyGeological as well as from geotechnical and civil engi neering Geofizika,companies (eg. Forty Geotehnika). borehole 3. DATA ANDMETHODS DATA 3. diffe from collected were data investigation site and Borehole Croatianthe dataarefromthemof the base of most sources,but the present mountains in the Požeška, areaMoslavačka, etc.). This (e.g., period Mts.was characterizedPapuk, 2001). by Psunj, (PAVELIĆ, strongvertical movements North Croatian Basin, this was marked by the formation of many of formation the by marked was this Basin, Croatian North pre-ex of inversion by mostly structures 4), compressional (Fig. form to blocks basement istinglistricof uplift and normal faults resented a new phase of basin evolution characterized tran a by evolution basin of phase new a resented sition towards overallthe In 1996). compression CLOETINGH, & (HORVÁTH and PB entire the across structural inversion northern Bosnia, form an half-grabenelongated due to tectonic listric strike-slipandalong subsidence faults. Croatia and northern Bosnia, as a part of the marginal zone of the of zone marginal the of part a as Bosnia, northern and Croatia rift continental from resulting as interpreted is Basin, Pannonian ing. Thebasin, Sava together with the Drava val basin, Požega in Motajica Mt. southern marginthe of trough along the and ley, reactivated as faults duringreverse in the compression Pliocene Quaternaryand 3). (Fig. section of the Sava basin (PRELOGOVIĆ et al., 1998). An asym An 1998). al., et (PRELOGOVIĆ basin Sava the of section metric basin was formed during the Miocene faults epoch.within the basinSeveral as well as the SW boundary faults were placement and the placement rotation upliftedof mountain ranges reduced surroundingthe areathe of basins. Pliocene and Quaternary.Pliocene Highlighted structures compressional were formed between Slavonian the the structuralunit, Mountains SavaŽumberak–Medvednica and the Drava faults Mountains– unit and thethe Moslavačka gora Mountains unit. Dis Drava fault and the fault along the margin of the Dinarides, which which Dinarides, the of margin the along fault the and fault Drava here is referred to as the southern marginal (Fig. the PB of fault 2). Between these faults, transpression occurred during the Southern Alps/Dinarides. According to PRELOGOVIĆin importantactive transcurrent most were etthethat faults al. (1998), this stress arePeriadriatic field the fault itsand extension in the during continued convergence between the Adriatic plate and the and plate Adriatic the between convergence continued during scribed by TARI & PAMIĆ (1998), PRELOGOVIĆ et al. (1998), (1998), al. et PRELOGOVIĆ (1998), north PAMIĆ the & TARI by in scribed basin River Drava the includes PB The (1983). VELIĆ and the Sava River and basinsSlavonija-Srijem in the south of northernCroatia. BrkićrelationshipThe geologicalŽeljka: the of (Croatia) framework Quaternaryvalley Riverthe to Sava the in aquifersystem Figure 4. 4. Figure Geologia Croatica 204 Geologia Croatica 70/3 Croatica Geologia

Figure 5. Hydrogeological parameters of the main alluvial aquifers in northern Croatia and the general groundwater flow direction (modified according to Brkić et al., 2010, 2013, 2016). Geologia Croatica ------6) 6)

205 Downstream from Zagreb, at Prevlaka(bore and Oborovo The Quaternary aquifer reaches a thickness of 54 m in the structure „Podsusedgeological knownas the of area the In mainly grey of sand with sedi a high proportion the clay-silt of during deposited were state DURN(1993), & VELIĆ that ments sedimentation inrapid an aqueous environment of of conditions energy. low oc age the Middle Pleistocene deposits of 6), on Fig. OS-1 hole HER 1978; (SOKAČ, m 256 to 20 intervalfromdepth the in cur There are several sandy gravel layers withinNITZ et 1981). al., andaresmaller layers Theclay deposits. Pleistocene Middle the thinner, and the grain size in the sandy gravel layers decreases Strmec area (borehole NOS-4 on Fig. 6). The deposits of the Mid the of deposits The 6). Fig. on NOS-4 (borehole area Strmec 54 to 9 intervalfromdepth the in found were age Pleistocene dle Among m the (VELIĆ gravel & pebbles, there SAFTIĆ, 1991). sediments the that concluded was it basis, this on limestone; no is in deposited were sediments The hills. surrounding the from came Fig. on NOS-4 structure (borehole geological local an isolated structure The northeast-southwest. approximately oriented is that lo this in that age Pleistocene Middle