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Ptica Godine U Hrvatskoj 2016. Godine 2016 BREGUNICA (Riparia riparia) Factsheet Ptica godine u Hrvatskoj 2016. godine 2016 Veličine od oko 12 cm i težine samo 14 grama, bregunica (Riparia riparia) je najmanja europska lastavica. Vrlo je društvena vrsta, koja gnijezdi u kolonijama, obično u prirodnim, okomitim, pjeskovitim obalama nizinskih rijeka. Bregunica je ambasador živih i zdravih rijeka i gnijezdi u staništima poput prirodnih strmih zemljanih i pjeskovitih obala. Na rijeci Dravi još uvijek živi oko 50% hrvatske populacije bregunica, međutim broj parova se u posljednjih 30 godina smanjio za 90%. Naime, bregunica i druge vrste dravskih ptica pod velikim su pritiskom zbog nestanka staništa, u prvom redu zbog izgradnje obaloutvrda i hidroelektrana koje mijenjaju prirodnu dinamiku rijeke i onemogućuju stvaranje prirodno strmih obala. Pored očuvanja postojećih kolonija, potrebno je obnoviti i dosad uništena staništa, a potrebno je i zaustaviti regulacije te korištenje pesticida duž Bregunica je najmanja riječnog koridora rijeke Drave, koji ubijaju kukce, njihov glavni izvor lastavica u Europi. hrane. Stoga je WWF, zajedno s brojnim udrugama, proglasio 2016. Dužina: 12 cm godinom bregunice, kako bi skrenuo pozornost javnosti na potrebu Raspon krila: 26 - 29 cm očuvanja ove iznimne vrste i njenih staništa. Stanište Gnijezdi se u strmim obalama rijeka, rjeđe u iskopima šljunka i pijeska. Kada se bregunice u travnju vraćaju iz Afrike, počinju kopati oko 70 cm duboke rupe u strmim obalama rijeka. U Hrvatskoj su najbrojnije kolonije na rijeci Dravi (najveću koloniju, koja je u Jelkušu, dijelimo s Mađarskom). Gnijezdi još na rijekama Muri, Savi i Dunavu. Rasprostranjenost Bregunica je rasprostranjena na području čitave Europe, sve do krajnjeg sjevera. Rasprostranjena je i na širem području Azije te Sjeverne Amerike. Veći dio europske populacije zimuje u subsaharskoj Africi. Tijekom zimovanja ponašaju se nomadski, a zadržavaju se duže na mjestima gdje ima više hrane. U naše krajeve se vraćaju krajem ožujka i početkom travnja. Mura Varaždin Drava Bednja Krapina Dunav Mapa rasprostranjenosti Bregunice Drava Česma Zagreb Karašica Osijek (A) Hrvatska Ilova Sava Bijela Kupa Vuka (B) Europski kontinent Lonja Sava Kupa Pakra Karlovac Korana Dobra Glina Slavonski Brod Rijeka Orljava Mirna Sava Sava Una Raša Plitvička jezera Banja Luka Gacka Bihać Pula Tuzla Una Jezero Kruščica Lika Zenica Zrmanja Zadar Sarajevo Krka Čikola A. Šibenik B. Split Cetina " Mostar Neretva Dubrovnik " Populacija U sjeverozapadnom dijelu Europe populacije bregunica uglavnom su u padu, dok su na istoku dosta stabilne. Stručnjaci procjenjuju da je populacija bregunica u Hrvatskoj u 80.- im godinama 20. stoljeća brojala više od 30.000 parova, dok je u 2014. godine procijenjeno da u Hrvatskoj gnijezdi od 6.000 do 8.000 parova. Na području Prekograničnog rezervata biosfere Mura-Drava-Dunav (Europska Amazona) u 2015. zabilježeno je samo 4.000 parova. PROCJENA broja parova BREGUNICA U HrvaTskoj U 2014. GODINI NA PODRUčJU PREKOGRANIčNOG RIJEKA BROJ PAROVA BROJ KOLONIJA REZervaTA biosfere Mura 150 1 MURA-Drava-Dunav (EUROPSKA AMAZONA) Drava 3657 21 U 2015. ZabilježENO JE Šljunčare uz Dravu 0-400 0-3 SAMO 4.000 parova. Dunav 800 1 Sava 1972-3000 27-35 UKUPNO 6579-8007 50-61 Izvor: Prirodoslovno društvo Drava Prema gnijezdu se ponašaju vrlo zaštitnički, braneći ga od mogućih predatora. Bregunica polaže do 7 jaja, a ptići se izlegu u roku od 15 dana. Ishrana Bregunice se hrane malim, letećim insektima, npr. komarcima, i jedna obitelj može ih pojesti i do 10.000 na dan, čime čine veliku uslugu ljudima i drugim životinjama, naročito stoci. Brojnost bregunica u padu je i zbog prekomjernog korištenja pesticida duž riječnih koridora, koji ubijaju insekte, njihov glavni izvor hrane. Ponašanje Obično se drži u jatima od nekoliko stotina do nekoliko tisuća jedinki. Tijekom migracije i zimovanja često se udružuje u jata s drugim lastavicama. Bregunice nemaju istog partnera cijeli život za razliku od nekih vrsta ptica Gniježđenje Gnijezdi od kraja travnja do sredine srpnja jednom do dva puta godišnje. Gnijezdi u rupama Fotografije Bregunice koje kopa najčešće u novo odronjenim strmim riječnim obalama, rjeđe u šljunčarama. © Goran Šafarek / WWF Na kraju 35 - 120 cm dugog kanala nalazi se komora promjera do 15 cm u kojoj se nalazi gnijezdo napravljeno od perja, trave i lišća. Prema gnijezdu se ponašaju vrlo zaštitnički, braneći ga od mogućih predatora. Bregunica polaže do 7 jaja, a ptići se izlegu u roku od 15 dana. Mlade othranjuju oko 20 dana nakon čega oni napuštaju gnijezdo. (a) Visoka vjerojatnost za kolonizaciju obale (b) Niska vjerojatnost za kolonizaciju obale FAC T Ugroženost SHEE Dramatičan pad populacije bregunica uzrokovan je uništenjem njihovih staništa – prirodnih T strmih obala rijeka – uglavnom zbog regulacije rijeka (npr. izgradnja obaloutvrda), kao i 2016 zbog isušivanja vlažnih i močvarnih područja, te korištenja pesticida, koji ubijaju kukce, njihov glavni izvor hrane. Situacija još nije izgubljena i postoje mogućnosti za očuvanje ove iznimne ptice. Posljednja preostala mjesta za gniježđenje moraju biti očuvana i zaštićena. Potrebno je promijeniti način regulacije rijeka te smanjiti korištenje pesticida duž riječnih koridora. Uređivanje obala na rijeci Dravi za povratak bregunica © Goran Šafarek / WWF ADRIA.PANDA.ORG Za više informacija: Bojan Stojanović, WWF Adria, ([email protected]) Branka Španiček, WWF Adria, ([email protected]) Arno Mohl, WWF Austrija, ([email protected]) Working to sustain the natural world for people and wildlife together possible adria.panda.org © 1986 Panda symbol WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF Adria, Budmanijeva 5, 10 000 Zagreb, Hrvatska, tel. +385 1 5509 623 adria.panda.org.
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