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Wood Identification of Japanese Shinto Deity Statues in Matsunoo

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Wood Identification of Japanese Shinto Deity Statues in Matsunoo Tazuru and Sugiyama J Wood Sci (2019) 65:60 https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-019-1840-2 Journal of Wood Science ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Wood identifcation of Japanese Shinto deity statues in Matsunoo-taisha Shrine in Kyoto by synchrotron X-ray microtomography and conventional microscopy methods Suyako Tazuru1* and Junji Sugiyama1,2 Abstract Research on the wood species of Japanese Buddhist statues has an over 60 years’ history and recently many Buddhist “Ichiboku” statues carved out of a single bole made from the Nara to Heian periods were scientifcally revealed to be made of Torreya nucifera. Shinto deity statues in Japan, however, have not yet been investigated scientifcally. Because many Shinto deity statues are enshrined behind closed doors, there are fewer opportunities to investigate them. To examine the diferences and similarities in wood selection between Buddhist and Shinto deity statues, wood identif- cation was conducted on the 11 Shinto deity statues of Matsunoo-taisha Shrine, Kyoto, Japan, using synchrotron X-ray microtomography and conventional microscopy methods. The results indicated two female deity statues with the ink inscriptions indicating the production year of 1143 were of Torreya nucifera, one female deity statue of Zelkova serrata, and the other eight statues, i.e., two female deity statues, four male deity statues and two priestly attire deity statues of Prunus s.l. spp. Keywords: Synchrotron X-ray microtomography, Japanese Shinto deity statues, Wood species identifcation Introduction who pioneered research on the scientifc wood identi- Wood identifcation of archeological materials and fcation of wooden statues published the results of the wooden heritages has provided useful information on wood identifcation of 682 Buddhist statues [5]. By sev- the origin and historical background of the cultural her- eral researchers, scientifc wood identifcation of ancient itage and sometimes provided a new perspective as well wooden statues has been systematically conducted [2–4]. [1]. Wood identifcation has recently played an important A hypothesis was proposed that the selection of Tor- role in the interpretation of wood selection for Buddhist reya nucifera for the eighth century statues is induced by statues from the late eighth century [2–4]. Haku (cupressaceous wood in China) as an alternative Japanese art historians have been discussing wood to Santalum used in India for statues and that this selec- selection for Japanese Buddhist statues for many years. tion might have been brought to Japan with the arrival of In the ancient period in Japan, the type of wood used Tang monk Ganjin in Japan [2]. for statues might have changed drastically from Cin- Buddhist statues have been investigated from various namomum camphora in the seventh century to conif- aspects. Compared to Buddhist statues, however, the erous wood in the eighth century. In 1964, Jiro Kohara study of Japanese Shinto deity statues has been compara- tively behind [6]. Because Shinto deity statues tend to be enshrined behind closed doors as gods, this provided dif- *Correspondence: [email protected] fculties in investigating them. Tus a systematic investi- 1 Laboratory of Biomass Morphogenesis and Information, Research gation of deity statues has lagged behind and most deities Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan have been studied only structurally, historically, and art Full list of author information is available at the end of the article historically. © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Tazuru and Sugiyama J Wood Sci (2019) 65:60 Page 2 of 7 Buddhist and Shinto deity statues are not contradic- Small samples were collected from cracks and hollows tory objects, but Shinto deity statues should be con- in consultation with an art specialist Shiro Itoh without tained within Buddhist statues [7]. Under the infuence harming the surface of the statues. of Buddhism, traditional Japanese Shinto deities came to Among the 11 samples, 1 sample was not deteriorated be expressed through statues [7]. Te statue of deity in and also had enough size for preparation. In addition, it Japan is regarded to be made for the frst time from Nara was identifed as a soft wood even by the naked eyes. So, to early Heian periods with a fow of the syncretization of we applied preparation method for this sample. Te sam- Shinto with Buddhism [8] and spread across the country. ple was soaked in water for softening. Tin sections were Te infuence of Buddhist statues can be seen in various taken using either single- or double-edged razor blades in aspects of early deity statues. Buddhist and Shinto deity the cross, radial and