of sediments with filled is cation have been „spared” from erosion. Upstream expressed and was down sediments these of structure,erosion the of stream directly gravel Holocene the of deposition the by manifested and onto the Miocene sediments. The origin the gravel of Holocene mainly Alps. the to related is the where 6), Fig. NOS-4 on borehole of (downstream prag“, ski Za the and Samobor between connection hydraulic underground greb basin is limited to a narrow zone barely structure,km1.5 this the wide, of the East m. 8 of maximum a is thickness aquifer Quaternary maximumof a thicknessincreases,reaching aquifer basin Zagreb the of partsoutheastern the in m 100 approximately struc the of Downstream 7). Fig. and 6 Fig. on ČDP-23 (borehole deposits westernZagreb, tureinthe part „Podsusedskiof prag”, interdepth the in identified been have Pleistocene Middle the of consist They DURN,1993). & (VELIĆ m 24.3 to 10.35 from val - - - - - section of the Quaternary aquifer through the Sava River valley. River Sava the through aquifer Quaternary the of section - Longitudinal lithological cross lithological Longitudinal In the initial western part of the Sava River valley, the Quathe valley, River Sava the initialwestern partthe In of In the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, tectonic move the Sava River; in this area, the deposits originatedBregana,Gradna streams. Rakovica and from the gravel pebbles decreases eastto andfrom from thesurface west pebbles gravel to depth as the proportion smaller of fractions increases. Along hills,gorje thethe edges Samoborsko of there from is no gravel as well as to Mt. Samoborsko gorje (part of the Mt. Žumberak) and Mt.the of size The Medvednica1991). SAFTIĆ, & VELIĆ 1988, al., ŠIMUNIĆ et (CRNKOVIĆ & BUŠIĆ, 1970; Al. gravel with boulders that reach up to 300 mm in size. The aquifer The size. in mm 300 to up reach that boulders with gravel petto According age. Miocene marlof bedrockof composed is Alps the to tied is gravel the of origin the composition, rographic URUMOVIĆ & MIHELČIĆ, 2000) (Fig. 5). (Fig. 2000) MIHELČIĆ, & URUMOVIĆ ternary aquifer is very thin (Fig. 6). It is composed mainly of the prevailing sediments are fine- tomedium-grained sand, and the major occurrences of the coarse sediments exist only at the Ukrina,and Bosna Vrbas, , tributariesthe right its of mouths Drina et 1994; al., 2000;Rivers CAPAR (BRKIĆ & BIONDIĆ, east. As the water flow slowed down, it lost energy and began to began energy lost and it down, slowed flow water the As east. were sediments coarse-grained The sediments. fluvial the deposit deposited in the wider Zagreb area. Downstream from Zagreb, last warming period (i.e. prior to ~ 10.000 years ago). Lowering years last ago). warming prior to ~ 10.000 period (i.e. of the terrain enabled the Sava River flow to break through the south the to off ran water that barrier so Medvednica-Žumberak rain and the formation of the Sava River valley in the narrow sense (ŠIKIĆ, VELIĆ 1995). & SAFTIĆ stated(1996) that the through River broke Sava from the Alps at the beginning the of ments were renewed along the edges of theter lowland Medvednica furtherof a lowering mountains,Žumberak causing and increases from to andeast west as pebbles thethe gravel size of sand grains decreases (BABIĆ et URUMOVIĆ et al., 1978; al, 1994). Figure 6. 6. Figure River the valley, thickness of the Quaternary aquifer gradually BrkićrelationshipThe geologicalŽeljka: the of (Croatia) framework Quaternaryvalley Riverthe to Sava the in aquifersystem Geologia Croatica Figure 8. fine- and clay of layers by represented are They m. 256 low pebbles ofreach can a diameter 80 mm. pebbles with a ofdiameter 10-20 mm dominate, but above 50 m, with depth. From the surface to a depth of 150 m, fineto medium Figure 7. 206 The sediments The ofsediments Lower Pleistocene age were deposited be Lateral lithological cross Lateral lithological cross - - section of the Quaternary aquifer downstream of . section of the Quaternary aquifer downstream of Zagreb. - sediments in sediments this area are situated below a depth of 75 m and are Al. ŠIMUNIĆ et al. (1988) considered that the Middle Pleistocene tered. As such, they represent the bedrock of the aquifer system. regis were remains plant layers,clay the Within sand. grained It should be noted that An. ŠIMUNIĆ & BASH& (1975) ŠIMUNIĆ An. that and notedIt should be Geologia Croatica 70/3 Croatica Geologia - Geologia Croatica ------5). 5).

