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Yatagarasu (Gagak Berkaki Tiga) Sebagai Objek Pemujaan Pada Kuil Shinto Kumano Hongu Taisha Di Prefektur Wakayama

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Yatagarasu (Gagak Berkaki Tiga) Sebagai Objek Pemujaan Pada Kuil Shinto Kumano Hongu Taisha Di Prefektur Wakayama YATAGARASU (GAGAK BERKAKI TIGA) SEBAGAI OBJEK PEMUJAAN PADA KUIL SHINTO KUMANO HONGU TAISHA DI PREFEKTUR WAKAYAMA WAKAYAMA KEN DE NO KUMANO HONGU TAISHA SHINTO NI SHUUHAI NO TAISHOU TO SHITE NO YATAGARASU SKRIPSI Skripsi ini diajukan kepada panitia ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan untuk melengkapi salah satu syarat ujian Sarjana dalam bidang Ilmu Budaya Sastra Jepang Oleh: ARIN RIFKA ANNISA 140708053 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur penulis panjatkan atas segala anugerah dan karunia dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian yang berjudul ―YATAGARASU (GAGAK BERKAKI TIGA) SEBAGAI OBJEK PEMUJAAN PADA KUIL SHINTO KUMANO HONGU TAISHA DI PREFEKTUR WAKAYAMA”. Dalam skripsi ini penulis membahas hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan yatagarasu (gagak berkaki tiga) sebagai objek pemujaan pada kuil shinto kumano hongu taisha. Namun, karena keterbatasan pengetahuan dan kemampuan penulis serta bahan literatur, penulis menyadari masih banyak kekurangan dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Maka dari itu, penulis dengan senang hati menerima kritik dan saran untuk kesempurnaan penulisan skripsi ini. Penulis juga menyadari bahwa penulisan skripsi ini tidak akan selesai tanpa bantuan dan dukungan dari semua pihak yang telah banyak membantu penulis dalam penyusunan skripsi ini. Maka sepantasnya penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Bapak Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara, yang telah membantu peulis dalam menyediakan sarana dan fasilitas belajar selam masa perkuliahan. 2. Bapak Prof. Hamzon Situmorang,M.S,Ph.D., selaku ketua Jurusan Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara, yang dengan tulus ikhlas membimbing, memeriksa dan memberikan saran-saran serta arahan dalam rangka perbaikan dan penyempurnaan skripsi ini. iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. Bapak Mhd. Pujiono.,M.Hum.,Ph.D., selaku Dosen Pembimbing, yang telah banyak megorbankan waktu dan tenaga dalam memberikan masukan-masukan dan bimbingan serta pengarahan dalam penyusunan skripsi ini. 4. Bapak/Ibu Dosen Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara yang telah dengan sabar memberikan ilmu yag demikian selama masa perkuliahan. 5. Seluruh Staf Pegawai Jurusan Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara yang telah membantu penulis selama duduk dibangku perkuliaham 6. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih khususnya kepada kedua orangtua tersayang, ibunda Elizar dan ayahanda Azril, yang senantiasa membantu banyak hal dengan mencurahkan perhatian baik spiritual maupun material selama penulis menuntut ilmu hingga penyusunan skripsi ini. Kepada adik-adik tersayang Riza Avianita, Muhammad Fachri, Hendizar Baher dan Azka Ramadhan yang sudah membantu menghibur penulis selama masa pengerjaan skripsi.Seluruh keluarga besar dan khususnya Almh. Nenek, Nuraini, yang telah membantu penulis berupa dukungan saat penulis mengerjakan skripsi ini di malam hari. 7. Seluruh teman-teman tersayang: Henny Ardiani Siregar (Heng), Vanni Almunawaroh Fatonah (Mun), Masria Elisabet, Nurjannah Rangkuti (Jang), Teguh Setiawan (Tegoeh), Dewinta (Dew), Putri Hira Aulia (Puput), Nabila Anastasya (Bibil), Ade Maylina, Firda Ayudhia (Nini), Indra Puspa Ayu (Joen), Samsijar (Ija), Lheedearson (Son) yang selama ini iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA telah menemani dan banyak berbagi pengalaman dengan penulis sejak zaman sekolah dan dalam perguruan tinggi. Penulis berharap jalinan pertemanan ini dapat terus terjalin hingga akhir hayat kelak. 8. Seluruh teman-teman di Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Stambuk 2014. Semoga budi baik saudara/i dibalas oleh Allah SWT. Akhir kata, semoga skripsi ini bermanfaat bagi penulis dan pembaca yang ingin menambah pengetahuan tentang Yatagarasu dan juga Kuil Shinto. Medan, 4 Februari 2019 Penulis Arin Rifka Annisa NIM 140708053 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................... iv BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ..................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................... 5 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan............................................... 6 1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka dan Kerangka Teori ................................ 7 1.5 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ........................................... 10 1.6 Metode Penelitian ............................................................... 