tangential directions (approximately statues, however, difer considerably in terms of style, 20 µm thick). Te sections were heated on a hot plate because Buddhist statues are basically made to be wor- with glycerin: ethanol (= 1:1) to remove air bubbles and shipped by people and because their features are made mounted with gum–chloral (a mixture of gum arabic and unisexual. By contrast, Shinto deity statues are made as chloral hydrate). Te slides were studied under an optical male or female deities and are enshrined behind closed microscope (Olympus BX51) and photos were taken with doors. Identifying the wood species of Shinto statues will a digital camera (Olympus DP70). clarify their relationship with Buddhism. Other ten samples were studied with SRX-ray μCT at Tis study focused on the wood selection of Shinto SPring-8 in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. As reported in the deity statues in Matsunoo-taisha [Matsu・no・o - taisha] research of the past [10, 11], we have made it possible Shrine, Kyoto, Japan worshiping a landlord deity and hav- to identify wood species using SRX-ray μCT. SPring-8 ing a relatively weak contact with Buddhism [9]. Matsu- is a large synchrotron radiation facility that uses narrow, noo-taisha Shrine includes several auxiliary/subsidiary powerful electron beams of electromagnetic radiation shrines such as Shino-ōkami-no-yashiro-jinja Shrine, to reconstitute a three-dimensional image of the wood’s Koromode-jinja Shrine, San-no-miya-jinja Shrine, anatomical micro-structure. A tiny sample was fxed on a Munakata-jinja Shrine, Ichitani-jinja Shrine and Tsuku- specially designed stage of the SRX-ray μCT equipment. yomi-jinja Shrine [9]. Shinto deity statues have been Transmitted images obtained thorough the beamline handed down in this main shrine and these auxiliary/ 20XU were recorded by a Hamamatsu High-Resolution subsidiary shrines. Statues placed at auxiliary/subsidiary camera (0.472 μm/pixel). Te reconstituted images were shrines have been on display in a new exhibition hall of further analyzed with the “VGStudio” and “ImageJ” soft- the main shrine since 2010 [9]. When the new exhibition ware. Te anatomical features necessary for identifcation hall was opened, we conducted a wood sample collection are often observed based on microscopy. So, thickness of together with Shiro Itoh, the director of the Wakayama wood sections should be around 10–20 μm. Each original Prefectural Museum. In this research, we applied the reconstituted slice made by the SRX-ray μCT was under conventional preparation method and synchrotron X-ray 0.5 μm thick, so it was necessary to increase the depth microtomography (SRX-ray μCT) method [10, 11] for the information so as not to lose anatomical information. For wood identifcation of the wooden statues. SRX-ray μCT this purpose, 24 slices were integrated and approximately methods hold great potential, because of its nondestruc- 12-μm-thick pseudo-micrographs were prepared. Tis tive character. And samples could be reused for chemical allowed wood anatomical features from the literature to and DNA analyses. be compared to the data obtained by SRX-ray μCT. Ana- tomical characteristics were referenced from previous Materials and methods publications [12, 13]. For identifcation, we referenced In this study, Shinto deity statues of Matsunoo-taisha Wood Diversity HSDB network (http://datab ase.rish. Shrine, in Kyoto city, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan were kyoto -u.ac.jp/cgi-bin/bmi/en/namaz u.cgi) in Japan. investigated. Te Shrine has several auxiliary/subsidiary shrines described in Introduction. 21 Shinto deity stat- Results ues have been handed down. Scientifc identifcation was Our results showed that Prunus s.l. spp. (d–k in Table 1), conducted on 11 statues which were enshrined in several Torreya nucifera (b and c in Table 1) and Zelkova serrata auxiliary/subsidiary shrines (Fig. 1). Tey were assumed (a in Table 1) were used for the studied Shinto statues. to be made in the twelfth century from an artistic histori- Refer to Table 1 and Appendix here. cal perspective (Table 1) [9]. Female deity statues 3 and 4 enshrined at diferent auxiliary/subsidiary shrines had Female deity 1 similar ink inscriptions at the bottom that strongly sug- No growth ring boundaries were observed. An abrupt gested that their production were in 1143. transition from distinctly wide vessels over 100–200 μm Tazuru and Sugiyama J Wood Sci (2019) 65:60 Page 3 of 7 Fig. 1 Photographs of Shinto deity statues in Matsunoo-taisha Shrine (a–k) in diameter to the latewood vessel clusters of the same to be made by domestic wood and this was identifed as growth ring suggests ring porosity (Fig. 2a). Perforation Zelkova serrata (Fig. 2). is simple (Fig. 2e). Narrow vessel elements composing vessel clusters have fne helical thickenings through- Female deity statues 3 and 4 out the body.
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