207 The Middle sedimentsPleistocene were detected by palae The alluvial aquifer in the fan-shaped area of the Vrbas River River Vrbas the of area fan-shaped the in aquifer alluvial The for the left Deposits tributariesof River (except the Sava of The maximum thickness the of sedimentsthe condi above Themaximum Quaternarythe thickness of de aquifer was cal structural cal depression. 1976; (SOKAČ, m 165 to 20 of depth a at investigation ontological URUMOVIĆ & SOKAČ, West 1974). of Slavonski Brod, the detailed of lack separated a to not due were deposits Pleistocene palaeontological documentation. deposition the However, match which coarse-grained accordinglayers, the of number to the assumedthat interstadialin (1973) periods,An.SIMUNIC al. et lower The m. 40-120 of depths at occurred Pleistocene Middle the located is eastern in Pleistocene Middle the of boundary hole BM-1 on Fig. 6) and Slavonski Brod (Fig. 6). (Fig. Brod Slavonski and 6) Fig. on BM-1 hole (Fig. Herzegovina and Bosnia in distribution greater much a has In the wider area of the Vrbas River mouth where it meets the Sava River in northern Bosnia, the sedimentsthe meansthat which m, of Pliocene 355 to age 256 of depth a at registered were Lower Pleistocene sediments were deposited at a depth of less m. than256 and silt amount of often and sand) contain considerable a gravel The depthclay. of such deposits in the valley of the Sloboština watercourse reaches a few tens 9). at B-26 metresof Fig. (wells River Sava the tributaries of right the of fan alluvial the Between and the left tributaries in the thenorth the River of valley, Sava Quaternary The permeable5). (Fig. aquifer developed is poorly sandy layers are relatively rare and thin within semipermeable Quaternaryclay-silt Theydeposits are(Fig. 10). often found at greaterdepths. tional marker Q’ in reaches thickness The eastern Županja. of east Slavonia and wasVinkovci and registered Đakovo south of history evolutionary The 1978). al., et (URUMOVIĆ m 300 over of the structures was observed by comparing the thickness of these sediments with (PRELOGOVIĆ the & CVIJANOVIĆ, thicknesses 1983); these observations lo a in deposited ofQuaternary were thick sediments the that oldershow formations sited), markduring the events Tectonic the1987). 1983; area 1972b; al., et of (ŠPARICA northern Bosnia and HerzegovinaPliocene and Quaternary & CLOETINGH, structural (HORVÁTH recent 1996; the on influence major a had 1998) al., et BADA pattern of the Slavoniannorthern for The samecansaid be andBosnia 2001). mountains PAVELIĆ, (ŠPARICA et al., Thesemove 1987; 1987). 1983; 1972b; al., et (ŠPARICA Herzegovina ments are reflected in thegeometry of the Quaternary aquifer system in the Sava River valley. They are visible in thethick the cross- which in 6) (Fig. valley River Sava throughthe section ness of the Quaternary aquifer is clearly expressed.thrown blocks were Two up highlighted in the andcentral 6) partFig. at of the Sava SK-1 (borehole Kobaš Slavonski near valley: River up The 6). Fig. at B-8 (borehole Brod Slavonski of Bebrina,east is connectedthrownKobaš near Slavonski withblock the uplift of Mt. Motajica, and the upthrown block near Bebrina is con Herzegovina. and Bosnia in Vučjak Mt. of uplift the with nected Slavon near m 24.5 at detected was bedrock system aquifer The Brod. Slavonski eastof m 20 at and skiKobaš tected in structuresthe lowered between the upthrown – blocks m approximately 100 in the area (borehole of the polje Lonjsko on 6), approximately Fig. 70 m ML1-2 in the area of Jasenovac (borehole Davor at m 60 approximately 6), Fig. on B-8 (borehole m (borein the area150 Migalovci and 6), of over on Fig. DZ-2 ­ ­ ------The layer thickness of the coarse-grained material is quite Between Sisak and Županja, larger quantities of gravel are Downstream from Sisak, the Quaternary aquifer is com Downstream from Dubrovčak (between boreholes OS-1 and OS-1 boreholes (between Dubrovčak from Downstream Vučjak, Vučjak, as