10 BAB II TINJAUAN UMUM TERHADAP KUIL SHINTO KUMANO HONGU TAISHA DAN YATAGARASU (GAGAK BERKAKITIGA) 2.1 Shinto .................................................................................. 12 2.2 Kuil Shinto .......................................................................... 14 2.3 Kuil Kumano Hongu Taisha ............................................... 16 2.4 Yatagarasu (Gagak Berkaki Tiga) ...................................... 20 vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.1Yatagarasu Menurut Kojiki ....................................... 20 2.4.2Yatagarasu Menurut Nihon Shoki ............................. 24 2.4.3 Mitos Yatagarasu (gagak berkaki tiga) di Jepang ..... 27 2.4.4 Yatagarasu (Gagak Berkaki Tiga) Sebagai Simbol AsosiasiSepakbola Jepang ........................................ 30 2.4.5 Gagak berkaki tiga di China ..................................... 31 2.4.6 Gagak berkaki tiga di Korea ..................................... 32 BAB IIIYATAGARASU(GAGAK BERKAKI TIGA) SEBAGAI OBJEK PEMUJAAN PADA KUIL SHINTO KUMANO HONGU TAISHA DI PREFEKTUR WAKAYAMA 3.1 Asal Usul Yatagarasu (gagak berkaki tiga) ........................ 33 3.1.1 Asal Usul ................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Arti Nama ................................................................. 34 3.2 Makna Yatagarasu (gagak berkaki tiga) ............................. 35 3.2.1 Makna Yatagarasu sebagai Simbol pada Kuil Kumano Hongu Taisha ............................................. 35 3.2.2 Makna Yatagarasu sebagai Simbol Benda ................ 38 3.2.3 Makna Yatagarasu sebagai Simbol Sepak Bola vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Jepang ....................................................................... 38 3.2.4 Yatagarasu sebagai Simbol Japan Ground Self Defense Force (JGSDF) ........................................... 39 BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 4.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................... 40 4.2 Saran ................................................................................... 42 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN ABSTRAK viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Budaya adalah suatu cara hidup yang berkembang, dan dimiliki bersama oleh sebuah kelompok orang, dan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi. Budaya terbentuk dari banyak unsur yang rumit, termasuk sistem agama dan politik, adat istiadat, bahasa, perkakas, pakaian, bangunan, dan karya seni. Budaya adalah suatu pola hidup menyeluruh. Budaya bersifat kompleks, abstrak, dan luas. Banyak aspek budaya turut menentukan perilaku komunikatif. Unsur-unsur sosio- budaya ini tersebar, dan meliputi banyak kegiatan sosial manusia. (https://id.wikipedia.org/). Kebudayaan sangat erat hubungannya dengan masyarakat. Menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara (dalam Isma Tantawi (2016:59)) kebudayaan adalah buah budi manusia dalam hidup bermasyarakat dan menurut Koentjaraningrat, kebudayaan adalah keseluruhan sistem, gagasan, tindakan, dan hasil karya manusia dengan cara belajar. Jadi, kebudayaan dapat didefinisikan adalah segala daya-upaya manuia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup, baik kebutuhan rohani maupun jasmani. Menelusuri Jepang, Jepang adalah sebuah negara kepulauan di Asia Timur. Letaknya di ujung barat Samudra Pasifik, di sebelah timur Laut Jepang, dan bertetangga dengan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, Korea, dan Rusia. Jepang terdiri dari 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 6.852 pulau dan menjadikannya sebagai negara kepulauan. Pulau-pulau utama dari utara ke selatan adalah Hokkaido, Honshu (pulau terbesar), Shikoku, dan Kyushu. Penduduk Jepang berjumlah 127 juta orang dan berada pada urutan ke 10 dari daftar negara menurut jumlah penduduk terbanyak di dunia Jepang dikenal sebagai negara yang menganut kepercayaan Shinto. Shinto (secara harfiah bermakna ―jalan/jalur dewa‖) adalah sebuah kepercayaan yang berasal dari Jepang. Kepercayaan ini menyembah matahari dan percaya bahwa kaisar Jepang adalah keturunan langsung dari Dewa Matahari atau Amaterasu Omikami. Dalam kepercayaan Shinto yang merupakan perpaduan antara paham serba jiwa (animisme) dengan pemujaan terhadap gejala-gejala alam mempercayai bahwasannya semua benda baik yang hidup maupun yang mati dianggap memiliki ruh atau spirit, bahkan kadang-kadang dianggap pula berkemampuan untuk bicara, semua ruh atau spirit itu dianggap memiliki daya kekuasaan yang berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan mereka (penganut Shinto), daya-daya kekuasaan tersebut mereka puja dan disebut dengan ―Kami‖ (Dewa). Kuil juga hal yang sangat melekat pada negara Jepang. Lebih dikenal sebagai kuil Shinto. Kuil Shinto (jinja) adalah bangunan tempat penyembahan dewa-dewa dalam kepercayaan Shinto. Shinto adaalah kepercayaan yang melekat dengan Jepang yang merumuskan penyembahan dewa-dewa dari alam, mitologi,
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