well as the structureslowered between them (where the alluvial fans of the right Sava River tributaries were depo movements occurred – Mt. Papuk was uplifted to an elevation of of elevation an to uplifted was Papuk Mt. occurred – movements The up 1975). (PRELOGOVIĆ, m to750 Psunj m, and Mt. 700 Mt. and Motajica Mt. Prosara, structuresMt. geological the of lift mostly by pre-existingmostly the of inversion listric normal faults and uplift of basement blocks to form the present mountains in the area Papuk,(e.g., Psunj, Požeška gora, Moslavačka gora, etc.) 2001). During(PAVELIĆ, the Quaternary, important vertical ing in an anticlockwise MÁR block rotation 1983; (JAMIČIĆ, TON et In al., the1999). North Croatian Basin, this movement resulted in the formation of many compressional structures, ŠPARICA & PAMIĆ, 1986; PRELOGOVIĆ & ŠPARICA 1986; etPAMIĆ, al., The1998; 1995, 1998). PAMIĆ, & TARI 1996; CLOETINGH, & HORVÁTH result south, the from pressure by generated was faulting reverse characterized by a transition towards overall compression and structural inversion across the entire Pannonian Basin (HOR & It resultedCLOETINGH, 1996). in VÁTH uplift and reverse 1995; 1983, north(JAMIČIĆ, the towards massifs the of faulting uneven. uneven. The disturbed continuity of the layers is caused by the The basin neotectonic movements. andby mannerdeposition of evolution during the Pliocene and most of the Quaternary was Slavonia-Srijem basin, while the finerbasin,the while material dominates to the Slavonia-Srijem northoftenabsent. is and they they mostly represent eroded material from the Bosnian moun distribupartially sedimentscamealpine fromthe tainsthat and areas. the coarse-grainedtion Due to falling energy, river mate rial was deposited along the southern edge of the Sava and extent the left tributaries (the , , Sloboština, Šumetlica Sloboština, Pakra, Ilova, tributaries(the left the extent petrographicand mineralogical The 6). and 5 (Figs. ) and that shows fans alluvial southern the in sediments of composition related exclusively to the alluvial fansbeen formedthat by have exclusively related the coarse-grained sediments the right tributaries of the Sava of River (the Una, Vrbas, Ukrina and Bosna), and to much lesser occurassociated be with coarse-grained that could sediments at theselocations. of both the (borehole ML1-2 on Fig. 6 and POD-2 on Fig. on Fig. 6 and POD-2 on Fig. ML1-2 (borehole polje the Lonjsko The8). geological structure Stružec-Osekovo was uplifted be tween the Lonjsko polje and Ravnik (Fig. 8). Below approxi mately 100-metre thickness sediments, of clay-silt sandy layers posed of generally fine to medium-grained sand. The gravel was medium-grained gravel to The sand. fine generally of posed The maximum 8). thickness (Fig. River neardeposited the Sava the Quaternaryof m in aquifer the 100 is area approximately of tremely tremely thin 6), reaching on Fig. here only ZP-7 (borehole 5 m, silt. and clay withsandmuch of consists and decreases as it approaches the geological structure „Sisačkiknown which as along prag”. fault, ThisSava the and structure valley River Sava the is of boundary located along the southern the lowering of the basin occurred (Fig. 3). The aquifer is ex riods airunderandof currents. influencethe the thickness the aquifer6), system gradually of Fig. on MPN-1 tains and a small part from the Alps. They also concluded that transportoccurred regions duringnearby from interstadial peri significant pe during stadial was influence alpine the while ods, overlain by sediments of Late Pleistocene age. Based on the mine the on Based age. Pleistocene Late of sediments by overlain Pleistocene Upper the of petrographiccomposition and ralogical thedetrital of thatsediments, most ma these concluded authors terial came from Mt. Medvednica and the neighbouring moun BrkićrelationshipThe geologicalŽeljka: the of (Croatia) framework Quaternaryvalley Riverthe to Sava the in aquifersystem Geologia Croatica gravel aquifers were deposited below the thick loess (boreholesloess thick below depositedthe were aquifers gravel hydrogeological conditions are somewhat different. A few sand- ofselected north Županja (boreholes V-1 and V-2 on Fig. 6). be could layers sandy seven to six data, well-logging and gical to11 sand layers ( proximately 200 m thick succession of there sediments, can be 2 gravel pebbles with aof diameter less 4 an Within ap than mm. smaller are there sand, the 1978).Within al., et (URUMOVIĆ mm 0.30.1 of to diameters particle with sand medium-grained uniform of predominantly composed are aquifers the pression, (URUMOVIĆ et grains al.,diameter 1978). 1-2 ofmm composed is sand medium-grained whereas mm 50 approximately 100 m. The diameter of the gravel pebbles reaches is al.,1986), etdepth its (MILETIĆ and north the in line Cerna Vrpolje- the to south the in River Sava the from extends uifer gravelly aquifer close to the Sava River (MUTIĆ, 1993). The aq proven by palaeontological investigation of of was the upper part the period interglacial Riss-Würm The 5). (Fig. River Bosna by the was that transported material ofminantly coarse-grained ofamounts sandy clay.lesser and gravel sand, of composed are They m. 25 of depth a at terrace second the of layers beneath drilled were 1983).PleistoceneMiddle sediments the Bačka, southern the In GALOVIĆ, & (ČIČULIĆ-TRIFUNOVIC Bačka southern and slopes of Mt. Gora Fruška and in the covered ofareas the Srijem composed are of sediments claybedrock The and sand. 1978).al., et (URUMOVIĆ m 200 150and between depth a at Figure 9. 208 In In the area of of In the parts and central the northern Slavonija-Srijem de predo consists Slavonia eastern in aquifer shallowest The the on PleistocenehaveMiddleseparated oflayers the The Lateral lithological cross BAČANI Đakovo- and the Vukovar plateau, the ​​ et al., 1999). According to the litholo - section of the Quaternary aquifer between B.Gradiška in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Slavonian Mountains. ­ - - - ­ the Sava River and Brodski Stupnik. Figure 10. culties in defining the chronostratigraphic divisions.culties the in defining chronostratigraphic Pleistocene 60 m. than be greater B-1 on Fig. 11). of loess the thickness above The can aquifer the Research conducted on the sediments’ age shows the diffi shows the age sediments’ the on conducted Research Lateral lithological cross - section of the Quaternary aquifer between Geologia Croatica 70/3 Croatica Geologia - Geologia Croatica ------209 ) (SOKAČ, (SOKAČ, ) (1978) and HERNITZand et (1978) SOKAČ Quaternary aquifers are mostly overlain by marshy sedi Candona candida, C. neglecta, C. weltneri, C. marchica C. weltneri, C. neglecta, C. candida, Candona Holocene. These overlying deposits above aquifers are semiper above deposits These overlying Holocene. meable and, with regard to their hydrogeological function, are considered River to Sava be the an of aquitard. facies At flood the to extreme belongs west aquitard of the the Sava valley, River be aquitard the Sisak, from Downstream age. Holocene of is and facies lake-marsh as well as River Sava the of facies flood to longs was which deposited in below the age, marsh Holocene loess of of Upper Pleistocene movements age. led Tectonic to the uplift of the Vinkovci area so that the continental loess was partially MUTIĆ,1990). MUTIĆ,1984; & (GALOVIĆ deposited fine-grained sedimentswere deposited in the marsh areas in a cold climate and reductive conditions (during a stadial period). sedimentation also occurred cyclic duringHowever, the Middle Pleistocene. River which flow, was the main transporterof the deposi the manifestedas by energy, losing material, was clastic re more be fine-grainedwould it of sediments. tion case, this In of opinion the accept to alistic who concluded al. that (1981), the deposits of Pleistocene the UpperUpper Pleis the that and thin are Zagreb of southeast tocene and sedimentsHolocene reach a thickness barely of 20 m. This conclusion was proven by the findingsof Candona ostracods( Sokač stated that unlike deposits, the Middle Pleistocene 1978). de Pleistocene Upper the inScotti, of forms with rich are which posits, these fossils are very rare. In Croatia,other the areasUpper Pleistocene of sediments,northern often together with Holocene sediments, were observed (URUMOVIĆat ŠIMUNIĆ a &(An. m depth30-40 SOKAČ, and 1974; of 1983) SOKAČ, 20-30 GALOVIĆ, 1976; & m ČIČULIĆ-TRIFUNOVIĆ 1978). al., et URUMOVIĆ 1978; al., et BABIĆ 1973; al., et ments that were formed during the Upper Pleistocene and ­ ­ ------and Scottia tumida, Scottia browniana, section of the Quaternary aquifer between Županja and Vukovar plateau. Vukovar and Županja between aquifer Quaternary the of section - Lithological cross Lithological It has already been stated that deposits at depths greater than greater depths at deposits that stated been already has It layers were deposited by the rivers in a warm climate and oxida and warmclimate a in rivers the by deposited were layers of layers the while interstadialperiod), an (during conditions tive Upper Pleistocene (with the Holocene) is approximately 75 me is approximately 75 the Upper (with Pleistocene Holocene) tres. They have also stated that layers representing cyclic sedi mentation can be observed in the vertical Theplan. gravel-sand of Zagreb as interpreted by An. ŠIMUNIĆ & BASH (1975) and Zagreb as of interpreted An. by ŠIMUNIĆ (1975) number BASH & the on Based questionable. are (1988) al. et ŠIMUNIĆ Al. of gravel layers, these authors believe that the thickness of the 1981) and by otherssedi as 1981) the representing If the Upper Pleistocene (An. 1988). al., et ŠIMUNIĆ Al. 1975; BASH, & ŠIMUNIĆ mentation occurred as interpreted the by as ŠEGOTA (1963), southeast glaciation Würm of stages various the about sumptions 75 m 75 southeast of Zagreb have been classifiedby some authors as Middle Pleistocene inHERNITZ age 1978; (SOKAČ, et al., material accumulated in the Riss was higher than in the Würm, in the Mindel higher than in the Riss, etc. The accumulated vo proportionaldurations. is lumeperiods’ the to glaciation, during which the intensity of pluvials gradually de creased. Each glacial period was shorter than the previous one, thatcan it be expectedconcluded and Šegota of that the volume addition to the palaeontological analysis, a division of the Pleis of a division analysis, addition to the palaeontological tocene is based on climatological characteristics. According to the Gunz,and the in maximum was pluvial the (1963), ŠEGOTA Pleistocene the of phase recession the to belongs phase post-Gunz Ilycypris slavonica, Condona neglecta, Cytherissa lacustrisCytherissa neglecta, Condona Ilycyprisslavonica, others. Most of these fossils were widespread throughout Quaternary, Inthe in also whole found were some the but Pliocene. analysis. According to SOKAČ (1978), the most importantforms most the (1978), SOKAČ to According analysis. are a genus of ostracods Scottia, Ilyocypris and Condona, and particular species including Figure 11. 11. Figure deposits were mostly separated on the basis palaeontological of BrkićrelationshipThe geologicalŽeljka: the of (Croatia) framework Quaternaryvalley Riverthe to Sava the in aquifersystem Geologia Croatica Figure 12. of the valleys. parts and central western Sava River valley (Fig. 12b). the in aquitard covering the of parts shallow the in component dominant the is clay aquifer, Drava the above aquitard the like Un sand. ofclay,composed is fine-grained siltand aquitard an Slavonia, evensometimes more40 m than (Fig. 12a). Generally, in eastern –in some 20 placesmin and morereaches than creases thickness its Downstream, missing. often is and thin very is aquitard valley, the River Sava the of part western uttermost 210 The The aquitard can reach a thickness of more than 50 m. In the Covering aquitard thickness (a) and lithological composition of the upper part of the covering aquitard (b).

This This is especially pronounced in the - - sition of the aquifer (Fig. 6), and the average hydraulic conduc averagehydraulic the (Fig. and 6), aquifer sition ofthe structure Sisački prag, sand geological becomes the dominant material in the the compo Near m/day. 2000 approximately to decreases it Zagreb, ofm/day. East 3400 reaches aquifer the of geological structure Podsusedski prag, the hydraulic the conductiofWest 5). (Fig. high extremely is aquifer gravel-sand the of conductivity averagehydraulic the area, Zagreb wider the In resource 4.2. The Sava River valley – a regional groundwater Geologia Croatica 70/3 Croatica Geologia vity ­vity - - Geologia Croatica ------211 /day. /day. 2 /day, re /day, 2 The deepest part the Quaternary of aquifer system bedrock Nearly all importantfromdrinking all comes that groundwaterNearly The structural configurationof the aquifer system bedrock It is important to highlight the existence of a series of up between formed were systems depositional sedimentary The In the areaplateau, a below of 20-30 the Đakovo-Vinkovci /day was drilled/day in the area.Vinkovci Good hydrogeological 2 southern boundary of the Sava River basin. The upthrown block upthrownblock The basin. River Sava southernboundarythe of near Kobaš is Slavonski connected with the uplift Mt. of Mota nearBebrina connected upthrowntheis and withtheblock jica, inHerzegovina. and Bosnia Vučjak Mt. upliftof m 200 than more is and Sisak, and Zagreb between detected was was it Slavonia, in Brod Slavonski of East surface. land the below also registered at a depth of 200 m the below land surface. Be structures, tweentheselowered aquiferthe bedrocksystem was m depths the Sisački at m 8 prag, 24.5 – lower detected much at magmatic, and metamorphic filledis Therocks. with valley un consolidated to moderately consolidated deposits. These sedi surroundingthe from eroded was materialthat mostly are ments bedrock mountains and mountains in the catchment area of the River. Sava this area is transmitted and stored in the youngest sediments of the fill,valley which are from the Quaternary age. The bedrock that surrounds and underlies the valley fillis apparently imper meable. the of depth and extent the outlines valley River Sava the beneath valley fill and therefore affects thea is valley movementthe beneath bedrock system aquifer andThe groundwater. storageof structuralinter-connected several ba into divided basin,narrow sins. the of results the structuresare that geological lowered and lifted geological the along extend Faults area. basin the of compression structures. two upthrown blocks, Podsusedski and Sisački streamhighlighted: nearwere fromupthrown Sisak,two blocks prag. Down and Kobaš Bebrina, Slavonski Brod. Pod and eastSlavonski of susedski prag is connected with the upliftMedvednica structural of the unit.Žumberak- Sisački prag is situated along the aquifer, thus aquifer, achieving direct communication between the river and groundwater (BRKIĆThe et piezometer is level al., 2016). can higherbe than It stage. water the terrain the Sava by inheld the hinterland, especially during very high waters. The Berava stream has the groundwaterformed by discharge to the surface. Its the extension River stillon theflows aquitard, and di weakened.contactrect withgroundwater significantly is aquifer The registered. is aquifer sandy the deposit, loess thick m transmissivity, according to existing data, reaches m 150 transmissivity300-400withaquifer sand thick of relatively The m determined were plateau Vukovar the at aquifer the of properties in the area from to Čakovci MikluševciBased 5 (Figs. and 11). aquifer the Mikluševci, and Čakovci in wells pumping test the on transmissivity was determined m to and be 360 550 of Artesianspectively. aquifers were registered in the of lowlands thepiezomet of theposition area andareof result a theĐakovo riclevels. CONCLUSION 5. principalTwo topographic features of the study area represent framework the moun – the geological the surface of expression tains on the north and south sides of the valley and the narrow valley between them. The mountains consist of sedimentary,

­ ­ ------5). 5).

The River Bosut in eastern was formedlike much Slavonia Downstream from Sisak, measurements of the groundwater the measurementsof DownstreamSisak, from The average hydraulic conductivity of the gravel-sand aqui gravel-sand the of conductivity hydraulic average The Downstream from Sisak, in the area of the Lonjsko polje, the polje, Lonjsko the of area the in Sisak, from Downstream In the wider Zagreb area, the Sava riverbed cuts into the aq the into cuts riverbed Sava thearea, Zagreb wider the In tion to its hinterland. Due to the thinness of the covering aquitard covering the thinnessof the to Due hinterland. its to tion in some places along the Sava River, the riverbed cuts into the the River in the western part of the Sava River valley. The Odrathe valley. inRiver westerntheRiver part Sava the of hypsometrically terrainthrough higher rela in flows River Sava aquifer recharge is the infiltrationof eva precipitation by caused through is aquifer the the drainingof while aquitard, covering potranspirationgroundwaterand watercourses.the to discharge and eastern Slavonia show that groundwater flows towards the Sava River during most of the year (BRKIĆ 2016) et al., 2013; (Fig. 5). Recharge from the river occurs during the high water levels and lasts a relatively short time. The main source of the level have not been established. Occasional measurements of the measurementsof Occasional established. been not have level area polje Lonjsko inthe locations several at groundwaterlevels aquifer in the central and northern parts of the approxi Slavonia-Srijem to aquifers deeper the in m/day 13 to 4 from varies basin aquifer. inshallow the m/day 30 mately imum of their average hydraulic conductivity reaches 10 m/day. conductivity10 reaches hydraulic their average imumof 170 reaches River Bosna the of fan alluvial the to belongs that fer hydraulic theconductivity sandyThe of average 5). (Fig. m/day particle size and higher content of finer sediments. finer Deeper aqui of content higher and size particle fers, lie at depthswhich also greater than 9 and 60 10), m (Figs. max The parameters. hydrogeological their of values lower have the alluvial fan of the Ukrina River, it reaches 170 m/day (Fig. m/day 170 reaches it Ukrina River, the of fan alluvial the The smaller lower values of of the result average hydraulic a conductivityas aquifer can bethe of edge northernmost the at found aries of the Sava River valley, it decreases to less than 10 m/day. m/day. than10 less decreasesto it valley, River Sava the ariesof In the alluvial fan of the Una theRiver, average hydraulic con al the in m/day; in 100 and reaches aquifer gravel-sand the m/day; of ductivity200 approximately is it River, Vrbas the of fan luvial average average hydraulic conductivity of the sandy aquifer is approxi northernthe southern boundthe and Towards m/day. 50 mately Gorice and the Sava River. It is recharged by groundwater that flows fromVukomeračke Gorice and groundwater thatfrom flows southeasternthe partZagreb. of water levels. It is caused by the neotectonic depression inflowwhere the piezometer exist levels above of groundwatertribu left a Odra, the in to discharged a is Groundwater level. ground tary of the TheRiver. Odra flows betweenVukomeračke groundwater flows into the Sava River. Between Si Zagreb and River. Sava into the groundwater flows phe widespread a is surface the to groundwater of discharge sak, nomenon that is especially pronounced during long-term high- of of the groundwater recharge by the Sava River in this areagroundwater is abstraction and changes, at image the hydraulic Zagreb the Zagreb, pumping of City sites. the from Downstream the 10groundwater toApproximatelykm flows the Sava River. the of partcentral the in prag, Podsusedski the fromdownstream Zagrebarea, rightbank,the on the groundwater by recharged is cause main The 5). (Fig. levels high-water and low- at River Sava groundwater in the aquifer. The groundwater is drained by the geological the In areathe of year. the during River of most Sava alluvion, the of narrowing the to due structure prag, Podsusedski aquifer with expressed heterogeneity and anisotropy. and aquiferheterogeneity withexpressed connectedthe to hydraulically is river thein water the and uifer, tivity of the aquifer is reduced to less than 50 m/day. Within the than the aquifer m/day. reducedtivity to less is 50 of there areaquifer, thatpermeableseveral arelayers separated by are places some in layers These layers. clay-silt low-permeability missing, which has caused the formation of a unique hydraulic BrkićrelationshipThe geologicalŽeljka: the of (Croatia) framework Quaternaryvalley Riverthe to Sava the in aquifersystem Geologia Croatica CSONTOS, L., NAGYMAROSY, A., HORVÁTH, F. & KOVÁCS, M. (1992): Tertiary CRNKOVIĆ,BUŠIĆ,(1970):&M. B. Mineraloško-petrografski sastavnanosa rijeke CAPAR, A., BAČANI, A. & MILETIĆ, P. (1994): Hidrogeološka obilježja porječja Save hidrogeološke njegove i vodonosnik Savski (2000): B. BIONDIĆ, & Ž. BRKIĆ, BRKIĆ, Ž., LARVA, O. & URUMOVIĆ, K. (2010): Quantity status of groundwater in BRKIĆ, Ž., URUMOVIĆ, K. & BRIŠKI, M. (2013): Post audit analysis of a groundwa BRKIĆ, Ž., BRIŠKI, M. & MARKOVIĆ, T. (2016): Use of hydrochemistry and isotopes BADA, G., CLOETINGH, S., GERNER, P. & HORVÁTH, F. (1998): Sources of recent BAČANI,ŠPARICA, A. (1999):QuaternaryVELIĆ,J.Hydro& theDeposits M. as ČAKARUN,BABIĆ,Ž.,SOKAČ,MRAZ,I., V. & A. geologiji(1978):Okvartarnih REFERENCES tions have helped to improve the manuscript. careful review ofthe the for article. 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